Deliyannis, Theodore L.
et al "A Sample of Filter Functions"
Continuous-Time Active Filter Design
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC,1999
Appendix A
A Sample of Filter Functions
©1999 CRC Press LLC
TABLE A.1
Butterworth Polynomials, Bn(s) in Expanded and in Factored Form
n Butterworth Polynomials
1 s+1
2 s2 + 1.4142s + 1
3 s3 + 2s2 + 2s + 1 = (s + 1)(s – 2 + s + 1)
4 s4 + 2.613s3 + 3.414s2 + 2.613s + 1 = (s2 + 0.765s + 1)(s2 + 1.848s + 1)
5 s5 + 3.2361s4 + 5.2361s3 + 5.2361s2 + 3.2361s + 1 = (s + 1.0000)(s2 + 0.618s + 1)(s2 + 1.618s + 1)
6 s6 + 3.8637s5 + 7.4641s4 + 9.1416s3 + 7.4641s2 + 3.8637s + 1 = (s2 + 0.5176s + 1)(s2 + 1.4142s + 1)(s2 + 1.9318s + 1)
7 s7 + 4.4940s6 + 10.0978s5 + 14.5918s4 + 14.59186s3 + 10.0978s2 + 4.4940s + 1 = (s + 1.0000)(s2 + 0.445s + 1)(s2 + 1.247s + 1)(s2 + 1.802s + 1)
8 s8 + 5.1258s7 + 13.1317s6 + 21.8462s5 + 25.6884s4 + 21.8462s3 + 13.1371s2 + 5.1258s + 1 = (s2 + 0.3902s + 1)(s2 + 1.1112s + 1)(s2 + 1.663s + 1)(s2 + 1.9616s + 1)
9 s9 + 5.7588s8 + 16.5817s7 + 31.1634s6 + 41.9864s5 + 41.9864s4 + 31.1634s3 + 16.5817s2 + 5.7588s + 1
= (s + 1.0000)(s2 + 0.3474s + 1)(s2 + 1.0000s + 1)(s2 + 1.532s + 1)(s2 + 1.8794s + 1)
10 s10 + 6.3925s9 + 20.4317s8 + 42.8021s7 + 64.8824s6 + 74.2334s5 + 64.8824s4 + 42.8021s3 + 20.4317s2 + 6.3925s + 1
= (s2 + 0.3128s + 1)(s2 + 0.908s + 1)(s2 + 1.4142s + 1)(s2 + 1.782s + 1)(s2 + 1.9754s + 1)
©1999 CRC Press LLC
TABLE A.2
Denominator Polynomials in Expanded and in Factored Forms for Chebyshev Filters of Odd Order
n Polynomials
Amax = 0.1dB (ε = 0.15262)
1 s + 6.55220
3 s3 + 1.93881s2 + 2.62950s + 1.63805 = (s2 + 0.96941s + 1.68975)(s + 0.96941)
5 s5 + 1.74396s4 + 2.77070s3 + 2.39696s2 + 1.43556s + 0.40951 = (s2 + 0.33307s + 1.19494)(s2 + 0.87198s + 0.63592)(s + 0.53891)
7 s7 + 1.69322s6 + 3.18350s5 + 3.16925s4 + 2.70514s3 + 1.48293s2 + 0.56179s + 0.10238 = (s2 + 0.16768s + 1.09245)(s2 + 0.46983s + 0.75322)(s2 + 0.67893s + 0.33022)(s + 0.37678)
9 s9 + 1.67270s8 + 3.64896s7 + 3.96385s6 + 4.19161s5 + 2.93387s4 + 1.73412s3 + 0.69421s2 + 0.19176s + 0.025595 = (s2 + 0.10088s + 1.05421)(s2 + 0.29046s + 0.83437)(s2 +
0.44501s + 0.49754)(s2 + 0.54589s + 0.20135)(s + 0.29046)
Amax = 0.5 dB (ε = 0.34931)
1 s + 2.86278
3 s3 + 1.25291s2 + 1.53490s + 0.71569 = (s2 + 0.62646s + 1.14245)(s + 0.62646)
5 s5 + 1.17249s4 + 1.93738s3 + 1.30958s2 + 0.75252s + 0.17892 = (s2 + 0.22393s + 1.03578)(s2 + 0.58625s + 0.47677)(s + 0.36232)
7 s7 + 1.15122s6 + 2.41265s5 + 1.86941s4 + 1.64790s3 + 0.75565s2 + 0.28207s + 0.04473 = (s2 + 0.11401s + 1.01611)(s2 + 0.31944s + 0.67688)(s2 + 0.46160s + 0.25388)(s + 0.25617)
9 s9 + 1.14257s8 + 2.90273s7 + 2.42933s6 + 2.78150s5 + 1.61139s4 + 0.98362s3 + 0.34082s2 + 0.09412s + 0.01118 = (s2 + 0.06891s + 1.00921)(s2 + 0.19841s + 0.78937)(s2 + 0.30398s
+ 0.45254)(s2 + 0.37288s + 0.15634)(s + 0.19841)
Amax = 1 dB (ε = 0.50885)
1 s + 1.96523
3 s3 + 0.73782s2 + 1.02219s + 0.32689 = (s2 + 0.36891s + 0.88610)(s + 0.36891)
5 s5 + 0.70646s4 + 1.49954s3 + 0.69348s2 + 0.45935s + 0.08172 = (s2 + 0.13492s + 0.95217)(s2 + 0.35323s + 0.39315)(s + 0.21831)
