Unconventional Shale Resource

Assessment

Albert Maende, W. David Weldon,

Wildcat Technologies LLC
and Daniel M. Jarvie,
Worldwide Geochemistry LLC

EAPCE '13 Arusha, Tanzania 6th — 8th February, 2013 Wildcat Technologies, LLC
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Talk Outline

• Types of Unconventional Shale Resource Systems

• Shale Resource System's organic carbon content, porosity and

maturation

• Assessment of hydrocarbon's content of Shale Resource Systems

• Evaluation of hydrocarbons producibility from Shale Resource

Systems

• Some potential Unconventional Shale Resource Systems in South

and East Africa

• Summary

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 Types ❑f Unconventional Shale Resource Systems

A
Lodgepole
Formation
Unconventional Shale Resource System (Mississippian)
A

• Organic — rich rock

• May or may not be interbedded with organic lean Bakken
lithologies Formation
• Can be made to produce naturally generated (Upper
hydrocarbons Devonian —
Mississippian)
e.g. Bakken Formation, Williston Basin, USA

Three Forks
Formation
(Devonian)
V
(Sonnenberg et. al., 2011)

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Shale Gas Resource Systems

Combination Biogenic gas system:

gas and oil, dry gas unless mixed
condensate in with thermogenic gas
either
mudstones or Mudstone gas system:
hybrids 0.8 — Organic-rich, dry gas,
1.4 % Ro high thermal maturity
>1.40 %Ro
Hybrid gas
system:
Mudstone or hybrid
Combination
system: Wet gas, low
organic rich
L thermal maturity
mudstones
<0.80 %Ro
and organic
lean non-
mudstone
intervals with
dry gas, high
thermal
(Jarvie, 2012)
maturity >1.40
%Ro

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 Shale Oil Resource Systems
• Continuous organic-rich mudstones with no open fractures (tight shale)

• Organic-rich mudstones with open fractures (fractured shale)

• Organic-rich mudstones with interbedded organic-lean facies (hybrid shale)

Tight ShaleI Hybrid Shale

e.g. Barnett,
Antelope, i > < e.g. Bakken, Eagle
Ford, Niobrara
Tuscaloosa

Fractured Shale
e.g. Monterey,
Bakken, Pierre

(Jarvie, 2012)

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Shale Resource System's Organic Carbon Content, Porosity and Maturation

Shale Gas Resource Systems: 10 examples from North America (Jarvie, 2008)

m
Formation Age TOCPd Oil Hipci(mg Porosity %Ro average Transformat .
average Saturation HC/g TOC) (average) (range) -ion Ratio
(wt. %) (%) (%) (%)

Barnett Mississippian 3.74 (453) 10 45 5 1.6 (0.85 - 90

2.1)

Fayetteville Mississippian 3.77 (499) <1 15 6 2.5 (2.0 - 4.5) 96

Woodford Devonian 5.34 (53) 5 60 5 1.5 (0.7 - 4.0) 85

Bossier Upper Jurassic 1.64 (143) <1 15 7.5 1.5 (1.1 - 2.4) 96

Haynesville Upper Jurassic 3.01 (41) <1 14 8.3 1.5 (1.2-2.4) 98

Marcellus Devonian 4.67 (334) 1 20 6.2 1.5 (0.9 - 5.0) 96

Muskwa Devonian 2.16 (75) <1 10 4 2.0 (1.4 - 2.2) 98

Montney Triassic 1.95 (192) 1 17 5 1.6 (0.9 - 2.5) 95

Utica Ordovician 1.33 (257) 5 27 2.0 (0.8 - 3.0) 93

Eagle Ford Upper 2.76 (47) 15 80 10 1.2 (0.8 - 1.6) 79

Cretaceous

IMF
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 Shale Gas Resource Systems Geochemical Characteristics

The Shale Gas Formations examples from

North America show the following ranges:

