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A Review Of 5G Technology: Architecture, Security and wide

Applications
Meer Zafarullah Noohani, Kaleem Ullah Magsi
Undergraduate Students, Department of Electronic Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and
Technology SZAB Campus, Pakistan
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Abstract - The eventual goal of the forthcoming 5G wireless to achieve their goals [2]. 5G is far superior to the current
networking is to have relatively fast data speeds, incredibly network in terms of transmission speed. 5G will provide data
low latency, substantial rises in base station’s efficiency and transmission rates of up to 10Gbps, which is 10 to 100 times
major changes in expected Quality of Service (QoS) for higher than 4G and 4G-LTE. 5G is expected to surpass ultra-
customers relative to the existing 4G LTE networks. In order to broadband networks and combine existing technologies such
deal with state-of-the art technologies and connectivity in the as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud, big data, artificial
form of smart cell phones, internet of things (IoT) devices, intelligence, and blockchain to support the creation of
autonomous vehicles, virtual reality devices and smart homes innovative services. In addition to improving speed, another
connectivity, the broadband data use has risen at a fast rate. significant feature of 5G is its lower latency. As a matter of
Further, to meet the latest applications, the bandwidth of the fact, in the 5G era, the delay time is less than one millisecond
system needs to be increased widely. This development will be (ms), which is almost equal to the zero data response time in
accomplished by using a modern spectrum with higher data the real world. In addition, unlike current Internet of Things
levels. In particular, the fifth generation (5G) mobile network (IoT) services, 5G is expected to release a huge Internet of
seeks to resolve the shortcomings of previous Things. Not only that, based on the super bandwidth of 5G
telecommunication technologies and to be a possible primary per unit area, connectivity per unit, coverage (near to 100
enabler for future IoT applications. This paper briefly discusses percent) and the ability to connect devices, an ecosystem can
the architecture of 5G, following by the security associated be established, where "smart networks" can be used for
with the 5G network, 5G as an energy efficient network, large medical devices and provide real-time interactivity [4].
various types of efficient antennas developed for 5G and state- Recently, global companies have taken the lead in the
of-the-art specifications for IoT applications along with their competition for the upcoming 5th-generation (5G) cellular
related communication technologies. We have also outlined technology, which is thought to be the most important
the broader usage of 5G and its future impacts on our lives. source of revenue in the future [5]. The 5G network will be
Furthermore, at the end of each subtopic, the necessary broadly introduced as a simple framework for hyper-
recommendations are given for the future work. connected mobile devices and will ultimately evolve into a
modern 5GaaP (5G platform) platform [6]. Future
technology in the 5G environment would create an
Key Words: Device to Device (D2D), Millimeter-wave
"intelligent virtual power plant" that will optimize resource
(mm-Wave), Internet of Things (IoT), Massive MIMO,
usage and incorporate energy use, production and trading. In
Long Term Evolution (LTE).
addition, it is expected that 5G technology will make
tremendous changes in the energy industry [7]. 5G is a
profound network which is expected to solve or shall bring
1. INTRODUCTION ease in solving the most crucial social problems like; current
The phrase "5G" directs to the fifth generation of wireless social problems, such as climate change, disaster safety and
telecommunication technology that will have an epoch- traffic congestion, and ignite the awareness of concept of
making impact on many facets of life. Mobile network traffic smart virtual power plants in the energy sectors [8][9].
continues to grow in a very rapid manner due to new mobile South Korea’s 5G technology can be applied to real-time
technologies, like; virtual reality applications, high- energy transactions between production and consumption
resolution video streaming and cloud gaming [1]. In a few resources, demand management of factories and buildings,
years, the 4G services would certainly not meet the speed of and distributed resource management across the country
the rise in traffic, as well as the anticipated demands of new [10]. Therefore, it is possible to analyze and predict energy
scientific technologies, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles production and consumption patterns using artificial
(UAVs), virtual reality and autonomous vehicles. Therefore, intelligence engines with present real-time big data. The
academia and industrial researchers have made many efforts combination of digital twin technology and 5G technology
to make 5G systems a reality in the near future [1]. Academia enables system operators to perform optimal operation and
and industry have reached a consensus that 5G systems will control of virtual power plants through visualized energy
use rising prominent technologies like network function production and energy consumption simulation, thereby
virtualization (NFV) and software-defined networking (SDN) balancing energy production and energy consumption

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within virtual power plants. Furthermore, by adopting Systems for latency reactive tools for applications such as
blockchain technology, real-time secured energy industrial automation, automated driving, and virtual
transformation between energy producers and consumers surgery. Such systems need sub-millisecond latency with a
can also be accomplished [11]. Figure 1 shows the multilayer response rate smaller than 1 packet loss in 105 packets.
system of 5G.

Figure 2. Use cases of 5G

2. ARCHITECTURE
Figure 1. 5G multi-layer system engineering. The coming
era of system development includes large cells (<3 GHz 2.1 5G E2E Network Architecture
group).
Small cell (millimeter wave); femtocell and Wi-Fi; huge Figure 3 shows the 5G E2E network architecture, which
different information, mass production with shaft forming outlines the 5G E2E network, the same picture is shown in
(M-MIMO); device to device (D2D) and machine to Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3, but highlight dissimilar
machine (M2M) correspondence relationship. Power bolts features. The base stations are mainly concentrated for the
show remote (front pass) connections, while running bolts transition of 3G to 4G, due to bottlenecked wireless
show return connections. communication from base stations [13]. However, while
transacting from 4G to 5G, the E2E architecture of 5G
1.2 Use Cases of 5G network has much more significance because in the 5G
In the scope of 5G, three different types of usage cases are network the base station is not the main bottleneck. The
related like [12]: figure 1 shown below describes the architecture of E2E
• Enhanced-Mobile-Broadband (eMBB) developed by Huawei for 5G [14].
• Massive-Machine-type Connectivity (mMTC)
• Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Connectivity (URLLC)

• The eMBB refers to a much or less simple progression of

the improved consumer experience in cell broadband, for
example by encouraging still better customer efficiency.

• mMTC refers to facilities that are distinguished by a wide

range of devices, such as remote controls, actuators and
tracking of different systems. Main criteria for these systems
involve extremely low system expense and relatively low
computer energy usage, allowing for a very long battery life
lasting at least a few years. Usually, each system absorbs and
Figure 3. Architecture of E2E in 5G
produces only a fairly limited volume of data, i.e. support for
large data volumes is of less value. There may be other 2.2 Network Slicing Architecture
instances of usage that do not fall perfectly into either of
Several autonomous service level agreements are being
these groups. As an instance, there could be programs that
offered by Network slicing architecture in order to meet the
need massive reliability without the importance of latency
necessities. A network slice can be categorized into two
requirements. Similarly, there may be cases of usage
categories: one for RAN network slice subnet instance
involving very low-cost equipment, but where the likelihood
(NSSI), and the other for CN NSSI. A slicing network can
of a very long battery life might be less significant.
provide several various services at a time, and the network
• URLLC (Ultra-reliable low-latency communication)
slicing network and service are independent. The figure 2
below shows the 3GPP diagram of slicing network. The 3GPP

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specifications of slicing network have been described in

detailed in [16]-[18]. The 3GPP specifications are mentioned
in the figure 4 below from [19].

Figure 6. ESTI NFV Architecture

Figure 4. Network Slicing Architecture
2.5 5G Mobile Network Architecture Design
2.3. vEPC Network Functions
Figure 7 demonstrates the system model that incorporates
vEPC is a network and stands for virtual evolved packet core.
the design of the network infrastructure for 5G mobile
Virtual Evolved Packet Core (vEPC) is an outline for
networks, an all-IP model for wireless and cellular network
switching and processing data for mobile networks. Multiple
interoperability. The architecture contains a computer
virtual network functions (VNFs) virtualize the functions of
terminal (which plays a crucial role in the current structure)
LTE evolved packet core (EPC). The reductions in the
and a number of independent, self-reliant radio system
construction cost and the ability to quickly deploy service
technologies. Any of the radio approach technologies is
environments are offered by virtualization. The functions of
noticeable in each terminal due to an IP hyperlink to the
LTE evolved packet core (EPC) are compared with the
outside environment of the internet. However, through
components of evolved packet core vEPC in the Figure 5
Radio Access Technology (RAT) inside the mobile terminal
below.
must have a separate network interface. For e.g., if there is a
need to reach four separate RATs, we need to provide four
different approaches to similar interfaces inside the mobile
terminal, and make all these interfaces active at the same
time, so that the architecture can work properly [17].

Figure 5. vPEC Achitectuure

2.4 NFV MANO (Management and Orchestration)

Management and Orchestration (MANO) are a significant
component of the European Telecommunications Standards
Institute ETSI network functions virtualization (NFV)
architecture and they published the NFV system architecture Figure 7. Functional Architectre of 5G
framework [20]. Management and orchestration (MANO)
coordinates network resources the lifecycle management of 2.6 5G Architecture based on NGMN Envision
virtual network functions (VNFs) and for cloud-based Based on the envisions of NGMN the architecture of 5G is
applications and network services and it is an architectural presented in figure 8 which leverages constructional
framework. It is shown in Figure 6 from [21] based on the separation between software and hardware. APIs are given
ETSI framework; many open source organizations have
developed their own NFV MANO frameworks.
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to support multi use scenario and business model. The module and the required network features need to be
architecture is demonstrated in figure below from [185]. further specified.

