Zrinka PREMUŽIĆ, Petra RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ

STAROHRVATSKA POPULACIJA IZ TRIBLJA

- ZDRAVLJE I BOLESTI
EARLY CROATIAN POPULATION FROM TRIBALJ
- HEALTH AND DISEASES

Zrinka Premužić, dipl. antropolog Zrinka Premužić, BA

Znanstvena novakinja Research Assistant
Institut za antropologiju Institute for Anthropological Research
Gajeva 32, 10000 Zagreb Gajeva 32, 10000 Zagreb
[email protected] [email protected]

Dr. sc. Petra Rajić Šikanjić Petra Rajić Šikanjić, Ph.D.

Znanstvena suradnica Research Associate
Institut za antropologiju Institute for Anthropological Research
Gajeva 32, 10000 Zagreb Gajeva 32, 10000 Zagreb
[email protected] [email protected]

UDK 726.8:[572.08:616-091.5](497.5 Tribalj)“653” UDC 726.8:[572.08:616-091.5](497.5 Tribalj)“653”

Izvorni znanstveni članak An original scientific article
Primljeno: 9. 6. 2011. Received: June 9, 2011
Odobreno: 7. 9. 2011. Approved: September 7, 2011

U radu su prikazani rezultati analize ljudskih skeletnih This paper presents the results of an analysis of human skeletal
ostataka sa starohrvatskog groblja u Triblju. U uzorku, koji remains from the Early Croatian cemetery at Tribalj. The
čini 25 osoba iz 18 grobova, uočeni su lomovi kostiju, skorbut, analysed sample consisted of 25 individuals from 18 graves.
tuberkuloza, osteopenija i osteoporoza, degenerativni osteoartritis Skeletal remains showed evidence of fractures, scurvy, tuberculosis,
te Schmorlovi defekti. Također je uočena neočekivana spolna i osteopenia and osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and Schmorl’s nodes.
dobna raspodjela uzorka. Podaci upućuju na nešto lošije životne We also observed an unexpected sex and age distribution.The
uvjete starohrvatskih stanovnika Triblja te otvaraju pitanja o analysis indicates poor living standards of the Early Croatian
pogrebnim običajima Vinodola u ranom srednjem vijeku. inhabitants of Tribalj and raises questions about burial customs
at Vinodol in the Early Middle Ages.

Ključne riječi: Tribalj, starohrvatsko groblje, ljudski Key words: Tribalj, Early Croatian cemetery, human
skeletni ostaci, antropološka analiza skeletal remains, anthropological analysis

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Groblje kod crkve sv. Marije u Triblju The cemetery near the
Church of St. Mary at Tribalj

P očetkom 20. stoljeća na terenu oko crkve Pohođenja

Marijina (crkva sv. Marije) u Triblju slučajno su
pronađeni grobovi s nalazima starohrvatskoga nakita,
I n the beginning of the 20th century graves were
accidentally unearthed near the church of theVisitation
of Mary (Church of St. Mary) at Tribalj. Graves contained
točnije dviju brončanih naušnica s jednom jagodom Early Croatian jewelry, namely two bronze single-beaded
(Cetinić, 1998). Prilikom gradnje ceste sjeverno od earrings (Cetinić, 1998). Several other graves were
crkve 1946. godine nađeno je još nekoliko grobova. discovered in 1946 during road construction works to
Unatoč ranijim saznanjima o postojanju groblja na tom the north of the church. Even though the existence of the
lokalitetu, sustavna istraživanja su provedena tek 1999. i cemetery on this site was previously known, systematic
2002. godine. Ovim novijim istraživanjima otkriveno excavations were conducted in 1999 and 2002. These
je 18 grobova. Svi grobovi se, po svojim značajkama i excavations discovered 18 graves that are part of a larger
grobnim nalazima, okvirno datiraju od 9. do 11. stoljeća demolished Early Croatian cemetery, destroyed by gravel
te pripadaju većem uništenom starohrvatskom groblju. extraction, as well as recent architectural projects, planting
Navedeno groblje nalazilo se na području crkve sv. of trees and park landscaping. Based on grave findings,
Marije te je uništeno dugotrajnim vađenjem šljunka, these 18 graves are dated from the 9th to the 11th century.
novijim graditeljskim zahvatima, sadnjom drvoreda i The site at the church of St. Mary belongs to the
uređenjem parka. geographical region of Vinodol.Vinodol is located in the
Nalazište kod crkve sv. Marije u Triblju pripada eastern part of the Kvarner coastal belt, and covers the
zemljopisnoj cjelini Vinodola. Vinodol je smješten area from Križišće in the northwest to NoviVinodolski in
u istočnom dijelu priobalnog kvarnerskog pojasa, a the southeast, as well as the Vinodol seaboard that extends
obuhvaća prostor od Križišća na sjeverozapadu do Novog along the coast of the Vinodol Channel (Matejčić, 1988).
Vinodolskog na jugoistoku te područje Vinodolskog The importance of Vinodol lies in its natural features, an
primorja uz obalu Vinodolskog kanala (Matejčić, 1988). abundance of fertile fields plentiful in water, combined
Važnost Vinodola potječe iz prirodnih osobina, obilja with its location at the crossroads of trade routes
plodnih polja i voda u kombinaciji sa smještajem na connecting the Mediterranean with its mountainous
sjecištu prometnih pravaca prostora Mediterana te and Pannonian hinterland.
planinskog i panonskog zaleđa. Archaeological research confirms that by the 9 th
Arheološka istraživanja potvrđuju da su u 9. stoljeću century the Croats are native to this region. Finds from
Hrvati na tom području već starosjedioci. Nalazi iz Early Croatian cemeteries in Veli Dol near Križišće,
starohrvatskih grobalja u Velom Dolu kod Križišća, Gorica near Stranče, Tribalj, and from the devastated
na Gorici kod sela Stranče, kod crkve sv. Marije u cemetery at Bribir, prove that the Vinodol region was
Triblju i s uništenog groblja u Bribiru svjedoče o ranom settled by Croats at a very early stage (Cetinić, 1998).
naseljavanju Hrvata na prostor Vinodola (Cetinić, 1998). During the archaeological excavations near the Church
Prilikom arheološkog iskopavanja kod crkve sv. of St. Mary in 1999, eight graves were discovered (probe
Marije 1999. godine nađeno je 8 grobova (sonda 1: grob 1: grave 1; probe 5: graves 1-7), whereas in 2002 another
1; sonda 5: grobovi 1-7), dok je u nastavku istraživanja ten graves were discovered (probe 5a: graves 8-14, 15/16,
2002. godine nađeno njih još 10 (sonda 5a: grobovi 17-18). All the graves were oriented in the east-west
8-14, 15/16, 17-18). Istraženi grobovi postavljeni su direction, with major or minor deviations (Cetinić, 1999,
u redove orijentacije istok-zapad, s manjim ili većim 2002). Several graves (graves 10, 11, 12) had not been fully
otklonom od navedenog pravca (Cetinić, 1999, 2002). excavated because they are mostly situated underneath
Nekoliko grobova (grobovi 10, 11, 12) nije u potpunosti the church.
istraženo budući da se većim dijelom nalaze ispod Most burials are single inhumations, but there are also
arhitekture crkve. some multiple burials (graves 1, 7, 11, 13 and 15/16).
Većinu grobova čine pojedinačni ukopi, no prisutno These are mostly earthen grave pits, whereas only a
je i nekoliko primjera sahranjivanja više osoba (grobovi minority of them are lined with irregular stone. All
1, 7, 11, 13 i 15/16). Grobovi su većinom jednostavne burials are skeletal, with the deceased on their backs.The
rake, a manji dio ih je djelomično ograđen neobrađenim most common finds are jewelry (earrings and circlets),
kamenjem. Svi su ukopi kosturni, s pokojnicima however, a buckle, an appliqué element, a fragment of
položenim na leđa. Najčešći grobni nalaz je nakit metal, and a knife were also discovered.

