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VISIONIAS
www.visionias.in
ANSWERS & EXPLANATION
GENERAL STUIDES (P) TEST – 2968 (2020)

Q 1.A
• The East India Association was founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1866, in collaboration with Indians
and retired British officials in London. It superseded the London Indian Society and was a platform for
discussing matters and ideas about India, and to provide representation for Indians to the Government.
• The Bombay Presidency Association was started by Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta and K.T.
Telang in 1885.
• The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was founded in 1867 by Mahadeo Govind Ranade and others, with the
object of serving as a bridge between the government and the people.
• Hence the correct sequence is 1-3-2.
• Other important Pre-Congress Associations:
o Madras Mahajan Sabha: The Madras Mahajan Sabha was founded in 1884 by M. Viraraghavachari,
B. Subramaniya Aiyer and P. Anandacharlu.
o The Indian League was started in 1875 by Sisir Kumar Ghosh with the object of “stimulating the
sense of nationalism amongst the people” and of encouraging political education.
o The Indian Association of Calcutta (also known as the Indian National Association) superseded the
Indian League and was founded in 1876 by younger nationalists of Bengal led by Surendranath
Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose.
o In 1851, both the Landholders’ Society and the Bengal British India Society merged into the British
Indian Association.

Q 2.A
• Champaran Satyagraha took place in 1917 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. It was the first civil
disobedience action in the history of Indian National Movement.
• The story of Champaran begins in the early nineteenth century when European planters had involved
the cultivators in agreements that forced them to cultivate indigo on 3/20th (not all) of their
holdings (known as the tinkathia system). Towards the end of the nineteenth century, German synthetic
dyes forced indigo out of the market and the European planters of Champaran, keen to release the
cultivators from the obligation of cultivating indigo, tried to turn their necessity to their advantage by
securing enhancements in rent and other illegal dues as a price for the release.
• Resistance had surfaced in 1908 as well, but the exactions of the planters continued till Raj Kumar
Shukla, a local man, decided to follow Gandhiji all over the country to persuade him to come to
Champaran to investigate the problem.
• Gandhiji and his colleagues, who now included Brij Kishore, Rajendra Prasad and other members of
the Bihar intelligentsia, Mahadev Desai and Narhari Parikh, two young men from Gujarat who had
thrown in their lot with Gandhiji, and J.B. Kripalani, toured the villages and from dawn to dusk
recorded the statements of peasants, interrogating them to make sure that they were giving correct
information. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• The Government appointed a Commission of Inquiry to go into the whole issue and nominated Gandhiji
as one of its members. As a compromise with the planters, he agreed that they refund only twenty-five
percent (not a hundred percent) of the money they had taken illegally from the peasants. Answering critics
who asked why he did not ask for a full refund, Gandhiji explained that even this refund had done enough
damage to the planters’ prestige and position. As was often the case, Gandhiji’s assessment was correct
and, within a decade, the planters left the district altogether. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

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Q 3.B
 Statement 1 is not correct: Lord Birkenhead, the Conservative Secretary of State responsible for the
appointment of the Simon Commission, had constantly harped on the inability of Indians to formulate a
concrete scheme of constitutional reforms which had the support of wide sections of Indian political
opinion. This challenge, too, was taken up and meetings of the All-Parties Conference were held in
February, May and August 1928 to finalize a scheme which popularly came to be known as the Nehru
Report after Motilal Nehru, its principal author.
 Statement 2 and statement 3 are correct: This report demanded Dominion Status as the form of
government desired by India. It rejected the principle of separate communal electorates on which previous
constitutional reforms had been based. Seats would be reserved for Muslims at the Centre and in
provinces in which they were in a minority, but not in those where they had a numerical majority. The
Report also recommended universal adult suffrage, equal rights for women, freedom to form unions, and
dissociation of the state from religion in any form.

Q 4.D
 In the cultural sphere the impact of the Swadeshi Movement was most marked.
• The songs composed at that time by Rabindranath Tagore, Rajani Kanta Sen, Dwijendralal Ray, Mukunda
Das, Syed Abu Mohammed, and others later became the moving spirit for nationalists of all hues,
‘terrorists, Gandhian or Communists’ and are still popular. Rabindranath’s Amar Sonar Bangla, written
at that time, was to later inspire the liberation struggle of Bangladesh and was adopted as the national
anthem of the country in 1971. Hence pair 1 is correctly matched.
• The Swadeshi influence could be seen in Bengali folk music popular among Hindu and Muslim villagers
(Palligeet and Jan Gàn) and it evoked collections of India fairy tales such as, Thakurmar Jhuli
(Grandmother’s tales) written by Daksinaranjan Mitra Majumdar which delights Bengai children to
this day. Hence pair 2 is correctly matched.
• C. Subramaniya Bharathiyar was a poet, freedom fighter and social reformer from Tamil Nadu. He was
known as Mahakavi Bharathiyar and the laudatory epithet Mahakavi means a great poet. He is considered
as one of India’s greatest poets. His songs on nationalism and freedom of India helped to rally the masses
to support the Indian Independence Movement in Tamil Nadu. He published the sensational “Sudesa
Geethangal” poem in 1908. Hence pair 3 is correctly matched.
 In art, this was the period when Abanindranath Tagore broke the domination of Victorian naturalism over
Indian art and sought inspiration from the rich indigenous traditions of Mughal, Rajput and Ajanta
paintings. Nandalal Bose, who left a major imprint on Indian art, was the first recipient of a scholarship
offered by the Indian Society of Oriental Art founded in 1907.
 In science, Jagdish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Ray, and others pioneered original research that was
praised the world over.

Q 5.A
 The RIN revolt started on 18 February 1946 in Bombay. The naval ratings on HMIS Talwar protested
against the poor quality of food and racial discrimination by British officers. Hence, options 1 and 2
are correct.
 The mutineers took out a procession in Bombay, holding aloft a portrait of Subhas Bose. Their ships also
raised the flags of the Congress, Muslim League, and Communist Party.
 The demands advanced by the naval central strike committee combined service grievances with wider
national concerns.
 The latter included the release of INA (Indian National Army) personnel and other political
prisoners; withdrawal of Indian troops from Indonesia; and the acceptance of Indian officers only as
superiors. Hence, option 3 is not correct.
 The most significant feature of this short uprising was the massive outpouring of public support for the
mutineers. The city of Bombay, especially the labouring classes, went on strike on 22 February in
solidarity. The public transport network was brought to a halt, trains were burnt, roadblocks were erected
and commercial establishments were shut down

Q 6.B
 Simon Commission appointed in November 1927 by the British government to report on the working of
the Government of India Act of 1919. In 1930, the Commission published its two-volume report, also
known as the Simon Report.
 In response to the inadequacy of the Simon Report, the Labour Government, which had come to power
under Ramsay MacDonald in 1929, decided to hold a series of Round Table Conferences in London. The

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first Round Table Conference convened from 12 November 1930 to 19 January 1931. Since many of the
Congress' leaders were in jail, Congress did not participate in the first conference, but representatives
from all other Indian parties and a number of Princes did.
 The outcomes of the First Round Table Conference were minimal: India was to develop into a
federation, safeguards regarding defense and finance were agreed and other departments were to
be transferred.
 The British policy of 'Divide and Rule' found another expression in the announcement of the Communal
Award in August 1932. The Award allotted to each minority a number of seats in the legislatures to
be elected on the basis of a separate electorate, that is Muslims would be elected only by Muslims and
Sikhs only by Sikhs, and so on. Muslims, Sikhs, and Christians had already been treated as minorities.
The Award declared the Depressed Classes (Scheduled Castes of today) also to be a minority
community entitled to separate electorate and thus separated them from the rest of the Hindus.
 Gandhiji demanded that the representatives of the Depressed Classes should be elected by the general
electorate under a wide if possible universal, common franchise. At the same time, he did not object to the
demand for a larger number of the reserved seats for the Depressed Classes. He went on a fast unto
death on 20 September 1932 to enforce his demand. In the end they succeeded in hammering out an
agreement, known as the Poona Pact(1932), according to which the idea of separate electorates for the
Depressed Classes was abandoned but the seats reserved for them in the provincial legislatures were
increased from seventy-one in the Award to 147 and in the Central Legislature to eighteen percent
of the total.

Q 7.B
• Quit India Movement was launched under the leadership of Gandhi ji in august 1942 with the slogan
“Do or Die”. The Quit India Resolution was passed by the Congress Working Committee on 8 August
1942 in Bombay.
 As in earlier mass struggles, the youth were in the forefront of the struggle. Students from colleges and
even schools were the most visible element, especially in the early days of August (probably the average
age of participants in the 1942 struggle was even lower than that in earlier movements). Women,
especially college and school girls, played a very important role.Aruna Asaf Ali and Sucheta Kripalani
were two major women organizers of the underground, and Usha Mehta an important member of the
small group that ran the Congress Radio. Workers were prominent as well and made a considerable
sacrifice by enduring long strikes and braving police repression in the streets.
 Statement 1 is not correct: Gandhiji asked government servants to openly declare their allegiance to the
congress and not to resign.
 Statement 2 is not correct: Gandhiji asked the soldiers to refuse to fire on their own people and not to
leave their posts.
 Statement 3 is correct: Gandhiji asked the princes of the Princely states to accept the sovereignty of their
own people.

Q 8.D
 In October 1940, Gandhi gave the call for a limited satyagraha (Individual Satyagraha) by a few
selected individuals. The satyagraha was kept limited so as not to embarrass Britain's war effort by a mass
upheaval in India.
• The demand of a satyagrahi would be for the freedom of speech to preach against participation in the
War. Hence statement 1 is not correct.The Individual Satyagraha had a dual purpose —while
giving expression to the Indian people’s strong political feeling, it gave the British Government
further opportunity to peacefully accept the Indian demands.
 The first Satyagrahi was Acharya Vinoba Bhave, who was sent to jail when he spoke against the war in
the village Panaur and he was arrested subsequently.
 Women from different parts of the country took part in the satyagraha. Smt Sarala Devi was the first
woman who took part in the Individual Satyagraha. Hence option 3 is not correct.
 Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. It
is often associated with extreme pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns existence.
 The first decade of the 20th century saw the rise of extreme revolutionaries who used violence to overthrow
British rule. They were inspired by the Irish terrorists and Russian Nihilists and followed their method
of assassinating corrupt and unpopular officials. They also engaged in dacoities to raise funds for the
purchase of arms, etc. popularly known as Swadeshi dacoities. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

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Q 9.B
 The Congress ministries took a series of measures to alleviate the suffering of the peasants and agrarian
sector which included -:
o In U.P. a tenancy act was passed in October 1939 which gave all statutory tenants both in Agra and
Oudh full hereditary rights in their holdings while taking away the landlord’s right to prevent the
growth of occupancy.
o In Bihar, the new tenancy legislation was passed mainly in 1937 and 1938 which was more radical in
approach as compared to that of U.P.
o In Orissa, a tenancy bill was passed in May 1938 granting the right of free transfer of occupancy
holdings, reducing the interest on arrears of rent and abolishing all illegal levies on tenants. The
Governor refused to give assent to the bill as it would have reduced the zamindars’ incomes by fifty to
sixty per cent.
o In Madras, a committee under the chairmanship of T. Prakasam (1872-1957) recommended
that in the areas under Permanent Zamindari Settlement the ryot and not the zamindar was the
owner of the soil and that therefore the level of rents prevailing when the Settlement was made
in 1802 should be restored. The Legislative Assembly passed, in January 1939, a resolution
accepting the recommendations, but before a bill could be drafted, the Ministry resigned.
o Measures of tenancy reform, usually extending security of tenure to tenants in landlord areas, were
also carried in the legislatures of Bombay, the Central Provinces and the North-West Frontier
Province.
 Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
• Indian Peasants’ Institute
o It was set up in 1933 by N.G. Ranga in the village of Nidobrolu in Guntur district which trained
peasants to become active workers of the peasant movement.
 Bengal Bargadars Temporary Regulation Bill, 1947
o This bill was introduced by Muslim league ministry in Bengal to incorporate the demand of the
Sharecroppers against the backdrop of Tebhaga struggle. This encouraged the movement and led to
the increased participation of the peasants from rural areas. However, the government failed to pass
the bill immediately and it was only in 1950, the bill was passed.
 Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q 10.A
 The Akali movement (also known as Gurudwara Reform Movement) was an offshoot of the Singh Sabha
Movement. It aimed at liberating the Sikh gurudwaras from the control of corrupt Udasi mahants
(the post having become hereditary). Hence option (a) is the correct answer.
 These mahants were a loyalist and reactionary lot, enjoying government patronage. The government tried
its repressive policies against the non-violent non-cooperation satyagraha launched by the Akalis in 1921,
but had to bow before popular demands; it passed the Sikh Gurudwaras Act in 1922 (amended in 1925)
which gave the control of gurudwaras to the Sikh masses to be administered through Shiromani
Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) as the apex body.

Q 11.D
 During the moderate phase of the struggle (1894-1906) Gandhiji set up the Natal Indian Congress. The
second phase of the struggle in South Africa, which began in 1906, was characterized by the use of the
method of passive resistance or civil disobedience, which Gandhiji named Satyagraha. It was first used
when the Government enacted legislation making it compulsory for Indians to take out certificates of
registration which held their finger prints.
 The campaign was widened to include protest against a new legislation imposing restrictions on
Indian migration.
 The poll tax of three pounds imposed on ex- indentured Indians and invalidation of Indian
marriages further widened the campaign.

Q 12.A
 The nature of Peasant movements after the revolt of 1857 and until the end of the 19th century witnessed
a certain shift.
 The princes, chiefs and landlords had been crushed or co-opted and peasants emerged as the main force in
agrarian movements. They now fought directly for their own demands, centered almost wholly on
economic issues, and against their immediate enemies, foreign planters and indigenous zamindaris and

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moneylenders. Their struggles were directed towards specific and limited objectives and redressal of
particular grievances. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
 The territorial reach of these movements was also limited. They were confined to particular localities with
no mutual communication or linkages. They also lacked continuity of struggle or long-term organization.
Once the specific objectives of a movement were achieved, its organization, as also peasant solidarity
built around it, dissolved and disappeared. Thus, the Indigo strike, the Pabna agrarian leagues and the
social-boycott movement of the Deccan ryots left behind no successors. Hence, statement 2 is not
correct.
 A major weakness of the peasant movements was the lack of an adequate understanding of colonialism,
colonial economic structure and the colonial state. Nor did the 19th century peasants possess a new
ideology and a new social, economic and political programme based on an analysis of the newly
constituted colonial society. Their struggles, however militant, occurred within the framework of the old
societal order. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.