3. 5G-ENERGY EFFICIENCY
The current 5G structure indicates that energy utilization
can be decreased to 10 percent contrasted with the present
4G systems. It includes the reduction in the power
requirements of wireless base station antenna and client
devices (such as smartphones, tablets, and Internet of Things
(IoT) devices) to broaden battery life [22]. Nowadays, the
key component for designing communication network is
energy consumption, based on this factor the networks are
being developed. [23] On account of the transformation of
technology, the data traffic in today's era is increasing every
day, due to this the round-trip time delay of the data packets
raises higher in the network [24] which is turning into a
Figure 8. Architecture of 5G more noteworthy issue for the energy costs on 5G systems.
The cell systems are the fundamental source of increment in
RECOMMENDATIONS energy utilization in the telecommunications sector [25] The
rapid energy consumption is the major challenge in meeting
In this section we recommend the following areas to be the green environment targets and reduction in the cost of
worked on for the architecture development for 5G. system. Heterogeneous network is a new trend which is
increasing day by day in order to enhance coverage, capacity
a. Data Forwarding Efficiency and power savings in the upcoming 5G network [26]. The
necessity for energy consumption goal and operation will be
The benefit of a virtualized network focused on NFV significantly much more urgent with the advent of the fifth
technologies and common equipment is the simplicity age of wireless systems with hundreds of thousands
needed by the service scenarios. For single machines, the progressively base stations and multi millions of linked
price of basic hardware is smaller than the price of gadgets [27][28]. It is expected that before the end of 2020,
specialized hardware dedicated technology, though, typically mobile access systems will encounter critical difficulties
utilizes technology acceleration techniques that can increase when compared with the today’s circumstances. Traffic
forwarding performance. In order to achieve the same data volumes are expected to be much higher than the current
forwarding efficiency, more standard hardware than rate and number of associated gadgets will be 10-100 times
specialized hardware is required at the current technology higher than today in the network. One of the enormous
stage. That often implies more space and more energy use. difficulties is to give 1000-fold increase in capacity for
As a consequence, virtualization systems may be used first in billions of gadgets in a moderate and economical manner
the control plane. [29]. Energy use of the network is a crucial consideration to
reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO), including the
b. Fixed and mobile convergence after SDN environmental impact of networks. This capability is the
core design concept of 5G [22].
Since all fixed and mobile networks have implemented SDN
technologies, to know if the communication systems of the
two networks are incompatible and what are the
differences? How to obtain efficient control and optimal
routing is to be discussed in increasing potential user-plane
forwarding process and delivery scenario. How to obtain
efficient control and optimal routing is to be discussed in
increasing potential user-plane forwarding process and
delivery scenario.

c. Network capability exposure

This is not originally intended for 5G. However, in the 5G

period, the exposure of the network capacity would be
broader and greater, coupled with the centralization of the
network control functions. For simple network connectivity,
usable APIs and interfaces between the network visibility Figure 9. 5G Energy efficient

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Energy efficiency is defined as the number of bits that can be presenting energy storage while not being required and
transmitted per Joule of energy, where energy is measured activate a rapid turn back to full service. This ensures
across the whole network. The 5G network will improved effectiveness for either the individual data rate or
accommodate a 1,000-fold rise in traffic in the next 10 years, the total collection capacity and power savings. Components
although the energy usage of the whole infrastructure is just of the femtocell turn off separately in [42] [43] from the ones
half of the existing system's consumption [29]. This drives required for sensing user activity and the backhaul network
the need for an improvement in energy efficiency of x2000 in connection in order to turn ON the femtocell. Sniffer is used
the next 10 years. Every practicable effort must be made to for detecting, it detects rises in received power on the uplink,
gain energy without debasing efficiency, but the technology demonstrating a user-macrocells connection. The sniffer
should allow native flexibility for the operator to configure must wake up the femtocell by setting a threshold value for
trade-off between the performance and vs the energy [30]. desirable range so, whenever the proposed range is reached,
There are different facets which make 5G network as an it should be triggered. Likewise, the extra number of signals
energy efficient network for the future [31] [32]. We have because of rest mode incorporation and the handover is
illustrated some of the parameters below. more than accommodated by the decrease of functionalities
of femtocells in the rest mode [43]. This technique permits
 Sleep mode segments to be triggered off as found in Table 1 [42], for
 High network data rate example, segment of the field programmable door cluster
 Dense small cell deployment. (FPGA) related memory and the radio recurrence (RF)
 Full Duplex transmitter. The "sniffer" is determined to have a yield of
 Massive MIMO Antennas 0.3W. Savings among the two modes is derived as:
 Millimeter-wave frequency band

3.1. Sleep-Modes
The base station adjusts itself in to sleep during the gap in
activities on network, thus reduces power consumption [33]. This suggests the power consumption of 40%. The
As the base station uses for even in high mobile networks subsequent arrangement is centered around a controlled
doesn't surpass 20 percent so the gadgets in new base rest mode [42]. In Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTEA)
station enter into the sleep mode [34]. Most of the base the central network finds links and searches through the
stations remain idle for throughout the period of 24 hours mobility for the suggestive femtocells that are used for
and almost 80% of the power in any versatile mobile system wakeup sign connected by the user. It has the vantage of
is utilized by the base station in 24 hours, they can go into swapping any part of femtocell from the backhaul circuitry
sleep mode rapidly and remain for as long as possible and microchip by saving up to 70 percent of power. For
[35][36]. A technique to execute an advanced sleep mode is proficiency markers, the author agreed to LTE-A, utilizing
discussed in [37], the idea of advanced sleep modes the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multi-Access (OFDMA)
compares to a continuous deactivation of the base station’s for versatile sharing of spectrum, and follow the LTE-A
parts so as to diminish the utilization of energy. The [38] criteria for urban zone parameters, for instance, the route
author proposed a methodology to execute the advance loss [44], the author considered its area for the femtocell's
sleep modes and to oversee clients whose administration power. In co-channel, the efficient scope of femtocells
demands happen while the base station is in drowsy mode. depends upon the femtocell-macrocells. Therefore, the
As the base station needs to wake up occasionally to send power of femtocells towards coverage radius is constant
flagging blasts [39], the author introduced a procedure to [45]:
build the periodicity so as to augment the energy gains [40].
The paper [41] demonstrates system level simulation
findings for hypothetical base station energy savings using a
time-triggered sleep pattern. Millimeter power-saving
modes of differing power consumption and Where PLf(r) is the way misfortune at the objective
deactivation/activation periods, in these modes base station separation r, Pm is the influence of the nearest macrocells
does not transmit or receive something else that reacts to and G is the reception apparatus gain. PLm(d) is a macrocells
approaching DL user traffic by waking up [42]. When the heading consumption of maximal quality at the femtocell
base station awakens, the procedure is switched, subsystems hole d and Pmax. The sign to-obstruction in addition to
and segments are in effect step by step activated. Numerous commotion proportion (SINR) of the client u is then gotten
types of energy maintenance strategies based on the from subcarrier k:
macrocells level have been investigated in [42], among
various strategies, the sleep mode is one of them. Sleep mode
is the desirable type of small cell due to its low expenses in
the femtocells [42]. It is a lower power middle range state
where it is switched off for only partial degree [33]

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Where PB, k is the user base station B transmission limit on components gradually into segments starting from the
subcarrier k, and Gu, B, k is the channel gain between user u lowest level requiring a short activation delay until the
and its control cell B on subcarrier k. In a similar way, PB, k deepest one. An advanced sleep mode was initially tended to
and Gu, B, k represent respectively the base station's gain by IMEC and currently is being considered for the standard
and power. N0 is a light issue otherworldly level, at that so as to characterize the New Radio for 5G systems.
point a characteristic issue ghastly power. what's more, ∆f Furthermore, the idea of advanced sleep mode is discussed
the sub-bearer separating. We at that point compute the in [36], the idea is similar to save the energy consumption by
client's ability on that subcarrier [46]: turning the base station off into segments. The authors in
[37][48] this propose a methodology to actualize the ASMs
and to oversee clients whose administration demands
happen while the BS is resting. The outcomes show that
ASMs can extensively diminish the energy utilization (up to
Here alpha α is defined by α = −1.5/ln(5BER). around 90% for low loads).