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(naušnice i karičice), a nađeni su još i kopča, aplika, Studying the skeletal remains of archaeological
ulomak lima nepoznate namjene te nož. populations we can understand their living conditions and
Proučavanjem skeletnih ostataka arheoloških lifestyle, but we can also gain an insight into their health
populacija saznajemo o uvjetima i načinu njihova and disease. Most of this knowledge can be obtained
života, kao i zdravlju i bolestima. Većina tih podataka solely by examining and analysing the recovered skeletal
može se dobiti jedino pregledom i analizom skeletnog material. By combining this data with archaeological
materijala. Objedinjavanjem sakupljenih podataka s and historical information, we obtain a more complete
onima arheološkim i povijesnim stječe se potpunija picture of life of the analysed populations.
slika o životu istraživanih populacija.
Methods of analysis
Metode analize The recovered human skeletal remains have been
Sakupljeni ljudski skeletni ostaci detaljno su examined and analyzed in order to obtain information
pregledani i analizirani ne bi li se prikupili podaci o regarding health and disease of the Early Croatian
zdravlju i bolestima starohrvatske populacije Triblja. population at Tribalj.The analysis of the remains consisted
Analiza je obuhvatila popisivanje svih kostiju i zglobnih of recording of present bones and joint surfaces, age and
površina, određivanje spola i starosti osobe u trenutku sex determination, and recording of pathological changes.
smrti te bilježenje patoloških promjena na kostima i A precise determination of sex and age is the basis for
zglobnim ploštinama. a demographic picture of a population, and for all further
Točno određeni spol i dob u trenutku smrti temelj analyses and comparisons.
su demografske slike određene populacije, ali i osnova Morphological characteristics of the skull and pelvic
za sve daljnje analize i usporedbe. girdle were used to determine the sex. Although there
Pri određivanju spola uzorka iz Triblja korištene su are several methods of determining the sex of infants, in
morfološke karakteristike lubanje i zdjeličnog obruča. the Tribalj sample sex was not determined for individuals
Iako postoji nekoliko metoda određivanja spola djece, under 20 years of age.The pelvic girdle is considered the
na uzorku iz Triblja on nije određen kod osoba mlađih most important and most reliable for sex determination
od 20 godina. Zdjelični obruč smatra se najvažnijom due to its shape adapted to pregnancy and childbirth.
i najsigurnijom kosti za određivanje spola, zbog svog The most reliable characteristics are the ventral arc, the
oblika koji je kod žena prilagođen trudnoći i rađanju. subpubic concavity and the form of the ischiopubic ramus
Najpouzdanije spolno ovisne karakteristike su ventralni ridge (Phenice, 1969). We also used two characteristics
greben, subpubični konkavitet i širina medijalnog on the pelvic bone: shape of the greater sciatic notch
ruba donje grane na preponskoj kosti (Phenice, 1969). and presence of the preauricular sulcus (Bass, 1971;
Osim navedenih karakteristika korištene su i dvije WEA, 1980). As an additional method, the following
karakteristike na zdjeličnoj kosti: širina gornjeg velikog morphological features of skull were used: robusticity
sjednog ureza i prisutnost predaurikularnog sulkusa of the nuchal crest, size of mastoid processes, sharpness
(Bass, 1971; WEA, 1980). Kao dodatna metoda korištene of the supraorbital margin, prominence of glabella and
su sljedeće morfološke karakteristike lubanje: razvijenost projection of the mental eminence (Bass, 1971; Schwartz,
nuhalnog područja zatiljne kosti, veličina mastoidnih 1995; WEA, 1980). If it was not possible to accurately
procesa sljepoočne kosti, zaobljenost supraorbitalnih determine sex due to a lack of skeletal elements, the
rubova, izraženost supraorbitalnih lukova i izraženost individual was included in the broader adult category.
brade (Bass, 1971; Schwartz, 1995; WEA, 1980). In determining the age of adults we used morphological
Ukoliko zbog nedostataka koštanih elemenata spol nije changes on the pubic symphysis and auricular surface
mogao biti precizno određen, osoba je smještena u širu of the pelvic bone and the degree of cranial suture
kategoriju odrasle osobe. closure. Morphological changes on the pubic symphysis
Pri određivanju dobi odraslih osoba korištene su are considered the most reliable for determining age
morfološke promjene na spojnoj ploštini preponske at death, since the symphysis changes its appearance
kosti, morfološke promjene na zglobnoj ploštini bočne with ageing. We used the Todd method (Todd, 1921a,
kosti i stupanj sraštavanja lubanjskih šavova. Morfološke 1921b) which divides the changes in ten phases, from
promjene na spojnoj ploštini preponske kosti smatraju eighteen to over fifty years. Morphological changes on
se najpouzdanijim kriterijem za određivanje dobi u the auricular surface likewise show regular chronological
trenutku smrti, budući da ploština s godinama mijenja changes related to a certain age.We used the Lovejoy and
svoj izgled. Na uzorku se koristila metoda po Toddu associates method (Lovejoy et al, 1985) which divides

