Chapter 2 – Coordinate geometry

and matrices
Solutions to Exercise 2A
1 a 3x − 4 = 2x + 6 2(x − 1) (x + 4) 5
h − =
3 2 6
x = 10
4x − 4 − 3x − 12 = 5
b 8x − 4 = 3x + 1 x = 21
5x = 5 3y + 4 1 5(4 − y)
i 4y − + =
x=1 2 3 3
24y − 9y − 12 + 2 = 40 − 10y
c 3(2 − x) − 4(3 − 2x) = 14
25y = 50
6 − 3x − 12 + 8x = 14
y=2
5x − 20 = 0
x=4 x+1 3
j =
2x − 1 4
3x
d − 4 = 17 4x + 4 = 6x − 3
4
x 2x = 7
=7
4
7
x = 28 x=
2
e 6 − 3y = 5y − 62
2 a x − 4 = y . . . (1)
8y = 68 4y − 2x = 8 . . . (2)
17 (2) + 2 × (1) ⇒ 4y − 8 = 8 + 2y
y=
2 2y = 16
y=8
2 3
f = ⇒ x = 12
3x − 1 7
14 = 9x − 3 b 9x + 4y = 13 . . . (1)
17 2x + y = 2 . . . (2)
x=
9 (1) − 4 × (2) ⇒ x = 5
2x − 1 x + 1 ⇒ 10 + y = 2
g = y = −8
3 4
8x − 4 = 3x + 3 c 7x − 3y = 18 . . . (1)
5x = 7 22x + 5y = 11 . . . (2)
7 5 × (1) + 3 × (2) ⇒ 41x = 123
x= x=3
5

46
 ⇒ 6 + 5y = 11 Subtract Equation(3) from Equa-
y=1 tion(4)
⇒ 2g0 − 2g j = 8
d 5x + 3y = 13 . . . (1) Substitute from Equation (2)
7x + 2y = 16 . . . (2) 4g j − 2g j = 8
3 × (2) − 2 × (1) ⇒ 11x = 22 gj = 4
x=2 g0 = 8
⇒ 10 + 3y = 13 John scored 4 goals and David scored
y=1 8.
e 19x + 17y = 0 . . . (1)
2x − y = 53 . . . (2) 5 a w = 800 + 20n
−19
From (1)y = x
17 b w = 800 + 20(30)
19
⇒ 2x + x = 53 $w = $1400
17
53x = 17 ∗ 53
c 1620 = 800 + 20n
x = 17
20n = 820
⇒ 34 − y = 53
n = 41 units
y = −19
x y
f + = 5 . . . (1) 6 a V = 250 + 15t
5 2
x − y = 4 . . . (2)
7x b V = 250 + 15(60)
(2) + 2 × (1) ⇒ = 14
5 V = 1150L
x = 10
⇒ 10 − y = 4
c 5000 = 250 + 15t
y=6
4750 950
t= = min
15 3
t = 5h 16 min 40s
3 l = w + 4 . . . (1)
2(l − 5) + 2(w − 2) = 18 . . . (2)
Substitute from (1) into (2) 7 a V = 10000 − 10t
w−1+w−2=9
w = 6 cm b V = 10000 − 10(60)
⇒ l = 10 cm = 9400 L

c 0 = 10000 − 10t
4 Let g represent the number of goals
scored, and tthe number of throws. t = 1000 min
t0 = t j . . . (1) t = 16 h 40 min
g0 = 2g j . . . (2)
t j + 2g j = 11 . . . (3)
x x 35
t j + 2g0 = 19 . . . (4) 8 + =
240 320 60

47
 7x 7 b i C = 100 + 252
= 80 ×
12 12
x = 80 km $C = $150

x x ii C = 100 + 25(2.5)
9 + = 24 − 2
48 4.8 $C = $162.50
11x = 22 × 48
x = 96 km c i 375 =100 + 25t
t = 11 h
10 a C = 100 + 25t
ii 400 = 100 + 25t
t = 12 h

48
Solutions to Exercise 2B
1 a ax + n = m i −b(ax + b) = a(bx − a)
m−n −bax − b2 = abx − a2
x=
a
2abx = a2 − b2
b ax + b = bx a2 − b2
b x=
x= 2ab
b−a
j p2 (1 − x) − 2pqx = q2 (1 + x)
ax
c +c=0 p2 − (p2 + 2pq)x = q2 + q2 x
b
−bc p2 − q2 = (p + q)2 x
x=
a p−q
x=
d px = qx + 5 p+q
5 k bx − ab = ax + 2b
x=
p−q
(b − a)x = 3ab
e mx + n = nx − m 3ab
x=
(m − n)x = −(n + m) b−a
n+m x 2x 1
x= l + = 2
n−m a − b a + b a − b2
1 b x(a + b) + 2x(a − b) = 1
f =
x+a x x(a + b + 2a − 2b) = 1
x = b(x + a) 1
x=
(1 − b)x = ba 3a − b
ba p − qx qx − t
x= m +p=
1−b t p
b 2b p2 − qpx + p2 t = qtx − t2
g =
x−a x+a qtx + qpx = p2 + p2 t + t2
bx + ab = 2bx − 2ab
p2 + p2 t + t2
x=
bx = 3ab q(t + p)
x = 3a, b , 0 1 1 2
n + =
x x x + a x + 2a x + 3a
h +n= +m (x + 2a)(x + 3a) + (x + a)(x + 3a)
m n = 2(x + a)(x + 2a)
nx + n m = mx + m2 n
2