Q 13.D
 Third battle of Panipat happened on 14th January 1761 between Afghans led by Ahmed Shah
Abdali and the Marathas.
 Marathas could not find allies among the northern powers because of their earlier behaviour and
political ambitions had antagonized all these powers.
 Rajputs: Marathas had interfered in the internal affairs of Rajputana States and levied huge fines and
tributes upon them.
 Awadh: Marathas had made large territorial and monetary claims upon Awadh.
 Punjab: Marathas' actions in Punjab had angered the Sikhs.
 Jats: The Jat chiefs on whom also heavy fines had been imposed by them.did not trust them.
 Therefore, they had to fight their enemies all alone, except for the weak support of Imad al
mulk. Hence, Statement 1 is not correct.
 The Maratha army was completely routed by Abdali. The Maratha defeat at Panipat was a disaster for
them and their political prestige suffered a big blow. In fact, it is said that the third battle of Panipat
did not decide who were to rule India, but who would not.
 For the British East India Company, this defeat of Maratha give an opportunity to consolidate its power in
Bengal and South India. Also, Afghans did not benefit from their victory. They could not even hold
Punjab. So the British were the ultimate beneficiaries of this battle. Hence, Statement 2 is not
correct.

Q 14.A
 Akshay Kumar Dutt was one of the initiators of the Bengal Renaissance. In 1839, he joined
the Tattwabodhini Sabha and soon became its assistant secretary. He was appointed a teacher of the
Tattwabodhini Pathsala the next year and in 1843, Tattwabodhini Patrika was published as mouthpiece
of both the Tattwabodhini Sabha and Brahmo Samaj. He was the first editor of the journal and
contributed substantially towards the development of prose writing in Bengali.
 Akshay Kumar held that all-natural and social phenomena could be analyzed and understood by purely
mechanical processes. This perspective not only enabled them to adopt a rational approach to
tradition but also to evaluate the contemporary socio-religious practices from the standpoint of social
utility.
 In advocating widow marriage and opposing polygamy and child marriage, Akshay Kumar was not
concerned about religious sanction or whether they existed in the past. His arguments were mainly based
on their effects of Society. Instead of depending on the scriptures, he cited medical Opinion against
Child marriage. He held very advanced ideas about marriage and family: courtship before marriage,
partnership and equality as the basis of married life and divorce by both law and custom.
 Hence option a is the correct answer.

Q 15.C
 By the end of 1869 more than 6,000 km of railways had been built by the guaranteed companies, but this
system proved very costly and slow ,and so in 1869 the Government of India decided to build new
railways as state enterprises, But the speed of railway extension still did not satisfy officials in India and
businessmen in Britain. After 1880, railways were built through private enterprise as well as through
state agency. By 1905 nearly 45,000 km of railways had been built. Three important aspects of the
development of Indian railways should be kept in view.

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 Firstly, nearly the entire amount of over 350 crores of rupees invested in them was provided by
British investors, Indian capital contributing only a negligible share to it. Hence statement 1 is not
correct.
 Secondly, they were for the first 50 years financially losing concerns which were not able to pay interest
on the capital invested in them. This loss was made good in the case of privately built railways by the
Government of India which guaranteed a fixed return on the capital invested. Hence statement 2 is
correct.
 Thirdly, in their planning construction and management, the economic and political development of India
and her people was not kept at the forefront. On the contrary, the primary consideration was to serve
the economic, political, and military interests of British imperialism in India. The railway lines were
laid primarily with a view to linking India's raw material producing areas in the interior with the
ports of export. The needs of Indian industries regarding their markets and, their sources of raw materials
were neglected. Moreover, the railway rates were fixed in a manner so as to favour imports and
exports and to discriminate against the internal movement of goods. Hence statement 3 is not
correct.

Q 16.B
• Option (b) is correct : The Lahore Congress of I929 authorized the Working Committee to launch a
programme civil disobedience including non-payment of taxes. On 6 April 1930, by picking up a handful
of salt, Gandhiji inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement. Once the way was cleared by Gandhiji’s
ritual beginning at Dandi, the defiance of salt laws started all over the country. In Tamil Nadu, C.
Rajagopalachari, led a salt march from Trichinopoly to Vedaranniyam on the Tanjore coast.
 In Malabar, K.Kelappan, the hero of the Vaikom Satyagraha, walked from Calicut to Payannur to break
the salt law. A band of Satyagrahis walked all the way from Sylhet in Assam to Noakhali on the Bengal
Coast to make salt. In Andhra, a number of sibirams (military style camps) were set up in different
districts to serve as the headquarters of the salt Satyagraha, and bands of Satyagrahis marched through
villages on their way to the coastal centres to defy the law.

Q 17.B
 Statement 1 is not correct: Newspapers in those days were not business enterprises, nor were the editors
and journalists professionals. Newspapers were published as a national or public service. They were
often financed as objects of philanthropy. To be a journalist was often to be a political worker and an
agitator at considerable self-sacrifice. It was, of course, not very expensive to start a newspaper, though
the editor had to usually live at a semi-starvation level or earn his livelihood through a supplementary
source.
 Statement 2 is correct: The influence of the press extended far beyond its literate subscribers. Nor was it
confined to cities and large towns. A newspaper would reach remote villages and would then be read by a
reader to tens of others. Gradually library movements sprung up all over the country. A local 'library'
would be organized around a single newspaper. A table, a bench or two or a charpoy would constitute the
capital equipment. Every piece of news or editorial comment would be read or heard and thoroughly
discussed. The newspaper not only became the political educator; reading or discussing it became a
form of political participation.
 Statement 3 is correct: Nearly all the major political controversies of the day were conducted through the
press. It also played the institutional role of opposition to the government. Almost every act and every
policy of the government was subjected to sharp criticism, in many cases with great care and vast learning
backing it up. 'Oppose, oppose, oppose' was the motto of the Indian Press.
Q 18.B
 On May 23, 1914, Komagata Maru, a Japanese steamer, carrying 376 passengers from Hong Kong,
mostly being immigrants from Punjab, British India, arrived in Vancouver, Canada. It was denied docking
by the Canadian authorities.
• To fight for the rights of the passengers, a ‘Shore Committee’ was set up under the leadership of
Husain Rahim, Sohan Lal Pathak, and Balwant Singh, funds were raised, and protest meetings
organized.
 Following a two months stalemate, the Ship was escorted out of the harbor by the Canadian Military and
forced to sail back to India. The Komagata Maru arrived in Calcutta in September 1914. The British
Imperial Government saw the men on Komagata Maru as dangerous political agitators. The police went
aboard the ship on 29th September 1914 to arrest Baba Gurdit Singh and other leaders. The arrest was
resisted by the passengers which led to police firing in which 19 passengers were killed. Baba Gurdit
Singh escaped along with many others. The rest of the passengers were sent to Punjab.

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Q 19.A
 Before the 1860s, three-fourths of raw cotton imports into Britain came from America. When the
American Civil War broke out in 1861, a wave of panic spread through cotton circles in Britain. Raw
cotton imports from America fell to less than three per cent of the normal. Messages were sent to India
and elsewhere to increase cotton exports to Britain. As cotton prices soared export merchants in Bombay
were keen to secure as much cotton as possible to meet the British demand. So they gave advances to
urban sahukars who in turn extended credit to those rural moneylenders who promised to secure the
produce.
 These developments had a profound impact on the Deccan countryside. The ryots in the Deccan villages
suddenly found access to seemingly limitless credit. While the American crisis continued, cotton
production in the Bombay Deccan expanded. Between 1860 and 1864 cotton acreage doubled. By 1862
over 90 per cent of cotton imports into Britain were coming from India.
 But these boom years did not bring prosperity to all cotton producers. Some rich peasants did gain,
but for the large majority, cotton expansion meant heavier debt. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
 As the Civil War ended, cotton production in America revived and Indian cotton exports to Britain
steadily declined. Export merchants and sahukars in Maharashtra were no longer keen on extending long-
term credit. They could see the demand for Indian cotton fall and cotton prices slide downwards. So they
decided to close down their operations, restrict their advances to peasants, and demand repayment of
outstanding debts.
• While credit dried up, the revenue demand increased. In the new settlement, the demand was increased
dramatically: from 50 to 100 per cent. Ryots were unable to pay this inflated demand at a time when
prices were falling and cotton fields disappearing. So again they had to turn to the moneylender. But the
moneylenders now refused loans, as they no longer had confidence in the ryots’ capacity to repay.
 The refusal of moneylenders to extend loans enraged the ryots. What infuriated them was not simply
that they had got deeper and deeper into debt, or that they were utterly dependent on the moneylender for
survival, but that moneylenders were being insensitive to their plight. The moneylenders were violating
the customary norms . The ryots came to see the moneylender as devious and deceitful. They complained
of moneylenders manipulating laws and forging accounts. So, the peasants rose in revolt against
moneylenders(and not against the Britishers). Hence, Statement 2 is not correct.
 Initially, the Government of Bombay was unwilling to see it as anything serious. But the Government of
India, worried by the memory of 1857, pressurised the Government of Bombay to set up a commission of
enquiry to investigate into the causes of the riots.The commission produced a report that was presented to
the British Parliament in 1878. Now, the peasants could not be arrested and sent to jail if they failed
to pay their debt. Hence, the Deccan rebellion was one of the successful revolts of the Indian
history. Hence statement 3 is not correct.

Q 20.D
 The Permanent Settlement was introduced in Bengal and Bihar in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis. It had
two special features: Firstly, the zamindars and revenue collectors were converted into so many landlords.
They were not only to act as agents of the Government in collecting land revenue from the ryot but also to
become the owners of the entire land in their zamindaris. Their right of ownership was made
hereditary and transferable. On the other hand, the cultivators were reduced to the low status of
mere tenants and were deprived of long-standing rights to the soil and other customary rights.
 Secondly, the zamindars were to give 10/11th of the rental they derived from the peasantry to the state,
keeping the only 1/11th for themselves. But the sums to be paid by them as land revenue was fixed in
perpetuity. If the rental of a zamindar's estate increased owing to the extension of cultivation rapid
improvement in agriculture, or his capacity to extract more from his tenants, or any other reason, he would
keep the entire amount of the increase. The state would not make any further demand upon him. Major
objectives behind permanent settlement system were:
o The British officials realised that they were foreigners in India, their rule would be unstable in India
unless they acquired local supporters who would act as a buffer between, them and the people of
India. This argument had immediate importance as there were a large number of popular revolts in
Bengal during the last quarter of the 18th century. So they brought into existence a wealthy and
privileged class of zamindars which owed its existence to British rule and which would,
therefore, be compelled by its own basic interests to support it. This expectation was, in fact, fully
justified later when the zamindars class supported the foreign government in opposition to the rising
movement for freedom. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
o The predominant motive was that of financial security. Before 1793 the Company was troubled by
fluctuations in its chief source of income, the land revenue. The Company was faced with a constant

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financial crisis as Bengal revenue had to finance its army engaged in wars of expansion, the civil
establishment in Bengal, Madras and Bombay, and. the purchase of manufactures for export. The
Permanent Settlement guaranteed the stability of income. The newly created property of the
zamindars acted as a security of this. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
o Also, the Permanent Settlement was expected to increase agricultural production. Since the
land revenue would not be increased in future-even if the zamindar's income went up, the latter would
be inspired to extend cultivation and improve agricultural productivity as was being done in
Britain by its landlords. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Q 21.A
 The idea of the INA was first conceived in Malaya by Mohan Singh, an Indian officer of the British
Indian Army when he decided not to join the retreating British army and instead went to the Japanese
for help.
• Indian prisoners of war were handed over by the Japanese to Mohan Singh who then tried to
recruit them into an Indian National Army. The fall of Singapore was crucial, for this brought 45,000
Indian POWs into Mohan Singh’s sphere of influence.
• Subhash Chandra Bose revived the army when he went to Singapore and set up the provisional
government of Free India on 21 October 1943. The provisional government then declared war on
Britain and the United States and was recognized by the Axis powers and their satellites. Subhas Bose set
up two INA headquarters, in Rangoon and in Singapore, and began to reorganize the INA. Recruits were
sought from civilians, funds were gathered, and even a women’s regiment called the Rani Jhansi
regiment was formed.
 One INA battalion commanded by Shah Nawaz was allowed to accompany the Japanese Army to
the Indo-Burma front and participate in the Imphal campaign. But the discriminatory treatment
which included being denied rations, arms and being made to do menial work for the Japanese units,
completely demoralized the INA men. The failure of the Imphal campaign and the steady Japanese retreat
thereafter quashed any hopes of the INA liberating the nation.

Q 22.B
 At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in December 1906, presided over by Dadabhai Naoroji, the goal
of the Indian National Congress was defined as 'swarajya like the self-governing colonies of Australia and
Canada. Also, a resolution supporting the programme of swadeshi, boycott and national education was
passed. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Swadeshi movement focussed on self-reliance. One of the major planks of the programme of self-reliance
was Swadeshi or national education. Taking a cue from Tagore’s Shantiniketan, the Bengal National
College was founded, with Aurobindo as the principal. Scores of national schools sprang up all over the
country within a short period.
• In August 1906, the National Council of Education was established. The Council, consisting of virtually
all the distinguished persons of the country at the time, defined its objectives in this way. . . ‘to organize a
system of Education Literary; Scientific and Technical — on National lines and under National control
from the primary to the university level. The chief medium of instruction was to be the vernacular to
enable the widest possible reach. Hence statement 2 is correct.
 For technical education, the Bengal Technical institute was set and funds were raised to send students to
Japan for advanced learning. Banaras Hindu University was founded by the great nationalist leader, Pandit
Madan Mohan Malviya, in 1916 with the cooperation of great personalities like Dr Annie Besant, who
viewed it as the University of India. This was years after the Swadeshi Movement has fizzled out. Hence
statement 3 is not correct.