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(Todd, 1921a, 1921b), koja promjene na ploštini dijeli changes into eight phases, from twenty to more than
na deset faza, od osamnaeste do više od pedesete godine sixty years. Because cranial sutures close regularly with
života. Morfološke promjene na zglobnoj ploštini bočne increasing age, they were used as an additional method
kosti također pokazuju pravilne kronološke promjene of age determination. The Meindl and Lovejoy method
vezane uz određenu dob. Korištena je metoda Lovejoya i (Meindl and Lovejoy, 1985) used in the analysis, records
suradnika (Lovejoy i sur., 1985), koja navedene promjene the degree of cranial suture closure for ten ectocranial
dijeli u osam faza, u razdoblju od dvadesete do više and five lateral-anterior sites.
od šezdesete godine života. Budući da lubanjski šavovi After comparing the results of used methods, an
pravilno sraštavaju s povećanjem dobi, korišteni su kao adult was included into one of the age categories:
dodatna metoda njena određivanja. Metoda Meindla i young adults (20-34 years), middle-aged adults (35-
Lovejoya (Meindl i Lovejoy, 1985) korištena u analizi 49 years) and older adults (50+ years). If it was not
popisuje stupanj sraštavanja šavova za deset točaka na possible to accurately determine age due to a lack of
svodu lubanje i pet lateralno-anteriornih točaka. skeletal elements, the individual was included into a
Nakon uspoređivanja rezultata korištenih metoda wider category of adults.
odrasla osoba je svrstana u jednu od dobnih kategorija: In determining the age of infants, we used the
mlađa odrasla osoba (20-34 godina), srednja odrasla chronology of the union of epiphyses and diaphyses and
osoba (35-49 godina) i starija odrasla osoba (50+ godina). the stage of deciduous and permanent teeth formation.
Ukoliko zbog nedostataka koštanih elemenata dob nije During puberty, epiphyses and diaphyses of long bones,
mogla biti precizno određena, osoba je smještena u širu previously separated, start fusing together at a known
kategoriju odrasle osobe. age. Existing standards (Scheuer and Black, 2004) were
Pri određivanju dobi djece korišteni su kronologija employed for age determination. The most reliable
spajanja epifiza s dijafizama i stupanj razvoja mliječnih method for determining the age of infants is based
i trajnih zubi. U razdoblju puberteta epifize i dijafize on the development of teeth, since the environmental
dugih kostiju, koje su do tada bile odvojene, počinju impact on them is negligible (Buikstra and Ubelaker,
se postupno spajati po poznatom redoslijedu. Pri 1994). For our analysis we used methods based on
određivanju dobi korišteni su postojeći standardi determining the degree of development of the crown
(Scheuer i Black, 2004). Najpouzdanija metoda za and root of deciduous and permanent teeth (Ubelaker,
određivanje dobi djece temelji se na razvoju zubi, 1989).
budući da je utjecaj okoline na njih vrlo mali (Buikstra After comparing the results, the infants were classified
i Ubelaker, 1994). Pri analizi su korištene metode koje se into one of these age categories: birth - 5 years, 5-10
temelje na određivanju stupnja razvoja krune i korijena years, 10-15 years, and 15-20 years.
mliječnih i trajnih zubi (Ubelaker, 1989). The skeletal remains of all individuals were examined in
Nakon uspoređivanja rezultata, djeca su svrstana u order to detect any pathological changes. Unfortunately,
jednu od dobnih kategorija: rođenje - 5 godina, 5 - 10 few diseases leave distinct traces on bones. At times it is
godina, 10 - 15 godina, 15 - 20 godina. extremely difficult to determine the cause of these changes
Skeletni ostaci svih osoba pregledani su ne bi li se because many stress factors cause identical changes on
uočile patološke promjene. Nažalost, malobrojne bolesti bones (Ortner, 2003; Roberts and Manchester, 2005). For
ostavljaju prepoznatljive tragove na kostima. Prisutnim the identification and diagnosis of pathological changes
promjenama je katkad vrlo teško utvrditi uzrok, budući we used Ortner criteria (Ortner, 2003), as well as Mann
da mnogi čimbenici stresa uzrokuju istovjetne reakcije and Murphy criteria (Mann and Murphy, 1990).
na kostima (Ortner, 2003; Roberts i Manchester, 2005).
Za identif ikaciju i dijagnozu patoloških promjena The analysis of skeletal remains
korišteni su kriteriji Ortnera (Ortner, 2003) te Manna Table I (T. I) shows the sex and age distribution of the
i Murphyja (Mann i Murphy, 1990). analyzed sample. The sample consists of 25 individuals,
20 adults (80%), and 5 infants (20%). There are 13 males
Analiza skeletnih ostataka (65%), 6 females (30%), and an adult whose sex could
U tablici I (T. I) prikazana je raspodjela analiziranog not be determined (5%).
uzorka po spolu i dobi. U uzorku je prisutno 25 osoba, Most of the adults from this sample, 11 (55%), were
od toga 20 odraslih (80%) i 5 djece (20%). Od odraslih aged between 35 and 49 years.There are four individuals
osoba 13 (65%) je muškaraca, 6 (30%) su žene, a jednoj (20%) aged between 20 and 34 years, and four individuals
osobi (5%) spol nije mogao biti određen. (20%) older than 50. For one individual (5%) it was not