By setting βu, k = 1, when the k (sub-carrier) is assigned to 3.2. Higher Network Data Rates
user u and βu,k = 0. Based on subcarrier allotment, the 5G services have a larger data output and a decreased packet
overall output is [47]: latency [50]. A higher data rate denotes that due to 5G
networks data transmission will be in a shorter time [51]. It
would make the network link between the client and the
base station idle for a longer period of time. These idle times
allow longer sleeping modes. Millimeter wave
telecommunication is a favorable technology for 5G wireless
Table 1. Femtocell consumption networks in the future because extremely high data speeds
(several gigabits per second) can be provided for cellular
devices [52]. The usage of millimeter wave
telecommunication technology for device-to-device (D2D)
communication over the network has been introduced by the
authors in [53]-[55] and [56]. Multiple Gbps speeds for 5G
network is supported by reviewed different technologies and
Device to Device communication are highlighted by another
author clearly in [57]. A space division multiplexing
technology which will increase bandwidth capacity and
reduce energy utilization for higher data rates is proposed in
The table shown above displays the consumption of power
[58].
in watt by various components. It is drawn by collecting data
from [48]. 3.3. Dense small cell deployment
Small cells are controlled by operators, operating in licensed
spectrum and are a collective term for low power
consumption and low-cost base stations, high data rates can
be provided by densely deploying them so as to significantly
reduce the cell coverage to reach high spatial spectrum
efficiency [59]. A large number of small cells must be
deployed to achieve seamless coverage in urban areas and
form a 5G ultra-dense cellular network [60]. Small cells may
be of different sizes depending upon which they are
classified as:

1. Femtocells 2. Picocells 3. Microcells

Small cells can have a central base station or a remote radio

header, which can be wired or wirelessly connected to the
Figure 10. Graph of deployment density versus the no: of core of network. This decreases the gap between the user
femtocells triggered to sleep mode and the base station and thus therefore decreases the
transmitting power needed to resolve the no-path,
An advanced sleep mode has been structured in [49] which particularly in the indoor environment, thereby enhancing
is extended form of sleep mode. The advanced sleep modes the energy efficiency of uplink and downlink
implementation consists of closing down the base station communications. To increase signal power and offload

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macrocells, it is necessary to deploy dense small cell [61]. system will stretch the traffic quantity of multi Exabytes
Moreover, uncontrolled deployment of small cells may lead (10006 Bytes) in every month. Thus, it requires a lot of space
to uncontrolled cell shapes, in such case network operators for the system in contrast to the current system [76]. As the
have little control over the location of small cells [62]. We 5G system is likely to be 100 times faster than the current 4G
can provide a simple, cost-effective solution to the network system. Attempting to accomplish this eager objective
capacity problem caused by the massive increase in mobile depending on the ideal models and structures of present
traffic, by using small cells for indoors and outdoors. Small systems can't be supportable, so it shall probably prompt an
cell with limited radius deployment is necessary for the energy crash with real environmental and financial concerns.
improvement of spectrum and efficiency of the network [63]. Massive MIMO can enhance the efficiency of spectrum of
wireless communication systems by more than 10 times
3.4 Full Duplex [77]. To improve the energy productivity of MIMO
The fourth generation (4G) mobile communications network communication some digital and hybrid precoding plans
extensively uses Orthogonal Frequency Division have been concentrated in [78]. Multi-input multi-output
Multiplexing (OFDM) as a physical layer technology [64], due technique has an important role in present mobile
to its higher band consumption, strong anti-interference telecommunications and will play significant role in 5G
ability and strong fading ability [65]. However, the physical network. These technologies are necessary to meet the
layer of the fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication requirements for expanding data rates through increasing
proposed to be having higher requirements for flexibility, the utilization of the space domain. Massive MIMO is an
reliability, spectrum efficiency, robustness and scalability advancing innovation upgraded from the current MIMO
[66]. Now Full-duplex network communications at the same technology. The fundamental goal of enormous latest
frequency are being supported by advanced in signal technology is to separate the advantages of MIMO for a
processing electronics [67]. The early technologies required bigger scope by expanding the throughput, spectrum
different frequencies to send and receive data effectiveness, and energy proficiency and diminishing the
simultaneously. To transmit and receive on the same multifaceted nature into precoder/identifier [79]. The
frequency band at the same time of radio are enabled by full- authors in [80] proposed an energy effectiveness
duplex wireless technology, and it is considered to be one of improvement issue in detailed for 5G remote utilizing
the candidate technologies beyond the fifth generation (5G) massive MIMO receiving wires and millimeter wave
and wireless communication networks for the following innovation. The massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) is
reasons. The benefits include the prospect of increasing an evolving technology that is extended from the current
bandwidth and enhancing spectrum efficiency. Nonetheless, MIMO technique [81][82]. The authors [83] introduced
the prevention of heavy self-interference is one of the key simultaneous wireless information and power transmission
challenges of full duplex technology [68]. In [69] the author (SWIPT) technique and the goal is to boost the energy
suggested a combination of massive MIMO (mMIMO) and in- productivity.
band full-duplex (IBFD) as a possible 5G and higher
technology, IBFD mMIMO can accommodate multiple uplink 3.6 Millimeter-wave frequency band
and downlink users with the same time-frequency tools, Due to the useful characteristics of the microwave spectrum,
significantly improving the system energy [66]. Moreover, a huge number of communication systems are working on it
the author proposes that, by taking advantage of the new below 03 Gigahertz [84]. Thus, it makes microwave
degrees of freedom given by IBFD's transmission. IBFD spectrum excessively rare. 5G can handles such spectrum
mMIMO can reduce the complexity of the base station shortage as below.
design, due to a large increase in the number of antennas
[71]. The high space target of the huge range of antenna Extra amount of spectrum is mandatory for higher network
array eliminates the trouble of SI drop required for IBFD connectivity and capacity. Furthermore, mobile networks
transmission. Because of these favorable conditions, authors have enhanced or heighten the quality of service (QoS) by
proposed the IBFD mMIMO framework as a key innovation using supplementary amount of spectrum with wider width
to support simple development towards future 5G and and higher frequencies. Hence, 5G shall also consume high
higher networks [72][65]. The ongoing advances in system amount of spectrum, for instance utilizing the millimeter-
and antenna structure, the actual implementation of full- wave spectrum owing to its actual bandwidth available
duplex communication has become rapidly feasible in the [85][86]. In accordance to the U.S. Governmental Exchange
network [73]. Commission (FCC), many groups in the millimeter wave
band seem to be encouraging and may be the possibility of
3.5 Massive MIMO Antennas upcoming 5G portable frames [87], including 28-30 GHz, and
For the mobile network operators, the energy efficiency of 71-76 Gigahertz in the E-band , 81-86 Gigahertz and 92-95
cellular networks is becoming more and more important Gigahertz free licensed bands of 60 Gigahertz and 12.9
[74] because it has a significant economic and ecological Gigahertz. Therefore, due to access to a large amount of
impact on future generation wireless networks, i.e. the fifth- unused data transmission it relies on the 5G framework to
age (5G) network [75]. As per the general assessment, 5G utilize the 20-90 Gigahertz millimeter wave group [88][89].

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Millimeter wave has completely different production 4.1 Related Work

conditions, environmental retention and equipment The authors in [99] proposes general mechanisms for
limitations, so this progress is gradual. These difficulties can strengthening 5G security. By reviewing the security
be compensated by using beamforming and a larger cluster requirements of LTE, the author outlined the security
of receiving equipment. It is widely recognized that the requirements for 5G in [99]. A good analysis has been
millimeter wave band must be used with constrained cell presented on the security of current 4G network and future
scanning (<100 m) to limit the high path loss [90]. 5G network in [100]. The privacy protection solutions and
Fortunately, this activity is very suitable for a thin cell the existing authentication for 4G and 5G networks is
deployment model. Compared with microwave groups below focused in the article. Paper [101] proposes possible
3 Gigahertz, high path loss is an important issue in mitigation techniques for the security challenges as well as
millimeter wave 5G architecture. In general, the path loss is standardization work for 4G and previous generations. The
mentioned below in the equation 1. security threats and attacks on mobile networks have been
investigated in [102]. Thorough analysis on security threats
LFS = 32.4 + 20 log10f + 20 log10R ------------------- (1) m, challenges in mobile access and core networks are
focused in the article [103], however, the main challenge is
Here the LFS is known as the free space path loss and is
related to the 4G network architecture. The paper [103] also
given in decibels (dB) and carrier frequency is represented
considers various wireless access technologies, such as
as f in Gigahertz and R is the distance in meters among the
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and LTE, and discusses the
receiver and transmitter. This implies that there will be
inherent security restrictions and future trend for enhancing
approximately extra path loss of 23 and 31 decibels which
the security of each technology. Literature [104] investigates
actuate the operating frequency from 2 Gigahertz to 28
the security technology of 5G wireless networks for physical
Gigahertz and 70 Gigahertz, respectively. Along these lines,
layer, the key area of this paper is the physical layer security
millimeter-wave could be utilized with profoundly
coding, massive MIMO, non-orthogonal multiple access
directional radio wires in line-of-site (LOS) transmissions. A
technology (NOMA), millimeter wave (mmWave)
challenge in mm-wave at high frequency bands is the signal
communication, heterogeneous networks (HetNets) and full-
attenuation, this is a significant problem, since it limits
duplex technologies. In [105], a 5G security study compared
strength of signal [91]. The water vapors and oxygen
to current or traditional cellular networks was conducted,
consume mm-wave energy [92]. The oxygen particle absorbs
here the security of 5G is investigated in terms of usability,
electromagnetic energy at around 60 Gigahertz; along these
confidentiality, key management and privacy identity
lines, the free licensed band from 57–64 GHz has high
verification. In [106], interesting work on future mobile
oxygen ingestion with around less than 15 dB/km [93].
network security research is presented, this work aims to
deliver a comprehensive understanding of the security of
4. SECURITY IN 5G mobile networks and to present some research challenges.
Higher coverage, and significantly batten the quality of However, because of the integration of large-scale Internet of
service (QoS) and extremely lower latency and very high Things and the collection of new technology concepts, the
data rates shall be provided by upcoming 5G wireless security challenges in 5G will be more diverse. The extended
networks [94] A large number of new devices related to concepts of SDN, NFV, and cloud computing like multi-access
Internet of Things (IoT), ubiquitous, machine-to-machine edge computing (MEC) have many advantages in terms of
communication (M2M), ultra-reliable and affordable their performance and total cost of efficiency, but these
broadband access for cellular handheld devices and cyber technologies all have their own security weaknesses [107]-
physical system will also be provided by 5G [95]. These [19]. The articles mentioned in the related work focus on
qualities indicate that 5G is not just an incremental upgrade particular areas. For example, [106] and [105] focus on
of 4G that people naturally think of, but 5G is the authentication, [104] and [103] respectively address the
amalgamation of new disruptive technologies that are cable security of the physical layer and air interface, [102]
to meet user traffic, emerging services, and the continuous proposes access and core network security, and proposes
growth of existing and future IoT devices Demand [96]. LTE security. The security requirements of 5G [100] cover
Because of the expected role of 5G and its influence on our the privacy issues in future networks.
lives, the security of 5G is even more important. Hence, huge
efforts are required to ensure the security of the 5G network The table 2 shown below demonstrate the progression of
system, the users of the network system and the 5G network security from 1G to 4G. It is modified from data collected
itself [97]. The important part 5G is evolution of LTE. from [126].
However, progression of all parts of the network, like core
and management systems, and all protocol layers from radio
to applications will be included in 5G [98]. As a result,
security may be affected anywhere.

