Obstacle detector
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
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Name Roll No
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ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
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Contents
Introduction.................................................................................6
Components.................................................................................6
Circuit diagram.............................................................................6
Working........................................................................................6
LM358..........................................................................................8
Application...................................................................................9
Refrances.....................................................................................9
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project report entitled “Obstacle detector”
submitted is our original work and the report has not formed the basis
for the award of any degree, associate ship, fellowship or any other
similar title.
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “Obstacle detector” is
the bona fide work carried out by students of “College Name” during
the year 2017 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
the Degree of B. Tech. The report has not formed the basis for the
award previously of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or
any other similar title.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude and heart full thanks
to all those who are helping me in complete this project.
I want to thank to “guide name”, who has always encouraged
and help me in making this project. In addition to this, I am grateful to
other faculties too who made me in right direction and gave me their
precious time and expert guidance whenever necessary through which I
could achieve this extent.
At last but not the least I am feeling glad to say about my family
whose wishes are always with me, without which it was not possible for
me to reach this extent.
I hope my work is praised and my efforts render fruitful result.
THANK YOU
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Introduction
This is an infrared based sensor which can be used for obstacle sensing,
color detection (between basic contrasting colors line sensing, encoder
sensor, IR remote signal sensing, etc and also for wireless infrared
communication. The sensor provides high immunity from ambient light
and can be used in all light conditions quite effectively.
Components
IR pair (IR LED and Photodiode)
IC LM358
Resistor 10k, 1k.
7805 voltage regulator
LED
buzzer
Circuit diagram
Working
You can see the connections in the IR sensor circuit diagram. Photo
diode is connected in reverse bias, inverting end of LM358 (PIN 2) is
connected to the variable resistor, to adjust the sensitivity of the
sensor. And non-inverting end (PIN 3) is connected to the junction of
photodiode and a resistor.
When we turn ON the circuit there is no IR radiation towards
photodiode and the Output of the comparator is LOW. When we
take some object (not black) in front of IR pair, then IR emitted by IR
LED is reflected by the object and absorbed by the photodiode. Now
when reflected IR Falls on Photodiode, the voltage across
photodiode drops, and the voltage across series resistor R2
increases. When the voltage at Resistor R2 (which is connected to
the non-inverting end of comparator) gets higher than the voltage at
inverting end, then the output becomes HIGH and LED turns ON.
Voltage at inverting end, which is also called Threshold Voltage, can
be set by rotating the variable resistor’s knob. Higher the voltage at
inverting end (-), less sensitive the sensor and Lower the voltage at
inverting end (-), more sensitive the sensor.
IR LED and a Photodiode
IR sensor basically consist an IR LED and a Photodiode, this pair is
generally called IR pair or Photo coupler. IR sensor work on the
principal in which IR LED emits IR radiation and Photodiode sense that
IR radiation. Photodiode resistance changes according to the amount of
IR radiation falling on it, hence the voltage drop across it also changes
and by using the voltage comparator (like LM358) we can sense the
voltage change and generate the output accordingly.
And in Indirect Incidence, both the IR LED and Photo diode are placed
in parallel (side by side), facing both in same direction. In that fashion,
when a object is kept in front of IR pair, the IR light gets reflected by the
object and gets absorbed by photodiode. Note that object shouldn’t be
black as it will absorb all the IR light, instead of reflect. Generally IR pair
is placed in this fashion in IR sensor Module.
LM358
LM358 is an operational amplifier (Op-Amp) and in this circuit we are
using it as a voltage comparator. The LM358 has two independent
voltage comparators inside it, which can be powered by single PIN, so
we can use the single IC to build two IR sensor modules. We have used
only one comparator here, which have inputs at PIN 2 & 3 and output
at PIN 1. Voltage comparator has two inputs; one is inverting input and
second is non-inverting input (PIN 2 and 3 in LM358). When voltage at
non-inverting input (+) is higher than the voltage at inverting input (-),
then the output of comparator (PIN 1) is high. And if the voltage of
inverting input (-) is Higher than non-inverting end (+), then output is
LOW.
Application
Industrial safety devices.
Wheel encoder.
Contact less tachometer.
Refrances
[Link]
Ross Greenwood (November 3, 2014). "So just what’s the big idea anyway?".
[Link].
Phil Mercer (August 11, 2012). "Wi-fi, dual-flush loos and eight more Australian
inventions". BBC News.
"WATCH: 5G WiFi Will Help Integrate Wireless Networking Into Everyday Lives".
[Link]. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
"European Inventor Award: High-speed wireless networking". [Link].
Retrieved 11 June 2017.
EP 0599632
Sygall, David (December 7, 2009). "How Australia's top scientist earned millions
from Wi-Fi". The Sydney Morning Herald.
"Wi-Fi Alliance: Organization". Official industry association Web site. Retrieved
August 23, 2011.
IEEE-SA – IEEE 802.11 and Amendments Patent Letters of Assurance