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Najveći broj odraslih osoba u uzorku, njih 11 (55%), possible to accurately determine age, so we listed this
starosti je 35-49 godina. Po četiri osobe (20%) starosti person only as an adult. Of the five infants, three of them
su 20-34 godine i više od 50 godina. Jednoj osobi (5%) were 5 to10 years old, while one is in the 0 to 5 years
dob nije mogla biti precizno određena pa je opisana group, and another in the 10-15 years group.
samo kao odrasla. Od petero djece njih troje je u skupini In the analyzed sample from Tribalj, the following
5-10 godina, dok je po jedno dijete starosti 0-5 godina pathological conditions were observed: fractures, scurvy,
i 10-15 godina. tuberculosis, osteopenia and osteoporosis, osteoarthritis
Na analiziranom uzorku iz Triblja uočena su sljedeća and Schmorl’s nodes.
patološka stanja: lomovi kostiju, skorbut, tuberkuloza,
osteopenija i osteoporoza, degenerativni osteoartritis i Fracture
Schmorlovi defekti. Fractures are the most widely observed skeletal traumas.
They are relatively easy to diagnose by the presence of
Lom kostiju bilateral bone asymmetry, bone displacement, bone callus
Prijelomi ili frakture kostiju najčešće su uočene and fracture lines. Fractures are caused by an external
traume na skeletnom materijalu. Relativno se lako force that by direct or indirect action results in a complete
dijagnosticiraju, i to uz pomoć prisutnosti bilateralne or partial fracture (Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martín,
asimetrije kostiju, pomaka kosti, koštanih kalusa i linija 2003; Ortner, 2003).The study of fractures provides direct
frakture. Prijelom kosti uzrokuje vanjska sila, koja evidence of activities, either intentional or accidental
svojim izravnim ili neizravnim djelovanjem dovodi ones, which were performed in everyday life (Roberts
do potpunog ili djelomičnog loma (Aufderheide i and Manchester, 2005).
Rodríguez-Martín, 2003; Ortner, 2003). Proučavanje In the analyzed sample, fractures are present on
lomova pruža neposredni dokaz o slučajnim i namjernim three males: a skull fracture in graves 1 and 17, a radius
aktivnostima u svakodnevnom životu (Roberts i fracture in grave 14, and an elbow fracture in grave 17.All
Manchester, 2005). observed fractures healed during life. Both skull fractures
U analiziranom uzorku lomovi kostiju prisutni su are depressions, meaning that a concavity is visible on the
kod trojice muškaraca: fraktura lubanje u grobovima 1 cranial vault. Of the 11 preserved skulls, two (18%) have
i 17, fraktura palčane kosti u grobu 14 te fraktura lakta depression fractures. We are not able to determine with
u grobu 17. Svi uočeni lomovi zarasli su za vrijeme certainty cause of the fractures, because they could be
života osobe. Obje frakture lubanje depresijskog su either the result of a random accident or of intentional
tipa, što znači da je na kosti vidljivo udubljenje. Od violence. Fractures of long bones were observed only
11 očuvanih lubanja depresijske frakture prisutne su na on the arm bones, three of a total of 51 preserved bones
njih dvije (18%). Uzrok njihovog nastanka ne može se (6%). The most common cause of long bone fractures
sa sigurnošću utvrditi, budući da je do loma moglo doći is a random event, such as a fall or some other accident.
slučajnom nezgodom ili namjernim nasiljem. Frakture The depression fracture that penetrated the vault of
dugih kostiju uočene su samo na kostima ruku, i to njih the right parietal bone of a male aged 20 to 34 years
tri na 51 očuvanoj kosti (6%). Najčešći uzrok takvih from grave 1, is oval in shape and measures 14x26 mm.
fraktura dugih kostiju je slučajni događaj, kao što je Three fractures were observed on male over fifty years
pad ili neka druga nezgoda. old from grave 17. The shallow, oval depression fracture
Depresijska fraktura koja je probila svod desne on the right parietal bone measures 26x19 mm, and did
tjemene kosti kod muškarca starosti 20-34 godine iz not penetrate the cranial vault. Furthermore, fracture lines
groba 1 ovalnog je oblika i dimenzija 14x26 mm. are visible on the proximal articular surface of the left
Kod muškarca starijeg od 50 godina iz groba 17 radius and ulna. All described fractures found on this
uočene su tri frakture. Plitka, ovalna depresijska fraktura individual are most probably the result of a single random
na desnoj tjemenoj kosti dimenzija je 26x19 mm te nije occurrence, i.e. a fall or some other accident.
probila svod lubanje. Osim toga, linije frakture vidljive A fracture of the right radius was observed on a male
su na proksimalnim zglobnim ploštinama lijeve palčane aged 35 to 49 years from grave 14. A large bone callus
i lakatne kosti. Sve opisane frakture kod ove osobe is present in the middle of the bone, while the lower
najvjerojatnije su nastale kao posljedica istog slučajnog half has moved medially because it healed up incorrectly
događaja, odnosno pada ili nezgode. (Fig. 1). Present callus was created as part of the healing
Fraktura desne palčane kosti prisutna je kod process, which resulted in the renewed joining of the
muškarca starosti 35-49 godina iz groba 14. Na sredini fractured parts.

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kosti prisutan je koštani kalus većih dimenzija, dok je Scurvy

donja polovica kosti uslijed nepravilnog zaraštavanja Scurvy is a disease caused by a chronic lack of vitamin
pomaknuta prema medijalnoj strani (slika 1). Vidljivi C (Brown and Ortner, 2009). Since humans cannot
kalus nastao je kao dio procesa zacjeljivanja kosti, pri synthesize or store vitamin C, it must be regularly
čemu je došlo do ponovnog spajanja slomljenih dijelova. supplied into the organism by food (Waldron, 2009). A
lack of vitamin C leads to a weakening of blood vessel
walls and causes bleeding. The first symptoms usually
appear after a period of one to three months, whereas
bleeding occurs only after a period of six months (Mays,
2008). If bleeding occurs near the bone, the results are
an increased porosity and a new layer of bone (Roberts
and Manchester, 2005). Changes on the skull are usually
visible on the outer surface of the skull, orbital roofs, upper
jaw, the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, the palatine
bone and mandible (Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martín,
2003; Ortner, 2003).
Of the 5 infants present in the analyzed sample, 4 of
them (80%) exhibit changes typical for scurvy. A new
layer of bone and increased porosity were observed in
parts of the skull of two infants aged 5 to 10 years from
grave 11 (Fig. 2). Increased porosity is present on parts of
the skull of an infant from grave 13, under 5 years of age,
and an infant from grave 2, aged 10 to 15 years.

Sl.1 Fraktura desne palčane kosti muškarca iz groba 14

Fig. 1 Fracture of the right radius of a male from grave 14

Skorbut
Skorbut je bolest koju uzrokuje kronični nedostatak
vitamina C (Brown i Ortner, 2009). Budući da ljudi
ne mogu sintetizirati ni pohranjivati vitamin C, moraju
ga redovito unositi prehranom (Waldron, 2009).
Nedostatak vitamina C u organizmu dovodi do slabljenja
stijenki krvnih žila te krvarenja. Prvi simptomi obično
se javljaju nakon jednog do tri mjeseca, a krvarenje tek Sl.2 Poroznost na lijevoj očnici djeteta iz groba 11
nakon šest mjeseci (Mays, 2008). Ukoliko do krvarenja Fig. 2 Porosity on the left orbit of an infant from grave 11
dođe u blizini kosti, javljuju se pojačana poroznost i
novi sloj kosti (Roberts i Manchester, 2005). Promjene Tuberculosis
na lubanji najčešće su vidljive na vanjskoj površini Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the
lubanje, svodovima očnica, gornjoj čeljusti, velikom Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium, and its occurrence
krilu klinaste kosti, nepčanoj kosti i donjoj čeljusti is associated with poverty, poor living conditions and
(Aufderheide i Rodríguez-Martín, 2003; Ortner, 2003). an inappropriate diet (Waldron, 2009). At particular risk
Od 5 djece prisutnih u analiziranom uzorku, kod njih are the elderly, malnourished and already ill individuals.
4 (80%) uočene su promjene tipične za skorbut. Novi The disease almost always starts in the lungs but can
sloj kosti i pojačana poroznost uočeni su na dijelovima spread to other parts of the body, including bones. In
lubanje dva djeteta starosti 5-10 godina iz groba 11 (slika this case the most affected parts of the skeleton are the
2). Promjene u obliku pojačane poroznosti prisutne su ribs and vertebrae (Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martín,