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Table 2. Security from 1G to 4G

Figure 11. 5G design principles from [31]

4.3. 5G Security Architecture

4.2 Overview of 5G design principles The security features are logically divided by a security
The need for new design principles for 5G emerges with architecture into separate architectural components,
different kind of networks and hardware devices and new according to The International Telecommunication Union
consumer criteria in terms of lower latency, higher capacity (ITU-T) [113]. This allows a systematic methodology to end-
and global coverage [110]. Networks other than radio have to-end security of services, which helps to plan to assess the
different requirements, and these requirements are more security of current networks and enable new security
about incorporating new technologies. For instance, th3e
solutions. The 5G security architecture has been explained in
generic compostable core will use NFV and SDN to
disintegrate the user plane and control plane and allow the newest 3GPP technical specification release shows the
dynamic network function positioning [111]. The purpose of security architecture and has the following key domains
this is to minimize traditional networks and introduce new
interfaces between the core and the radio access technology 4.3.1 Network access security
(RAT). The deployment of security mechanisms and Comprises a series of protection parameters that enable the
functions (such as virtual security firewalls) when required user-equipment to safely authenticate and access network
on the periphery of any network must be supported by the
resources. Service security requires the monitoring of 3GPP
network architecture of 5G. The most outstanding
technology to simplify network management is SDN [112]. and non-3GPP communication systems and the transfer of
SDN separates the network control from the data forwarding security contexts from SN to the user-equipment.
plane and the control plane is logically centrally controlled
to monitor the entire network below and control network 4.3.2 Network domain security
resources by using a programmable Application Contains a series of security features that allow network
programming Interface (API). However, in network device
nodes to securely share signaling and user-level data.
loop holes for security vulnerabilities can also be opened by
centralized network control and the introduction of
programmable APIs. Therefore, the security challenges 4.3.3 User domain security
associated with SDN are needed to be analyzed. Similarly, Incorporates protection measures that enable users to safely
NFV and network slicing also face security challenges, such access the user-equipment.
as joint conflicts and resource hijacking. Hence, the
challenges of security related to all technologies used by 5G 4.3.4 Application domain security
must be properly investigated. In the following subsection Contains security tools to allow applications (user and
we briefly define 5G security architecture focusing on the provider domains) to safely share messages.
security domains which is defined by 3GPP.

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4.3.5 Service Based Architecture (SBA) domain protection dimensions are not restricted to the network
security alone, but also include programs and end-user detail in fact,
Including security functions for network element the security aspect applies to companies that provide
registration, discovery and authorization, and security of
service-based interfaces. services or service providers. Such security measurements
are set out in Table. III with a brief summary. The following
4.3.6 Visibility and configurability of security addresses how to protect the protection aspect of 5G. ITU-T
This includes notifying the user whether the safety function Research Group 17 (SG17) was allocated to function and
is running.
future health recommendations. ITU-T has established
security standards for numerous relevant areas of
telecommunications and internet infrastructure, such as
Next Generation Networks (NGN), Internet of Things (IoT),
and cloud computing [117][118]. ITU-T SG20 is dedicated to
establishing guidelines and guidance for IoT technology,
smart cities and communities [119]. In terms of protection, it
partners with SG17 to establish health criteria and standards
[120][121]. The key goal of ITU-T is to identify the possible
threats to the protection of IoT-enabled networks and to
include reasonable recommendations for coping with these
protection attacks [122]. Further, ITU-T also makes
Figure 12. Overview of the security architecture. recommendations on security concerns between consumers
and cloud service suppliers [123].
The 5G security system in figure 12 itself does not recognize
specific security risks and solutions to those threats [114].
Indeed, there are a range of current security solutions either
come from past generations with enhancements or freshly
developed in the 5G domain. The LTE security requirements
are the starting points and are considered to be the safety
guidelines for the potential wireless network. [115]. In any
scenario, the high-level vision of 5G protection is focused on
(i) Supreme built-in encryption, (ii) Versatile security
systems, and (iii) Automation as specified by Nokia [116].

Figure 14. Objectives of 5G Security

4.5. Security Standardization

On the arrival of 5G network, all the walks of life, even
companies outside the telecommunications industry such as
automobiles are influenced with evaluating the security
impacts of 5G. Therefore, various crucial organizations have
made significant addition in to the fast development of
security measures [124]. However, standardization is still in
the drafting stage. The following are the most common
standards.
Figure 13. Security threats in 5G network
 Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN)
4.4. Security Recommendations by ITU-T  3G Partnership Project 3GPP
The Security Recommendations of the International  5G Public-Private Partnership (5GPPP)
Telecommunications Union (ITU) Agency for the  Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Standardization of Telecommunications Sector (ITU-T)  National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
include a range of protection considerations to defend  European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ESTI)
against all global security threats [113]. I The eight
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4.6. Security in Key 5G Technologies interruptions. Apart from this we can also use security
The security and privacy issues in 5G may be easily automation and Blockchain security perspective techniques
highlighted when recognizing the key supporting technology in order to further enhance the security.
in 5G. As defined in Section IV, large MIMO antennas, SDN,
NFV and cloud networking principles such as Multi-Access 5. ANTENNAS FOR 5G
Edge Networking (MEC) are the key facilitation and 5G mobile communications technology shall contribute
transformative developments concerned to previous higher data rate, higher security, lower latency and latest
generations. SDN, NFV and cloud infrastructure have rich experience in to the environment and industry. The 5G shall
literature in terms of security and these have been used in make a notable change in our lives, despite of latest massive
wired networks [125]. In this section, we only highlight the research on the antennas for 5G, there are still many
key technologies in terms of security for 5G. challenges which require more efficient solutions [127]. The
current antennas used in the existing wireless
 Security in massive MIMO
telecommunication systems uses capacitors, conductors and
 Security in SDN
metal rods and therefore known as passive antennas [128].
 Security in NFV Whereas latest antennas proposed for 5G network are
 Security in Cloud Applications known as active antennas and that is crucial technology
which differentiate 5G network from the previous
RECOMMENDATIONS
generations in terms of speed, latencies and security [129].
Since it is expected that the huge number of devices shall be 5G network requires more complex antenna deployment and
connected with upcoming 5G network which includes design accomplishments for the faster speeds and low
massive number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices so these latency [130]. After thorough literature survey following
shall introduce new security issues and challenges for the 5G some of the efficient antennas for the upcoming 5G network
network. Currently three communication protocols are are discussed along with their performance characteristics
widely used which are based on cryptographic algorithms, and efficiencies.
like the Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems (ECCs). The
5.1 Three Notch Circular Patch Antenna
communication protocols are; IEEE 802.15.4, standard IPv6
over low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks A three-notch circular patch antenna with millimeter-wave
(6LoWPAN) Standard, and Constrained Application Protocol (Mm-wave) pin fed has been designed and analyzed by
(CoAP). With the introduction of quantum computing and authors in [131]. The antenna work in the spectrum of 58.5-
massive capacity of the network these protocols shall not be 60.5 Gigahertz. It is compatible with the mobile station and
secured for communication. Following are the briefly defined has size of 5x5x0.1 mm3. The developed antenna has a
recommended techniques for the strong security of the 5G radiation efficiency higher than 88% (percent) at the
network. reverberance band and produces a reasonable returning loss
of lower than-10 dB, three notch circular patch antenna has
a. Security using software highest gain value of 7.839 decibels at 60 GHz frequency, it
has form factor of 5x5 mm2 [132].
Security functions implemented in software being able to be
deployed in any network perimeter based on necessity, shall
provide many opportunities to strengthen the network
security. A number of firewall applications such as FLOW
GUARD and OpenFlow firewall software can be Considered
as the basic step towards softwarized security for
Softwarized and virtualized networks.