• Age: Devonian - Upper Cretaceous

• TOCpd (wt. %): 1 - 5

• Oil Saturation (%): <1 - 15

• Hl pd (mgHC/gTOC): 10 — 80

• Porosity (%): 4 — 10

• % Ro (average): 1.2 — 2.5

• Transformation Ratio (%): 79 - 98

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Shale ❑il Resource Systems: 7 examples from Producing Wells, North America
Well Name TOCPd Oil Hipd(mg GO %Ro
(producing depth average Saturation HC/g TOC) (gas-oil average
interval) (wt. %) Index ratio) (range)
(OSI)(%) (scf/bbl)

Monterey, Miocene A82-19 Jesus Maria 2.2 (1.5 - 70 -180 400 - 500 109 0.6 — 0.8
Santa Maria (4500 — 4650 ft) 3)

Monterey, Miocene 3-Hunter-Careaga 0.5 — 3.0 50 - 150 200 - 400 1926 0.6 — 1.2
Santa Maria (8990 — 12,175 ft)

Monterey, San Miocene 1-Bear Valley (5300 — 1.0 — 4.0 50 - 250 300 - 500 0.1 — 0.4
Joaquin 6900 ft)

Bakken, Devonian 1-05H-N&D (U. 5-20 50 — 100, 500 — 620, 473 0.6, 0.1 —
Williston Bakken: 9415 — 9426), (avg. 14), 400 — 500, 100 — 200, 0.4, 0.6
(M. Bakken: 9426 — 0.1 — 0.3, 50 - 100 500 - 600
9465 ft), L. Bakken: 10 — 25
9465 — 9480 ft) (avg. 15)

Niobrara, Lower Golden Buckeye 1.5 — 3.0 150 - 300 100 - 250 1730 0.6 — 0.8
Denver Cretaceous Petroleum 2-Gill
(6740 — 6779 ft)

Barnett, Fort Mississippi 1-Scaling Ranch A 5.0 — 6.0 50 - 140 200 - 350 0.6 — 0.9
Worth an (4630 —4850 ft)

Eagle Ford, Upper 1-Mixon (8240 - 3.7 — 4.5 50 - 120 50 - 100 0.6 — 1.2
Gulf Coast Cretaceous 13850 ft)

(Jarvie, 2008)

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 Shale Oil Resource Systems Geochemical Characteristics

The Shale Oil Formations examples from

North America show the following ranges:

• Age: Devonian - Miocene

• TOCpd (wt. %) (average): 0.1 - 15

• Oil Saturation (%): 50 - 500

• Hlpd (mgHC/gTOC): 50 — 620

• % Ro (average): 0.1 — 1.2

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Shale Resource System's Organic Carbon Content, Porosity and Maturation

Storage of Oil and Gas in Shale Resource Systems

• Matrix porosity Storage of oil and gas in Shale Resource

Systems is best attained when these three
• Fracture porosity types of porosities inter-relate and not when
they act in isolation
• Organic porosity

Dolomite of the Middle Bakken

Tight Mississippi Lime with fracture
Member with matrix porosity;
porosity creating matrix permeability
Inorganic porosity. Storage of shale oil
Vandervoort, 2011

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 Organic Porosity in Shale Resource Systems as a function of maturation

Plate 1: Kerogen macerals at

0.52% Ro (immature); kerogen
macerals are whole and kerogen
porosity is close to zero at this
maturity state (Loucks et. al.,
2009).

Small crack pores at margins of

kerogen maceral in Plate 1A
(arrows) are considered to be an
artifact of removing core from in-
situ confining stress (Modica and
Lapierre, 2011).

Plate 2: Kerogen macerals at

1.35% Ro; kerogen pores are well
developed (Loucks et. al., 2009).

Organic porosity: Storage of

shale gas and condensates

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Rock Sample in inorganic and Organic Model Context

Rock Sample

TOC Inorganic Matrix

IM
S1 S2 S3 S4 Carbonate Carbon in Inorganic Matrix
di.
51: 300°C 1100-850°C
F191 FID CC: 400-850°C
.
IR
53: 31=14: 600°C
IR

Measurements on cores and drill cuttings to evaluate their TOC and inorganic
carbon contents can be done using Pyrolysis instruments such as Wildcat
Technologies HAWK.