Q 23.A
 Option (a) is the correct answer: The Congress decided at Lucknow in early 1936 and at Faizpur in late
1936 to fight the elections and postpone the decision on office acceptance to the post-election period. The
Congress went all out to win the elections to the provincial assemblies held in February 1937. Its election
manifesto reaffirmed its total rejection of the 1935 Act. It promised the restoration of civil liberties, the
release of political prisoners, the removal of disabilities on grounds of sex and untouchability, the radical
transformation of the agrarian system, substantial reduction in rent and revenue, scaling down of the rural
debts, provision of cheap credit, the right to form trade unions and the right to strike.
• The Congress won a massive mandate at the polls despite the narrow franchise. It won 716 out of 1,161
seats it contested. After a few months’ tussle with the Government, the Congress Working Committee
decided to accept office under the Act of 1935. During July, it formed Ministries in six provinces:

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Madras, Bombay, Central Provinces, Orissa, Bihar and U.P. Later, Congress Ministries were also
formed in the North-West Frontier Province and Assam.
• Work Under Congress Ministries - They eased curbs on civil liberties, restrictions on press lifted,
political prisoners and revolutionaries released, lifted ban from several illegal organisations, books and
journals and restored the pensions of officials associated with the CDM. But there were certain blemishes
in the performance of the Congress ministries regarding civil liberties. Yusuf Maherally, a socialist, was
arrested by the Madras government for inflammatory speeches and later released. S.S. Batliwala, a
socialist, was arrested by the Madras government for seditious speech and given a six months’ sentence.
Then, K.M. Munshi, the Bombay home minister, used the CID against communists and leftists.
 The Congress ministries managed to legislate a number of laws relating to land reforms, debt relief, forest
grazing fee, arrears of rent, land tenures, etc. But most of these benefits went to statutory and occupancy
tenants while sub-tenants did not gain much. Agricultural labourers did not benefit as they had not been
mobilised. There were certain basic constraints due to which the Congress ministries could not undertake
a complete overhaul of the agrarian structure by completely abolishing zamindari.
 In Sind, the Sind United Party emerged as the winner with 22 seats, and the Congress secured 8
seats. Mohammad Ali Jinnah had tried to set up a League Parliamentary Board in Sindh in 1936,
but he failed, though 72% of the population was Muslim.

Q 24.C
• The constitutional reforms of 1919 in India were to be followed by a period of ten years before fresh
proposals for reforms could be considered.In 1927, however, the Conservative Government of Britain,
faced with the prospect of electoral defeat at the hands of the Labour Party, appointed the Indian Statutory
Commission, popularly known as the Simon Commission after its Chairman. It was an all-White
commission and there were no Indians in the Simon commission to recommend whether India was
ready for further constitutional progress and on which lines. However, the all-white seven-member
Commission was taken as a national affront in India and was, therefore, condemned by all shades of
the India political opinion. The Simon Commission, which landed at Bombay on Feb 3, 1928, was
greeted by black-flags and slogans of “GoBack Simon” at every place.

Q 25.B
 George Yule was the first European to preside Congress session at Allahabad in 1888. Hence, statement
1 is not correct.
 Annie Besant was the first woman as well as the first European woman President of Indian National
Congress. Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman President of INC. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Q 26.A
 Statement 1 is correct: In May, 1939, Subhash Bose and his followers formed the Forward Bloc as a new
party within the Congress.
 Statement 2 is not correct: Bose declared All India protest against an AICC resolution. This attracted
disciplinary action not his move to form Forward Bloc. Also he was not ousted from party. He was
removed from Bengal Provincial Congress Committee and was debarred from holding any office in
Congress for 3 years.

Q 27.A
• Statement 1 is correct: Bombay Presidency Association was started in 1885 by Pheroshah Mehta,
Badruddin Tayabji and KT Telang. It was formed in opposition to the Ilbert Bill and Lytton’s other
reactionary policies. Mehta was also one of the founders of the Indian National Congress. Hence, born in
1845 in Bombay, Pherozeshah Mehta came under Dadabhai Naoroji’s influence while studying law in
London during the 1860s.
• Statement 2 is correct: A member of the Bombay Legislative Council from 1886, he was elected to the
governor-general’s Imperial Legislative Council in 1893. He was a powerful debater and his speeches
were marked by boldness, lucidity, incisiveness, a ready wit, and quick repartee, and ascertain literary
quality. For example: In 1901, a Bill was brought in the Bombay Legislative to take away the peasant’s
right of ownership of land to prevent him from bartering it away because of his thriftlessness. Denying
this charge and opposing the bill, Mehta defended the right of the peasant to have some joy, color, and
moments of brightness in his life.
 Statement 3 is not correct: He presided over the sixth session of the Indian National Congress in 1890.
The second session of INC was presided by Dadabhai Naoroji. During a legal defense of a Bombay
commissioner, he noted the need for municipal government reforms and later drew up the Municipal Act

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of 1872, for which he was called the “father of municipal government in Bombay.” He became a
commissioner himself in 1873 and served as chairman in 1884–85 and in 1905. From about the middle of
the 1890s till his death in 1915 he was a dominant figure in the Indian National Congress. He was
knighted in 1904. After a trip to England in 1910, Mehta was appointed vice-chancellor of the University
of Bombay (now University of Mumbai). In 1911 he helped found the Central Bank of India, financed and
controlled by Indian interests.

Q 28.B
 About Rowlatt Satyagraha: In March 1919, the Rowlatt Act was passed even though every single Indian
member of the Central Legislative Council opposed it. This act authorized the Government to imprison
any person without trial and conviction in a court of law. The Act would thus enable the Government to
suspend the right to Habeas Corpus which has been the foundation of civil liberties in India.
Constitutional protest having failed, Gandhiji stepped in and suggested that a Satyagraha be launched. At
Bombay, a Satyagraha Sabha was established with Gandhi as its president. Mahatma Gandhi inaugurated
the Satyagraha agitation on 1st March 1919. Hence option (b) is correct.
 The younger members of the Home Rule Leagues who were more than keen to express their
disenchantment with the Government flocked to join it. The old lists of the addresses of Home Rule
Leagues and their members were taken out, contacts established and propaganda began.
• Kheda Satyagraha (1918): The peasants of Kheda district were in extreme distress due to a failure of
crops, and that their appeals for the remission of land revenue were being ignored by the Government.
Enquiries by members of the Servants of India Society, Vithalbhai Patel and Gandhiji confirmed the
validity of the peasants’ case. This was that as the crops were less than one-fourth of the normal yield,
they were entitled under the revenue code to a total remission of the land revenue. This forced Gandhiji to
launch Kheda Satyagraha in 1918.
 Bardoli Satyagraha (1928): It was organised by Sardar Patel against the enhancement of demand for
land revenue by the Government by 30%.
 Vaikom Satyagraha (1924): It was organised by the Kerala Provincial Congress Committee (KPCC)
against untouchability and ban on temple entry for harijans.

Q 29.D
• After the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement, the revolutionaries in northern India were the
first to emerge out of the mood of frustration and reorganize under the leadership of the old veterans,
Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjea and Sachindranath Sanyal whose Bandi Jiwan served as a textbook
to the revolutionary movement. They met in Kanpur in October 1924 and founded the Hindustan
Republican Association (or Army) to organize armed revolution to overthrow colonial rule and
establish in its place the Federal Republic of the United States of India whose basic principle would
be an adult franchise. The HRA had also decided ‘to start labour and peasant organizations’ and to
work for ‘an organized and armed revolution.’
 The Kakori conspiracy case, in which Ashfaqulla Khan, Ramprasad Bismil, Roshan Singh and Rajendra
Lahiri were hanged, four others were sent to the Andamans for life and seventeen others were sentenced
to long terms of imprisonment, was a major setback to the revolutionaries of northern India but it was not
a fatal blow. Younger men such as Bejoy Kumar Sinha, Shiv Varma, and Jaidev Kapur in U.P.,- Bhagat
Singh, Bhagwati Charan Vohra, and Sukhdev in Punjab set out to reorganize the HRA under the overall
leadership of Chandrashekhar Azad. Simultaneously, they were being influenced by socialist ideas.
Finally, nearly all the major young revolutionaries of northern India met at Ferozeshah Kotla Ground at
Delhi on 9 and 10 September 1928, created a new collective leadership, adopted socialism as their official
goal and changed the name of the party to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (Army).
• Its manifesto had declared in 1925 that it stood for ‘abolition of all systems which make the
exploitation of man by man possible.’ Its founding council, in its meeting on October 1924, had
decided ‘to preach social revolutionary and communistic principles.’ Hence statements 1 and 2 are
correct.
 HSRA's main organ, The Revolutionary, had proposed the nationalization of the railways and other means
of transport and large-scale industries such as steel and shipbuilding. Hence statement 3 is correct.

Q 30.D
• The drain of wealth from Bengal began in 1757 when the Company's servants began to carry home
immense fortunes extorted from Indian.rulers, zamindars, merchants and the common people. They sent
home nearly £ 6 million between 1758 and 1765. This amount was more than four times the total land
revenue collection of the Nawab of Bengal in 1765. This amount of drain did not include the trading

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profits of the Company which were often no less illegally derived. In 1765 the Company acquired the
Diwani of Bengal and thus gained control over its revenues.
• The Company later began to purchase Indian goods of the revenue of Bengal and to export them.
These purchases were known as 'Investments'. Thus, through 'Investments' to Bengal's revenue was
sent to England. For example, from 1765 to 1770, the Company sent out nearly £4.million worth of goods
of about 33 percent of the net revenue of Bengal. By the end of the 18th century, the drain constituted
nearly 9 per cent of India's national income.
 The actual drain was even more, as a large part of the salaries and other incomes of English officials
and the trading fortunes of English merchants also found their way into England. The drain took
the form of an excess of India's exports over its imports, for which India got no return.

Q 31.C
 Lucknow Pact (December 1916) was an agreement made by the Indian National Congress headed by Bal
Gangadhar Tilak and the All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah; it was adopted by the
Congress at its Lucknow session on December 29,1916 and by the league on Dec. 31, 1916. The meeting
at Lucknow marked the reunion of the moderate and radical wings of the Congress.
 Both Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant had played a leading role in bringing about this
agreement between the Congress and the League, much against the wishes of many important
leaders, including Madan Mohan Malaviya.
• According to the agreement, the League agreed to present joint constitutional demands with the Congress
to the government, the Congress accepted the Muslim League’s position on separate electorates which
would continue till any one community demanded joint electorates. The Muslims were also granted a
fixed proportion of seats in the legislatures at all-India and provincial levels.

Q 32.B
 The British laid the foundations of a new system of dispensing justice through a hierarchy of civil and
criminal courts. Though given a start by Warren Hastings, the system was stabilized by Cornwallis in
1793. In each district was established a Diwani Adalat, or civil court presided over by the District Judge
who belonged to the Civil Service. Cornwallis thus separated the posts of the Civil Judge and the
Collector. Appeal from the District Court lay first to four Provincial Courts of Civil Appeal and then,
finally, to the Sadar Diwani Adalat. Below the District Court were Registrars' Courts, headed by
Europeans, and a number of subordinate courts headed by Indian judges known as Munsifs and
Amins. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
 To deal with criminal cases, Cornwallis divided the Presidency of Bengal into four divisions, in each
of which a Court of Circuit presided over by the civil servants was established. Below these courts
came a large number of Indian magistrates to try petty cases. Hence statement 2 is correct.
 In 1831, William Bentinck abolished the Provincial Courts of Appeal and Circuit. Their work was
assigned first to Commissions and later to District Judges and District Collectors. Hence statement 3 is
not correct.

Q 33.A
 Statement 1 is correct: The treaty of Allahabad was a direct result of the Battle of Buxar, which was
fought against the East India Company & confederacy of Mir Kasim, Nawab of Oudh Sujha-ud-daula and
Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. The Mughal Emperor and Nawab of Oudh had to submit to the East India
Company after facing defeat and as a result, signed a treaty designed by Robert Clive of the East India
Company.
 The Treaty of Allahabad was signed on August 12, 1765, and it was one of the turning points of Indian
history. This event marks the advent of British political presence in the Indian subcontinent. Before the
signing of this treaty, the EIC only had a strong trade relationship with the Indian emperors.
 Statement 2 is correct: The treaty was designed by Robert Clive. However, when Warren Hastings
came to power in 1772, he ended the dual administration of Bengal.
• Statement 3 is not correct: The East India Company became the real master of Bengal at least from
1765. Its army was in sole control of its defense and the supreme political power was in its hands. The
Nawab depended for his internal and external security on the British. As the Diwan, the Company
directly collected its revenues, while through the right to nominate the Deputy Subahdar, it
controlled the nizamat or the police and judicial powers. This arrangement is known in history as the
‘dual’ or ‘double’ government. It held a great advantage for the British: they had power without
responsibility.

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Q 34.A
 The work of town planning was carried on by the Lottery Committee (1817) with the help of the
government. The Lottery Committee was so named because funds for town improvement were raised
through public lotteries.
• In other words, in the early decades of the nineteenth century raising funds for the city was still thought to
be the responsibility of public-minded citizens and not exclusively that of the government. The Lottery
Committee commissioned a new map of the city so as to get a comprehensive picture of Calcutta.
Among the Committee’s major activities was road building in the Indian part of the city and clearing the
riverbank of “encroachments”.
 In its drive to make the Indian areas of Calcutta cleaner, the committee removed many huts and
displaced the labouring poor, who were now pushed to the outskirts of Calcutta.

35.D
 Ahmedabad Mill Strike of 1918 was the first hunger strike by Mahatma Gandhi in India. In March 1918,
Mahatma Gandhi intervened in a dispute between cotton mill owners of Ahmedabad and the workers.
• The dispute between workers of Ahmedabad and the mill owners was over the question of a ‘plague
bonus’. The employers wanted to withdraw once the epidemic had passed but the workers insisted it stay
since the enhancement hardly compensated for the rise in the cost of living during the War. Hence
statement 2 is not correct.
 The strike was led by Mahatma Gandhi, who was supported by Anasuya Behn. Hence statement 1 is not
correct.
 Gandhiji decided to go on a fast, to rally the workers and strengthen their resolve to continue. The fast had
the effect of putting pressure on the mill owners and they agreed to submit the whole issue to a tribunal.
The strike was withdrawn and the tribunal later awarded the thirty-five percent increase in wages, which
the workers demanded.

Q 36.C
 Frightened by the spread of socialist and communist ideas and influence and believing that the crucial role
in this respect was being played by British and other foreign agitators sent to India by the Communist
International, the Government proposed to acquire the power to deport 'undesirable' and 'subversive'
foreigners by introducing Public Safety Bill, 1928. Hence option (c) is the correct answer.

Q 37.D
 The Government of India, which was generally pro-capitalist, took some half-hearted and totally
inadequate steps to mitigate the sorry state of affairs in the modem factories, many of which were owned
by Indians. In this it was only in part moved by humanitarian considerations. The manufacturers of
Britain put constant pressure on it to pass factory laws. They were afraid that cheap labour would
enable Indian manufacturers to outsell them in the Indian market.
 The first Indian Factory Act was passed in 1881. The Act dealt primarily with the problem of child
labour. It laid down that children between 7 and 12 would not work for more than 9 hours a day.
Children would also get four holidays in a month. The Act also provided for the proper fencing of
dangerous machinery.
 The second Indian Factories Act passed in 1891. It provided for a weekly holiday for all workers.
Working hours for women were fixed at 11 hours per day, whereas daily hours of work for children were
reduced to 7. Hours of work for men were still left unregulated. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
 Neither of the two Acts applied to, British owned tea and coffee plantations. On the contrary, the
Government gave every help to the Foreign planters to exploit their workers in a most ruthless
manner. Hence statement 1 is not correct.