b. AI-based Security

The monitoring and analysis of massive devices on network

shall require self-adaptive intelligence system and such type
Figure 15. Circular Patch Antenna with millimeter wave
of systems shall employ innovative algorithms and
Pin-fed
techniques of artificial intelligence, consequently, cyber-
security may become one of the best application areas for AI.
Security services such as authentication and access control
need to be proactively carried out within the time
constraints in order to meet the main service requirements
such as service migration from one edge node to another. In
doing so, AI shall play a critical role to timely identify the
terminal actions and requirements to avoid service

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TABLE 4: Mm Wave pin-fed three notch antenna 5.2 Dual-Band Eight-Antenna Array Design for MIMO
parameters This type of antenna technology consists of four pair of L-
shaped slots and is based on SIRs. The dual band eight
antenna array with multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)
has been discussed and implemented in [133] for the future
5G mobile networks. The impedance ratio of SIR is the
responsible for the dual resonance and gain of the antenna,
so by adjusting impedance we can gain. The simulated
design shows, the inter element insulation of higher than 11
decibels and return loss of higher than 10 decibels were
gained. Over the long-term evolution (LTE) spectrum 42
The S11 parameter of three notch circular patch antenna (ranges from 3400 to 3600 MHz) and LTE spectrum 46
with millimeter-wave fed [131] is given below in figure 16. (ranges from 5150 to 5925 MHz), the total efficiency of the
designed antenna was almost 51%. The suggested MIMO
antenna array performed a simulated channel efficiency of
more than 36.9 bps/Hz in both operating bands [134].
Furthermore, the calculated envelope correlation coefficient
(ECC) is found to be less than 0.1 between arbitrary two
antenna elements [134] [135].

Figure 16. S11 parameter of millimeter wave pin-fed

three notch circular patch antenna

 Total Efficiency Figure 18. Dual-band 8 antenna prototype

Figure 19. Configuration of dual-band MIMO antenna

array
Figure 17. Radiation performance and overall output of
three pin-fed circular patch antennas with a millimeter
wave

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TABLE 5. Optimal Physical Dimensions of Each Antenna

Element

Figure 20. Simulated S-parameters of the MIMO antenna A

array.
Figure 22. Simulated results of the proposed MIMO
It is necessary to remember that due to the symmetry of the antenna array total efficiency with;(a) one hand, (b) two
design, only the simulated effects of Ant 1 to Ant 4 are seen. hands and Total efficiency
It is quite obvious that the return loss of the planned 8-port
5.3 Leaky-Wave Antenna
MIMO antenna system is greater than 10 dB in all frequency
groups. The predicted subsequent surface current The author in [136] proposed an efficient antenna for the 5G
distributions of Ant 1 at 3500 MHz and 5500 MHz can be mobile communication network. In order to keep the
seen in Figure 21 to clearly show the two resonant modes of characteristics of high-gain, planar structure, and simple-
the SIR-based slot antenna feature. feeding, the leaky-wave antennas (LWAs) ultimately present
a stimulating resolution for low-cost scanning and high-gain.
The designed antenna functions in the mm-Wave band from
37- 43 Gigahertz. The design of leaky wave topology is well
discussed in [137]. The final results of this antenna suggest
that the efficiency of antenna is about 85%.

Figure 23. Leaky-wave Antenna Design

Figure 21. Simulated equivalent surface current
distributions of Ant 1. (a) 3500 MHz (b) 5500 MHz

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Figure 24. Scanned frequency radiation

5.4 Circularly Polarized Magneto- Electric Dipole

Antenna
The author in [138] proposed a circularly polarized
magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna based on printed
ridge gap waveguide (PRGW) technology which has high
efficiency. The final results suggested the gain of antenna Figure 26. Magneto-electric dipole antenna loaded with a
was more than 10 dBi on a frequency range of 31-35 dual-polarized Split-ring resonator
Gigahertz, on 34 Gigahertz the total efficiency of about 94%
was observed. For the optimal gain of antenna, a wideband The radiation schematic of the magneto-electric dipole
lens was used. The lens used here consists of 3 layers with antenna consisting of four parallel patches connected to the
3x4 mu-near zero (MNZ) unit cell on individual layer. The ground plane as seen in Figure 27. The bridge across the slot
printed ridge gap waveguide (PRGW) is prominent consists of 2 patches aligned with the written ridge gap
technology for millimeter wave (mm-Wave) electromagnetic waveguide while all 4 patches with the Y axis are rotated at
band. Mm-Wave band from 30-300 Gigahertz is the 45 degrees. It is obvious from the waveform that the antenna
candidate of 5G radio cellular networks. Several designs of gain exceeded 8 dBi at 32 Gigahertz range.
magneto-electric antenna in [139][140] are the base of the
circular polarized magneto electric dipole antenna. The
printed ridge gap waveguide (PRGW) based waveguide from
[138][141] is shown in figure 25 below from [138].

Figure 27. Circularly polarized magnet magnetic dipole

antenna design with and without Split-ring resonator in
Figure 25. The printed ridge gap waveguide (PRGW)
the E(xz)-and H(yz)-plane at 32 GHz.
based waveguide
The Magnitude of S11 of the three-layer magnetoelectric
A 3-Dimensional figure of a dual polarized Split-ring
dipole antenna with 3 by 4 dual-polarized mu-near zero
resonator (SRR) enabled magneto-electric dipole antenna is
(MNZ) cells as seen in Figure 28. The findings reveal that the
shown in figure 26 from [138].
antenna gain is increased when the mu-near zero is
connected to the antenna. Second, the spectrum of 29-37
Gigahertz is given by the Circularly Polarized Magnet Electric
Dipole Antenna.

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radiation characteristics of 2 × 2, 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 planar

arrays have been studied, and beyond 8.3, the planned
planar arrays have reached 13.5 and 19.3 dBi directions. The
results show that the constructed arrays (linear and planar)
meet the general standards for 5G platforms [142][143]. The
schematic diagram of Quasi-Yagi antenna is outlined below.

Figure 28. Physical layout of the Circularly Polarized

Magneto- Electric Dipole Antenna from [138]
Figure 30. Schematic diagram of quasi-Yagi antenna;
transparent view (a), top layer (b) and bottom layer (c).

The antenna in the above figure is fed by microstrip line to

coax. The cylindrical metal was used to sound the coaxial
cable. The external connector is attached to the ground
plane, while the internal connector of the probe is the Yagi
feed line. The linear array parameters and the concluding
dimensions of the Quasi-Yagi antenna and its parameters are
specified in Table 6 by collecting data from [143].
Figure 29. (a) Physical layout of the antenna fragments
and the assembled Circularly Polarized Magneto- Electric
Dipole Antenna.

5.5 MM-Wave Phased Array Quasi-Yagi Antenna

It is the goal of this manuscript to propose a new phased
array antenna model for the 5G mobile platform [142]. The
eight components of the Quasi-Yagi compact antenna are
mounted on the upper part of the smartphone's printed
circuit board (PCB) to form a beam-proof phased array
configuration. Several papers have been published on this,
and the results show that the recommended -10dB
impedance bandwidth of the 5G smartphone antenna is 25
GHz to 27 GHz, which can provide 2 GHz bandwidth and the
shared coupling efficiency is less than -16 dB. The via crown
on the coaxial cable from the coaxial cable to the microstrip
line has been shortened and has been used as a feeding
mechanism for each radiation feature. As the antenna
substrate [142], Arlon Ad 350 with characteristics of ш = 3.5,
Δ = 0.003, h = 0.8 mm was selected. The proposed phased
array antenna offers a wide-angle scan of 0-pop~75-pop
with a gain level of more than 10 dB realized. The antenna
array offers more than 90 percent (−0.5dB) of radiation and
overall efficiencies for the scanning angle of 0 to 60.
Additionally, the basic absorption rate (SAR) and radiation Figure 31. S11 results [142] of the Quasi-Yagi antenna for
efficiency of the device when the user's hand / user's hand is different values of (a) W (width of the antenna arm), (b)
present are studied [142]. These findings confirm the Lg (length of the ground plane)
feasibility of the new system for handheld 5G applications. In
addition, using the proposed quasi-Yagi materials, the

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Table 6: Parameter values of the Quasi-Yagi antenna and

its array design.

 Efficiency
Figure 33. (a) Front view of an eight-element MIMO
The simulated efficiency is above 90% of the Quasi-Yagi antenna; (b) Front view of an element antenna; (c) Bottom
Antenna. of the element antenna; (d) Bottom view of the planner's
self-isolated broadband eight-MIMO antenna.