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na dijelovima lubanje djeteta starosti do 5 godina iz 2003; Roberts and Manchester, 2005).The characteristic
groba 13 te djeteta starosti 10-15 godina iz groba 2. changes that appear on the ribs are in the form of a new
bone layer on the interior side.The thoracic and lumbar
Tuberkuloza vertebrae are mainly affected, leading to the collapse of
Tuberkuloza je zarazna bolest koju uzrokuje bakterija their bodies.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a njena pojava povezuje se sa The 50+ year old male from grave 5 has a new bone
siromaštvom, lošim životnim uvjetima i neprimjerenom layer on the interior side of the 16 rib fragments (Fig. 3).
ishranom (Waldron, 2009). Osobe koje čine rizičnu Additionally the body of a lumbar vertebra had collapsed,
skupinu su one starije dobi, pothranjene ili već oboljele. leading to indentation on the upper side of the body.
Žarište bolesti je gotovo uvijek u plućima, no može se These changes are typical for tuberculosis.
proširiti i na ostale dijelove tijela, uključujući i kosti.
U tom slučaju najčešće zahvaćeni dijelovi kostura su Osteopenia and osteoporosis
rebra i kralješci (Aufderheide i Rodríguez-Martín, Osteopenia and osteoporosis are terms indicating a
2003; Roberts i Manchester, 2005). Na rebrima se reduced bone mineral density (Ortner, 2003), osteopenia
karakteristične promjene javljaju kao novi sloj kosti being the less severe form of the disease. At present it is
na unutrašnjoj strani. Najčešće su zahvaćeni prsni i considered that the main causes for this disease are age, a
slabinski kralješci te dolazi do urušavanja njihovih tijela. diet low in calcium or high in proteins, a lack of physical
Kod muškarca starijeg od 50 godina iz groba 5 prisutan activity, hormones, a genetic predisposition, numerous
je novi sloj kosti na unutrašnjoj strani 16 ulomaka rebara pregnancies and prolonged periods of breastfeeding
(slika 3). Uz to, tijelo jednog slabinskog kralješka je (Roberts and Manchester, 2005).
urušeno, što se očituje udubljenjem na gornjoj strani Osteopenia and osteoporosis are characterized by
tijela. Navedene promjene tipične su za tuberkulozu. a decreased bone density that manifests itself through

Sl.3 Novi sloj kosti na tri ulomka rebara muškarca iz groba 5

Fig. 3 A new bone layer on three rib fragments of a male from grave 5

Osteopenija i osteoporoza changes in the mass and quantity of trabecular and

Osteopenija i osteoporoza su termini koji označavaju cortical bone (Gonzales-Reimers et al, 2007). However,
smanjenu gustoću kostiju (Ortner, 2003), pri čemu je to confirm osteoporosis a fracture caused by the loss of
osteopenija blaži oblik bolesti. Za sada se smatra da su bone mass is necessary. The radius, femoral neck, and
glavni čimbenici njihova nastanka starija dob, prehrana bodies of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are parts of
siromašna kalcijem ili bogata proteinima, nedostatak the skeleton most likely affected by fractures caused by
fizičke aktivnosti, hormoni, genetske predispozicije te osteoporosis.

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brojne trudnoće i duga razdoblja dojenja (Roberts i On the two women from graves 11 and 13, aged
Manchester, 2005). between 35 and 49 years, we observed a decrease in
Osteopeniju i osteoporozu obilježava smanjena the bone mass of long bones. Since the mass is lower
gustoća kostiju, koja se očituje promjenama u masi than expected for this age group, osteopenia could be
i količini trabekularne i kortikalne kosti (Gonzales- confirmed.
Reimers i sur., 2007), no za postavljanje dijagnoze A 35 to 49 year old male from grave 3 showed a
osteoporoze potrebna je i prisutnost frakture uzrokovane reduced mass of all bones, along with thinned cortical
gubitkom koštane mase. Palčana kost, vrat bedrene kosti bone and significantly reduced trabecular bone density. In
te tijela prsnih i slabinskih kralježaka dijelovi su skeleta addition, on the bodies of three thoracic and three lumbar
kod kojih najčešće dolazi do fraktura uzrokovanih vertebrae we observed compression fractures leading to
osteoporozom. the collapse and reduced height of the vertebral bodies
Kod dvije žene starosti 35-49 godina iz grobova 11 i (Fig. 4). These changes are consistent with osteoporosis.
13 uočeno je smanjenje koštane mase svih dugih kostiju.
Budući da je masa manja od one očekivane za tu dob,
postavljena je dijagnoza osteopenije.
Kod muškarca starosti 35-49 godina iz groba 3 uočena
je manja masa svih kostiju, uz stanjenu kortikalnu kost
i izrazito smanjenu gustoću trabekularne kosti. Uz to,
na tijelima tri prsna i tri slabinska kralješka prisutne
su kompresijske frakture, koje su dovele do urušavanja
i smanjene visine tijela kralježaka (slika 4). Navedene
promjene sukladne su promjenama koje izaziva
osteoporoza.
Sl.4 Kompresijske frakture dva prsna kralješka muškarca iz groba 3
Promjene na zglobovima dugih kostiju i kralješcima Fig. 4 Compression fractures of two thoracic vertebrae of a male from grave 3
U analiziranom uzorku uočena je prisutnost
degenerativnog osteoartritisa i Schmorlovih defekata. Changes on long bone joints and vertebrae
Ove patološke promjene djelomično dijele zajedničke A presence of degenerative osteoarthr itis and
uzroke i čimbenike pojave, mehanički stres i povećanu Schmorl’s nodes was noted in the analyzed sample.These
fizičku aktivnost. pathological changes share common causes and factors
Degenerativne promjene na zglobovima dugih of occurrence, mechanical stress and increased physical
kostiju i kralješcima najčešće su prisutna bolest zglobova activity.
u modernim i arheološkim populacijama. Glavno Degenerative changes of long bone joints and
obilježje degenerativne bolesti ili osteoartritisa su upala vertebrae are the most common joint diseases present
i destrukcija kosti i pripadajuće hrskavice. Smatra se da in modern and archaeological populations. The main
su glavni čimbenici nastanka povećana dob i genetska characteristics of a degenerative disease or osteoarthritis
predispozicija te mehanički stres i pojačana f izička are an inflammation and destruction of the bone and
aktivnost (Roberts i Manchester, 2005). Osteoartritične its cartilage. It is believed that the main causes of this
promjene po intenzitetu se dijele u nekoliko stupnjeva. disease are old age and a genetic predisposition, as well
Blaži oblici su osteof itske izrasline uz rub zglobne as mechanical stress and increased physical activity
površine i poroznost na površini kosti dok je najteži oblik (Roberts and Manchester, 2005). Osteoarthritic changes
eburnirana, odnosno polirana površina (Aufderheide i are divided into several degrees based on their intensity.
Rodríguez-Martín, 2003; Ortner, 2003). Less severe forms are marginal osteophytes on the edge
Schmorlov defekt je vrsta hernije intervertebralnog of the joint surface and porosity on the surface of the
diska. Nastaje kada pulpozni dio diska probije hrskavicu bone, while the most severe form is an eburnated or
i proširi se gore ili dolje u tijelo kralješka. Rezultat polished surface (Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martín,
prolapsa je plitki okrugli ili bubrežasti defekt, obično ne 2003; Ortner, 2003).
veći od centimetra u promjeru. Etiologija Schmorlovih Schmorl’s node is a type of intervertebral disc hernia.
defekata još nije do kraja razjašnjena, no više autora It forms when the nucleus pulposus of the disc breaks
(McWhirr i sur., 1982; Schmorl i Junghans, 1971) through the cartilage and penetrates up or down into
napominje da traume i teške fizičke aktivnosti, posebno the vertebral body.The result of the prolapse is a shallow,