Q 38.D
 Raja Jai Singh was a distinguished statesman, lawmaker, and reformer. He ruled from 1699-1743. But
most of all, he appreciated science very much.
 He founded the city of Jaipur in the territory taken from the Jats and made it a great seat of art and
science. Jaipur was built upon strictly scientific principles and according to a regular plan. Its broad
streets are intersected at right angles. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
 He was a great astronomer. He erected observatories at Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Varanasi, and Mathura.
None of the observatories were in Deccan because Rajputs didn't rule the Deccan region. Hence,
Statement 1 is correct.

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 These observatories were erected with accurate and advanced instruments, some of them his own
inventions, These were remarkably accurate. He also drew up a set of tables to enable people to make
astronomical observations. He had Euclid's 'Elements of Geometry' translated into Sanskrit, and Napier's
work on the construction and use of logarithms.
 He was also a social reformer. He tried to enforce a law to reduce the expenditure which a Rajput had to
incur on a daughter's wedding and which often lead to infanticide.
 Initially, Jai Singh served as a Mughal vassal. He was given the title of Sawai by the Mughal Emperor,
Aurangzeb in the year 1699, who had summoned him to Delhi, impressed by his wit. Hence, Statement 3
is correct.

Q 39.A
 During the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement, the Swadesh Bandhab Samiti set up by Ashwini Kumar
Dutt (not Sisir Kumar Ghosh), a school teacher, in Barisal was the most well-known volunteer
organization of them all. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
 Through the activities of this Samiti, whose 159 branches reached out to the remotest corners of the
district, Dutt was able to generate an unparalleled mass following among the predominantly Muslim
Peasantry of the region. Hence statement 2 is correct.
 The samitis took the Swadeshi message to the villages through magic lantern lectures and Swadeshi
songs, gave physical and moral training to the members, did social work during famines and epidemics,
organized schools, training in Swadeshi craft and arbitration courts. By August 1906 the Barisal Samiti
reportedly settled 523 disputes through eighty-nine arbitration committees. Hence statement 3 is correct.

Q 40.D
• The Arya Samaj Movement, revivalist in form though not in content, was the result of a reaction to
Western influences. It was founded by Dayananda Saraswati (1824-1883). Dayananda’s views were
published in his famous work, Satyarth Prakash (The True Exposition).
 His vision of India included a classless and casteless society, a united India (religiously, socially and
nationally), and an India free from foreign rule, with Aryan religion being the common religion of all.
Dayananda subscribed to the Vedic notion of chaturvarna system in which a person was not born in any
caste but was identified as a brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya or shudra according to the occupation the person
followed.
 For his own inspiration, Swami Dayanand went to the Vedas which he regarded as infallible. He rejected
all later religious thought if it conflicted with the Vedas. This total dependence on Vedas and their
infallibility gave his teachings an orthodox colouring. Hence statement 1 is correct.
 He was opposed to idolatry, ritual, and priesthood and particularly to the prevalent caste practices and
popular Hinduism as preached by brahmins. Hence statement 2 is correct.
 Swami Dayanand met Keshub Chandra Sen, Vidyasagar, Justice Ranade, Gopal Hari Deshmukh and
other modern religoius and social reformers. Hence statement 3 is correct.

Q 41.B
 In 1833, the Government appointed a Law Commission (The first law commission) headed by Lord
Macaulay to codify Indian laws. It eventually resulted in the Indian Penal Code, the Western-derived
Codes of Civil and Criminal Procedure and other codes of laws. Hence statement 1 is not correct and
statement 2 is correct.
 The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is the official criminal code of India. It is a comprehensive code intended to
cover all substantive aspects of criminal law. The code was drafted in 1860 on therecommendations of
the law commission of 1834 under the Charter Act of 1833. Hence statement 3 is correct.
 The same laws now prevailed all over the country and they were enforced by a uniform system of courts.
Thus it may be said that India was judicially unified.

Q 42.D
 The policy of the Indian National Congress towards the Indian states had been first enunciated in
1920 at Nagpur when a resolution calling upon the Princes to grant full responsible government in
their States had been passed. Simultaneously, however, the Congress, while allowing residents of the
States to become members of the Congress, made it clear that they could not initiate political activity
in the States in the name of Congress but only in their individual capacity or as members of the
local political organizations. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
 Given the great differences in the political conditions between British India and the States, and between
the different States themselves, the general lack of civil liberties including freedom of association, the

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comparative political backwardness of the people, and the fact that the Indian States were legally
independent entities, these were understandable restraints imposed in the interest of the movements in the
States as well as the movement in British India. The main emphasis was that people of the States
should build up their own strength and demonstrate their capacity to struggle for their demands. In
1927, the Congress reiterated this in the resolutions of 1920, and in 1929. Congress at Tripuri in March
1939 passed a resolution enunciating its new policy: ‘The great awakening that is taking place among the
people of the States may lead to a relaxation, or to a complete removal of the restraint which the Congress
imposed upon itself, thus resulting in an ever-increasing identification of the Congress with the States’
peoples’.
 Also in 1939, the All India States Peoples' Conference(AISPC) elected Jawaharlal Nehru as its
President for the Ludhiana session, thus setting the seal on the fusion of the movements in Princely India
and British India. The Government of India Act of 1935 projected a scheme of a federation in which the
Indian States were to be brought into a direct constitutional relationship with British India and the States
were to send representatives to the Federal Legislature. The catch was that these representatives would
be nominees of the Princes and not democratically elected representatives of the people. Hence
statement 2 is not correct.
• They would number one-third of the total numbers of the Federal legislature and act as a solid
conservative block that could be trusted to thwart nationalist pressures. The Indian National Congress and
the AISPC and other organizations of the States’ people clearly saw through this imperialist maneuver and
demanded that the States be represented not by the Princes’ nominees but by elected representatives of the
people. This lent a great sense of urgency to the demand for responsible democratic government in the
States.

Q 43.B
• Statement 1 is not correct: The Swadeshi movement of 1903-08 was a distinct landmark in the history of
the labour movement. The period saw the rise of the ‘professional agitator’ and the power of organization
of labour into industrial strikes as the two distinct features. The number of strikes rose sharply and many
Swadeshi leaders enthusiastically threw themselves into the task of organizing stable trade unions, strikes,
legal aid and und collection drive.
 Statement 2 is correct: Frequent processions in support of the strikers were taken out in the streets of
Calcutta. People fed the processionists on their way. Large numbers including women and even police
constables made contribution of money, rice, potatoes etc. First tentative attempts to form All-India
Unions were made during this time but those attempts turned out to be unsuccessful. Hence, All-
India Unions were not even formed at that time. Later, All-India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was
formed in 1920.
Q 44.A
• After the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement, C.R. Das as the President of the Congress and
Motilal Nehru as its Secretary put forward this programme of ‘either mending or ending’ the Legislative
councils at the Gaya session of the Congress on December 1922. They were called the 'Pro-Changers'.
Another section of the Congress, headed by Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, and C. Rajagopalachari,
called as 'No-changers', opposed the new proposal which was consequently defeated by 1748 to 890 votes.
Das and Motilal resigned from their respective offices in the Congress and on 1 January 1923 announced
the formation of the Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party better known later as the Swaraj Party. Hence
statement 1 is correct.
 There was, of course, a lot of common ground between the two. Both agreed that civil disobedience was
not possible immediately and that no mass movement could be carried on indefinitely or for a prolonged
period. Hence, breathing time was needed and a temporary retreat from the active phase of the movement
was on the agenda. Both also accepted that there was need to rest and to reinvigorate the anti-imperialist
forces, overcome demoralization, intensify politicization, widen political participation and mobilization,
strengthen organization, arid keep up the recruitment, training, and morale of the cadre. Hence statement
2 is not correct.

Q 45.C
 The new political thrust in the years between 1875 and 1885 was the creation of the younger, more radical
nationalist intellectuals most of whom entered politics during this period.
 Younger nationalists of Bengal, led by Surendranath Banerjea and Anand Mohan Bose, founded
the Indian Association in 1876. Younger men of Madras M. Viraraghavachariar, G. Subramaniya
Iyer, P. Ananda Charlu and others formed the Madras Mahajan Sabha in 1884. Hence option (c) is
the correct answer.

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 In Bombay, the more militant intellectuals like K.T. Telang and Pherozeshah Mehta broke away from
older leaders like Dadabhai Framji and Dinshaw Petit on political grounds and formed the Bombay
Presidency Association in 1885.

Q 46.A
• Statement 1 is correct: On 23 April, the arrest of Congress leaders in the North West Frontier Province
led to a mass demonstration of unprecedented magnitude in Peshawar. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan had been
active for several years in the area, and it was his mass work which lay behind the formation of the band
of non-violent revolutionaries, the Khudai Khidmatgars, popularly known as the Red Shirts — who were
to play an extremely active role in the Civil Disobedience Movement. The atmosphere created by their
political work contributed to the mass upsurge in Peshawar during which the city was virtually in the
hands of the crowd for more than a week. The Peshawar demonstrations are significant because it was
here that the soldiers of the Garhwali regiments refused to fire on the unarmed crowd.
• Statement 2 is correct: Refusal to pay Chowkidara tax started in Eastern India. Eastern India became the
scene of a new kind of no-tax campaign — refusal to pay the chowkidara tax. Chowkidars, paid out of the
tax levied specially on the villages, were guards who supplemented the small police force in the rural
areas in this region. They were particularly hated because they acted as spies for the Government and
often also as retainers for the local landlords. The movement against this tax and calling for the
resignation of Chowkidars, and of the influential members of chowkidari panchayats who appointed the
Chowkidars, first started in Bihar in May itself, as salt agitation had not much scope due to the land-
locked nature of the province. In the Monghyr, Saran and Bhagalpur districts, for example, the tax was
refused, Chowkidars induced to resign, and social boycott used against those who resisted. The
Government retaliated by confiscation of property worth hundreds and thousands in lieu of a few rupees
of tax, and by beatings and torture.
• Statement 3 is not correct: In Assam, a powerful agitation led by students was launched against the
infamous ‘Cunningham circular’ which forced students and their guardians to furnish assurances of good
behaviour.

Q 47.A
 The Pabna revolt was caused by the efforts of the zamindars to enhance rent beyond legal limits and to
prevent the tenant from acquiring occupancy rights under Act X of 1859. This they tried to achieve
through illegal coercive methods such as forced eviction and seizure of crops and cattle as well as by
dragging the tenants into costly litigation in the courts.
 In May 1873, an agrarian league or combination was formed in Yusufshahi Parganah in Pabna district to
resist the demands of the zamindars. The league organized mass meetings of peasants. The league
organized a rent- strike - the ryots were to refuse to pay the enhanced rents. Hence, statement 1 is
correct.
 The main form of struggle was that of legal resistance. In the course of the movement, the ryots developed
a strong awareness of the law and their legal rights. They challenged the zamindars in the courts. Funds
were raised from the ryots to meet the costs. The struggle gradually spread throughout Pabna and then to
the other districts of East Bengal. Everywhere agrarian leagues were organized, rents were withheld and
zamindars fought in the courts. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• There was very little violence. it only occurred when the zamindars tried to compel the ryots to submit to
their terms by force. There were only a few cases of looting of the houses of the zamindars. A few attacks
on police stations took place and the peasants also resisted attempts to execute court decrees. But such
cases were rather rare. Hardly any zamindar or zamindar‘s agent was killed or seriously injured. Hence,
statement 3 is not correct.

Q 48.A
 The Government of India had actively encouraged modern education after 1833. The Universities of
Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were started in 1857 and higher education spread rapidly thereafter.
 In practice, the doors of the Civil Service remained barred to Indian for they suffered from numerous
handicaps. The competitive examination was held in the far away in London. It was conducted through
the medium of the alien English language. It was based on Classical Greek and Latin learning which could
be acquired only after a prolonged and costly course of studies in England. In addition, the maximum
age for entry into the Civil Service was gradually reduced from twenty-three, in 1859 to nineteen in
1878. If the young Indian of twenty-three found it difficult to succeed in the Civil Service competition, the
Indian of nineteen found it almost impossible to do so.

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 A systematic and modern population census, in its present form, was conducted non-synchronously
between 1865 and 1872 in different parts of the country. This effort culminating in 1872 has been
popularly labelled as the first population census of India However, the first synchronous census in
India was held in 1881. Since then, censuses have been undertaken uninterruptedly once every ten
years. Thereafter, from 1881, decennial (conducted every ten years) censuses became a regular
feature. This collection of data is an invaluable source for studying urbanisation in India.
 In 1885, King Thibaw signed a purely commercial treaty with France providing for trade. The British
were intensely jealous of the growing French influence in Burma. The British merchants feared that the
rich Burmese market would be captured by their French and American rivals. The chambers of commerce
in Britain and the British merchants in Rangoon now pressed the willing British Government for the
immediate annexation of Upper Burma. The British invaded Burma on 13 November 1885. King
Thibaw surrendered on 28 November 1885 and his dominions were annexed to the Indian Empire
soon after.

Q 49.D
 Statements 1, 2 and 3 are correct: Their weakness lay in their lack of preparedness. They had
underestimated the might of British. Also Lala Hardayal though a propagandist and inspirer, was not
adept at organizing a movement at that scale. Their organizational structure was also weak.
 Statement 4 is not correct: Though a majority of the leaders of the Ghadar Movement, and most of the
participants were drawn from among the Sikhs, the ideology that was created and spread through the
Ghadar and other publications was strongly secular in tone.