The authors conducted a current distribution analysis on the

4.5 GHz eight-element MIMO antenna array to verify the
isolation effect of elements 1 and 2 being excited. When port
1 (one) is energized, a large part of the surface current is
limited to the reverse L-shape, while the other ports are
connected to the corresponding loads. Similarly, when port 2
(two) is energized, most of the surface current is confined in
the inverted L-shaped bar. Therefore, determining the
inverted L-shaped strip can significantly improve the
isolation between the components. The figure 34 below from
[144] shows the simulation results.
Figure 32. Efficiency of Quasi-Yagi Antenna

5.6 Flexibly Extensible Planar Self-Isolated Wideband

MIMO Antenna
In [144], an extensive self-isolated planar broadband MIMO
antenna array is proposed and studied. Eight-element MIMO
antenna arrays have been assembled and tested for test
examples. The designed kit shows 65% wide bandwidth
(IBW) at 3.82–7.5 GHz. Because the inverted L-shaped strip
load is on the ground, in the proposed design, any two
components can also achieve good isolation (> 18 dB) [144].
The smaller the ECC between any two components, it
indicates that the proposed eight-element MIMO antenna Figure 34. Simulation results at 4.5 GHz current
system has a strong diversity of output [145]. The distinctive distribution: (a) Excitation port one (1); (b) Port two (2) is
characteristics of scalability and self-isolation render the 8- excited
antenna system a possible candidate for future 5G
applications. The front and bottom view of the 8-element
MIMO antenna system from [144] is seen in figure 33,
displaying the arrangement of antenna elements.

Figure 35. Photograph of the 8-element MIMO antenna.

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implementation, it is important to have a rich awareness of

the features in order to identify the most appropriate
integrated antenna system [154]. The advanced antenna
system is described as the "summing up of advanced
antenna system features of the advanced antenna system."
The improvement in end-user efficiency has made the radio
access network (RAN) more successful in terms of capacity,
coverage and output. Mobile network operators (MNOs) will
also develop the Radio Access Network (RAN) in such a
manner as to require a decreased cost per bit thus fulfilling
modern expectations for the performance of end-users
[155]. It is now time for infrastructure to switch to an
advanced integrated antenna network in order to increase
performance both in uplink and downlink [156]. Shifting to
an advanced antenna system involves a decrease in the
Figure 36. Measured performance of the 8-element MIMO manufacturing costs of MIMO and beam formation and an
antenna improvement of the baseband, antenna and device. The
advanced antenna system is similar to the current
Table 7. Output relation between the current design and infrastructure so that it is easy for mobile network operators
the previous MIMO multi-element antenna designs to introduce it on existing network sites rather than
constructing costly sites. The advanced radio / wireless
Designs Decoupli Adjacent Isolation Extensibi Structure antenna system is made up of an antenna arrangement that
ng Space lity Complexi
is closely combined with the software and hardware for
Method ty
Ref. [146] Polarizati >12.5 mm >12.5 dB No Simple transmitting and receiving wireless signals and signal
on processing techniques to facilitate the implementation of
orthogon advanced antenna system functionality. This method is very
ality successful in adjusting the antenna emission patterns to
Ref. [147] Polarizati >19 mm >17.5 dB No Medium
on increasingly changing traffic and multi-path wireless
diversity environments compared to the current method [157]. Often,
Ref. [148] Polarizati >6 mm >12.5 dB No Medium with various types of radiation, several signals may be sent
on and obtained simultaneously.
orthogon
ality
Ref. [149] Neutraliz >8 mm 10 dB No Simple 5.7.1 Multi Antenna techniques
ation line The beamforming and MIMO from multi antenna techniques
Ref. [150] Neutraliz 17 mm >15 dB No Medium referred as an advanced antenna system feature. These
ation line
features have already been implemented in the current LTE
and
ground
network systems so, by applying an advanced antenna
slot system features to an advanced antenna system
Ref. [151] Pattern >9 mm 15 dB No Medium radio/wireless would result in greater performance gains.
diversity
Ref. [152] Pattern >14 mm <15 dB No Simple 5.7.2 MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output)
diversity
Techniques
Ref. [153] Decouplin >4 mm >15 dB No Complex
g Multiple Input, Multi Output (MIMO) is a multiplexing
structures strategy that has the capacity to communicate multiple data
beams at a time. The aim of MIMO is to increase the
throughput. MIMO works in both uplink and downlink,
5.7 An Advanced Antenna System although the concept below stresses downlink for ease of
The new technical advances have made the integrated usage. The MIMO may be a single user and several SU-MIMO
and MU-MIMO users respectively. The single-user MIMO
antenna system a flexible alternative for positioning in the (SU-MIMO) is used to transfer data to multiple users from
existing and upcoming 4G and 5G networks. Advanced one source, it improves the capacity of the network and the
antenna system (AAS) allows beam shaping and multi-input output of the customer [158]. SU-MIMO can also be used in a
multi-out (MIMO) strategies. Beamforming and MIMO multi-path environment where there are many radio
strategies are effective tools to boost performance, coverage broadcasts paths of equal strength between the EU and the
and user experience. As a result, the integrated antenna AAS; by sending various layers to separate transmission
system significantly increases network efficiency in both routes as shown in Figure 37(a) from [154].
upward and downward connections. In order to achieve cost
efficiency and quality improvements to network

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5.7.4 Antenna array structure

In order to permit excessive-advantage beams and make it
achievable to reveal beams at quite a number of angles, as
proven in Figure 39(A) from [154]. The use of the square
antenna array is considered. By multiplying the antenna
signal range from multiple antenna components, benefits can
be obtained in the uplink and downlink. The more factors of
the antenna, the higher the advantage. It is performed by
way of independently controlling the phase and amplitude of
the smaller elements of the antenna array. It is finished by
Figure 37: Single user and Multi user MIMO, with the way of splitting the antenna array into subarrays (companies
different colors of the filled beams representing streams. of non-overlapping elements) as shown in figure. 39(C) and
by means of adding two constant radio chains per sub-array
A multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) as can be seen in Figure to allow power, as shown in figure 39(D). The route and
37(b), the advanced antenna network simultaneously other houses of the generated antenna array beam may be
transfers multiple layers in separate beams to various users modified on this technique.
utilizing a common time and frequency tool, thereby
increasing the network bandwidth. In order to utilize multi-
user (MU)-MIMO and connection b, the system will accept
two or three users that wish to transmit or retrieve data at
the same time.

5.7.3 Beamforming
Beam formation is the ability to guide wireless energy over a
wireless channel to a specific receiver, as shown in Figure Figure 39: The normal antenna configuration (A)
38(a). Useful addition of the appropriate signals to the EU consisting of rows and columns of dual-polarized antenna
receiver can be accomplished by changing the amplification variables (B) Antenna arrays may be separated into sub-
and phase of the transmitting signals, resulting in a higher arrays (C), with each sub-array (D) attached to two radio
reception signal intensity and also a higher end-user chains, normally one in the polarization process.
efficiency. Similarly, beam shaping is the ability to absorb
signal energy from the transmitter when it is transmitted. In The benefit of the array is defined as the benefit executed
order to achieve high efficiency in uplink and downlink, the while all sub-array alerts are constructively brought (in
beams emitted by the advanced antenna system are segment). The size of the benefit array, relative to the
continuously adjusted to the surroundings. advantage of a sub-array, relies upon on the wide variety of
sub-arrays. By altering the phases of the sub-array signals in
a specific manner, this benefit can be obtained in any
manner as proven in Figure 40(A). Growing sub-array has a
particular sample of radiation that defines the benefit in
distinctive directions. The width of the beam relies upon the
size of the sub-array and the traits of the man or woman
antenna components. There is a trade-off between the gain
sub-array and the width of the projector. The wider the sub-
array, and the narrower the width of the beam, the higher
the gain, as noticeable in figure 40(B). The total range of
Figure 38: Beamforming representing streams from [154] factors determines the overall gain, and the sub-array
splitting enables high-advantage beams to be directed across
In multi-track scenarios where the wireless channel the variety of angles. In addition, the sub-array pattern of
comprises of multiple transmission tracks from sender to radiation is used to evaluate the boundary of the slender
receiver by diffraction around angles and reflections against beams (dashed outline in Figure 40 (C).
artifacts, it is desirable to transmit the same data beam in a
variety of different phase and amplitude paths regulated in
such a way as to contribute constructively to the receiver.
This is referred to as generalized beam formation, as shown
in Figure 38(b).