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 HAWK Provides Pyrolysis and TOC measurements both in the
Laboratory and at the Well-site
HAWK dimensions: 18.75 in. width x 19.75
18.75"
in. depth x 22.5 in. height >

• Custom-flight case
for safe transportation to well-site

• Gas requirements: L

Helium CN

Hydrogen
Air

• Power requirements:
120 VAC/10 Amps but can be stepped up if
this is needed

• Sample preparation requirements:

Mortar and pestle for grinding drill cuttings
Sieve (60 mesh size)
irr
Electronic balance (4 decimal place balance)
Oven for sample drying

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Illustration of TOC for a given kerogen type, e.g., Type II

TOC (wt.%)

Generative Non-Generative
Organic Carbon Organic Carbon
(wt.%) (wt.%) Does not generate
any appreciable
amount of
Responsible for
hydrocarbons
generation of
hydrocarbons

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Organic Porosity Development shows a linear relationship with TOC
Organic porosity development depends on original TOO and
Transformation Ratio (TR) which in-turn is a function of maturation

,.._. 20%
25%TR
4.. 18% —
❑ 50%TR
i
tj
cr. 16% — —A— 75%TR
tu 14% — ❑ 100%TR
?.
12%

0 10%
0
8%
ns
6% -
0
470

2%

0%
2.50% 5.00% 7.50% 10.00% 12.50% 15.00% 17.50% 20.00%

Starting TOC Value (in wt.%) Jamie et al., 2009

Assumes Hlo (original Hydrogen Index of 475

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Assessment of Shale Resource Systems

Assessment of a Shale Resource System for a given Shale Formation can be
achieved using a geochemical work flow chart (Jarvie et.al., 2007) such as:
• Hydrogen Index original (H1o) = 415
• % Generative Organic Carbon (%GOC) =
H10/1177 = 35.3%
• TOC original (T000) = 4.28 (wt. %)
• GOC = %GOO x T000 = 1.51
• TOCspent = T000 — GOC = 2.77 (wt. %)
• S2o = 17.75
• TR (Transformation Ratio) = 0.55
• S20 (boe/acre-foot) = S2o x 21.89
• S20 (boe/af) at TR = S2o x TR = 214

Evaluation of % oil generated, % gas generated, % oil expulsion, and % gas

expulsion, will lead to the determination of both the total expulsion and its percentage.
Whereas evaluation of retained oil, retained gas will lead to determination of total
retained petroleum. The sum of expelled plus retained petroleum should equal that of
S2o (boe/af) at TR.

Having established the total retained petroleum and knowing the thickness of the
Shale Formation (ft) as well as the fact that there are 640 acres in a section, the
BOE-in-place per section = total retained petroleum (boe/af) x thickness (ft) x 640
While the EUR 10% per section = 0.1 x BOE-in-place per section.

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 Key to producible shale oil resource system is the presence of
producible oil which occurs when the "oil crossover effect" is plotted as
shown below:
2885

- IOC

2890 tail

Utilizing the 2895 ----- -ce"

------

Depth (hteters )
"Oil Crossover -------------
----
Effect": 2900
o- --------
-
2905
51/TOC > 1
or when
2910 —
Oil Saturation
Index
(S1/TOCx100) 2915 —

100 mg oil/g TOC

2920
5 10 15 20 25 34

TOC and 51 (absolute units in wt.% and rng ollig rock, respectively)

(Jarvie, 2012)

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Oil Crossover:
when S1 crossovers TOG, potential hydrocarbon reservoir

• When oil crossover occurs, it is indicative of high oil

saturation:
— Intermittent 4 source rock is generating/expelling
— Broad interval 4 hydrocarbon reservoir (or contamination)
• Unconventional:
— e.g., Monterey, Bakken, Barnett, Eagle Ford, Niobrara