(n − m)x = nm(m − n)
x = −mn

49
 2x2 + 9ax + 9a2 = 2x2 + 6ax + 4a2 bx + ay = a2 + b2 . . . (2)
3ax = −5a2 a × (1) − b × (2)
⇒ (a2 − b2 )x
−5a
x= = a3 + 2a2 b − ab2 − a2 b − b3
3
a3 + a2 b − ab2 − b3
x=
2 a ax + y = c . . . (1) a2 − b2
x + by = d . . . (2) (a + b)(a2 − b2 )
x=
(1) − a × (2) a2 − b2
⇒ y(1 − ab) = c − ad x=a+b
c − ad Substitute into (2)
y=
1 − ab ⇒ b(a + b) + ay = a2 + b2
Equation (2)−b× Equation (1) ay = a2 + b2 − ba − b2
⇒ x(1 − ab) = d − bc y=a−b
d − bc
x=
1 − ab e (a + b)x + cy = bc . . . (1)
(b + c)y + ax = −ab . . . (2)
b ax − by = a2 . . . (1)
a × (1) − (a + b) × (2)
bx − ay = b2 . . . (2)
⇒ (ac − ab − b2 − ac − bc)y
b× Equation(1)−a× Equation (2) ab(c + a + b)
= abc + a2 b + b2 y =
⇒ (−b2 + a2 )y = a2 b − b2 a −b(a + b + c)
ab(a − b) y = −a
y= 2
a − b2
Substitute into (2)
ab
y= ⇒ (−ab − ac) + ax = −ab
a+b
a× Equation(1) −b× Equation (2) x = −b + b + c
⇒ (a2 − b2 )x = a3 − b3 x=c
a3 − b3
x= 2 f 3(x − a) − 2(y + a) = 5 − 4a . . . (1)
a − b2
a2 + ab + b2 ⇒ 3x − 2y = 5 + a
x=
a+b 2(x + a) + 3(y − a) = 4a − 1 . . . (2)
c ax + by = t . . . (1) ⇒ 2x + 3y = 5a − 1
ax − by = s . . . (2) 3 × (1) + 2 × (2)
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2ax = t + s ⇒ 13x = 15 + 3a + 10a − 2
t+s 13x = 13 + 13a
x=
2a x=1+a
Equation (1) - Equation (2)
Substitute into (1)
⇒ 2by = t − s ⇒ 3 + 3a − 2yt = 5 + a
t−s
y=
2b y = −1 + a
d ax + by = a2 + 2ab − b2 . . . (1) y=a−1

50
3 a s = a(2a + 1) f as = a + 2(a − s)
s = 2a2 + a as = a + 2a − 2s
b h = a(2 + h) (a + 2)s = 3a
h = 2a + ah 3a
s=
(1 − a)h = 2a a+2
2a
h=  1  1 2
1−a g s=2+a a− + a−
 2a  a a
s=a 1
1−a s = 2 + a2 − 1 + a2 − 2 + 2
2a2 a
s= 1
1−a s = 2a2 − 1 + 2
1 a
h=
1+a h 3s − ah = a2 . . . (1)
1 as + 2h = 3a . . . (2)
c as = a +
1+a 2× Eq(1)+a× Eq(2)⇒ (6 + a2 )s = 5a2
1 5a2
s=1+ s=
a + a2 6 + a2
1
s=1+
a + a2 4 ax + by = p . . . (1)
a +a+1
2
bx − ay = q . . . (2)
s=
a2 + a a × (1) + b × (2) ⇒ (a2 + b2 )x = pa + bq
ap + bq
d ah = a + h x= 2
a + b2
b × (1) − a × (2) ⇒ (b2 + a2 )y = bp − aq
(a − 1)h = a bp − aq
a y= 2
h= a + b2
a−1
a
as = s + 5 bx + ay = ab . . . (1)
a−1
a ax + by = ab . . . (2)
(a − 1)s =
a−1 a × (1) − b × (2)
s=
a ⇒ (a2 − b2 )y = ab(a − b)
(a − 1)2 ab
y=
a+b
e s = (3a2 )2 + a(3a2 ) b × (1) − a × (2)
⇒ (b2 − a2 )x = ab(b − a)
s = 9a4 + 3a3 ab
x=
s = 3a3 (3a + 1) a+b

51
Solutions to Exercise 2C
√
1 a 205 b y
 1
b 1, −
2 4
3
c −
13 2
6 1
x
d 13x + 6y = 10 0 14
3
e 13x + 6y = 43
25
c y
f 13y − 6x = −
2

 15  4
2 a 3, 2
2
x
 −5  0 3 6
b , −2
2
3 1
d y
c ,
2 2
2
3 a (4, 7)
x
b (5, −2) 0 3
c (2, 19) e y
d (−2, −9)
6
4 a y
x
−3 0
0
x f y
−1 1
−2
−3
x
0 2
−4

52
 y x
5 a y − 2 = 2(x − 4) b − =1
3 4
y = 2x − 6
y
b y − 4 = −3(x + 3)
y = −3x − 5 3
4
m= x
3 0
−4
4
c y − 3 = (x − 1) y x
3 c − =1
4 5 2 4
y = x + or 3y − 4x = 5 y
3 3

d m=2
y − 5 = 2(x − 2) 2
y = 2x + 1 x
−4 0

x y x y
+ d − =1
6 3
6 a −3 2
y x =1
− y
2 3
x y
b + =1 x
4 6 0 6
x y
+ =1 −3
c −4 −3 
x y
− − =1
4 3
8 (600,35) (800,46)
x y 11
+ =1 m=
d 6x −2
y
200
− =1 11
6 2 C − 35 = (n − 600)
200
11
x y C= n+2
7 a + =1 200
4 2 11
y C(1000) = (1000) + 2
200
$C = $57
2
9 a (120,775) (160,975)
x
0 4