Q 50.C
 At the Calcutta Congress in 1906 presided by Dadabhai Naoroji four compromise resolutions on the
Swadeshi, Boycott, National Education, and Self-Government demands were passed.
• The Extremists wanted the 1907 session to be held in Nagpur (Central Provinces) with Tilak or Lajpat Rai
as the president along with a reiteration of the swadeshi, boycott, and national education resolutions. The
Moderates wanted the session at Surat in order to exclude Tilak from the presidency, since a leader from
the host province could not be session president (Surat being in Tilak’s home province of Bombay).
Instead, they wanted Rashbehari Ghosh as the president and sought to drop the resolutions on the
swadeshi, boycott and national education. Hence statement 1 is correct.
 The Extremists wanted to extend the Swadeshi and the Boycott Movement from Bengal to the rest of the
country. They also wanted to gradually extend the boycott from foreign goods to every form of
association or cooperation with the colonial Government. The Moderates wanted to confine the boycott
part of the movement to Bengal and were totally opposed to its extension to the Government. Due to
disagreement over these issues the Indian National Congress split into Moderate and Extremists, famously
known as the Surat split, in 1907. Hence statement 3 is correct.
• Both sides adopted rigid positions, leaving no room for compromise. The split became inevitable, and the
Congress was now dominated by the Moderates who lost no time in reiterating Congress’ commitment to
the goal of self-government within the British Empire and to the use of constitutional methods only to
achieve this goal. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

Q 51.C
 The annexation was done in following chronological order:
o Bengal was conquered after Treaty of Allahabad in 1765. The Battle of Buxar, a significant battle
in the history of India, was fought between British East India Company and the combined forces of
Nawabs and the Mughal Emperor. While the East India Company's force was led by Hector Munro,
the Indian force was led by the Mughal rulers of three princely states - Mir Qasim, the Nawab of
Bengal, Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam II, the Mughal Emperor. The three
combined army forces of Mir Qasim (Bengal), Shuja-ud-Daulah (Awadh), and Mughal Emperor Shah
Alam II met with a crushing defeat under the hands of Major Munro. It led to the signing of the
Allahabad Treaty in 1765 by Lord Robert Clive with Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. With the defeat
of Mir Kasim, the rule of Nawabs came to an end. Diwani rights or fiscal rights were secured which
meant that the British would administer and manage revenues of large areas which included the
present-day West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh, as well as of Bangladesh. The British
became the masters of the people of these places. In return of this right, the British would give Rs 26
lakh to the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.
o Mysore: conquest completed by 4th Anglo-Mysore war in 1799. The Fourth Anglo–Mysore War
was a conflict in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore against the British East India Company

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and the Hyderabad Deccan in 1798–99. This was the final conflict of the four Anglo–Mysore Wars.
The British captured the capital of Mysore. The ruler Tipu Sultan was killed in the battle.
o Marathas: Maratha territories were annexed after the 3rd Anglo-Maratha war which ended in
1818. The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818) came about because of conflict between the British
and the Pindaris. The British suspected that the Marathas were providing help to the Pindaris, who
were mercenaries fighting for the Marathas. British victory resulted in the break up of the Maratha
Empire. On June 3, 1818, the Peshwa surrendered and was captured and placed in a small estate at
Bithur, near Kanpur. Most of his territory was annexed and became a part of the Bombay Presidency.
All the Maratha powers had surrendered.
o Punjab: annexed in British India after the Second Anglo-Sikh war in 1849. The Second Anglo-Sikh
War was a military conflict between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company that took
place in 1848 and 1849. It resulted in the fall of the Sikh Empire, and the annexation of the Punjab
and what subsequently became the North-West Frontier Province, by the East India Company.

Q 52.C
 In the 18th century, three Carnatic Wars were fought between various Indian rulers and British and French
East India Company on either side. These wars resulted in the establishment of the political
supremacy of British East India Company. The French company was reduced in the areas around
Pondicherry only. The commercial and maritime rivalry between France and England was the
primary reason behind these wars
 First Carnatic War (1746-1748) : English navy under Barnett captured some French ships. The French
governor of Pondicherry, Dupleix attacked the English in retaliation in 1746 and this led to the beginning
of first Carnatic War. Treaty of Aix-La-Chappelle brought an end to the first round of Anglo-French
conflicts in India as well.
 Second Carnatic War (1749-1754): Anglo-French rivalry, continued in India although it had ended in
Europe. In 1748, Nizam of Hyderabad Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah died, which resulted in a war of
succession. Muzaffar Jang, who aspired to become the Nizam of Hyderabad and Chanda Sahib, a
candidate for the throne of Arcot was supported by French Governor After Victory in Battle of Ambur in
1749, Muzaffar Jung became the Nizam and Chanda Sahib the Nawab of Muhammad Ali, (son of Anwar
Uddin) who was supported by British escaped to Tiruchirappalli. In 1751 the British commander
Robert Clive captured Arcot, i.e. the capital of the Carnatic. Chanda Sahib was treacherously murdered
by the Raja of Tanjore. Later, Duplex was recalled. The war concluded by the Treaty of Pondicherry
in 1755. According to this treaty each party was left in possession of the territories that it occupied at the
time of the treaty. Hence, unlike other 2 wars, it was not influenced by outside factors.
 Third Carnatic War (1758-1763): The outbreak of the Seven Years War (1756-1763) in Europe was
the cause of the Third Carnatic War (1758-1763). The British General Sir Eyre Coote defeated, Count
de Lally (the commander of the French troops) at Wandiwash in 1760. Battle of Wandiwash ended almost
a century of conflict over supremacy in India and availed the British East India company a far superior
position in India compared to the other European traders. The Seven Years War concluded by the
Treaty of Paris in 1763 and this also led to the ending of Third Carnatic War. The French got
Pondicherry, Karaikkal, Mahe and Yenam but condition applied was these were to be never fortified.
 Hence, both statements are correct.

Q 53.D
 The Working Committee of the Congress met at Bardoli on the 11th and 12th February, 1922 and passed
the following resolutions.
o Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement after Chauri-Chaura incident. Hence statement 1 is
not correct.
o The local Congress Committees forthwith to advise the cultivators to pay the land revenue and
other taxes due to the Government and whose payment might have been suspended in
anticipation of mass civil disobedience, and instructs them to suspend every other preparatory
activity of an offensive nature. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
o In order to promote a peaceful atmosphere, the Working Committee advised, till further instructions,
all Congress organizations to stop activities specially designed to court arrest and imprisonment, save
normal Congress activities including voluntary hartals wherever an absolutely peaceful atmosphere
can be assured and for that end all picketing shall be stopped save for the bona-fide and peaceful
purpose of warning the visitors to liquor shops against the evils of drinking, such picketing to be
controlled by persons of known good character and specially selected by the Congress Committees
concerned.

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o The Working Committee advised, till further instructions, the stoppage of all volunteer processions
and public meetings merely for the purpose of defiance of the notifications regarding such meetings.
This, however, shall not interfere with the private meetings of the Congress and other Committees or
public meetings which are required for the conduct of the normal activities of the Congress.
o The Working Committee assured the zemindars that the Congress movement is in no way intended to
attack their legal rights, and that even where the ryots have grievances, the Committee’s desire is that
redress should be sought by mutual consultations and by the usual recourse to arbitrations.

Q 54.B
 The indigo planters, nearly all Europeans, compelled the tenants to grow indigo which they processed in
factories set up in rural (mofussil) areas. From the beginning, indigo was grown under an extremely
oppressive system which involved great loss to the cultivators. The planters forced the peasants to take a
meager amount as advance and enter into fraudulent contracts. The price paid for the indigo plants was far
below the market price. The peasant was forced to grow indigo on the best land he had whether or not he
wanted to devote his land and labour to more paying crops like rice. Thus, the root cause of the Indigo
revolt was to make the raiyats grow indigo plant, without paying them the price of it.
 Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q 55.C
 Haider Ali: Haider Ali was an efficient administrator. He extended full control over the rebellious
Polygars. He also conquered the territories of bidnur, Sunda, Malabar etc. He practiced religious
tolerance. His first Diwan and many other officials were Hindus. He engaged in war with Marathas,
Nizam of Hyderabad and the British. He defeated the British forces in 1769 in first Anglo Mysore war.
 Tipu Sultan: He was quite an innovator and introduced a new calendar, a new system of coinage
and new scales of weights and measures. Hence, Statement 1 is incorrect. He showed a keen interest
in French revolution planted the tree of Liberty at Srirangapatnam and became a member of
Jacobin Club. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
 Polygars were the class of territorial administrative and military governors appointed by the Nayaka rulers
of South India. Tipu tried to do away with the custom of giving jagirs and thus increase state
income. He also attempted to reduce the hereditary possession of Poligars. Hence, Statement 3 is
correct.
 Other Reforms by Tipu Sultan: His infantry was armed with muskets and bayonets which were
manufactured in Mysore. He attempted to build a modern Navy. He attempted to introduce industries in
India. He invited foreign workmen as experts and provided state support to many industries. He sent
embassies to Iran to develop foreign trade. He gave money for the construction of Goddess Sharda in the
Shringeri temple and gave grants to temples regularly.

Q 56.C
 In many places, the rebellion against the British widened into an attack on all those who were seen
as allies of the British or local oppressors. Often the rebels deliberately sought to humiliate the elites of
a city. Hence option (a) is not correct.
• In the villages, rebels burnt account books and ransacked money lenders’ houses. During reconquest,
in the Gangetic plain, the progress of the British was slow. The forces had to reconquer the area village
by village. The countryside and the people around were entirely hostile. As soon as they began their
counter-insurgency operations, the British realised that they were not dealing with a mere mutiny but an
uprising that had huge popular support. Hence option (b) is not correct.
 The proclamation that was issued by rebels under the name of Bahadur Shah appealed to the people to
join the fight under the standards of both Muhammad and Mahavir. It was remarkable that during
the uprising religious divisions between Hindus and Muslim were hardly noticeable despite British
attempts to create such divisions.Hence option (c) is correct.
 Once British rule had collapsed, the rebels in places like Delhi, Lucknow and Kanpur tried to
establish some kind of structure of authority and administration. This was, of course, short-lived but
the attempts show that the rebel leadership wanted to restore the pre-British world of the eighteenth
century. Hence option (d) is not correct.

Q 57.A
 Statement 1 is correct: All India Trade Union Congress was formed in 1920. Lokmanya Tilak was one
of the moving spirits in its formation. Lala Lajpat Rai, the famous extremist leader from Punjab became

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its first President and Dewan Chaman Lal, who was to become a major name in Indian labour movement
became its General Secretary.
 Statement 2 is not correct: The manifesto issued by AITUC to the workers urged them not only to
orgnise themselves but also to intervene in nationalist politics. Lala Lajpat Rai was among the first in
india to link capitalism with imperialism and emphasize the crucial role of working class in fighting this
combination. Similarly, at the second session of AITUC, Dewan Chaman Lal while moving a resolution
in favour of Swaraj pointed out that it was to be a Swaraj, not for the capitalists but for the workers.

Q 58.A
 Statement 3 is not correct: The Karachi Congress Session 1931 was presided over by Sardar
Vallabhbhai Patel. It was a special session of Indian National Congress held at Karachi from March
26 to 31 in 1931 to endorse the Gandhi Irwin Pact. Mahatma Gandhi was nominated to represent the
Indian National Congress in the Second Round Table Conference. Just 6 days before the Karachi session
of congress 1931, the British had executed Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru. So there was widespread
anger among the masses for the failure of Gandhi to secure commutation of the death sentence for Bhagat
Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru. When Mahatma Gandhi was on his way to attend the Karachi session of
Congress 1931, he was greeted with black flags demonstrations as a protest over the fact that why Gandhi
did not refuse to sign the pact over the issue of commutation of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru. The
protest was led by Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha. At the Indian National Congress Karachi session in
1931, Congress passed resolution dissociating itself and disapproving the policy of political violence
in any form.
 Statements 1 and 2 are correct: A major point of departure was also the resolution on Fundamental
Rights and Economic Policy passed by the Karachi session of the Congress on the urging of
Jawaharlal Nehru. The resolution guaranteed the basic civil rights of the people, equality before law
irrespective of the caste, creed or sex, elections on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise, and free and
compulsory primary education.

Q 59.C
 The British Indian government fought two wars with Afghanistan before its relations with the government
of Afghanistan were stabilized. Afghanistan was placed in a crucial position geographically from the
British point of view. It could serve as an advanced post outside India's frontiers for checking Russia's
potential military threat as well as for promoting British commercial interests in Central Asia.
 If nothing else it could become a convenient buffer between the two hostile powers. The British wanted
to weaken and end Russian influence in Afghanistan but they did not want a strong
Afghanistan. They wanted to keep her a weak and divided country which they could easily control.
Hence option (c) is correct.

Q 60.A
 Statement 1 is correct: The Khilafat Movement, (1919-1920) was a movement of Indian Muslims, led
by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
 The Khilafat movement in India arose out of the sentiments of the Indian Muslims to protect the
institution of the Khalifa in Turkey.
 The Khalifa in Islamic tradition was considered as the successor to the Prophet Muhammad, religious
leader and the custodian and protector of the Muslim holy places.
 As Turkey was defeated in the First World War, the Allies imposed strict terms on it. Turkey was
dismembered and the Khalifa removed from power.
 Statement 2 is not correct: The Congress supported the movement and Mahatma Gandhi sought
to conjoin it to the Non-cooperation Movement.
 The Muslims in India launched the Khilafat movement to pressurise the British to be lenient and
preserve the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire and the institution of Khalifa.
 In early 1919, a Khilafat Committee was formed under the leadership of the Ali brothers (Shaukat Ali
and Muhammad Ali), Maulana Azad, Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohani.
 Statement 3 is correct:The demand of supporters was that Turkish Sultan or Khalifa must retain
control over the Muslim sacred places in the erstwhile Ottoman empire; the jazirat-ul-Arab (Arabia,
Syria, Iraq, Palestine) must remain under Muslim sovereignty; and the Khalifa must be left with sufficient
territory to enable him to defend the Islamic faith.
 The Khilafat may be seen as the attempt on the part of the Indian Muslim leadership to bring their pan-
Islamic and Indian nationalist sentiments together.

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Q 61.D
 A group of westerners led by Madame H.P. Blavatsky and Colonel M.S. Olcott, who were inspired by
Indian thought and culture, founded the Theosophical Society in New York City, United States in 1875. In
1882, they shifted their headquarters to Adyar, on the outskirts of Madras in India.
• The society believed that a special relationship could be established between a person’s soul and
God by contemplation, prayer, revelation, etc. It accepted the Hindu beliefs in reincarnation,
transmigration of soul and karma, and drew inspiration from the philosophy of the Upanishads and
samkhya, yoga and Vedanta schools of thought. It aimed to work for universal brotherhood of
humanity without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste or colour.
 The society also sought to investigate the unexplained laws of nature and the powers latent in man. The
Theosophical Movement came to be allied with the Hindu renaissance. It opposed child marriage and
advocated the abolition of caste discrimination, uplift of outcastes, improvement in the condition of
widows.
 Hence option (d) is the correct answer.