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1. Deployment Situation #1: Suburban/Rural

As shown in Part C of Figure 4, the macro situation in the

suburbs or rural areas is defined by the base stations
installed on the roof or the top of the tower. The distance
ranges from one kilometer to several kilometers. The
population density ranges from medium to low. This
situation includes an AAS with a huge antenna nearby and
the ability to help form a horizontal beam. However, due to
the small size of vertical buyers, vertical beamforming has
not brought any of the most important benefits. As a result,
large-scale vertical sub-arrays with limited vertical coverage
are sufficient. Compared with other cases, full beamforming
based on reciprocity can help fewer users, and MU-MIMO
gain is more limited. AAS with 8 to 16 radio links achieves
pleasing stability between failure and efficiency.
Figure 40: A set of sub-arrays that endorse an 2. Deployment Situation #2: Dense urban higher rise
unsustainable overall antenna benefit and steerability
As shown in stage A of Figure 5, a compact higher rise urban
5.7.5 Deployment Situations scene is described by higher rise buildings, a small inter-site
Delineating which type of advanced antenna system (AAS) distance (ISD) of 200-500 m, huge traffic flow and huge
population density, and a strong vertical space to describe
configuration is the most suitable and cost-effective for a customer distribution. For the described traffic, the key
given deployment situation, this requires a combination of element of community development is improved
expertise in various situations, functional website functionality or equivalent end-user performance. For
boundaries and convenient AAS functions, especially for conventional non-beamform networks used with 2T2R, the
vertical beams the demand for steering, the effectiveness of vertical distribution of customers and thin ISD can lead to a
equivalent beamforming and the advantages of MU-MIMO. situation where many customers exceed the vertical base
We selected three common usage scenarios that revealed beam of the closest base station. Coupled with the large
various factors for installing AAS: dense city higher rise, city number of websites, this creates an environment in which
low rise, and rural / suburban conditions, including related the indicators from the outage base station are effective and
serious outage problems may occur. In the case of over-
functions, correct advance antenna system settings and emergence of densely populated cities, the antenna position
output capacity, as shown in Figure 41 from [154]. Reference required by the required AAS function should be wide
[157] provides a more complete overall performance test enough to ensure adequate exposure (UL cell edge fact
that can be achieved through AAS. occurrence rate). Furthermore, the vertical exposure
category is expected to be large enough to accommodate the
vertical distribution of customer. It allows small sub-arrays
with huge beams in the vertical plane. Dividing the antenna
into small sub-arrays will produce a high-precision beam,
which can be controlled through a large number of angles,
thereby effectively solving the problem of interference with
conventional systems. AAS requires a sufficient number of
radio channels to accommodate a considerable number of
sub-arrays. Better insurance and a wide range of customers
mean that the capacity of reciprocal beamforming and MU-
MIMO with a relatively large multiplexing user range is too
large, and these technologies will be guided by AAS. By
managing 64 radio links of a small sub-array, many complex
and high-quality tasks can be completed.

3. Deployment Situation #3: Urban lower rise

The lower rise buildings in the city mentioned in Part B of

Figure 4 reflect the world's largest towns and the edges of
Figure 41: Appropriate AAS configuration in special many high-rise cities. The base station is usually installed on
deployment situations, schematic MU-MIMO and SU-MIMO the top of the mountain, and the length between the sites is
usage range and typical capacity profit some kilometers. Compared with the crowded high-rise city,
the public transport that fits the location of the unit is
smaller. Generally, a set of multi-process distributed
construction styles will be generated between AAS and UE.
Enhancing the antenna position is crucial for enhancing the
throughput of UL cells, especially for higher frequency bands
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using TDD. Due to the expansion of ISD and the reduction of access to 44 zettabytes (ZB) of data [160]. It extends from
the vertical distribution of users (decrease of buildings), smartphones and laptops to smartwatches, vehicles,
compared with densely populated high-rise urban areas, the computers, equipment and remote-control devices [161].
scope of vertical publicity can be reduced; therefore, a wider Almost all of this should produce a huge quantity of "useful
vertical sub-array can be used, and the advantages of vertical
beamforming are less. Using a wider sub-array for the data" that can be evaluated. Scientists predict that this linked
described antenna area means that fewer radio links are world would make it possible to use a far higher proportion
required. Horizontal beam shaping is a completely powerful of digital data (35 per cent) than before (5 per cent) [162].
function that produces the main gain. Reciprocating Wireless technology work is currently exploring a series of
beamforming strategies will be suitable for the largest plans, developments for a forthcoming wireless network. High-
but packages with limited insurance will have to rely on speed connectivity and low-latency specifications should be
strategies including feedback-based beamforming. Due to the focus for the upcoming 5G system. With 5G, the output is
the multi-route propagation environment, precise 40 times higher than 4 G, so you can stream 8 K or ultra-3-D
connection, and UE pairing capabilities, MU-MIMO is also videos in only a second [163][164].
suitable for heavy loads. The perfect solution between the
problem and the performance is AAS with 16 to 32 radio
6.2 4K STREAMING
hyperlinks.
Mobile network usage tends to increase at a very rapid rate
RECOMMENDATION due to emerging smartphone technologies such as high-
resolution video sharing, online gaming and virtual reality
In this paper we would recommend a geometrical apps [165]. In this sense, the EU 5G PPP SELFNET project
adjustment of the geometry parameters of the antennas, in [165][166] has introduced a QoE-aware Self-Optimization
order to obtain a multiband response with a fair gain and to Use Case for UHD video streams utilizing the Scalable H.265
obtain the frequency tuning of the resonant bands. The programming coding standard. Various forms of broadband
efficient antennas for the 5G network produce a higher gain devices that include a large amount of data traffic have been
in millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum. The frequency launched, such as 4 K extreme high resolution (UHD) video
spectrum from 20 GHz to 80 GHz is typically referred to as sharing, holograms, and virtual / augmented reality (VR /
the mmWave band. The network in this band has 10 times AR). Due to the developments in mobile connectivity
greater capacity range than 4 G channels, meaning that this networks, ITU-R has revealed the concept of the 5G (IMT-
system can have faster download speeds and a far broader 2020) mobile broadband linked business "Enhanced Mobile
spectrum to enable future wireless connectivity. Broadband”, “Low Latency”, and “Massive Internet of Things”
Furthermore, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) based [167]. Through 5G vision, a maximum bandwidth of 20 Gb /
antennas are recommended for the fastest network s per device, a maximum throughput of 1 Gb / s per user and
operation for 5G. So, all the efficient antennas should be a low latency of less than 1 ms will be provided [168]. We
MIMO based developed for the mmWave spectrum for the have obtained findings that meet with the specific
future 5G network. The common issue with this mmWave specifications of the IMT-2020 per-user throughput by
spectrum is that, the signal may experience loss due to achieving a data rate of more than 1 Gb / s in real-time.
rainfall, fog or snowfall, so necessary steps should be taken However, the real-time 4 K video delivery capability was
to protect the signal loss in this band for the future 5G effectively demonstrated by the 5G system and IFoF-based
network. smartphone fronthaul [168]. AS 5G networks are slowly
being phased out globally, it is anticipated that consumers
6. USES OF 5G will begin using enhanced Mobile Broad Band (eMBB) apps
on their handheld devices. These technologies, e.g., 4 K and 8
6.1. Fast data rate (Gigabytes in instants) K video sharing as well as virtual or augmented reality
Fast broadband speeds and smart networks would define devices, provide far greater virtual environments though
the 5G network. It takes around eight minutes to download a consuming much higher data rate to enable their seamless
4 G feature film; people will be able to do this in less than deployment to user devices. One of the main goals of 5G
five seconds with 5G. Network speed can support eMBB is therefore to maintain the consistency of service
technologies such as social networking sites, multimedia (QoE) of consumers of such apps in complex and demanding
television, high resolution and 3D content, augmented network scenarios. Satellite links have recently been
reality, robots, driverless vehicles, advanced manufacturing, integrated into 5G networks [169]. Since we have shown in
many others. For the billions of computers that would be the example use case, the measurement of 4 K material is
connected, not all data has to be transferred concurrently. actually restricted to virtual LTE networks. Although 4 K
Some systems involve immediate communication, whereas content offers the perfect catalyst for assessing 5G mm wave
others can be shared at off-peak hours. Getting networks technologies, with regard to the number of users per cell and
that continuously manage data traffic and make split-second related transmission speeds needed to assess DASH
decisions is essential to the 5G world [159]. The 5G network streaming in real-time [169]. As 5G networks are slowly
is projected to serve 50 billion portable devices and 212 being phased out globally, it is anticipated that consumers
billion mobile sensors by the end of 2020 and to enable will begin using improved Mobile Broad Band (eMBB)