53
 m=5 b i y − 3 = −2(x − 2)
C − 775 = 5(n − 120) y = −2x + 7
C = 5n + 175 1
ii y − 3 = (x − 2)
b yes 2
1
y= x+2
c $175 2
or 2y − x = 4
√
10 a d = 12 + 22
√ −1
= 5 ≈ 2.236 12 (3, 3), m = =2
−3/6
√
b d= 12 + 12 y − 3 = 2(x − 3)
√ y = 2x − 3
= 2 ≈ 1.414
√
c d= 52 + 22 q
√ 13 5= 32 + (y + 1)2
= 29 ≈ 5.385
25 = 9 + (y + 1)2
√
d d= 22 + 182 y+1=±4
√
= 326 y = −1 ± 4
√
= 2 82 ≈ 18.111 y = −5, 3
√
e d= 42 + 22 q
√ 14 10 = 82 + (y − 6)2
= 20
√ 100 = 64 + (y − 6)2
= 2 5 ≈ 4.472
y−6=±6
√
f d= 32 + 42 y=6±6
=5 y = 0, 12

11 a i y − 6 = 2(x + 1)
q
15 26 = 102 + (y − 8)2
y = 2x + 4
676 = 100 + (y − 6)2
−1 y − 8 = ± 576
ii y − 6 = (x − 1)
2
−1 13 y = 8 ± 24
y= x+ or 2y + x = 13
2 2 y = −16, 32

54
 −2 √
i y − 3 = 5 (x + 1) 19 (−2 − a)2 + (−2)2 = 2 52 + 12
p
16 a
−2 13 square both sides
y= x+ or 5y + 2x = 13 4 + 4a + a2 + 4 = 4(26)
5 5
−4
ii y − 3 = 5 (x + 1) a2 + 4a − 96 = 0
−4 11 (a + 2)2 − 100 = 0
y= x+ or 5y + 4x = 11
5 5 a + 2 = ±10
5 a = −12, 8
b i y − 3 = (x + 1)
2
5 11
y= x+ or 2y − 5x = 11 5 − 7 −1
2 2 20 a =
7−1 3
5 m=3
ii y − 3 = (x + 1) midpoint = (4, 6)
4
5 17 y − 6 = 3(x − 4)
y= x+ or 4y − 5x = 17
4 4 y = 3x − 6
−−→
b BC has m = 1
6−1 5
17 a m = = 1y = x − 2
4+4 8
5 2y = 3x − 6
θ = tan −1
= 32.01◦ x = 2, y = 0
8
point of intersection: (2,0)
−1
b m=
2
 −1 
θ = tan −1
= 153.43◦
2
3
c m=
2
3
θ = tan−1 = 56.31◦
2
−10
d m=
6
 −5 
θ = tan−1 = 120.96◦
3

18 m1 = 2
m2 = −3
θ1 = 63.43◦
θ2 = 108.43◦
α = θ2 − θ1 = 45◦

55
21 kp= h + 1 . . . (1) 23 a AB has gradient −3m
h2 + (2 − k)2 = 5 . . . (2) 1 − 4 −3
−3m = =
⇒ h2 + (k − 2)2 = 25 1+1 2
1
Substitute in (1) m=
⇒ h2 + (h − 1)2 = 25 2
2h2 − 2h + 1 = 25 3 1
b AC : 1y = x−
2h2 − 2h − 24 = 0 2 2
h2 − h − 12 = 0 1 1
BC : y − 4 = x +
(h + 3)(h − 4) = 0 2 2
h = −3, 4 1 9
2y = x +
Substitute in (1) 2 2
⇒ k = −2, 5 1 − 20 = x − 5
(h, k) = (−3, −2) or(4,5) x=5
5 9
⇒ 2y = + =7
22 P = (3, 0), Q = (0, 2) 2 2
C = (5, 7)
−−→ 1
a QR : y − 2 = x √ √ √
2
c AC = 42 + 62 = 52 = 2 13
1
y= x+2 √ √
2 AB = 22 + 32 = 13
if x = 2a, AC = 2AB
y=a+2 QED

R = (2a, a + 2)
−1 1
24 a BC has gradient = =
−−→ a+2 grad(AB) 3
b PR: has m = 1
2a − 3 y − 8 = (x − 2)
but m = −2 3
a+2 1 22
∴ −2= BC : y = x + or 3y − x = 22
2a − 3 3 3
6 − 4a = a + 2 1 22
b 1y = x+
4 = 5a 3 3
2y = x − 2
4
a= 2x 28
5 2 − 10 = +
3 3
x = 14
⇒ 2y = 12
C = (14, 12)

c because it is a rectangle

56
 D = C − (B − A) y = −5x + 13
= (14, 12) − ((2, 8) − (4, 2)) 1 3
c i BC has m = =
= (14, 12) − (−2, 6) grad(AC) 2
3
= (16, 6) y − 1 = (x − 5)
2
3 13
y= x− or 2y = 3x − 13
d Area = AB × BC 2 2
√ √
= 22 + 62 × 122 + 42 3 13
√ ii 1y = x −
√ 2 2
= 40 × 160 2y = −5x + 13
√ √ 13x 39
= 2 10 × 4 10 1 − 20 = −
2 2
x=3
= 80 square units
⇒ 2y = −2
B = (3, −2)
25 a (2,3)
iii D = A + (C − B)
b BD hasm = −5 D = (−1, 5) + (5, 1) − (3, −2)
y − 3 = −5(x − 2) D = (1, 8)

57
Solutions to Exercise 2D
1 a CA = 0.4n + 1; CB = 0.6n c i 90T + 70(4 − T ) = 300
20T = 20
b The graphs are straight lines as
shown here. T =1

ii 90 km on the freeway,
70 × 3 = 210 km.