Q 62.A
 The provisions of the Government of India Act of 1935 were:
o The Act provided for the establishment of an All India Federation. A new system of government
for the provinces on the basis of provincial autonomy. Hence statement 1 is correct.
o The federation was to be based on a union of the provinces of British India and the Princely States.
o The Federal Legislature and six out of eleven Provincial legislature became bicameral.
o The representatives of the States were not to be elected by the people, but appointed directly by the
rulers.
o Only 14 per cent of the total population in British India was given the right to vote. Hence
statement 2 is not correct.
o Abolition of provincial dyarchy and introduction of dyarchy at centre. Hence statement 3 is
correct.
o Abolition of Indian Council and introduction of an advisory body in its place.
o Elaborate safeguards and protective instruments for minorities.
o The supremacy of the British Parliament.
o Increase in size of legislatures, division of subjects into three lists and retention of the communal
electorate.

Q 63.B
• The Subsidiary Alliance System was “Non-Intervention Policy” used by Lord Wellesley who was the
Governor-General (1798-1805) to establish the British Empire in India. According to this system, every
ruler in India had to accept to pay a subsidy to the British for the maintenance of the British army. In
return, the British would protect them from their enemies which gave British enormous expansion.
 It was actually used for the first time by the French Governor-General Marquis Dupleix. Hence,
statement 1 is not correct.
 French Threat before Wellesley:
o When Wellesley took Indian command, the first coalition of European powers against France was
shattered & Napoleon Bonaparte had conquered Egypt & Syria and was seriously meditating an
invasion of India. In 1798, Napoleon hoped to mass about 1,00,000 (1 Lakh) men on the Euphrates &
invade India . Later he signed an alliance with Czar Paul of Russia & drew the plan for the invasion of
India. Hence, England was fighting for her existence because the loss of India would mean the ruin of
commerce that will follow to the metropole.
o Tipu Sultan who was enemy of the EIC was in correspondence with the French & the day Wellesley
reached India, envoy of Tipu reached back Mangalore from Mauritius bringing with them frigate &
some French soldiers & promise of further help. He had planted the flag of Liberty at Seringapatnam
& entered into offensive & defensive alliance with French. Tipu was making elaborate preparations
for a war with the EIC.
o Nizam of Hyderabad was deserted by English in 1795 & as a result, he employed French
Commandant who raised Corps of 14,000 men with his help. Similarly, Mahadji Scindia employed
French to train the Maratha army.
o Wellesley came to the conclusion that the best way to safeguard India against the hostile designs
of Napoleon was to make EIC arbiter of Indian political world & place Indian states beyond the
influence of French. He devised Subsidiary Alliance for this and forced Indian states to join it.
Hence, statement 2 is correct.

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 Order in which the Indian States entered into Subsidiary Alliances

 Hyderabad (1798)
• Mysore (1799 – After Tipu Sultan was defeated in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War)
 Tanjore (1799)
• Awadh (1801)
 Peshwa (Marathas) (1802)
 Scindia (Marathas) (1803)
 Hence, statement 3 is not correct.

Q 64.D
 To make up for the paucity of expenditure on education, the officials had recourse to the so-
called "downward filtration theory". Since the allocated funds could educate only a handful of
Indians, it was decided to spend them in educating a few persons from the upper and middle classes
who were expected to assume the task of educating the masses and spreading modern ideas among
them.Education and modem ideas were thus supposed to filter or radiate downwards from the
upper classes. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
 The Wood's Dispatch (the document dispatched from the Court of Directors and popularly named after
Sir Charles Wood, President of the Board of Control) of 1854 was another important step in the
development of education in India. The Dispatch asked the Government of India to assume
responsibility for the education of the masses. It thus repudiated the "downward filtration" theory,
at least on paper. In practice, the Government did little to spread education and spent very little on
it. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

Q 65.B
• Statement 1 is not correct: On 25 January 1931, the Viceroy announced the unconditional release of
Gandhiji and all the other members of the Congress Working Committee. The fortnight-long discussions
culminated on 5 March 1931 in the GandhiIrwin Pact, which was variously described as a ‘truce’ and a
‘provisional settlement.’ The Pact was signed by Gandhiji on behalf of the Congress and by Lord Irwin on
behalf of the Government.
 The terms of the agreement included the immediate release of only the political prisoners who are not
convicted for violence, the remission of all fines not yet collected, the return of confiscated lands not yet
sold to third parties, and lenient treatment for those government employees who had resigned.
• Statement 2 is correct: The Government also conceded the right to make salt for consumption to villages
along the coast and also the right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing. The Congress demand for a
public inquiry into police excesses was not accepted, but Gandhiji’s insistent request for an inquiry was
recorded in the agreement. The Congress, on its part, agreed to discontinue the Civil Disobedience
Movement.

Q 66.C
 Vernacular Press Act of 1878: It was proposed by Lytton the then Viceroy of India (1876-80)was
also known as Gagging Act and it was meant only for vernacular/ native language newspaper not for
English ones. Hence, Statement 1 is not correct.
 Provisions of the Vernacular Press Act, 1878: District Magistrate was entrusted with the power to call
upon the printer and publisher of any Vernacular newspaper to enter into an undertaking with the govt to
ensure that they don't publish anything which may incite the public feeling or create disaffection towards
the government or that may create enmity based on caste, religion or race.
 The publisher had to deposit the security and in case of infringement of the provision of the act the
security could be forfeited.
 The decision of the Magistrate in such cases was considered final and no appeal could be made against
such action in the court of law.
 To escape from the provisions of Vernacular Press Act the Amrit Bazar Patrika turned itself into an
English Language newspaper from the original Bengali.
 The entire Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was repealed by Lord Ripon in 1882.
 Licensing Regulations, 1823: It was enacted by the John Adams. According to this regulation, press
without licence was a penal offence. The restriction was directed mainly to Indian language newspapers or
those edited by the Indians.
 Lord Metcalfe repealed the Licensing Regulation of 1823 by John Adams, and therefore, he was
called the 'Liberator of India Press'. Hence Statement 2 is correct:

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 The Indian Press Act,1910: This act empowered the local government to demand a security
deposit of not less than Rs 500 and not more than Rs 2000 which could be forfeited and it's registration
cancelled owing to the printing of any objectionable material. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
 However, the aggrieved newspaper could appeal before a special tribunal of the High Court against the
forfeiture orders within two months. The Acts of 1908 and 1910 were repealed on the recommendation of
the Sapru committee.

Q 67.A
 Tebhaga Movement was the sharecroppers' movement demanding two-thirds of the produce from the land
for themselves and one third for the landlords. Tebhaga literally means 'three shares' of harvests.
 Traditionally, sharecroppers used to hold their tenancy on a fifty-fifty basis of the share of the produce. In
late 1946, the share-croppers of Bengal began to assert that they would no longer pay a half share of
their crop to the jotedars but only one-third and that before division the crop would be stored in their
khamar (godowns) and not that of the jotedars. Hence statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is not
correct.
 The tebhaga movement, led by the Bengal Provincial Kisan Sabha, soon developed into a clash between
jotedars and bargadars with the bargadars insisting on storing the crop in their own khamars.
 The movement received a great boost in late January 1947 when the Muslim League Ministry led by
Suhrawardy published the Bengal Bargadars Temporary Regulation Bill in the Calcutta Gazette on 22
January 1947. Encouraged by the fact that the demand for tebhaga could no longer be called illegal,
peasants in hitherto untouched villages and areas joined the struggle.
 The Muslim League Ministry failed to pursue the bill in the Assembly and it was only in 1950 that the
Congress Ministry passed a Bargadars Bill which incorporated, in substance, the demands of the
movement.

Q 68.C
 Lytton served as Viceroy of India between 1876 and 1880. His tenure was controversial for its
ruthlessness in both domestic and foreign affairs.
• Ilbert bill: The Ilbert Bill was a bill introduced in 1883 during the Viceroyship of the Marquess of
Ripon. Lord Ripon’s Government had sought to abolish “judicial disqualification based on race
distinctions” and to give the Indian members of the covenanted civil service the same powers and rights
as those enjoyed by their European colleagues. Ripon had to modify the bill, thus almost defeating the
original purpose, because of the stiff opposition from the European community.
 Imperial Durbar: The Delhi Durbar was an Indian imperial style mass assembly organised by the British
in Delhi to mark the succession of an Emperor or Empress of India. Also known as the Imperial Durbar, it
was held three times, in 1877, 1903, and 1911. The first Delhi Durbar of 1877 was held during
viceroyalty of Lytton when the country was in the severe grip of famine.
 The Arms Act of 1878: It was enacted in 1878 during the time of Lord Lytton. This act preveneted
Indians to keep arms without license and doing so was a criminal offence. However the Europeans and
Anglo Indians were exempted from the restrictions.
 Hence option c is the correct answer.
 Other events:
o Famine of 1876-78 affecting Madras, Bombay, Mysore, Hyderabad, parts of central India and Punjab;
appointment of Famine Commission under the presidency of Richard Strachey (1878).
o Queen Victoria assuming the title of ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ or Queen Empress of India.
o The Vernacular Press Act (1878).
o The Second Afghan War (1878-80).
o In 1878, the Government announced new regulations reducing the maximum age limit for sitting in
the Indian Civil Service examination from 21 years to 19.

Q 69.A
• Major objective of the early Congress was to create a common political platform or
programme around which political workers in different parts of the country could gather and Conduct
their political activities, educating and mobilizing people on an all-India basis. For the same reason the
Congress was not to take up questions of social reform. At its second session, the President of the
Congress, Dadabhai Naoroji, laid down this rule and said that ‘A National Congress must confine itself to
questions in which the entire nation has a direct participation.

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 Contributions of Moderate Nationalists:

• Economic critique of British imperialism: The early nationalists, led by Dadabhai Naoroji, R.C. Dutt,
Dinshaw Wacha and others, carefully analysed the political economy of British rule in India, and put
forward the “drain theory” to explain British exploitation of India. The early nationalists demanded
reduction in land revenue, abolition of salt tax, improvement in working conditions of plantation
labour, reduction in military expenditure, and encouragement to modern industry through tariff
protection and direct government aid.
 Constitutional reforms and propaganda in legislature: From 1885 to 1892, the nationalist demands for
constitutional reforms were centred around expansion and reform of councils.
 Campaign for general administrative reforms: It includes Indianisation of government service, call for
separation of judicial from executive functions, criticism of an aggressive foreign policy which resulted
in annexation of Burma, attack on Afghanistan etc.
 Defence of civil rights: Through an incessant campaign, the nationalists were able to spread modern
democratic ideas, and soon the defence of civil rights became an integral part of the freedom struggle.
 Hence option a is the correct answer.

Q 70.B
 Statement 1 is not correct: Gandhi came back to active politics and attended the Calcutta session of
Congress in December 1928. He now began to consolidate the nationalist ranks. The first step was to
reconcile the left-wing of the Congress. Jawaharlal Nehru was made the President at the historic session
of Lahore in 1929.
 Statement 2 is correct: The Lahore session of the Congress gave voice to the new, revolutionary spirit. It
passed a resolution declaring Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) to be the Congress objective.
• On December 1929 was hoisted the newly adopted tri-colour flag of freedom. 26 January 1930 was fixed
as the first independence Day, which was to be celebrated every year with the people taking the pledge
that it was “a crime against man and God to submit any longer” to the British rule. The Congress session
also announced the launching of Civil Disobedience Movement. Hence Statement 3 is correct.

Q 71.C
 The viceroy, Lord Minto, and the Secretary of State for India, John Morley, agreed that some reforms
were due so as to placate the Moderates as well as the Muslims. They worked out a set of measures that
came to be known as the Morley-Minto (or Minto-Morley) Reforms that translated into the Indian
Councils Act of 1909.
o The Indian Councils Act of 1909 increased the number of elected members in the imperial Legislative
Council and the provincial legislative councils. Most of the elected members were still elected
indirectly. Hence statement 1 is correct.
o An Indian was to be appointed a member of the Governor-General’s Executive Council.
o Of the sixty-eight members of the Imperial Legislative Council, thirty-six were officials and five were
nominated non-officials. Out of twenty-seven elected members, six were elected by big landlords and
two by British capitalists.
o The Act permitted members to introduce resolutions; it also increased their power to ask questions.
Voting on separate budget items was allowed though the budget as a whole could not be voted
upon. Hence statement 3 is not correct.
o It introduced the system of separate electorates under which Muslims could only vote for Muslim
candidates in constituencies specially reserved for them. Hence statement 2 is correct.
 But the reformed councils still enjoyed no real power and remained mere advisory bodies. They also did
not introduce an element of democracy or self-government. The undemocratic, foreign and exploitative
character of British rule remained unchanged.

Q 72.C
 The establishment of British rule in South and South-Western India brought new problems of land
settlement. The officials believed that in these regions there were no zamindars with large estates with
whom settlement of land revenue could be made and that the introduction of the zamindari system would
upset the existing state of affairs. Many Madras officials led by Reid and Munro recommended that
settlement should, therefore, be made directly with the actual cultivators. Hence statement 1 is correct.
 They also pointed out that under the Permanent Settlement the Company was a financial loser as it had to
share the revenues with the zamindars and could not claim a share of the growth in income from land.
Moreover, the cultivator was left at the mercy of the zamindar who could oppress him at will.

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 The Ryotwari Settlement was at the end introduced in parts of the Madras and Bombay Presidencies at
the beginning of the 19th century. The settlement under the Ryotwari system was not made permanent. It
was revised -periodically after 20 to 30 years when the revenue demand was usually raised. Hence
statement 3 is correct.
 The Ryotwari Settlement did not bring into existence a system of peasant ownership. The peasant
soon discovered that a large number of zamindars had been replaced by one giant zamindar the state and
that they were mere government tenants whose land was sold if they failed to punctually pay land
revenue. In fact, the Government later openly claimed that land revenue was rent and not a tax. The ryot's
rights or ownership of his land were also negated by three other factors:
o In most areas the land revenue fixed was exorbitant; the ryot was hardly left with bare maintenance
even in the best of seasons. For instance, in Madras, the Government claim was fixed as high as 45 to
55 per cent of gross production in the settlement. The situation was nearly as bad in Bombay.
o The Government retained the right to enhance land revenue at will.
o The ryot had to pay revenue even when his produce was partially or wholly destroyed by drought or
floods. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

Q 73.C
 In 1918, Edwin Montagu, the Secretary of State, and Lord Chelmsford, the Viceroy, produced their
scheme of constitutional reforms which led to the enactment of the Government of India Act of 1919. The
features of the act re:
o The Provincial Legislative Assemblies were enlarged and the majority of their members were to be
elected.
o The provincial governments were given more powers under the system of Dyarchy. Under this
system some subjects, such as finance and law and order, were called 'reserved' subjects and remained
under the direct control of the Governor; others such as education, public health, and local self-
government, were called 'transferred' subjects and were to be controlled by ministers responsible to
the legislatures. This also meant that while some of the spending departments were transferred, the
Governor retained complete control over the finances. The Governor could, moreover, overrule the
ministers on any grounds that he considered special. Hence option 1 is correct.
o At the center, the bicameral legislature was introduced. There were two houses of the legislature,
the lower house, the Legislative Assembly, was to have 41 nominated members in a total strength of
144. The upper house, the Council of State, was to have 26 nominated and 34 elected
members. Hence option 2 is correct.
o The legislature had virtually no control over the Governor-General and his Executive Council. On the
other hand, the Central Government had unrestricted control over the provincial governments.
 The ordinance issuing powers was introduced in the Indian Councils Act of 1861 which empowered
the Viceroy (head of state as called then) to issue ordinances, without the concurrence of the legislative
council, during an emergency. Hence option 3 is not correct.

