Input and Output - Resistance
Input and Output - Resistance
1. The input resistance of the following diode is 26 ohms. (It is also its incremental
resistance!!)
In a two terminal device, Rin = Rout. A diode is a two terminal device.
V2 V5
10.603 10.603
V3 +V +V
10.603 1.000mA
+V 1.000mA
DC~A DC~A
R3 R1 R5
10k 10k 10k
V1 C1 2.637mV
-14.1/14.1V R2 2.637mV AC V
10u 100k AC V
C2 V4
R4 -14.1/14.1V
10 Hz Q1 Q3 10u 100k
2N2222A
2N2222A Q2 2N2222A
10 Hz
Fig 1
See the first circuit. V3 is chosen as 0.603V more than 10 so that current is exactly 1mA.
This is seen in second circuit. The “input resistance” Rin can be measured as shown and
is 26.37 ohms, since current through R2 is 100uA.
In the last section we pretend to measure Rout. A current of 100uA is injected and
voltage is measured as 2.637mV, yielding 26.37 ohms as Rout. Recall that Rin = rout =
incremental resistance. This is 26 ohms for a diode at 1mA. At 100uA, this is 260 ohms
as shown in fig 2.
V2 V5
10.542 10.542
V3 +V +V
10.542 100.0uA
+V 100.0uA
DC~A DC~A
R3 R1 R5
100k 100k 100k
V1 C1 2.602mV
-14.1/14.1V R2 2.602mV AC V
10u 1meg AC V
C2 V4
R4 -14.1/14.1V
10 Hz Q1 Q3 10u 1meg
2N2222A
2N2222A Q2 2N2222A
10 Hz
Fig 2
Note that the injected current should be a small fraction of quiescent current. In this case
the quiescent current is 100uA. Injected current is reduced to 10uA. You could also
choose it s 1uA.
2. Input resistance of a resistor R is obviously R, and so is its output resistance.
3. Input resistance of an inverting amplifier is Ri.
One method of measuring Rin is to increase Rs the source resistance till output
drops to half its value. This is shown below:
V10 V5
10 10
+V +V
R9 99.98mV 49.99mV
AC V R5
1k 1k AC V
V11 V4
-141m/141mV R8 U2 -141m/141mV R4 U3
UA741 R11 UA741
1k + 1k 1k +
10 Hz 10 Hz
V9 V12
+ 10V 10V
+
Fig 3
In the second part of the above, note that R4 acts as source resistance, and it has
been increased till output drops to half the earlier value of 99.98mV. Thus Rin of
amplifier is = R4 = 1k.
Another method is to identify the input current and calculate Rin therefrom. This is
shown in fig 4.
V7
10
+V
R7
20.00uA 10k
AC A
V8
-141m/141mV R6 U1
5k UA741
+
10 Hz
V6
+ 10V
Fig 4
Here Iin = 20uA and since applied voltage is 100mV, Rin = 100mV/20uA = 5k.
Fig 5
5. The current in the transistor is 1mA since 5V drops to 4.002V due to drop in R1.
AC output voltage will be lesser when Rs is not zero. If Rs is 1k, output will be
38.39mV*Rin/ (Rin+1k). Since this is 27.71mV, Rin can be calculated as follows.
38.39*Rin = 27.71 Rin + 27.71, or Rin = 27.71/(38.39 – 27.71) = 27.71/10.68 = 2.59k
This could also be measured as Vin / Iin as below.
V4 4.002 V
5V DC~V
+V
386.3nA R4 38.39mV
AC A 1k AC V
R3
V3 423k
-1.41m/1.41mV C2
100u
Q2
NPN
10 Hz
Fig 6
6. See what is wrong with the following: the output voltage is higher when source
resistance is made 1k!!
V1 V4
5V 5V
+V +V
R1 1.560 V
R4
1k AC V 1k
R2 R3 2.351 V
V2 120k V3 120k AC V
-1/1V C1 C2
100u -1/1V R5
1k 100u
Q1 Q2
NPN NPN
10 Hz 10 Hz
R1 9.899uV
1k AC V
R2 V3
R3 C1 -1.41m/1.41mV
423k 100k 100u
Q1
NPN 10 Hz
Fig 7
Here we inject a small current into the unknown Rout and measure the voltage across it.
The injected current is 1mV/100k = 10uA. Voltage is seen to be 9.9uV, yieling the value
of Rout as 9.9m/10uA = 990 ohms.
8. Active load. When the collector load is replaced by a current source we have an
active load. Note that two current sources are involved here and getting the
voltage at collector as about 1V or 2V, so that neither Q1 nor Q3 is in
saturation.
V1
5V 980.8uA
+V DC~A
1.098 V
2N2907A DC~V
Q2 Q1
2N2907A
63.24uV
AC V
R2 V3
R3 C1 -14.1m/14.1mV
729k 10meg100u
R1
4.6k Q3
2N2222A 10 Hz
Fig 8
The results show Rout as 63.24u/1nA = 63.24k. One might estimate the Rout as
VA1/0.98mA || VA3/0.98mA . VA1 is 139V and VA3 = 114V. This gives 141.8k||
116.3k = 63.9k, in close agreement with measured (simulated) values.
9. What if current is 10uA?? R4 can be calculated as follows: Vbe of Q4 is 600mV
at 1mA and hence 480mBV at 10uA. Hence R4 = (5-.48)/0.01k = 452k. {Later it
is modified to 475k to get about 2V across Q6}.