3 Let L = at + b, since a constant rate of

decrease means the relation is linear.
c CA = CB
a t = 20, L = 3000: 20a + b
0.4n + 1 = 0.6n
= 3000 ...1
0.2n = 1 t = 35, L = 1200: 35a + b
n=5 = 1200 ...2
The charge is the same for 5 km. 2 −1: 15a = −1800, so a = −120
Sub in 1: b = 3000 − 20(−120)
d D = CA CB = 1 0.2n, so the graph = 5400
is a straight line with intercept (0, 1) L = −120t + 5400
and gradient −0.2.
b 5400 litres (at t = 0 when it was
filled)

c The tank will be empty when

−120t + 5400 = 0 ⇒ t = 45

D gives the difference in charges of

the two firms in terms of the distance
travelled.

2 a Since the journey lasts 4 hours, 4 − T d From c, the domain is [0,45]

hours are spent on country roads.
e 45 days
b i 90 km/h for T hours gives a
distance of 90T km. f The coefficient of t, i.e. −120, in the
linear relation represents the rate of
ii 70 km/h for 4 − T hours gives a ‘increase’. So the water is decreasing,
distance of 70(4 − T ) km. or leaving the tank, at 120 litres/day

Graphic calculator techniques for

58
question
In a Calculator page insert the linear
equation template (b>Algebra>Solve
System of Equations>Solve System of
Equations) and complete the dialogue
box as shown.

Note: the default digit display for

Defining the rule(b>Actions>Define) Graphs is float3. You can increase this
allows you to use the rule elsewhere by either in the settings or by placing the
just typing in l. cursor over the designated value and
To find when the tank will be empty use pressing the + key. Hence 5.4E+3 now
the solve command (b>Algebra>Solve) displays as 5400.
with the equation equal to zero.

Alternative method as is current

Insert a Graphs page (/ + I) and type in example
the rule f 1(x) = −120x + 5400 In a Lists & Spreadsheet page enter the
Use b>Window/Zoom>Window list data as shown.
Settings to set an appropriate window.

59
 Insert a Data & Statistics page(/ + I) 2−4
5 a i grad AB = = −4
and plot the data as shown. 2 1.5
A linear regression can be obtained 6−4
ii grad AD = grad BC =
using b>Analyze>Regression>Show 6 − 1.5
Linear (mx+b) 4
=
9
4
b i y − 4 = (x − 1.5)
9
4 10
y= x+
9 3

ii y − 6 = d(x − 6)
y = −4x + 30

c Notice that A is ‘0.5 across and

2 down’ from B, so D is ‘0.5
22.5 across and 2 down’ from C, so its
4 a y= x
10 coordinates are (6.5, 4).
9 As B and D have the same
= x
4 y-coordinate, the equation of BD is
√ y = 4.
b OA = 102 + 22.52
The equation of AC is given by:
= 24.622 km(24622 m) 6−2
y−6= (x − 6)
6−2
9 − 22.5
c y−9= (x − 23) y=x
23 − 10
27 855 d The diagonals intersect at (4, 4).
y=− x+
26 26
d The midpoint of AB has coordinates 6 a M is the midpoint of AC
33 61  5 + 9 0 + 10
!
, and the perpendicular has Coordinates of M , =
2 4 2 2
26
gradient , so its equation is: M(7, 5)
27 13 + 9 0 + 10
!
y−
61 26 
= x−
33  Coordinates of N , =
4 27 2 2 2
As the port has x-coordinate 52, M(11, 5)
substitute to find the y-coordinate: 10 5
61 26  33  b i Gradient of AC = =
y− = 52 − 4 2
4 27 2 ∴ Equation of lineAC is
5339 5
y= y − 0 = (x − 5)
108 2
10 5
ii Gradient of BC = =−
−4 2

60
 ∴ Equation of lineBC is 2
gradient
5 5
y − 0 = − (x − 13) ∴ equation of line passing through N
2
perpendicular to BC has equation
iii Gradient of MN = 0 2
y − 5 = (x − 11)
∴ Equation of line MN is 5
Intersect when
y=5 2 2
− (x − 7) = (x − 11)
c Line perpendicular to AC has 5 5
2 7 − x = x − 11
gradient−
5 18 = 2x
∴ equation of line passing through M
perpendicular to AC has equation x=9
2 21
y − 5 = − (x − 7) When x = 9, y =
5 5
Line perpendicular to BC has

61
Solutions to Exercise 2E
" # " # " #
1 3 2 −1 3 2 g "
1 a + = # " # " # " #
2 −1 −2 3 0 2 2 1 −2 −2 2 1 −4 −4
−2 = −
"
# " # " # 3 2 3 2 3 2 6 4
4 6 −2
=
" #
b − 6 5
−2 −2 0 =
−3 −2

2 2A + X = B "
# " #
3 4 6 8
X = B − 2A 5 a 2 =
−3 −3 −6 −6
X = B − 2A "# " #
0 −4 0 −12
b 3 =
" # " #
1 −4 2 6
X = − 5 1 15 3
−3 6 −4 8
" # c
−1 −10
" # " # " # " #
= 3 4 0 −4 6 8 0 −12
1 −2 2 +3 = +
−3 −3 5 1 −6 −6 15 3
" #
6 −4
" #" # " # =
3 1 2 10 9 −3
3 =
2 5 5 24
d " # " # " # " #
0 −4 3 4 0 −12 6 8
3 −2 = −
5 1 −3 −3 15 3 −6 −6
"# " # " #
2 1 −2 −2 0 −1
4 a + =
3 2 3 2 6 4 "
−6 −20
#
=
"#" # " # 21 9
2 1 −2 −2 −1 −2
b =
3 2 3 2 0 −2
"
# " # " #
1 0 −1 −4 0 −4
" #"
−2 −2 2 1
# "
−10 −6
# 6 a + =
c = 0 −4 5 0 5 −4
3 2 3 2 12 7
b " # " # " # " #
2 1
"
−2 −2
# "
4 3
# " # 1 0 −1 −4 1 0 −3 −12
d − = +3 = +
3 2 3 2 0 0 0 −4 5 0 0 −4 15 0
" #
−2 −12
2 1
"
# "
2k k
# =
e k = 15 −4
3 2 3k 2k

