THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM III

SPECIAL THANKS TO:

AINAA SYAHIRAH BT ROSLAN

HISTOLOGY FINAL-DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 3-LIVER

[slide 2] The liver is the second large organ in the body.Liver is covered by thin layer
of connective tissue capsule(Glissons capsule) which becomes thick at the
hilum.So,hilum has thicker connective tissue of capsule.Through this hilum,portal
vein and hepatic artery enters & hepatic duct and lymphatic exits.

3 main functions:

1. collecting metabolites and nutrients from blood

2. eliminating toxins substance from blood
3. producing plasma protein such as albumin & fibrinogen that involve in blood
coagulation

Now,the structure and functional unit of the blood is called hepatic lobule.Hepatic
means liver.So,can u see this polygonal structure here wth the blood vessel
adherenly defining a lobule.liver cells are called hepatocytes.so,here this is just the
cross schematic diagram,enlarged drawing portion of hepatic lobule,u can see those
polyquantitive cells here;liver cells or hepatocytes.

In the central of the hepatic lobule we have central cein.So again,u have blood
vessels at the periphery(at the corner of hepatic lobules)and central vein.

[slide 3]So,this is an image of the section from the liver.see here,there are many
lobules,this one,this second,third,forth and etc.Now,if u can see this thing here this is
just central vein.This here is the connective tissue that seperate different lobules.

Now,u can see every corner which has blood vessels,oke?those vesses are imbeded
in connective tissue.They include arteriole and venule.Arteriole branch from hepatic
artery,whereas venule is from portal vein.In addition to those,u also have bile ductule
which branch from bile duct.These 3 structure together forming portal triad.
[slide 4]So,this is an image,u can see here this cortex area containing portal triad
imbeded in connective tissue.u have this arteriole.u can identify the endothelial
cell,and 2 smoothe muscle layers.Finaly u have this ductule which lined by somewhat
cuboidal and rounded nuclei.Simple cuboidal lining this bile ductule we call it
cholangiosytes.

Blood flows from periphery to center.Bile from bile duct(since it is produced from the
parenchymal cell of hepatocyte)flows from centre to the periphery.

[slide 5]If u look at this image,clearly since polyhedral cell with eusinophilic
cytoplasm bcoz abundant of mitochondira.This liver cell has 2 nuclei,this has 3,so it is
normal to see more than one nuclei in a hepatocyte.U can see here this isolated
nucleus one,with dark white structure inside the nucleus.This is the nuclerox
oke.So,it has prominent nucleolus.[i have searched in book,and google but still dont
know what did Dr means by nuclerox things]

[slide 6]Now,here under this lower magnification of light microscope,you will not see
the space between hepatocyte cell which called bile canaliculi.I will talk about it
now,but later under higher magnification of electron microscope,u may see
them.Bile canaliculi is limited by hepatocyte plasma membrane.Keep this in your
mind,i’ll show u.

[slide 7]So,this is electron micrograph of hepatocyte,u can see this line here,this is 2
fused plasma membrane of hepatocytes.Now along the plasma membrane,here they
are packly seal,then this is an opened tubular space which is called bile
canaliculus.Remember that plasma membranes of hepatocytes are firmly held by
thight juction.If u can see those small structure here,those are short microvilli of
hepatoctes.So,remember hepatocytes have microvilli.Hepatocyte involved in
excreting bile. So the excretion occur here.

[slide 8 left] Now,at lower magnification u can see those hepatocytes plate are
arranged radially as there is a circle.This plate anostomose as branch limiting the
space occupied by sinusoids.This is sinusoid-which is a discontinous layer of
endothelial cell,supported by discontinous basal lamina.So,here u have this for
example endothelial cell and here is hepatocyte again.Between the hepatocyte and
this endothelial layer (that lining the liver sinusoids) is called perisinusoidal space or
subendothelial space known as space of Disse-occupied by microvilli of hepatocyte.
[slide 8 right] There are other structures in another image.This is another
image.Those crystalloid centre is perosixome,involved in drug detoxification.Here is
electon micrograph illustrating bile canaliculi,much higher magnification than
previous.This is hepatocytes,this is tight juction.This is short microvilli extending from
hepatocytes.So,again it is site for bile excretion. Those dark color structure inside
sinusoids are macrophage injected by Indian Ink appearing black,Kupffer cell.

So at higher magnification u can see the sinusoids much filtrate whith much detail.U
can see sinusoids,Kupffer cell,endothelial cell lining the sinusoid.If u look here we
said it is liver sinusoids,this is hepatocyte and this is another one,and this should be
the space of Disse,right?again it is occupied by microviili and u can see the whitebulb-
lighted small structure-fatty cells(Stellate or Ito cells)-accumulate in space of
Disse.Important in storing vitamin A and maintain the sparse ECM in this
compartment.Also involved in local immunity.

[slide 9]Ok,so here is just to know about the structural organization has been studied
in 3 ways.

1. Classic hepatic lobule-drains blood from periphery portal vein & hepatic artery
to the central vein.
2. Portal lobule-considering the secretion of the bile from liver.U have this
triangular shape-a bile ductule is filled with bile from different 3 angles of
hepatic lobules.
3. Liver acinus-considering nutrient and oxygen concentration in blood along
sinusoids.We said that in classic study we have portal triad at periphery,and
blood flows from periphery to centre.and u expect that area that closer to
portal triad to get nutrient first rather than the centre.So,it is divided into 3
zones regarding the concentration of oxygen and nutrients.

a. Zone 1: highest oxygen and nutrient

b. Zone2: intermediate
c. Zone 3: least

So since this cell get higest concentration(peripheral),u expect it is involved in protein

synthesis,and the least one is involved in glycogen metabolism for example.
[slide 10] Bile that are produced by hepatocyte flows through bile canaliculi
anostomose forming network that terminate in portal triad and emptied in the bile
ductule,that soon converge into bile duct,that then empty into right and left hepatic
duct which unite to form the common hepatic duct.did u learn that in anatomy?after
that common hepatic duct receive bile from the cystic duct,continous to duodenum
as common bile duct.This is the pathway of biliary tract.

The walls of these major duct : hepatic duct,systic duct and common bile duct are
composed of mucosa which consisted of simple columnar epithelium,cholangiocytes,
lamina propria,submucosa, and thin muscularis which becomes thicker near the
duodenum wall.This is gall bladder,hollow pear shaped organ.

[slide 11]This is cross section of gallbladder wall,3 layers are mucosa,then muscularis
and finally adventitia or serosa depends on the location.Its mucosa is highly folded
and lined by simple columnar epithelium and lamina propria.Thin muscularis smooth
muscle fibre orriented in different places.While adventitia(serosa) is just loose c.t
without covering mesothelium and gallbladder has adventitia wherever it against the
liver,and serosa+mesothelium wherever the gallbladder is exposed barely.

[slide 11 right] Electron micrograph indicates epithelial cells lining gallbladder,this is

one of the cell u can see many mitochondria-energy for absoption.also u can see
microvilli that increase surface area for absoption.

What the differences between adventitia and serosa?

Adventitia is just loose connective tissue.and serosa is loose connective tissue with
covering mesothelium just ike simple squamous.

p/s: sorry for any mistake,go to book for much clearer details.All the best ^^!