V1
V4 5V
5V 9.641uA
9.641uA +V DC~A
+V DC~A
1.931 V
1.931 V DC~V
2N2907A DC~V 2N2907A
Q2 Q1
Q4 Q5 2N2907A
2N2907A 21.12mV
3.662mV AC V
AC V
V2 R2
R6 R5 C2 -14.1m/14.1mV 28meg
28meg 10meg 100u R1
R4 475k Q3
475k Q6 V3 2N2222A
2N2222A 1 Hz -14.1u/14.1uV
C1
100u
Fig 9
1 Hz
Here the collector current is reduced to about 10uA. It is actually 9.641uA. Rout is
seen to be 3.662meg. The voltage gain is seen from the second part as -2112, at
1Hz. (Inverting..) What would the gain be at 1 kHz?? [The gain drops to -1273!!!]
10. When a differential amplifier is used, it much easier to use a bipolar current
source. See the differential amplifier using 2 pnp transistors.
V1
5V
+V
Is1
20u
2N2907A
Q2 Q4 592.2uV
AC V
2N2907A -14.1m/14.1mV
V3
C1 R1 94.98pA
1uF 100meg AC A
1 Hz
Q1 Q3
2N2222A 2N2222A
V2
+V -5 Fig 10
In fig 10, we note that the current injected is 95pA. Thus Rout at 1 Hz is 6.233
meg. The current in collector is 9.78uA. So the estimated value is 139/9.78 ||
114/9.78 = 6.404 meg. This is quite close to observed value. Note that at 1khz, the
measured value turns out to be 381.4/98.5 = 3.87meg, about 4.4dB down. So one
has to ensure that the measurement is done at pretty low frequency. If frequency
is reduced further, the value of resistance observed should not increase
significantly. The decreases is presumably due to capacitance of collectors with
respect to ground. (The -3dB frequency was seen to be 830Hz, and at this
frequency the gain will be 3db down.)
11. When the amplifier is now connected to another stage, the second stage will
“load” the first stage. This is because Rin2 of second stage cannot be infinity.
Thus after this connection the resistance at collector as seen by an external
‘measurement” will show a value of Rout1||Rin 2. Consider the circuit shown
in fig 11.
V6
5V
+V
V1
5V
592.1uV +V
AC V
Is2
20u 288.6uV
AC V
2N2907A Is1
20u
Q9 Q7
2N2907A
2N2907A Q2 Q4
C2 94.97pA
R4 AC A 2N2907A
100u 100meg
V4 C1 R1 98.25pA
100u 100meg Q5
-14.1m/14.1mV AC A
2N2222A
Q10 Q8 V3
2N2222A 2N2222A -14.1m/14.1mV R2
1 Hz Q1 Q3 50k
V5 2N2222A 2N2222A
+V -5 1 Hz
V2
+V -5
Fig 11
In the first circuit we have not connected to second stage. Thus Rout 1 =
592.1/.095 k = 6.232meg. When the second stage is conneted as shown in
second part, the “effective” resistance at collector of Q3 will be Rout1|| Rin2,
and is 288.6/0.09825 k = 2.937meg. This can be ascribed to an Rin2 of
5.554meg, since 6.232||5.554 = 2.937. Thus one has to identify and differentiate
between resistances “before” connecting a load and “after” connecting a load.
12. Another simpler example is shown below. In the first case, Rout = 1meg.
However, when a load of 100k is connected, the equivalent resistance is 100k||
1meg = 90.9k
V7
-1/1V R3 V8
1meg -1/1V R5
1meg
1kHz R6
1kHz 100k
Fig 12
13. It is obvious that the Rs of first circuit is 1 meg. When a 100k is connected as
shown, the “resistance” looking at junction of R5 and R6 is 100k|| 1meg = 90.9k.
The voltage has certainly dropped to 1/11th of its earlier value as is to be
expected. This is a method used sometimes to match a transmission line to a
source. If the cable resistance is 100 ohms and source resistance is 1k, one
can place a resistor of 111 ohms to form a potential divider. After this is done,
the voltage drops to 1/10th its earlier value but the source resistance is now 100
ohms and matches that of the cable.
See fig 13.1 and b.
100m L2
R6 L5 L6 R7 L3 L4 R4 L1 R2
10u 10u
1k 10u 100m 10u 10u 10u 100m
V1
0/5V
R13
166.kHz 10meg C2 R5
C3 C1 R3 R1
1n 1n 10meg 1n 10meg 100
Fig 13 a
100m
R10 L8 L7 R9 L10 L9 R12 L12 L11 R15
1k 10u 10u 100m 10u 10u 10u 10u 100m
V3
0/5V
R17
111
166.kHz R8
10meg C5 R11
C4 C6 R14 R16
1n 1n 10meg 1n 10meg 100
Fig 13.b
400m
200m
-200m d
0 2.24u 4.49u 6.73u 8.98u 11.2u 13.5u
Ref=Ground X=2.24u/Div Y=voltage 297%
The bold line corresponds to “matched” conditions. In this case the terminating
load resistance is 100 ohms. See what happens when the termination is
increased to 1k!!
Xa: 0.000 Xb: 0.000 a-b: 0.000 freq: 0.000
Yc: 25.00 Yd:-5.000 c-d: 30.00
Offsets X: 0.000 Y: 0.000
a
b
A 25 c
B
C 20
15
10
-5 d
0 2.24u 4.49u 6.73u 8.98u 11.2u 13.5u
Ref=Ground X=2.24u/Div Y=voltage 297%