Q 74.B
 Option (b) is correct: The move towards the formation of a socialist party was made in the jails during
1930-31 and 1932-34 by a group of young Congressmen who were disenchanted with Gandhian strategy
and leadership and attracted by socialist ideology. Many of them were active in the youth movement of
the late 1920s. In the jails they studied and discussed Marxian and other socialist ideas.
 Attracted by Marxism, communism and Soviet Union, they did not find themselves in agreement with the
prevalent political line of the CPI. Many of them were groping towards an alternative. Ultimately they
came together and formed the Congress Socialist Party (CSP) at Bombay in October 1934 under the
leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev and Minoo Masani.
 From the beginning, all the Congress socialists were agreed upon following basic propositions: that the
primary struggle in India was the national struggle for freedom and that nationalism was a necessary stage
on the way to socialism; that socialists must work inside the National Congress because it was the primary
body leading the national struggle.

Q 75.D
 All the pairs are correctly matched: A powerful left-wing group developed in India in the late 1920s
and 1930s contributing to the radicalization of the national movement. Socialist ideas acquired roots in the
Indian soil, and socialism became the accepted creed of Indian youth whose urges came to be symbolized
by Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose.

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 Gradually there emerged two powerful parties of the Left, the Communist Party of India (CPI) and the
Congress Socialist Party (CSP). Socialist ideas now began to spread rapidly especially because many
young persons who had participated actively in the NonCooperation Movement were unhappy with its
outcome and were dissatisfied with Gandhian policies and ideas as well as the alternative Swarajist
program.
 Several socialist and communist groups came into existence all over the country. Bombay, S.A. Dange
published a pamphlet Gandhi and Lenin and started the first socialist weekly, The Socialist; in
Bengal, Muzaffar Ahmed brought out Navayug and later founded the Langal in cooperation with the
poet Nazrul Islam; in Punjab, Ghulam Hussain and others published Inquilab; and in Madras, M.
Singaravelu founded the Labour-Kisan Gazette.

Q 76.B
 The Charter Act of 1833 brought the Company's monopoly of tea trade and trade with China to an
end. Hence statement 1 is correct.
 At the same time, the debts of the Company were taken over by the Government of India, which was
also to pay its shareholders a 10 per cent dividend on their capital. The Government of India continued to
be run by the Company under the strict control of the Board of Control. Hence statement 2 is correct.
 Till 1853 all appointments to the Civil Service were made by the directors of the East India
Company who placated the members of the Board of Control by letting them make some of the
nominations. The directors fought hard to retain this lucrative and prized privilege and refused to
surrender it even when their other economic and political privileges were taken away by Parliament. They
lost it finally in 1853 when the Charter Act decreed that all recruits to the Civil Service were to be
selected through a competitive examination. Hence statement 3 is not correct.

Q 77.C
 Jyotiba Phule and Narayana Guru were two unrelenting critics of the caste system and its
consequences. A conversation between Gandhiji and Narayana Guru is significant. Gandhiji, in an
obvious reference to Chaturvarna and the inherent differences in quality between man and man,
observed that all leaves of the same tree are not identical in shape and texture.
• To this Narayana Guru pointed out that the difference is only superficial, but not in essence: the juice of
all leaves of a particular tree would be the same in content. It was he who gave the call ‘one religion, one
caste and one God for mankind’ which one of his disciples, Sahadaran Ayyapan, changed into ‘no
religion, no caste and no God for mankind.’
 Sahodaran Ayyapan was vocal follower of Sree Narayana Guru, he was associated with a number of
events related to the Kerala reformation movement and was the organizer of Misra Bojana in Cherai in
1917. He was a member of the Cochin Legislative Council. He founded Sahodara Sangam, and the
journal Sahodaran and was the founder editor of the magazine Yukthivadhi. Hence option c is the
correct answer.

Q 78.A
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant wanted Moderates to allow extremists to rejoin Indian National
Congress. But the annual Congress session in December 1914 proved a disappointment — Pherozeshah
Mehta and his Bombay Moderate group succeeded, by winning over Gokhale and the Bengal Moderates,
in keeping out the Extremists. However, at the annual session of the Congress in December 1915 held in
Bombay, it was decided that the Extremists be allowed to rejoin the Congress. The opposition from the
Bombay group had been greatly weakened by the death of Pherozeshah Mehta. Hence statement 1 is
correct.
 In early 1915, Annie Besant launched a campaign through her two papers, New India and Commonweal,
and organized public meetings and conferences to demand that India be granted self-government on the
lines of the White colonies after the War. From April 1915, her tone became more peremptory and her
stance more aggressive. She wanted the support of Congress and Muslim League to set up Home Rule
Leagues. She tried hard to pursued the Congress at the annual session of Bombay in 1915. But she was
not able to convince the Congress or the Muslim League. She did manage, however, to persuade the
congress to commit itself to a program of educative propaganda and to a revival of the local level
Congress committees. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

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Q 79.B
 The Lex Loci Act was proposed in 1845 and passed in 1850. It was designed to protect the civil rights of
religious converts. It provided the right to inherit ancestral property to Hindu converts to
Christianity.
 The Lexi Loci Act polarised public opinion along religous lines. In the eyes of many missionaries, this
act removed the disincentive for conversion, especially among propertied class.
 The Hindu gentry of Madras, however, opposed the Act, regading it as evidence of the Government's
Christianising agenda and its hostility towards their most cherished social and religious institution.
 The act created general resentment among the masses.
 Hence option b is the corect answer.

Q 80.D
 Communalism or communal ideology consists of three basic elements or stages, one following the other.
o First, it is the belief that people who follow the same religion have common secular interests, that
is, common political, economic, social and cultural interests. This is the first bedrock of communal
ideology. From this arises the notion of socio-political communities based on religion. It is these
religion-based communities, and not classes, nationalities, linguistic-cultural groups, nations or such
politico-territorial units as provinces or states that are seen as the fundamental units of Indian
society. Hence statement 1 and 2 are correct.
o The second clement of communal ideology rests on the notion that in a multi-religious society like
India, the secular interests, that is the social, cultural, economic and political interests, of the
followers of one religion, are dissimilar and divergent from the interests of the followers of
another.
o The third stage of communalism is reached when the interests of the followers of different religions
or of different‘communities’ are seen to be mutually incompatible, antagonistic and hostile.
Hence statement 3 is correct.

Q 81.C
 The Cabinet Mission came to India in March 1946 to negotiate the setting up of a national government
and to set into motion machinery for transfer of power.
 It proposed a federation of provinces and princely states, with the federal centre controlling only
Defence, communications and foreign affairs. The union would have powers necessary to raise the
finances to manage the subjects. Thus, the Cabinet Mission plan proposed a weak Centre. Hence
Statement 1 is correct.
 At the same time, individual provinces could form regional unions to which they could surrender by
mutual agreement some of their powers.
• The cabinet mission recommended an undivided India and turned down the Muslim league’s demand
for a separate Pakistan. Hence statement 2 is not correct
• The Plan was initially accepted by the Muslim League and the Congress Party. However, the
Congress Party soon rejected the ‘grouping’ part of the plan; specifically, it was concerned about and
opposed the grouping of provinces on the basis of religion. The Muslim League was not open to changing
any part of the Plan and so any consensus between the Congress and the Muslim League broke down
later. Hence statement 3 is correct.

Q 82.C
 A revolutionary phase in Bengal saw large scale participation of young women under Surya Sen's
leadership, they provided shelters, acted as messengers and custodians of arms and fought guns in hand.
Preetilata Waddekar died while conducting a raid, while Kalpana Dutt was arrested and tried along with
Surya Sen and given a life sentence. In December 1931, two school girls Commilla, Shanti Ghosh and
Suniti Chaudhary, shot dead the district magistrates. In December 1932, Beena Das fired point blank at
the Governor while receiving her degree at the convocation.

Q 83.B
• After the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement, C.R. Das as the President of the Congress and
Motilal Nehru as its Secretary put forward this programme of ‘either mending or ending’ the Legislative
councils at the Gaya session of the Congress on December 1922. They were called the 'Pro-Changers'.
 Another section of the Congress, headed by Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, and C. Rajagopalachari,
called as 'No-changers', opposed the new proposal which was consequently defeated by 1748 to 890 votes.

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 Das and Motilal resigned from their respective offices in the Congress and on 1 January 1923 announced
the formation of the Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party better known later as the Swaraj Party.
 C. R. Das was the President and Motilal Nehru one of the Secretaries of the new party. Other
members were the Ali brothers (Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali), Ajmal Khan, Pratap Guha Roy,
and others.
 On 6 November 1924, Gandhiji brought the strife between the Swarajists and no-changers to an end, by
signing a joint statement with Das and Motilal that the Swarajist Party would carry on work in the
legislatures on behalf of the Congress and as an integral part of the Congress (not as a separate party).
This decision was endorsed in December at the Belgaum session of the Congress over which Gandhiji
presided.

Q 84.B
 As early as 1907, Ramnath Puri, a political exile on the West Coast, issued a Circular-e-Azadi (Circular of
Liberty) in which he also pledged support to the Swadeshi Movement; Tarak Nath Das in Vancouver
started the Free Hindustan and adopted a very militant nationalist tone.
 G.D. Kumar set up a Swadesh Sevak Home in Vancouver on the lines of the India House in London
and also began to bring out a Gurmukhi paper called Swadesh Sevak which advocated social reform and
also asked Indian troops to rise in revolt against the British. Hence pair 2 is correctly matched.
 In 1910, Tarak Nath Das and G.D. Kumar, by now forced out of Vancouver, set up the United India
House in Seattle in the US, where every Saturday they lectured to a group of twenty-five Indian
labourers. Hence pair 3 is correctly matched.
 India House in London was founded by Shyamaji Krishnavarma in 1905. Later leadership was taken
up by V. D. Savarkar in 1907 as Krishnavarma was exiled to Paris. Krishnavarma's journal, The
Indian Sociologist, was an organ of India House. The organization disbanded after its implication in the
murder of Sir Curzon Wyllie in July 1909. Hence pair 1 is not correctly matched.

Q 85.A
 The Battle of Plassey was fought between the British East India Company and Siraj-ud-Daulah (Nawab of
Bengal). Siraj-ud-Daulah was supported by the French. The battle took place on June 23, 1757. The
victory of British East India company in the battle is one of the most important events in Indian
History.
 The East India Company had established factories at Surat, Madras, Bombay and Calcutta in the 17th
century.
 Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar had issued a Farman in 1717 granting the Company rights to reside and
trade freely within the Mughal Empire. The Company was also accorded the right to issue dastaks for
movement of goods. This right was misused by the Company officials.
 When Alivardi Khan, grandfather of Siraj-ud-daulah became the Nawab of Bengal, he took a stricter
stance against the Company.
• When Siraj succeeded him as the Nawab, he ordered the company to stop their fortification activities
since they didn’t have the permission to do so. But the company carried on with their fortifications.
• This led the Nawab to attack the British station in Calcutta in which they were beaten by the Nawab’s
3000-strong army.
• Calcutta was occupied by the Nawab’s forces in June 1756 and the prisoners were kept in a dungeon in
Fort William. This incident is called the Black Hole of Calcutta since only a handful of the prisoners
survived the captivity where over a hundred people were kept in a cell meant for about 6 people.
 Fort William and other British establishments in Calcutta had fallen into the hands of the Nawab.
 When news of this reached Madras in August, they sent troops under Colonel Robert Clive to win back
the Bengal establishments of the British. Hence, the Black Hole incident was a major driver of this
battle.
 The British came into a conspiracy with many leading people of Nawab's court, named Mir Jafar, Mir
Bakshi, Manik Chand - the officer-in-charge of Calcutta, Ami Chand, a rich merchant, Jagat Seth, the
biggest banker of Bengal etc.
• Nawab’s army contained 50,000 infantry and 28,000 cavalries. Clive’s army consisted of only 3,000 men,
including English soldiers and Indian sepoys.
 The major part of Nawab's army led by Mir Zafar and Rai Durlabh took no part in fighting. Only a
small group of Nawab's soldiers led by Mir Madan and Mohan Lal fought bravely and well. The Nawab
was forced to flee and was captured and put to death by Mir Jafar's son Miran. According to Clive, the
British lost 22 men while 50 were wounded.

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 It has been believed by the historians that this war was never fought. The reasons being the
collusion between Nawab's officials and British, very low de-facto participation from Nawab's
army, very low number of casualities from British side, murdering of the Nawab by his own men
and so on.

Q 86.D
 Gandhiji was the president of the Congress only on one occasion and the session was held in Belgaum
in 1924.In his presidential address, Mahatma Gandhi stressed on the problems that the country was facing
and the measures to be taken to launch non-violent Satyagraha movement to break the laws of the British
government and de-recognize it for freedom and integrity of the nation. To accomplish this task he called
up the Swarajists, Congressmen, Hindu-Muslims and Sikhs to bury their differences and work for the
unity. Hence pair 3 is correctly matched.
 The Faizpur Congress of 1936 was presided by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. The significance of the session
was that it adopted the agrarian programme for the upliftment of peasantry. Hence pair 1 is
correctly matched.
 Subhas Chandra Bose was unanimously elected as the President of the Congress at Haripura
session in 1938. During the session, differences arose between Gandhi and Bose on the question of the
attitude to be adopted towards the British. Subhash Chandra Bose was against the plan of the British to
drag India into the Second World War. He was aware of the political instability of Britain and wanted to
take advantage of it, rather than wait for the British to grant independence. Hence pair 2 is correctly
matched.

Q 87.C
 In Madras, Fort St George, in Calcutta Fort William, and in Bombay the Fort George marked out the
areas of British settlement. Indian merchants, artisans and other workers who had economic
dealings with European merchants lived outside these forts in settlements of their own.
• Thus, from the beginning, there were separate quarters for Europeans and Indians, which came to be
labelled in contemporary writings as the “White Town” and “Black Town” respectively. Once the
British captured political power these racial distinctions became sharper.