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u doba adolescencije, mogu potaknuti njihov nastanak. round or kidney-shaped defect, usually no larger than
U analiziranom uzorku degenerativne promjene na a centimeter in diameter. The etiology of Schmorl’s
zglobovima dugih kostiju uočene su kod 5 osoba od nodes has not yet been completely clarified, but several
njih 14 (36%) s uščuvanim dugim kostima ruku i nogu, authors (McWhirr et al, 1982; Schmorl and Junghans,
dok promjene na kralježnici ima 11 osoba od njih 16 1971) noted that traumas and severe physical activities,
(69%) s najmanje očuvana četiri kralješka. U najvećem particularly during adolescence, are a predisposition for
broju slučajeva riječ je o promjenama slabog intenziteta, their development.
odnosno osteofitskim izraslinama ili blagoj poroznosti. In the analyzed sample, degenerative changes on joints
Kod tri muškarca (grobovi 5, 14 i 17) prisutne su of long bones were observed in 5 of 14 individuals (36%)
promjene najjačeg oblika gdje je uz osteofite i poroznost with preserved long bones of arms and legs, whereas
prisutna i eburnirana površina (slika 5). changes on the spine were present on 11 of 16 individuals
(69%) with at least four preserved vertebrae. In most
cases we observed low-intensity changes, i.e. marginal
osteophytes or mild porosity. Three males (graves 5, 14
and 17) had the most severe changes, where alongside
osteophytes and porosity we also observed an eburnated
surface (Fig. 5).
Schmorl’s nodes are present on vertebrae of 7 of 16
(44%) individuals with at least four preserved vertebrae.
In addition to Schmorl’s nodes, the majority of these
individuals had osteoarthritic changes on the spine, all
of which confirms the common factors associated with
their occurence.

Concluding remarks
The cemetery near the church of St. Mary at Tribalj,
Sl.5 Eburnirana površina na lijevoj petnoj kosti muškarca iz groba 17 which was in use from the 9 th to the 11th century, is
Fig. 5 Eburnated surface on the left calcaneus of a male from grave 17
one of the few Early Croatian cemeteries at Vinodol
Schmorlovi defekti prisutni su na kralješcima with preserved skeletal remains. Of all Early Croatian
7 osoba od njih 16 (44%) s najmanje očuvana četiri cemeteries from Vinodol, skeletal remains were recovered
kralješka. Većina osoba, uz Schmorlove defekte, ima i also at Stranče which is dated from the 8th to the 11th
osteoartritične promjene na kralježnici, što potvrđuje century (Cetinić, 1998). Although both cemeteries
zajedničke čimbenike njihova nastanka. yielded a small number of burials, their period of use
partially coincides, forming thus one spatial and temporal
Zaključna razmatranja unit. The analysis of skeletal remains from Tribalj thus
Groblje kod crkve sv. Marije u Triblju, koje se represents an important contribution to the understanding
koristilo od 9. do 11. stoljeća, jedno je od malobrojnih of this important region and period. When interpreting
starohrvatskih grobalja Vinodola sa sačuvanim skeletnim the obtained data we compared, whenever possible, results
ostacima. Od ostalih starohrvatskih grobalja Vinodola of the analysis of the Early Croatian cemetery at Stranče
istraženi su jedino skeletni ostaci sa groblja u Stranču, (Šlaus et al, 2011), as well as the composite Early Croatian
koje se datira od 8. do 11. stoljeća (Cetinić, 1998). Iako sample from four cemeteries in Dalmatia: Donje Polje
oba groblja ne sadrže veliki broj ukopa, vremenski se near Šibenik, Glavica near Sinj, Radašinovci and Velim
djelomično preklapaju te čine cjelinu u prostornom (Šlaus , 2006). The cemeteries selected for comparison
i vremenskom smislu. Analiza skeletnih ostataka iz belong to the period from the 8th to the 11th century.
Triblja tako predstavlja bitan doprinos poznavanju ovog The analysis of skeletal material from the cemetery
važnog područja i razdoblja. Pri interpretaciji dobivenih at Tribalj included 25 individuals from 18 graves. This
podataka kad god je bilo moguće korišteni su podaci sample consists of individuals of both sexes and all age
analiza starohrvatskog groblja u Stranču (Šlaus i sur., groups, 20 of them adults (80%) and 5 infants (20%) (T.
2011) te kompozitnog starohrvatskog uzorka s četiri II). This age distribution is rather unexpected because
groblja iz Dalmacije: Donje polje pokraj Šibenika, the infants, being the most vulnerable group, should
Glavice kod Sinja, Radašinovci i Velim (Šlaus, 2006). be more significantly represented in the sample. An