f " # " # " # " #

2 1 −2 −2 4 2 −6 −6
2 +3 = +
3 2 3 2 6 4 9 6
" #
−2 −4
=
15 10

62
 " # " # " # " #
1 0 −1 −4 0 −4 6
c 2 − + BX =
0 −4 5 0 1 1 −1
" # " # " #
2 0 −1 −4 0 −4
= +
" #
− 2
0 −8 5 0 1 1 IX
−1
" #
3 0
= "
1 −2
#
−4 −7 AI =
−1 3

7 2A −3X = B 3 0
" #
1 IB =
Therefore, X = (2A −B) 0 1
"3 #
2 3
Therefore, X = 4 "
3 −2
#
− 3 −3 AB =
3A +2Y =2 B −3 3
1
Therefore, Y = (2B −3A) " #
" 29 3 −6
BA =
#
− 2 −8
Therefore Y = 5 −1 3
2 7
" #
3 −8
A =
2
" # −4 11
4
8 AX =
−5 " #
9 0
B2 =
0 1

63
Solutions to Exercise 2F
1 a 3x + 2y = 6 . . . (1) c no solutions
x − y = 7 . . . (2)
Multiply (2) by 2 and add to (1) 3 The two corresponding lines are
5x = 20 parallel but not equal, and have no
intersection.
x=4
∴ y = −3
4 x−y=6
b 2x + 6y = 0 . . . (1) y= x−6
y − x = 2 . . . (2) Letx = λ, y = λ − 6
Multiply (2) by 2 and add to (1)
y=λ−6
8y = 4
1
y= 5 Lines are parallel. The gradients are
2
3 the same and the lines have a common
∴x=− point.
2
3x + my = 5 . . . (1)
c 4x − 2y = 7 . . . (1)
(m + 2)x + 5y = m . . . (2)
5x + 7y = 1 . . . (2) 3
Gradient of (1) = −
Multiply (2) by 4, (1)by 5 and subtract m
38y = −31 m+2
Gradient of (2) = −
31 5
y=−
38 For the lines to coincide:

∴x=
51 3 m+2
38 =
m 5
d 2x − y = 6 . . . (1) m + 2m − 15 = 0
2

4x − 7y = 5 . . . (2) (m − 3)(m + 5) = 0

Multiply (1) by 2,and subtract m = 3 or m = −5

−5y = −7
a If m = 3 the equations are
7 3x + 3y = 5 . . . (1)
y=
5
37 5x + 5y = 5 . . . (2)
∴x= The lines don’t coincide.
10
If m = −5 the equations are
3x − 5y = 5 . . . (1)
2 a one solution
−3x + 5y = −5 . . . (2)
b infinitely many solutions The lines coincide.

64
 b A unique solution if m ∈ R\{3, −5} (m − 4)(m + 2)
⇒ mx + 4 =8
No solution if m = 3 (m − 4)(m + 2)
8(m − 4)(m + 2) − 4(m + 4)(m − 4)
x=
Alternative m(m − 4)(m + 2)
# "method
4(m − 4)(2m + 4 − m − 4)
" # " #
3 m x 5
= x=
m+2 5 y m m(m − 4)(m + 2)
" # 4(m − 4)m
3 m
=0 x=
m+2 4 m(m − 4)(m + 2)
4
x= , m , −2, 0, 4,
" #
3 m m+2
= 15 − m2 − 2m
m+2 5
b Values to test: m = −2, 0, 4
m2 + 2m − 15 = 0 m−2
(m + 5)(m − 3) = 0 −2x + 2y = 8 . . . (1)
m = −5, 3 4x − 4y = −4 . . . (2)
No solutions
substitute m = −5 m=0
3x − 5y = 5 10 + 2y = 8
−3x + 5y = −5 y=4
2 − 4x − 2y = 0
infinite solutions 4x − 8 = 0
Substitute m = 3 x = 2 unique solution
3x + 3y = 5 (Note: this value for m would not
5x + 5y = 3 have appeared if equation 2 had been
No solutions used to find x.)
∴ a m = −5 b m = 3 m=4
4x + 2y = 8 . . . (1)
4x + 2y = 8 . . . (2)
6 m=9
infinite solutions
∴
7 a mx + 2y = 8 . . . (1)
4x − (2 − m)y = 2m . . . (2) i m = −2
4 × (1) − m × (2)
ii m = 4
⇒ (8 + m(m − 2))y = 32 − 2m2
32 − 2m2
y= 2
m − 2m + 8 8 a 2x − 3y = 4 . . . (1)
2(m + 4)(m − 4) x + ky = 2 . . . (2)
y=
(m − 4)(m + 2) (1) − 2 × (2)
2(m + 4) ⇒ (3 − 2k)y = 0
y=
(m + 2) −3
y = 0, k ,
m , 4, −2 2
⇒ 2x = 4
Substitute in (1)

65
 x=2 1 2
=
5 b
−3
b k= b = 10
2
a A unique solution for b ∈ R\{10}
9 x + 5y = 4 . . . (1)
b If b = 10 and c = 8 the corresponding
2x + by = c . . . (2) lines coincide and there are infinitely
1 many solutions.
Gradient of (1) = −
5
2 c If b = 10 and c , 8 the corresponding
Gradient of (2) = −
b lines are parallel and there are no
For the lines to be parallel solutions
or coincide:

66
Solutions to Exercise 2G
1 a 2x + 3y − z = 12 . . . (1) c x + y = 5 . . . (1)
2y + z = 7 . . . (2) y + z = 7 . . . (2)
2y − z = 5 . . . (3) z + x = 12 . . . (3)
Add (2) and (3) Subtract (2) from (3)
4y = 12 x − y = 5 . . . (4)
y=3 Add (1) and(4)
∴z=1 ∴x=5
Substitute in (1) to find x
∴y=0
x=2
∴z=7
b x + 2y + 3z = 13 . . . (1)
d x − y − z = 0 . . . (1)
−x − y + 2z = 2 . . . (2)
5x + 20z = 50 . . . (2)
−x + 3y + 4z = 26 . . . (3)
10y − 20z = 30 . . . (3)
Add (1) and (2)
Simplify (2) and (3)
y + 5z = 15 . . . (4)
x + 4z = 10 . . . (4)
Subtract (2) from(3)
y − 2z = 3 . . . (5)
4y + 2z = 24
Subtract (5) from (4)
2y + z = 12 . . . (5)
(x − y) + 6z = 7 . . . (6)
Multiply (4) by 2 and
Subtract (1) from (6)
subtract from (4)
7z = 7
−9z = −18
∴z=1
z=2
∴x=6
∴y=5
∴y=5
∴ x = −3

2 a y − 4z = −2
y = 4z − 2

b z=λ
y = 4λ − 2
∴ x + 8λ − 4 − 3λ = 4
x = 8 − 5λ

67
3 a −y + 5z = 15 (2) + (1) 5 x + y + z + w = 4 . . . (1)
−y + 5z = 15 (3) − (2) x + 3y + 3z = 2 . . . (2)
x + y + 2z − w = 6 . . . (3)
b They are the same (3) − (1)
⇒ z − 2w = 2
c z=λ
Let z = t, t ∈ R
−y + 5λ = 15 t−2 1
y = 5λ − 15 w= = t−1
2 2
(2) − (3) gives
d x + 10λ − 30 + 3λ = 13
2y + z + w = −4
x = 43 − 13λ 1
2y + t + t − 1 = −4
2
3
4 a (1) +(2) 2y = −3 − t
2
⇒ 2z = 10 3 3
y=− − t
z=5 2 4
Substitute into (1)
Substitute into (1) 3 3 1
x− − t+t+ t−1=4
⇒ x−y+5=4 2 4 2
let y = λ 1 3 26 − 3t
x=6 − t=
x=λ−1 2 4 4
t−2
when w = 6, = 6 so t = z = 14
2
b Let z = λ −3(14 + 2)
y= = −12
Substitute in (2) 4
⇒ x=3+λ 26 − 42
x= = −4
Substitute into (1) 4
⇒ 6 + 2λ − y + λ = 6
y = 3λ 6 a 3x − y + z = 4 . . . (1)
x + 2y − z = 2 . . . (2)
c (1) + 2 × (2) −x + y − z = −2 . . . (3)
6x + 3z = 14 (2) − (3) ⇒ 2x + y = 4
Let z = λ (3) + (1) ⇒ 2x = 2
6x = 14 − 3λ x=1
14 − 3λ y=2
x=
6 Substitute into (3)
Substitute into (2)
14 − 3λ ⇒ −1 + 2 − z = −2
+y+λ=4 z=3
6
14 + 3λ
y=4−
6
10 − 3λ
y=
6

68
b x − y − z = 0 . . . (1) c 12x − y + z = 0
3y + 3z = −5 . . . (2) 2y + 2z = 2
3 × (1) + (2) Let z = λ
⇒ 3x = −5 y = 2 − 2λ
−5
x= 2x − 2 + 2λ + λ = 0
3
3y = −5 − 3z 2x = 2 − 3λ
Let z = λ 2 − 3λ
−5 − 3λ x=
y= 2
3

69
Solutions to technology-free questions
x y
1 a 3x − 2 = 4x + 6 b − =2 ...1
4 3
4x − 3x = −2 − 6 y−x=5 ...2
Multiply 1 by 12:
x = −8
3x − 4y = 24 . . . 3
x+1 4 Multiply 2 by 3:
b =
2x − 1 3 3y − 3x = 15 . . . 4
3(x + 1) = 4(2x − 1) 3 + 4 gives −y = 39, so y = −39
Substitute into 2:
3x + 3 = 8x − 4
−39 − x = 5, so x = −44
8x − 3x = 3 + 4
5x = 7 n+m
3 a
7 b
x=
5 b
b
3x c+b
c − 7 = 11
5 c d
3x
= 18 6
5 d
q− p
3x = 90
m+n
x = 30 e
m−n
2x + 1 x − 1
d = a2
5 2 f
a−1
2(2x + 1) = 5(x − 1)
4x + 2 = 5x − 5 5  5
4 a intercepts , 0 , 0,
x=7 2 3

2 a y= x+4 ... 1
5y + 2x = 6 ... 2
Substitute 1 into 2:
5(x + 4) + 2x = 6
5x + 20 + 2x = 6
7x = −14 b intercepts (6, 0), (0, −6)

x = −2
Substitute into 1:
y = −2 + 4 = 2

70
 p
6 distance = (2 − (−1))2 + (4 − 6)2
p
= 32 + (−2)2
√
= 9+4
√
= 13

4 + (−2) 6 + 8
!
c intercepts (2, 0), (0, 3) 7 Midpoint = , = (1, 7)
2 2

8 a Let (x, y) be the coordinates of Y.

x + (−6) y + 2
!
, = (8, 3)
2 2
x − 6) y+2
∴ = 8 and =3
2 2
∴ x = 22 and y = 4

b Let (x, y) be the coordinates of Y.