©1999 CRC Press LLC
TABLE A.2
Denominator Polynomials in Expanded and in Factored Forms for Chebyshev Filters of Odd Order (continued)
n Polynomials
7 s7 + 0.69809s6 + 1.99367s5 + 1.03955s4 + 1.14460s3 + 0.38264s2 + 0.16613s + 0.02043 = (s2 + 0.06913s + 0.97462)(s2 + 0.19371s + 0.63539)(s2 + 0.27991s + 0.21239)(s + 0.15534)
9 s9 + 0.69468s8 + 2.49129s7 + 1.38375s6 + 2.07675s5 + 0.85687s4 + 0.64447s3 + 0.16845s2 + 0.05438s + 0.00511 = (s2 + 0.04189s + 0.98440)(s2 + 0.12063s + 0.76455)(s2 + 0.18482s
+ 0.42773)(s2 + 0.22671s + 0.13153)(s + 0.12063)
Amax = 2 dB (ε = 0.76478)
1 s + 1.30756
3 s3 + 0.73782s2 + 1.02219s + 0.32689 = (s2 + 0.36891s + 0.88610)(s + 0.36891)
5 s5 + 0.70646s4 + 1.49954s3 + 0.69348s2 + 0.45935s + 0.08172 = (s2 + 0.13492s + 0.95217)(s2 + 0.35323s + 0.39315)(s + 0.21831)
7 s7 + 0.69809s6 + 1.99367s5 + 1.03955s4 + 1.14460s3 + 0.38264s2 + 0.16613s + 0.02043 = (s2 + 0.06913s + 0.97462)(s2 + 0.19371s + 0.63539)(s2 + 0.27991s + 0.21239)(s + 0.15534)
9 s9 + 0.69468s8 + 2.49129s7 + 1.38375s6 + 2.07675s5 + 0.85687s4 + 0.64447s3 + 0.16845s2 + 0.05438s + 0.00511 = (s2 + 0.04189s + 0.98440)(s2 + 0.12063s + 0.76455)(s2 + 0.18482s
+ 0.42773)(s2 + 0.22671s + 0.13153)(s + 0.12063)
Amax = 3 dB (ε = 0.99763)
1 s + 1.00238
3 s3 + 0.59724s2 + 0.92835s + 0.25059 = (s2 + 0.29862s + 0.83917)(s + 0.29862)
5 s5 + 0.57450s4 + 1.41503s3 + 0.54894s2 + 0.40797s + 0.06265 = (s2 + 0.10972s + 0.93603)(s2 + 0.28725s + 0.37701)(s + 0.17753)
7 s7 + 0.56842s6 + 1.91155s5 + 0.83144s4 + 1.05185s3 + 0.30002s2 + 0.14615s + 0.01566 = (s2 + 0.05629s + 0.96648)(s2 + 0.15773s + 0.62726)(s2 + 0.22792s + 0.20425)(s + 0.12649)
9 s9 + 0.56594s8 + 2.41014s7 + 1.11232s6 + 1.94386s5 + 0.67893s4 + 0.58351s3 + 0.13139s2 + 0.04759s + 0.00392 = (s2 + 0.03413s + 0.97950)(s2 + 0.09827s + 0.75966)(s2 + 0.15057s
+ 0.42283)(s2 + 0.18470s + 0.12664)(s + 0.09827)
©1999 CRC Press LLC
TABLE A.3
Elliptic Approximation Functions for Amax = 0.5 dB
n Amin Numerator constant K Numerator of F(s) Denominator of F(s)
(a) Ωs = 1.5
2 8.3 0.38540 s2 + 3.92705 s2 + 1.03153s + 1.60319
3 21.9 0.31410 2
s + 2.80601 (s2 + 0.45286s + 1.14917)(s + 0.766952
4 36.3 0.015397 (s2 + 2.53555)(s2 +12.09931) (s2 + 0.25496s + 1.06044)(s2 + 0.92001s + 0.47183)
5 50.6 0.019197 (s2 + 2.42551)(s2 + 5.43764) (s2 + 0.16346s + 1.03189)(s2 + 0.57023s + 0.57601)(s + 0.42597)
(b) Ωs = 2.0
2 13.9 0.20133 2
s + 7.4641 s2 + 1.24504s + 1.59179
3 31.2 0.15424 s2 + 5.15321 (s2 + 0.53787s + 1.14849)(s + 0.69212)
4 48.6 0.0036987 (s2 + 4.59326)(s2 + 24.22720) (s2 + 0.30116s + 1.06258)(s2 + 0.88456s + 0.41032)
5 66.1 0.0046205 (s2 + 4.36495)(s2 + 10.56773) (s2 + 0.19255s + 1.03402)(s2 + 0.58054s + 0.52500)(s + 0.392612)
(c) Ωs = 3.0
2 21.5 0.083974 2
s + 17.48528 s2 + 1.35715s + 1.55532
3 42.8 0.063211 s2 + 11.82781 (s2 + 0.58942s + 1.14559)(s + 0.65263)
4 64.1 0.00062046 (s2 + 10.4554)(s2 + 58.471) (s2 + 0.32979s + 1.063281)(s2 +0.86258s + 0.37787)
5 85.5 0.00077547 2 2
(s + 9.8955)(s + 25.0769) (s2 + 0.21066s + 1.0351)(s2 + 0.58441s + 0. 496388)(s + 0.37452
©1999 CRC Press LLC