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Groblja odabrana za usporedbu pripadaju periodu od almost identical distribution can be observed on the
8. do 11. stoljeća. Early Croatian cemetery at Stranče, where infants
Analiza skeletnog materijala s groblja u Triblju represent 24% of the sample (Šlaus et al, 2011), whereas
obuhvatila je 25 osoba iz 18 grobova. U uzorku su in the composite sample their share is slightly higher
prisutne osobe oba spola i svih dobnih skupina, od and amounts to 30.8% (Šlaus, 2006). The lower number
toga 20 odraslih (80%) i 5 djece (20%) (T. II). Ovakva of infants at Stranče authors explain by environmental
dobna raspodjela neočekivana je budući da bi djeca, factors that resulted in the poorer preservation of infant
kao najugroženija skupina, trebala činiti puno veći bones, but also by the fact that only a portion of the
dio uzorka. Gotovo identična raspodjela vidljiva je i excavated skeletal material was analyzed (Šlaus et al,
na starohrvatskom groblju u Stranču, gdje djeca čine 2011). A smaller number of infants from Tribalj was
24% uzorka (Šlaus i sur., 2011), dok je u kompozitnom inf luenced by environmental factors, as in Stranče, but
uzorku njihov udio nešto viši i iznosi 30,8% (Šlaus, also it must be emphasized that part of the cemetery was
2006). Niži udio djece na groblju u Stranču autori devastated earlier and that some graves are still situated
objašnjavaju djelovanjem okolišnih čimbenika koji underneath the church (Cetinić, 1998). Additionally,
su utjecali na lošiju očuvanost dječjih kostiju, kao it is also possible that a larger number of infants was
i činjenicom da je analiziran samo dio iskopanog buried in a section of the cemetery not included in this
skeletnog materijala (Šlaus i sur., 2011). Na manji broj excavation, all of which reduced their presence in the
djece iz Triblja utjecali su, kao i u Stranču, okolišni analyzed sample.
čimbenici, no treba naglasiti i raniju devastaciju dijela The sex distribution of adults from Tribalj corresponds
groblja, kao i činjenicu da dio grobova nije moguće to that observed at Stranče (T. II). The number of males
istražiti budući da se nalaze ispod novije arhitekture in both samples is almost twice the number of females
(Cetinić, 1998). Osim navedenih čimbenika, također (Tribalj 13:6, Stranče 22:12), which differs from a normal
je moguće da su djeca u većem broju bila pokapana na distribution in which both sexes are more or less equally
dijelu groblja koje nije obuhvaćeno ovim istraživanjem, represented. The authors explain the distribution at
što je dodatno umanjilo njihov broj u analiziranom Stranče with the fact that the skeletal material comes
uzorku. from merely three excavation campaigns which were
Spolna podjela odraslih osoba iz Triblja odgovara carried out in only one section of the cemetery (Šlaus
onoj uočenoj u Stranču (T. II). Broj muškaraca u oba et al, 2011). However, the comparison of Tribalj and
uzorka je gotovo dvaput veći od broja žena (Tribalj 13:6, Stranče samples with the composite Dalmatian material,
Stranče 22:12), što odudara od normalne raspodjele, u which shows an equal number of males and females
kojoj bi oba spola trebala biti podjednako zastupljena. (117:112) (Šlaus, 2006), singles out these two Vinodol
Dobivenu podjelu u Stranču autori objašnjavaju sites, and at present it seems this is not a coincidence.
činjenicom da skeletni materijal potječe iz svega tri Although the influence of environmental factors and the
sezone iskopavanja i sa samo jednog dijela groblja (Šlaus poor level of exploration of the site cannot be denied,
i sur., 2011). No, usporedba uzoraka iz Triblja i Stranča such significant differences in the number of males
s kompozitnim materijalom iz Dalmacije, u kojem je and females should be checked against other sites from
podjednak broj muškaraca i žena (117:112) (Šlaus, 2006), similar period and region. One possible explanation that
izdvaja ova dva vinodolska lokaliteta te se za sada čini has yet to be confirmed is that males were in a majority
da to nije slučajno. Iako je utjecaj okolišnih čimbenika of cases buried separately from females and infants.
i neistraženosti lokaliteta neosporan, ovako značajne On the ground plan of the excavated section of the
razlike u broju muškaraca i žena trebalo bi provjeriti na cemetery we attempted to identify a pattern in the
vremenski i prostorno bliskim lokalitetima. Jedno od arrangement of burials, depending on sex and age of the
mogućih objašnjenja, koje tek treba povrditi, jest da su deceased. We were not able to observe any regularity
se muškarci većinom pokapali odvojeno od žena i djece. in the arrangement of the graves, since the analyzed
Na tlocrtu istraživanog dijela groblja pokušala se sample comes from only one part of the cemetery, and
uočiti pravilnost u razmještaju ukopa ovisno o spolu is also numerically small.
i dobi osoba. Budući da analizirani uzorak potječe sa On several individuals in the analyzed sample we
samo jednog dijela groblja, te je brojčano mali, nisu observed the presence of the following pathological
uočene nikakve pravilnosti u razmještaju grobova. changes: fractures, degenerative changes in joints with
U analiziranom uzorku kod više osoba zabilježeno Schmorl’s nodes, scurvy, as well as osteopenia and
je prisustvo sljedećih patoloških promjena: prijelomi osteoporosis.

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kost iju, degener at iv ne promjene zg lobova sa Only four cases of fracture were detected in the
Schmorlovim defektima, skorbut te osteopenija i analyzed sample. Of the 11 preserved skulls, two
osteoporoza. of them had depression fractures (18%), which is
Na analiziranom uzorku uočena su samo četiri slučaja significantly higher in comparison with Stranče where
prijeloma kostiju. Od 11 očuvanih lubanja depresijske their incidence was only 6.9%. Fractures of long bones
frakture uočene su na njih dvije (18%), što je znatno više in the Tribalj sample are present on only 6% of the
nego u Stranču, gdje je učestalost tek 6,9%. Frakture preserved arm bones. Although the cause of fracture can
dugih kostiju u uzorku iz Triblja prisutne su na samo 6% rarely be determined with absolute certainty, the low
očuvanih kostiju ruku. Iako se uzrok loma kosti rijetko incidence of observed fractures that were most probably
može utvrditi s potpunom sigurnošću, mala učestalost caused by accident indicates a low level of violence in
uočenih fraktura, koje su vrlo vjerojatno nastale slučajno, the community from Tribalj.
upućuje na nisku razinu nasilja u zajednici iz Triblja. A relatively large number of individuals with
Veći broj osoba s degenerativnim promjenama degenerative changes in the joints of long bones (36%)
zglobova dugih kostiju (36%) i kralježnice (69%), u and spine (69%), combined with Schmorl’s nodes (44%),
kombinaciji sa Schmorlovim defektima (44%), navode suggests that the Early Croatian inhabitants of Vinodol
na zaključak da su se starohrvatski stanovnici Vinodola performed some kind of habitual physical activity,
bavili nekom vrstom f izičke aktivnosti, moguće perhaps connected to agriculture. The historical data
poljoprivrednim radovima. Za sada su povijesni podaci that would conf irm this assumption are currently
koji bi potvrdili ovu pretpostavku nedostupni. Dobivene unavailable. The obtained data cannot be compared
podatke nije moguće usporediti s materijalom sa Stranča with the material from Stranče and the composite
i kompozitnim materijalom iz Dalmacije zbog korištenja Dalmatian material, because different methods were
različitih metoda u prikupljanju i obradi podataka. used for the collection and processing of data.
Skorbut je uočen kod čak 80% djece. Tako velika Scurvy was observed in as much as 80% of the
učestalost donekle iznenađuje, budući da se skorbut javlja infants. Such a high incidence of scurvy is surprising,
nakon dugotrajnog nedostatka vitamina C. S obzirom since illness occurs after a prolonged lack of vitamin
na zemljopisni smještaj i vremenski period, stanovnici C. If we take into account the geographical location
Triblja egzistenciju su barem djelomično osiguravali as well as the period of time, we can assume that the
poljoprivrednim radom, što bi sugeriralo donekle inhabitants of Tribalj practised farming in order to
redovitu dostupnost svježeg voća i povrća bogatog survive, which would suggest a more or less regular
vitaminom C. Jedino duža razdoblja poljoprivredne access to fresh fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C.
katastrofe mogla su dovesti do propadanja uroda, a Only longer periods characterized by a disaster could
time i smanjene konzumacije voća i povrća te povećane endanger the crops, which in turn would result in a
upotrebe žitarica i mesa. Potvrda mogućih razdoblja reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables and an
ovakve prehrane je velika učestalost skorbuta kod djece te increased use of grain and meat. The possible existence
dodatno slučajevi osteopenije i osteoporoze kod odraslih of such periods is corroborated by the high incidence
osoba. Naime, osteopeniju i osteoporozu karakterizira of scurvy in children, coupled with additional cases of
smanjena gustoća kostiju, na čiji nastanak utječu razni osteopenia and osteoporosis in adults. Both osteopenia
čimbenici, među kojima i prehrana siromašna kalcijem and osteoporosis are characterized by a decreased bone
ili bogata proteinima (Roberts i Manchester, 2005). density that is a consequence of various factors, among
Uz navedene patološke promjene, u analiziranom which a diet low in calcium or rich with proteins
uzorku prisutan je i izolirani slučaj tuberkuloze, bolesti (Roberts and Manchester, 2005).
koja se povezuje sa siromaštvom i lošim životnim In addition to these pathological changes, in the
uvjetima (Waldron, 2009). analyzed sample we also recorded an isolated case of
tuberculosis, a disease that is associated with poverty and
Dosadašnje spoznaje o starohrvatskim stanovnicima poor living conditions (Waldron, 2009).
Vinodola dopunila je ova analiza skeletnog materijala
s groblja iz Triblja. Prema dobivenim podacima Our understanding of the Early Croatian inhabitants
možemo zaključiti da su životni uvjeti u Triblju bili of Vinodol was improved by this analysis of skeletal
relativno loši. Neprimjerena prehrana očituje se velikom material from the cemetery at Tribalj. According to the
učestalošću skorbuta kod djece, dok je dugotrajni fizički obtained data, we are able to conclude that the living
rad potvrđen visokom učestalošću degenerativnih conditions at Tribalj were relatively poor. Inadequate