5 a y − 3 = −2(x − 1)
x + (−1) y + (−4)
!
y = −2x + 5 , = (2, −8)
2 2
8−4 x − 1) y−4
b m= =2 ∴ = 2 and = −8
3−1 2 2
∴ x = 5 and y = −12
y − 4 = 2(x − 1)
y = 2x + 2 "
2 1
# "
4 0
# "
6 1
#
9 a + =
c y = −2x + 6 has gradient m1 = −2; 3 2 1 2 4 4
for the gradient m2 of a perpendicular " #" # " #
2 1 4 0 9 2
line: m1 m2 = −1 b =
−1 1 3 2 1 2 14 4
m2 = =
−2 2 " #" # " #
2 1 −2 −1
1
y − 1 = (x − 1) c =
2 3 2 3 0
1 1
y= x+
" #" # " #
4 0 −2 −8
2 2 d =
1 2 3 4
d y = 6 − 2x has gradient −2; a parallel
"# " #
line has the same gradient: −2 −6
e 3 =
y − 1 = −2(x − 1) 3 9
y = −2x + 3 " #" # " #
4 0 2 1 8 4
f =
1 2 3 2 8 5

71
 " # " # " #
2 1 4 0 −2 1 a Checking back in the equations there
g − =
3 2 1 2 2 0 are infinitely many solutions when
"
# " # m = −2.
2 1 2k k Equation (1) becomes −2x − 4y = 1
h k =
3 2 3k 2k Equation (2) becomes 4x + 8y = −2
i " # " # " # " # b There is a unique solution for
2 1 4 0 42 12 0
2 +3 = + m ∈ R\{−2, −8}
3 2 1 2 64 3 6
" #
16 2
= 12 a 2x − 3y + z = 6 . . . (1)
910
" # " # " # " # −2x + 3y + z = 8 . . . (2)
2 1 4 0 2 1 8 0
j −2 = − Add (1) and (2)
3 2 1 2 3 2 2 4
" # 2z = 14
−6 1
= z=7
1 −2
Substitute in (1)
q 2x − 3y = −1
10 (10 − 5)2 + (y − 12)2 = 13 2x + 1
∴y=
3
25 + (y − 12)2 = 169
Let x = λ
(y − 12)2 = 144 2λ + 1
The solution is (λ, , 7) where
y − 12 = ±12 3
λ∈R
y = 0 or y = 24
b x − z + y = 6 . . . (1)
2x + z = 4 . . . (2)
11 mx − 4y = m + 3 . . . (1)
Let z = λ
4x + (m + 10)y = −2 . . . (2)
m 4−λ
Gradient of (1) = Then x =
4 2
Substitute in (1)
Gradient of (2) = −
4 4−λ
m + 10 −λ+y=6
2
Infinitely many or no solutions
8 + 3λ
when the gradients are the same. ∴y=
m 4 2
− = 4 − λ 3λ + 8
4 m + 10 The solution is ( , , λ)
2 2
m + 10m + 16 = 0
2
where λ ∈ R
(m + 8)(m + 2) = 0
m = −8 or m = −2

72
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 E y = mx + c 6 A Line passes through the points
1 (3, −2) and (−1, 10)
The m (gradient) value is − , y2 − y1 ,
2 ∴
It passes through the point (1, 4) x2 − x1
1 10 − −2
4=− 1+c =
2 −1 − 3
9 12
∴ c= =
2 −4
1 9 = −3
∴ y=− x+
2 2
2 E y = −2x + 4 7 A Eqn 1: y = 2x + 3
ax 4
Point (a, 3) Eqn 2: y = +
3 3
3 = −2a + 4 To be parallel gradients must be the
1
a= same.
2 a
∴ =2
3
3 D Line passes through the points ∴ a=6
(−2, 0) and (0, −1)
y2 − y1 8 C y = mx + c
∴
x2 − x1 10 − −2
−1 − 0 m=
= 3 − −1
0 − −2 m=3
1
m (gradient) = − Passes through the point (3, 10)
2
Perpendicular line = −
1 ∴ 10 = 9 + c
m ∴ c=1
1
∴ − =2 ∴ y = 3x + 1
1
−
2 9 B Distance between x points
x + x y + y 
2 1 2 1 = |x2 − x1 |
4 C Midpoint at ,
 2 17  2 2 = |5 − 1|
= − ,
2 2 =4
= (−1, 8.5) Distance between y points
= y2 − y1
5 B 2ax − 10by = 22
+ + + = | − 2 − 4|
4ax + 10by = 2 =6
∴ 6ax = 24 Using
√ Pythagoras
4
∴ x= 4 + 62
2
a √
Do not need to solve for y as there is = 52
only one possible option. √
= 2 13

73
10 C y = mx + c 12 A
Passes through points (4, 0) and (a − 1)x + 5y = 7 . . . (1)
(0, −3) 3x + (a − 3)y = 0 . . . (2)
−3 − 0
m= a−1
0−4 Gradient of (1) = −
3 5
m= 3
4 Gradient of (2) = −
Y intercept = −3 a−3
∴ c = −3 Infinitely many or no solutions
3 when the gradients are the same.
∴ f (x) = − 3
4 a−1 3
=
5 a−3
11 D bx + 3y = 0 . . . (1)
a − 4a − 12 = 0
2

4x + (b + 1)y = 0 . . . (2)
(a − 6)(a + 2) = 0
b
Gradient of (1) = − a = −2 or a = 6
3
4
Gradient of (2) = − 0+4 d−6
! !
d−6
b+1 13 D , = 2,
Infinitely many solutions when the 2 2 2
gradients are the same. 14 C Gradient of line segment joining
b 4
= 6
3 b+1 (3, 0) and (0, −6) is = 2 Gradient
3
b + b − 12 = 0
2
of line perpendivular to this is -
1
2
(b + 4)(b − 3) = 0
b = −4 or b = 3

74
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a Graph is a straight line passing through (100, 50) and (50, 75).

