16 192.168.10.6 0 S — © WZ N on —Class Class B Class C Class D Class E Class A Class B Class C Class A Class B Class C 1-127 128-191 192-223 224-239 240 ~ 255, IP Address Classes (Network 127 is reserved for loopback and internal testing) Leading bit pattern 0 ogggogo cogggpeaongngoa cccpggo0 Leading bit pattern 10 _s9gggop.cogpenge ongp00.o0qgeo00 Leading bitpattern 110 gqo9go cagpane0 an9n9900 0999000, (Reserved for multicast) (Reserved for experimental, used for research) Private Address Space 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 255.0.0.0 Default Subnet Masks 255.255.0.0 255,255.255.0 This workbook assumes you already have a background in subnetting. if you don't you may want to consider completing the IP Addressing and Subnetting Workbook. Inside Cover Produced by: Robb Jones jonesr@careertech net andior Robert Jones @teps.org Frederick County Career & Technology Center Cisco Networking Academy Frederick County Public Schools Frederick, Maryland, USA ‘Spocial Thanks to Melvin Baker and Jim Dorsch for taking the time to check this workbook for errors. Workbooks included in the series: IP Addressing and Subnetting Workbooks ACLs - Access Lists Workbooks VLSM Variable-Length Subnet Mask WorkbooksClassful vs. Classless Subnetting When you're subnetting an IP address for a network you have two options: classful and classless. Classful subnetting is the simplest method. It tends to be the most wasteful because it uses more addresses than are necessary. In classful subnetting you use the same subnet mask for each subnet, and all the subnets have the same number of addresses in them. Classless addressing allows you to use different subnet masks and create subnets tailored to the number of users in each group. This technique is referred to as VLSM. What is VLSM Variable Length Subnet Masks allow you a much tighter control over your addressing scheme. If you use a class C address with a default subnet mask you end up with one subnet containing 256 addresses. By using VLSM you can adjust the number of subnets and number of addresses depending on the specific needs of your network. The same rules apply to a class A or B addresses. VLSM is supported by the following protocols: RIP version 2, OSPF, EIGRP, Dual IS-IS, and BGP,. You need to configure your router for Variable Length Subnet Masking by setting up one of these protocols. Then configure the subnet masks of the various interfaces in the IP address interface sub- command. Benefits of VLSM Allows efficient use of address space Allows the use of multiple subnet mask lengths Breaks up an address block into smaller custom blocks Allows for route summarization Provides more flexibility in network design Supports hierarchical enterprise networks This workbook explores three different methods to figure out sub-subnets: the box method, the circle method, and a VLSM chart.Classful Subnetting Example When you're subnetting an IP address for a network you have two options: classful and classless. Classful subnetting is the simplest method. It also tends to be the most wasteful because it uses more addresses than are necessary. In classful subnetting you use the same subnet mask for each subnet, and all the subnets have the same number of addresses in them. In this example you need five subnets, each one containing 30 hosts. The serial connections only require two address each so you are wasting 28 usable addresses in each of the serial subnet ranges. IP Address: 192.168.1.0 The Box Method for visualizing subnets Classful Subnet Ranges 192.168.1.0 to 192.168,.1.31 /27 192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.63 /27 192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.95 /27 192.168.1.96 to 192.168.1127 /27 192.168.1128 to 192.168,1.159 /27 2.168. 192. 168. 27 6 92.168. 127 255.255.255.224 32 Hosts 8 SubnetsClassless Subnetting Example Classless addressing allows you to use different subnet masks and create subnets tailored to the number of users in each subnetwork. There are fewer wasted IP addresses using smaller subnets. In this example you need at total of five subnets, two containing 30 hosts, one containing 12 hosts, and two serial connections that only require two addresses each. IP Address: 192.168.1.0 Markatng — 25 Hosts ocords 12 Hosts Research 30 Hosts, By adjusting the subnet masks you can cut your address usage by almost half in this example. This type of subnetting requires a network protocol which will support it such as: RIP version 2, EIGRP, OSPF, or BGP. The Box Method for visualizing subnets Classless Subnet Ranges 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.31 27 192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1683 27 192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.79 128 192.168.180 to 192.168.1.82 30 192.168.184 to 192.168.1.87 30 16Visualizing Subnets Using The Box Method The box method is a simple way to visualize the breakdown of subnets and addresses into smaller sizes. By shading or coloring in the boxes you can easily break up your subnets without overlapping your addresses. You adjust each subnet to the correct size needed. Start with a square. The whole square 0 is a single subnet comprised of 256 addresses. /24 255.255.255.0 256 Hosts 1 Subnet 2 Split the box in half and you get two iT 8 subnets with 128 addresses. /25 255.255.255.128 128 Hosts 2 Subnets 127 25! Divide the box into quarters and you get four subnets with 64 addresses. /26 255.255.255.192 64 Hosts 4 SubnetsSplit each individual square and you get eight subnets with 32 addresses. /27 F 255.255.255.224 32 Hosts 8 Subnets Split the boxes in half again and you get sixteen subnets with sixteen addresses. /28 255.255.255.240 16 Hosts F 16 Subnets The next split gives you thirty two subnets with eight addresses. /29 255.255.255.248 8 Hosts 32 Subnets The last split gives sixty four subnets with four addresses each. /30 F 255.255.255.252 F 4 Hosts 64 SubnetsVLSM Addressing Box Method (Sample) Problem 1 Using the network diagram and information given create an addressing scheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnet address and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnets used in the box. This business will be using the class C address 220.10.10.0. Re- member to start with your largest groups first. ‘Marketing ss. Research Department Department 60 Hosts 28 Hosts LAN Adceoss: LAN Assess: 220.10.10.0/26 220.10.10.64/27 Color in the squares used with different shades to highlight each subnet.VLSM Addressing Box Method (Sample) Problem 2 Using the network diagram and information given create an addressing scheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnet address and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnets used in the box. This company will be using the class C address 192.168.16.0. Re- member to start with your largest groups first. Washington .C. IN Address torosie ——~{_192.168.16.0/25 WAN Across 192 .168.16.224/30 JAN Aress #2: 192 .16 8.16.22 8/30 / Balimare Frederick 60 Hosts 20 Hosts LAN Ades: LAN Address 192 .168.16.128/ 26 192.168.16.192/27 Color in the squares used with different shades to highlight each subnet.VLSM Addressing Box Method Problem 3 Using the network diagram and information given create an addressing scheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnet address and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnets used in the box. This company will be using the class C address 190.10.10.0. Re- member to start with your largest groups first. WN Aaress Dallas f 0 Hosts — VAN Across #1 Fiver 25 Hosts AN aooross: Color in the squares used with different shades to highlight each subnet.VLSM Addressing Box Method Problem 4 Using the network diagram and information given create an addressing scheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnet address and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnets used in the box. This company will be using the class C address 220.108.38.0. Re- member to start with your largest groups first. Corpus. Christ Across: Ei AN Adress #1 VAN Acorens #2: Fouston waco 120 Hosts 50 Hosts — / ‘i Color in the squares used with different shades to highlight each subnet. ae poe 131