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Z. Premužić, P. Rajić Šikanjić, Starohrvatska populacija... Histria archaeol., 41/2010, str. 205-220

promjena na zglobovima i Schmorlovih defekata kod nutrition is reflected in a high incidence of infant scurvy,
odraslih osoba. Podaci dobiveni analizom uspoređeni while extended physical activity is confirmed by the
su s onima prostorno i vremenski bliskima iz Stranča high incidence of degenerative changes on joints and
te je uočena sličnost u spolnoj i dobnoj raspodjeli. by Schmorl’s nodes found in adults. Comparison with
Time se ova dva groblja razlikuju od kompozitnog data from Stranče, a site close in space and time, showed
starohrvatskog dalmatinskog uzorka, što otvara pitanja similarities in sex and age distribution. Thus these two
o pogrebnim običajima i načinu pokapanja na području cemeteries differ from the Early Croatian composite
starohrvatskog Vinodola. sample from Dalmatia, which raises numerous questions
related to burial customs in Early Croatian Vinodol.
Napomena: Prikazani rezultati proizašli su iz
znanstvenog projekta “Kulturalne promjene i dinamika Note: The presented results emerged from a scientific
arheoloških populacija na istočnom Jadranu”, broj 196- project titled “Cultural Changes and the Dynamics of
1962766-2740, provođenog uz potporu Ministarstva Archaeological Populations on the Eastern Adriatic,”
znanosti, obrazovanja i športa Republike Hrvatske. number 196-1962766-2740, which was carried out with
the support of the Ministry of Science, Education and
Z a hva l a: Zahva ljujemo Željk i Cet in ić, d ipl. Sports of the Republic of Croatia.
arheologinji, i Pomorskom i povijesnom muzeju
Hrvatskog primorja u Rijeci na ustupljenom materijalu Acknowledgements: We thank Željka Cetinić, M.A.,
i podacima s terenskog istraživanja. Na izradi fotografija and the Maritime and Historical Museum of the Croatian
zahvaljujemo Marinu Martinagi. Littoral in Rijeka for the skeletal material and site
reports. We also thank Marin Martinaga who made the
photographs.

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Tablica 1. Prikaz analiziranog uzorka po spolu i dobi Table 1. Sex and age distribution of the analyzed sample

GRAVE
GROB (OSOBA) SPOL DOB SEX AGE
(INDIVIDUAL)
1 (donji ukop) muški 20-34 1 (lower) male 20-34
1 (gornji ukop) muški 35-49 1 (upper) male 35-49
1 muški 20-34 1 male 20-34
2 dijete 10-15 2 infant 10-15
3 muški 35-49 3 male 35-49
4 dijete 5-10 4 infant 5-10
5 muški 50+ 5 male 50+
6 ženski 35-49 6 female 35-49
7 (osoba A) ženski 20-34 7 (individual A) female 20-34
7 (osoba B) muški 35-49 7 (individual B) male 35-49
8 ženski 35-49 8 female 35-49
9 muški 50+ 9 male 50+
10 muški 35-49 10 male 35-49
11 (osoba A) ženski 35-49 11 (individual A) female 35-49
11 (osoba B) dijete 5-10 11 (individual B) infant 5-10
11 (osoba C) dijete 5-10 11 (individual C) infant 5-10
12 muški 35-49 12 male 35-49
13 (osoba A) ženski 35-49 13 (individual A) female 35-49
13 (osoba B) dijete 0-5 13 (individual B) infant 0-5
14 muški 35-49 14 male 35-49
15/16 (osoba A) muški 50+ 15/16 (individual A) male 50+
15/16 (osoba B) ženski 20-34 15/16 (individual B) female 20-34
15/16 (osoba C) odrasla odrasla 15/16 (individual C) adult adult
17 muški 50+ 17 male 50+
18 muški 35-49 18 male 35-49

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Tablica 2. Usporedba spolne podjele između Triblja, Stranča i kompozitnog starohrvatskog uzorka

SPOL TRIBALJ STRANČE KOMPOZITNI UZORAK

ODRASLI muškarci 13 (52%) 22 (49%) 117 (35%)
žene 6 (24%) 12 (27%) 112 (34%)
odrasli 1 (4%) 0 0
ukupno 20 (80%) 34 (76%) 229 (69%)
DJECA 5 (20%) 11 (24%) 102 (31%)
UKUPNO 25 45 331

Table 2. A comparison of the sex distribution between Tribalj, Stranče and the composite Early Croatian sample

SEX TRIBALJ STRANČE COMPOSITE SAMPLE

ADULTS males 13 (52%) 22 (49%) 117 (35%)
females 6 (24%) 12 (27%) 112 (34%)
adults 1 (4%) 0 0
total 20 (80%) 34 (76%) 229 (69%)
INFANTS 5 (20%) 11 (24%) 102 (31%)
TOTAL 25 45 331

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