Note that extending it back to the P axis shows that the intercept is (0, 100); this is
confirmed in part b below.

b Relationship is linear: P = aN + b
P = 50, N = 100: 50 = 100a + b . . . 1
P = 75, N = 50: 75 = 50a + b ...3
1 − 2: 50a = −25
1
a=−
2
which implies b = 100
1
Hence P = − N + 100.
2
1
c i N = 88: P = − × 88 + 100
2
= 56
So the price would be $56.
1
ii P = 60: 60 = − N + 100
2
1
N = 40
2
N = 80
So the number of jackets would be 80.

2 a The rule is of the form p = at + b

When t = 3, p = 12000 and when t = 8, p = 19240
Therefore the equations
12000 = 3a + b1
and 19240 = 8a + b2 are satisfied.
Subtract 1 from 2 to give 5a = 7240.
Hence a = 1448

75
 Substitute in 1 to find that b = 7656
Therefore p = 1448t + 7656

The p axis intercept gives the initial population.

c When t = 10,
p = 14480 + 7656
= 22136

d The average rate of growth is the gradient. The growth rate is 1448 people per year.

7 + 2 5 + 2 9 7
a Midpoint of AB = , = ,
2 2 2 2
5−2 3
Gradient of AB = =−
2−7 5
Therefore equation of perpendicular bisector of AB is
7 5 9 
y− = x−
2 3 2
5
Therefore y = x − 4
3

76
 5
b Solving the equations y = 4x − 26 and y = x − 4 simultaneously for x and y will
3
give the coordinates of D
5
Consider 4x − 26 = x − 4
3
7x
= 22
3
66
x=
7
66 82
Substitute x = in the equation y = 4x − 26 to give y =
7  66 82  7
Coordinates of D are ,
7 7
5
c Line BC is perpendicular to line AB. Therefore gradient of BC is
3
5−c
d B(2, 5) and C(8, c). The gradient of BC can also be written as
−6
5−c 5
Therefore =
−6 3
Solving for c gives c = 15

e The area will be found by calculating the area of triangle DXA and trapezium 
9 7
BCDX. Let X be the midpoint of AB. From the above the coordinates of X are ,
s 2 2
 66 9 2  82 7 2
Distance XD = − + −
7 2 7 2
r
8993
=
98
√
23 34
=
14 s
 5 2  3 2
Distance XA = distance XB = +
2 2
r
17
=
2
Area = area of triangle DXA + area of trapezium BCDX.
1 1
= XA × XB + BX(BC + XD)
2 2
1
= AX(BX + 2XD)
2
629
=
14

77
4

 9
a Midpoint of BC = 4,
2
8−1 7
Gradient of AB = =−
2−6 4
4
Therefore gradient of perpendicular bisector =
7
The equation of the perpendicular bisector is
9 4
y − = (x − 4)
2 7
4 31
Therefore y = x +
7 14
b The perpendicular bisector passes through C as the triangle is isosceles.
4 31 59
When x = 3.5, y = × 3.5 + =
7 14 14
 7 59
The coordinates of C are ,
2 14
√
c The length of AB = (6 − 2)2 + (1 − 8)2 = 65
p

1 √
d The area of the triangle = × 65 × XC where X is the midpoint of AB
r 2 √
7  2  59 9 2 65
XC = −4 + − =
2 14 2 √ 14
1 √ 65 65
Therefore area = × 65 × = square units.
2 14 28
5 A(−4, 6) and B(6, −7)
 −4 + 6 6 + −2   1
a Midpoint = , = 1, −
2 2 2
√
b/c The length AB = (−7 − 6)2 + (6 − −4)2 = 269 = the distance between A and B
p

78
 6 − −7
d gradient of AB =
−4 − 6
13
=−
10
13
The equation of AB is y − 6 = − (x + 4)
10
Rearranging gives
13 4
y=− x+
10 5
10
e The perpendicular bisector has gradient
13
1 10
The equation is y + = (x − 1)
2 13
10 33
Therefore y = x−
13 26
f

Triangles AXP and PY B are similar with scale factor 3.

AX : PY = 3 : 1
6−b 3
Therefore =
b+7 1
15
Therefore b = −
4
Also XP : Y B = 3
a+4
=3
6−a
7
a=
2  7 15 
coordinates of P are , −
2 4
g

Triangles AXB and AY P are similar with scale factor 3.

Therefore

79
 a+4 3
=
10 1
a = 26
b−6
Also =3
−7 − 6
b = −33
The coordinates of P are (26, −33)

6 a 25% of 500 = 125

125 litres of acid is required to produce 500 litres of a 25% acid solution.

b Let x denote the amount of 30% solution.

Let y denote the amount of 18% solution.
∴ x + y = 500 1
0.3x + 0.18y = 125 3
From 1 y = 500 − x. Substitute in 2
∴ 0.3x + 0.18(500 − x) = 125
∴ (0.3 − 0.18)x + 90 = 125
∴ 0.12x = 35
875
∴ x=
3
875 625
Substitute in 1 y = 500 − =
3 3
875 625
litres of the 30% solution and litres of the 18% solution are required.
3 3
Graphical Calculator techniques for Question 6.
In a Calculator page use Algebra>Solve System of Equations>Solve System of
Equations.
For exact answers enter decimal inputs as fractions such as 30/100 or 30 as shown.

80