Q 88.C
 The peasant discontent surfaced in Avadh with the major centres at Hardoi, Bahraich, and Sitapur in the
northern part of the province during the 1920s. The initial thrust here was provided by Congress and
Khilafat leaders and the movement grew under the name of the Eka or unity movement.
 The main grievances here related to the extraction of a rent that was generally fifty per cent higher than
the recorded rent, the oppression of thekedars to whom the work of rent- collection was farmed out and
the practice of share-rents. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
• The Eka Movement developed its own grassroots leadership in the form of Madari Pasi and other low-
caste leaders who were not particularly inclined to accept the discipline of non-violence that the Congress
and Khilafat leaders urged. As a result, the movement’s contact with the nationalists diminished and it
went its own way. Hence statement 3 is not correct.
 However, unlike the earlier Kisan Sabha movement that was based almost solely on tenants,
the Eka Movement included in its ranks many small zamindars who found themselves disenchanted with
the Government because of its heavy land revenue demand. Hence statement 2 is correct.
Q 89.C
 Ramosis of Maharashtra were the inferior ranks of police in Maratha administration. After the fall of the
Maratha kingdom, they became farmers. Subsequently they faced heavy land Revenue demands by British
leading to revolt. The major leaders of the revolt included Chittur Singh ,Vasudev Balwant
Phadke. Hence, pair 1 is correctly matched.
 Kuka was a religio-political movement in Punjab. Kukas were not part of the main-stream Sikhism of the
Sikhs. They wanted caste-abolition, permission of intermarriages, widow-remarriages, abstinence from
desi liquor, meat and drugs. It was founded by Bhagat Jawhar Mal. Later his disciples Balak Singh and
Baba Ram Singh carried forward the movement. The British executed 49 Kukas by cannon in 1872 and
captured Baba Ram Singh. Hence, pair 2 is correctly matched.
 Karam Shah was the fouder of the pagalpanth - a semi religious sect having influence in the northern
district of Bengal. An activist fervor to the sect was imparted by Tipu, the son and successor of Karam
Shah. Tipu was motivated by both religious and political motives and took up the cause of the tenants
against the oppression of the Zamindars. Digambar Biswas is related with Indigo revolt. Hence, pair 3 is
not correctly matched.

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Q 90.B
 Munda rebellion (1899-1900)
The rebellion (ulgulan) of the Munda tribesmen, led by Birsa Munda, occurred during 1899-1900. For
o
over thirty years the Munda sardars had been struggling against the destruction of their system of
common land holdings by the intrusion of jagirdar, thikadar (revenue farmers) and merchant
moneylenders.
o The movement began as a religious movement where Birsa Munda declared himself to be a
divine messenger, possessing miraculous healing powers. It soon acquired an agrarian and
political connotation.
o On Christmas Eve, 1899, Birsa proclaimed a rebellion to establish Munda rule in the land and
encouraged ‘the killing of thikadars and jagirdars and Rajas and Hakims (rulers) and
Christians.’ He declared that Satyug would be established in place of the present-day
Kalyug. He declared that ‘there was going to be a fight with the dikus, the ground would be as red as
the red flag with their blood.’
o To bring about liberation, Birsa gathered a force of 6,000 Mundas armed with swords, spears, battle-
axes, and bows and arrows. He was, however, captured in the beginning of February 1900 and he died
in jail in June.
 Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
 Chuar Rebellion (1798-99)
o It occurred in Bankura / Midnapore districts of modern West Bengal.Contents. The Famine, enhanced
taxes, oppressive demands and economic distress due to famines were common reasons of revolts of
that period. Leader of this revolt was Durjan Singh, a displaced Zamindar who along with his 1500
followers created havoc. He established his rule over 30 villages and attacked the East India Company
establishments. The British was able to suppress the rebellion with utmost cruelty and deceit with the
help of local landlords.
 Tana Bhagat movement (1914-1919)
o It was a tribal uprising of a section of the Tana Bhagats and Oraons under the leadership of Jatra
Oraon occurring during the late colonial period in the Chhotanagpur region of Bihar, India. The Tana
Bhagats opposed the taxes imposed on them by the British and they staged a Satyagraha (civil
disobedience movement) even before Gandhi's satyagraha movement. They opposed the zamindars,
the banias (moneylenders), the missionaries, the Muslims and the British state.

Q 91.D
 From 1885 to 1892, moderates demanded expansion and reform of Legislative Councils. The British
Government was forced by their agitation to pass the Indian Councils Act, 1892.
 By this Act, the number of members of the Imperial Legislative Council as well as of the provincial
councils was increased. Some of these members could be elected indirectly by Indians but the officials'
majority remained. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
 The non-official members of the Indian legislative council were to be nominated by the Bengal Chamber
of Commerce and provincial legislative councils. The members could be recommended by universities,
municipalities, zamindars and chambers of commerce. Thus, whilst failing to answer calls for direct
elections, the principle of representation was introduced. Direct elections in the country were
introduced for the first time in 1919. Hence statement 3 is not correct.
 The councils were given the right to discuss the annual budgets though they could not vote on them. The
budget could not be voted upon, nor could any amendments be made to it. Hence statement 1 is not
correct.

Q 92.C
 The Indian army was carefully reorganised after 1858, most of all to prevent the reoccurrence of another
revolt. The rulers had seen that their bayonets were the only secure foundation of their rule. Several steps
were taken to minimise, if not completely eliminate, the capacity of Indian soldiers to revolt.
 Firstly the domination of the army by its European branch was carefully guaranteed. The proportion
of Europeans to Indians in the army was raised and fixed at one to two in the Bengal army and two to five
in the Madras and Bombay armies. Hence statement 1 is correct.
 Discrimination on the basis of caste, region and religion was practised in recruitment to the army.
A fiction was created that Indians consisted of 'martial' and 'non-martial ' classes. Soldiers
from Awadh, Bihar, central India and south India, who had first helped the British conquer India but
had later taken part in the Revolt of 1857, were declared to be non-martial. They were no longer taken in
the army on a large scale. Hence statement 2 is correct.

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 On the other hand, Punjabis, Gurkhas, and Pathans who had assisted in the suppression of the Revolt
were declared to be martial and were recruited in large numbers, By 1875, half of the British Indian
army was recruited from Punjab. Hence statement 3 is not correct.

Q 93.D
 Statement 1 is correct: All-India Kisan Congress was established in Lucknow in April 1936 which later
changed its name to the All India Kisan Sabha. Swami Sahajanand, the militant founder of the Bihar
Provincial Kisan Sabha (1929), was elected the President, and N.G. Ranga, the pioneer of the Kisan
Movement in Andhra and a renowned scholar of the agrarian problem, the General Secretary.
 Statement 2 is correct: The first session was greeted in person by Jawaharlal Nehru. Other participants
included Ram Manohar Lohia, Sohan Singh Josh, Indulal Yagnik, Jayaprakash Narayan, Mohanlal
Gautam, Kamal Sarkar, Sudhin Pramanik and Ahmed Din.
 Statement 3 is correct: A Kisan Manifesto was finalized at the All-India Kisan Committee session in
Bombay and formally presented to the Congress Working Committee to be incorporated into its
forthcoming manifesto for the 1937 elections. The Kisan Manifesto considerably influenced the agrarian
programme adopted by the Congress at its Faizpur session, which included demands for fifty per cent
reduction in land revenue and rent, a moratorium on debts, the abolition of feudal levies, security of tenure
for tenants, a living wage for agricultural labourers, and the recognition of peasant unions.

Q 94.A
 Syed Ahmed Khan, born in a respectable Muslim family, was a loyalist member of the judicial service of
the British government. He wanted to reconcile Western scientific education with the teachings of the
Quran which were to be interpreted in the light of contemporary rationalism and science even though he
also held the Quran to be the ultimate authority. Hence statement 3 is not correct.
• He was also a zealous educationist—as an official, he opened schools in towns, got books translated into
Urdu and started the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (later, the Aligarh Muslim University) at
Aligarh in 1875. Hence statement 1 is correct.
 Syed Ahmed Khan argued that Muslims should first concentrate on education and jobs and try to catch up
with their Hindu counterparts who had gained the advantage of an early start. Active participation in
politics at that point, he felt, would invite hostility of the government towards the Muslim
masses. Therefore, he opposed political activity by the Muslims. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

Q 95.B
• British rule in India caused a transformation of India’s economy into a colonial economy, i.e., the
structure and operation of Indian economy were determined by the interests of the British economy.
 Deindustrialisation - Ruin of Artisans and Handicraftsmen:
• Cheap and machine-made imports flooded the Indian market after the Charter Act of 1813 allowing one-
way free trade for the British citizens. On the other hand, Indian products found it more and more difficult
to penetrate the European markets. Another feature of deindustrialisation was the decline of many
cities and a process of ruralisation of India. Many artisans, faced with diminishing returns and
repressive policies (in Bengal, during the Company’s rule, artisans were paid low wages and forced to
sell their products at low prices), abandoned their professions, moved to villages and took to agriculture.
 Impoverishment of Peasantry: The peasant turned out to be the ultimate sufferer under the triple burden
of the Government, zamindar and money-lender. His hardship increased at the time of famine
and scarcity. This was as much true for the zamindari areas as for areas under Ryotwari and Mahalwari
systems. The peasant became landless.
 Ruin of Old Zamindars and Rise of New Landlordism: The heaviness of land revenue
under Permanent Settlement Act and rigid law of collection, under which zamindari estates were
ruthlessly sold in case of delay in payment of revenue, worked havoc for the first few years. By 1815
nearly half of the landed property of Bengal was transferred from the old zamindars who had
traditions of showing cosideration for the tenants.
 Commercialisation of Agriculture: Apart from machine based industries, the 19th century also
witnessed the growth of plantation industries such as indigo, tea and coffee. The commercialisation trend
reached the highest level of development in the plantation sector, i.e., in tea, coffee, rubber, indigo,
etc., which was mostly owned by Europeans and the produce was for sale in a wider market.
 Hence option (b) is the correct answer.

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Q 96.D
 Statement 1 is correct: During 1938, Subhash Chandra Bose was the President of Indian National
Congress. The Congress committed itself to economic planning and set up a National Planning Committee
under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru.
 Statement 2 is correct and statement 3 is not correct: Leaders of left-wing political parties were also
members of the National Planning Committee. Both Nehru and left-wing leaders advocated for the public
sector and large scale industrialization as a means of preventing the concentration of wealth in the
hands of few people. The Congress government removed impediments in the path of indigenous
industrial expansion and, in fact, actively attempted to promote several modern industrial ventures
such as automobile manufacture.

Q 97.A
 After the Montague-Chelmsford reforms which led to the enactment of the Government of India Act of
1919, a special session was organised by the Indian National Congress at Bombay in August 1918 under
the presidentship of Hasan Iman. It condemned the reforms proposals as "disappointing and
unsatisfactory" and demanded effective self-government instead. Some of the veteran Congress leaders
led by Surendranath Banarjee were in favour of accepting the proposals. They left Congress to
form the Indian Liberal Association.
 They thought that Congress had drifted into a position when no useful purpose could be served by a
patched-up truce. Surendranath Banerjee said that the Congress ceased to be "representative of the
sentiments and principles before which national rivalries disappear". Other liberals were P.S.Sivaswamy
Iyer who suggested the name National Liberals instead of "Moderates" and "Centre Group", Tej Bahadur
Sapru and C.Y.Chintamani.

Q 98.A
 The Guruvayur temple owned by the Zamorin of Calicut was the sacred shrine of the devotees of Kerala.
But the people of lower castes were not permitted to worship there. The Kerala Provincial Congress
Committee decided in August 1931 to launch a Satyagraha in front of the famous Sree Krishna
Temple, Guruvayur starting from 1 November 1931.
• On November 1, 1931, a large number of Dalits and upper caste Hindus assembled in Guruvayur to
demand that the 'avarnas' be allowed inside the temple. The 10-month-long protest, and fasting by K.
Kelappan, popularly known as ‘Kerala Gandhi', drew national attention to the temple entry movement.
 On November 12, 1936, the Maharajah of Travancore signed the historic Temple Entry Proclamation,
allowing the lower castes to enter the temples.

Q 99.C
 A major weakness of the educational system during British era was the neglect of mass education with
the result that mass literacy in India was hardly better in 1921 than in 1821. As many as 94 per cent
of Indians were illiterate in 1911 and 92 per cent in 1921. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
• A major lacuna in the early educational policy was the almost total neglect of the education of girls for
which no funds were allotted. This was partly due to the Government's anxiety not to hurt the
susceptibilities of orthodox Indians. Even more, it was· because female education lacked immediate
usefulness in the eyes of the British officials since women could not be.employed as clerks in the
Government. The result was that as late as 1921 only 2 out of 100 Indian women were able to read and
write; and In 1919 only 490 girls were studying in the four top forms of high schools in Bengal
Presidency. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
 For all the loud claims that it made, the Government of India under the Company and later under the
Crown did not really take a serious interest in spreading Western learning or any other learning in India.
Even the limited effort that was made was the result of factors which had little to do with philanthropic
motives. Of some importance in this respect was the agitation in favour of modern education by
progressive Indians, foreign Christian missionaries, and humanitarian officials and other Englishmen. But
the most important reason was the Government's anxiety to economize on the cost of administration
by getting a cheap supply of educated Indians to man the large and increasing number of
subordinate posts in administration and British business concerns. It was manifestly too costly and
perhaps not even possible to import enough Englishmen for the purpose. This emphasis on a cheap supply
of clerks explains why the schools and colleges had to impart modem education, which fitted its recipients
for their jobs in the westernised administration of the Company, and why these institutions had to
emphasise English which was the language of the masters as well as the language of the
administration. Hence statement 3 is correct.

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Q 100.B
• There is a theory that Hume formed the Congress with the idea that it would prove to be a ‘safety valve’
for releasing the growing discontent of the Indians. Hence option b is the correct answer.
• To this end, he convinced Lord Dufferin not to obstruct the formation of the Congress. The extremist
leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai believed in the ‘safety valve’ theory. Even the Marxist historian’s
‘conspiracy theory’ was an offspring of the ‘safety valve’ notion. For example, R.P. Dutt opined that the
Indian National Congress was born out of a conspiracy to abort a popular uprising in India and the
bourgeois leaders were a party to it.
• Moderate Indian Historians argue that Congress was the natural culmination of the political work of
the previous years: By 1885, a stage had been reached in the political development of India when certain
basic tasks or objectives had to be laid down and struggled for. Moreover these objectives were correlated
and could only be fulfilled by the coming together of political workers in a single organization formed on
an all- India basis. The men who met in Bombay on 28 December 1885 were inspired by these
objectives and hoped to initiate the process of achieving them.

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