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applications on their handheld devices. These technologies, managing, tracking and scaling smart devices in actual or
e.g., 4 K and 8 K video sharing as well as virtual or virtual reality in smart cities [178]. Ultra-low latency,
augmented reality devices, provide far greater virtual stability and access quality are the key characteristics of the
environments though consuming much higher data rate to tactile internet that render it more advanced in 5G [179].
enable their seamless deployment to device. The aim of this
work is to provide DASH dataset content to evaluate 6.5 Augmented Reality on 5G
adaptive clients for higher speed networks [170] In recent years, augmented and virtual reality has started to
take advantage of the high-speed capacities of video
6.3 Smart Mobility Using 5G streaming technology and cellular networks. However,
In the future, we are planning to merge the MIH paradigm constraints such as bandwidth and latency also prohibit us
with the DMM approaches in the sense of 5G heterogeneous from reaching high-fidelity telepresence and integrated
networks, especially vehicle networks. In this type of interactive and augmented reality applications. Luckily, both
network defined by a high agility environment, further developers and architects are conscious of these problems
parameters should be carefully considered, such as network and have built up 5G networks to help us transition to the
size, vehicle speed, latency and likelihood of failure to new phase of software interfaces [180]. Wireless Internet
produce [171]. Mobility technologies in 5G vary from and IoT are the two major demand influences for the
conventional road / route preparation to new automated potential growth of wireless connectivity which should have
driving systems (connected vehicles) and expanded sharing a broad variety of opportunities for 5G. There will be a large
of smart transport. Smart mobility advantages include road range of usage cases in the 5G era, such as augmented
management, secure navigation, avoidance of incidents, fuel reality, virtual reality, wireless computing, eHealth systems,
conservation, prices and emission reduction [172][173] We car driving, and so on [181[182] Despite the network
plan to analyze the advantages of utilizing existing / demands of new technological markets such as AR / VR,
emerging mobile connectivity protocols (LTEX2 protocol there is a lot of enthusiasm and expectation regarding the
and, most notably, 5G Device-to-Device — D2D) as suitable introduction of 5G network technologies. [183]-[186] 5G
platforms for providing automotive technologies, with an standards apply to anything from intense connectivity (e.g.
emphasis on autonomous driving (AD)[174]. This paper large-speed trains) to significant improvements in energy
addressed digital mobility technologies delivered in the consumption and network capacity, contributing to a hyper-
framework of SCOs. As such, it also presented some of the connected world in which mobile devices can play an
core concepts in the smart city context, as well as some of extremely essential part in our lives [187]. The primary
the core obstacles that cities face while developing SCOs. driver of traffic on the network is the market for video
This then concentrated on smart connectivity, which comes streaming services. Asynchronous information reuse
beyond the framework of SCOs, posing its key work property is demonstrated by these live streaming demands
accomplishments and challenges. In addition, it proposed a of popular services by internet users that compensate for
system focused on the utilization of 4G and, most notably, of much of the data traffic. In fact, smartphone Augmented
5G cell networking infrastructures, with a view to enhancing Reality and Virtual Reality (AR / VR) were anticipated to be
the quality of vehicle communications [174]. among the first group of killer apps in 5G. According to ABI
Research, the global AR industry is projected to hit $114
6.4 Smart Cities Using 5G billion by 2021, while the global VR industry is expected to
All through the immediate future, 5G technology will connect reach $65 billion during the same timeframe [181]. All
the planet from the biggest megacity to the smallest Internet Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) provide
of Things throughout ever-on-line fashion. Such a linked consumers with interactive content, but need an
hierarchy will merge smart cities, smart homes and the infrastructure capable of offering solid assurances of good
Internet of Things into one big cohesive infrastructure [175]. quality 360° footage, low-latency two-way interactions and
So far, study on Smart Cities and self-organizing networking precise localization. Due to 5G, such activities will now be
strategies for 5G wireless networks has been considered: the accessed, e.g. on consumer electronics, remote and handheld,
smart city depends on 5G to enable large M2 M thereby introducing a range of revolutionary educational
communications, but the actual network is uncertain of the scenarios [188]. 5G infrastructure aims to be able to help a
data streaming through it. However, stronger collaboration variety of both conventional and new technologies, such as
between the two will result in a shared partnership, as the device-to-device connectivity and the Internet of Things
information generated by the enormous volume of data (IoT). The aim of this research is on 5G features and
obtained by the sensors can be used to enhance connectivity functionality that can promote the deployment of advanced
performance [176]. In addition, 5G is supposed to put e-learning systems utilizing AR / VR. In this sense, the
together several various access systems, greatly improving opportunity to promote the exchange of data via the creation
the efficiency of the communication network and making it of extemporary classrooms everywhere through user
easier for transfers to take place to exchange information equipment is also important. To this purpose, an evaluation
among heterogeneous systems and services [177]. The of recent – primarily European – 5G trials is provided in
tactile internet would offer a forum for calculating,

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order to determine the viability of e-learning systems and basic investigation, we have reasoned that ramble
utilizing this technology [188]. correspondence for the arrangement and upkeep of basic
foundations is the most testing situation that can be
7. MEDICAL IMPACT OF 5G TECHNOLOGY conveyed to the following period of our work [191].
Telemedicine or e-Health will permit scaling up of human
We have divided the subject in two portions, one is good
services frameworks to meet a rising populace, particularly
medical impacts we termed it as positive impacts similarly
in remote, rustic and low-salary regions, by utilizing
for bad impacts, we used the term negative impacts.
advances, for example, remote discussion and medical
7.1. Positive Impacts procedure. Specialists utilizing telemedicine will approach
haptic input, which will take into consideration the
The 5G network allows new open doors for human services
sentiment of touch to be transmitted. Patients will have the
with imaging, diagnostics, information investigation, and
option to quantify their own vitals at a small amount of the
treatment with its most remarkable availability, savvy
expense and with incredible accommodation. We accept that
supervision, and data/information abilities. It incorporates
the 5G system will address individual correspondences, yet
wearable and remote sensors which are associated with the
additionally make a completely advanced society where
system through the web of things (IoT) gadgets. The
sensors might be installed in tissue (pacemaker), ingested
wearable gadgets and sensors screen clinical information,
(utilizing ingestible keen pills), imprinted on skin (utilizing
for example, vivacious signs, individual wellbeing, and
epidermal sensors, for example, shrewd skin or
physical movement and transmit the information
computerized tattoo) and worn (utilizing wearable
electronically. These gadgets will convey at no other time
innovation, for example, savvy attire, brilliant gems or
seen tele medicine judgment and treatment administrations.
smartwatch) [192]. 5G empowered social insurance upset
Likewise give video conferencing of high goals, at the same
that will be driven by 5G remote innovation and completely
time conveying greatness care at reasonable charges. These
bolstered by other related advances. We give a portrayal of
gadgets produce improved information and progressively
every one of the different included advances and their
precise examination for getting data. 5G will bring steady
potential for medicinal services, while giving pointers to
and dependable client experience and an improved clinical
existing writing and advances. We likewise introduced a
consideration and it will likewise help in some basic clinical
contextual analysis on the monetary benefits that will be
capacities which require higher unwavering quality and
offered by 5G innovation empowered medicinal services.
lower idleness [189]. The utilization of computerized
Further, we have featured the energizing examination and
innovation is expanding quickly consistently, the utilization
execution openings in building this eventual fate of 5G-
of PDAs, sensors and removed checking mechanical
empowered social insurance while likewise pinpointing the
assembly going to develop and it will get gigantic headways
considerable difficulties included and the potential traps
patients accepting imaging, determination, and in the
[192].
treatment. To ensure the sum of this transforms into a
reality, be that as it may, the work ought to be done to urge 7.2 Negative Impacts
an all the way structure. Contraptions must interface with
Alongside gigantic number of advantages remote innovation
frameworks and the cloud in habits that are interoperable
has additionally one of the most obliterating ecological and
and ensure about. That will engage prosperity providers and
wellbeing dangers and dangers to individual freedom at any
patients to get the benefits of cutting-edge improvement for
point made. It is turning out to be broadly realized that 4G
wellbeing and human administrations. If we can vanquish
and 5G innovations cause numerous damages to human
these obstacles, both social protection clients and providers
wellbeing. Malignancy is just a single issue, and one that is
will see liberal advances in clinical treatment [189]. Despite
effectively understood. 4G and 5G cause 720! (factorial)
concentrated endeavors, there are as yet gigantic difficulties
various illnesses in individuals, and can destroy everything
that need to confront while giving social insurance offices to
that lives yet a few types of microorganisms. A few
the quick expanding and old populace [2]. Despite the fact
pathogens and certain parasites are made progressively
that the 5G for a great many people implies quicker web, the
harmful by chosen frequencies of RF [193]. Bugs and winged
effects of 5G on social insurance will be duplicated. The
creatures are as of now being murdered by the RF
computer-generated experience (VR) and expanded reality
communicates. There are different approaches to convey
(AR) are bound to turn into the most straightforwardly
that do not require radio waves, nor wires, which cause no
profited territories and add to insight medication once 5G
harm to any type of life [194]. The non-ionizing 5G RF-EMF
innovation develops [5]. The 5G will significantly advance
can carry on like high LET ionizing radiations which have the
the mix of virtual and reality, which is basic for far reaching
most extreme vitality affidavit per unit separation [195].
recovery preparing, just as compact furthest point
Considering the low infiltration and high vitality statement
restoration and telemedicine because of its specialized
per unit separation of 5G, this can prompt age of significant
qualities [190]. Also, we analyzed social insurance as for 4G
levels of free radicals in a short separation which thus
and 5G advances and give a review of online interview,
expands the danger of skin malignancy [196]. It's important
online wellbeing checking, remote finding, and versatile
that Yakymenko et al. has mentioned that among 100 friends
automated medical procedure. In view of the writing audit
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checked on examines with respect to the oxidative impacts [6] Khan, R., Kumar, P., Jayakody, D. N. K., & Liyanage, M.
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Ameigeiras, P., Ramos-Munoz, J. J., & Lopez-Soler, J. M.
In this paper we have reviewed various aspects of the
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networks would be smarter and more effective to serve huge
[9] Dragičević, T., Siano, P., & Prabaharan, S. R. (2019).
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Future generation 5G wireless networks for smart grid:
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BIOGRAPHIES

Mr. Meer Zafarullah is an

undergraduate student currently
pursuing his Bachelor’s degree
(B.E) in final year in Electronic
Engineering from Mehran
University of Engineering and
Technology SZAB Campus,
Pakistan.

Mr. Kaleem Ullah is an

undergraduate student currently
pursuing his Bachelor’s degree
(B.E) in final year in Electronic
Engineering from Mehran
University of Engineering and
Technology SZAB Campus,
Pakistan.

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