• Conventional:
— e.g. Sisquoc, Madison, Red River, sands GOM

• When oil crossover does not occur, variable results but usually
negative
• Thus, risk is lower when crossover occurs

Jarvie, 2012, AAPG Memoir 97

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 104.01TW I CEIrCP3IN 102'00 1N
.
00D ISM V5,11'1
GOR (gas to oil ratio) in the OE VID•
O.
EV'RME
0
▪RXILLE • 0 - 100

Bakken Formation Shale O 101 • 250

- 0 252 - 509

Resource System WILLIAMS

• 501 • 950

• WARD Bakken Depth Belem 015L

❑ 3000m
❑ 3000 - 2500m
48NTO'N
2500 m (8200 ft) burial depth of O 250D L- 2800m

• cP LI 2000 - 1500m
MCKENZIE
Bakken is evidently close to the 9. .
MCLEAN ▪ 1500m

top of the oil window.

VIE PICEA

O EVER
47.0.01,1

MORTON

104,01rVii 103'12irie 102"0'01N TOILCIONN 00•00.

•

Or VIE. BURICE LLIF 100 111701 EAU

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.
•
•
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ed r RAIL "* • 410-46)
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471:" DE N BURLEIG 11

E. 443
trEINGEJE GRAN t EMMONI
SIOU
APES

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Comparison of the Karoo (South and East Africa) and the Tambach Shale
of Kenya with Ba kken and Barnett Formations of North America

Shale Gas Plays, Lower 48 States

W./1cm
BEm.n

etl-
Chi dztor•
a
- Olen Mane vs
hen f overt
gE f eV Revs

nkVILY PlEpprm

na r ( Fayetlevilfe
Hn chati.oasii

Commons.
-k.
R.Jy 5,40.e.Re
arneit
wuln
—07 Ha

snail
UWE

11 sKaie Gas Plays

Sacked P Lars
- SK•Ermeir rcu Km,

5.14,C0 Energy InformabonAcirnmrstrafion based en data from v vg pubM.Iottl stud.,

LN:KIENId Mahn 10. 2910

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 Outline of Karoo Basin and Shale Gas Prospective Area of South Africa

Eccs Sigou p
Prove:eh e
boom. v
L 111.-'I a pa .6. a 1[6.,.6
CitY Min% ft di.. MOO.
J6•13 s FOLK]

(U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2011)

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180
Drikemberg basalt%
Karoo Formation, South Africa
190
minion

Liar
200 r

210

Swam

at
Hollow Fommlion
ft

Comma
Stratigraphic Column L.:PAPUA.
230
// Sir.% I g it. atria,
of Karoo, South Africa A n iNiAm
iturgemtiorp [Omni ion
(U.S. Energy Information Katherg writ:1111,i
Administration (EIA), 2011) Bill [DUI' FORMS& 011
Maui=
I
Komar) & Middklmn
z liararnan
Lifirman_ Waterford and Fon Brown Filled phase
IKIME1113:111 200 FOM1Pli ishalkra marinci

Anin Rilxm FOrliklt inn

'd
DA
270 Cnll. nghumk whilthill
Ramadan
a.
280
Assrlian Priam Albert Foentaliort

Ai r
ithr i rr... 5 (5D,sys Gs 4 ..4

1 I nLL,. la! I= marine =glacial all

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Karoo Basins in Tanzania (Selous, Ruvu, Mandawa, Ruvuma and Rukwa)

Karoo; Interior Basins:

Selous (Carb. —
PermoTriassic Dwyka &
Stigo Series, Triassic
Tanga Beds), Ruvu,
Mandawa, Ruvuma and
Rukwa, Tanzania

(Tanzania Petroleum
Development
Corporation (TPDC)
website

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Lamu Basin and East African Rift System, Kenya

KENYA SEDINIi-.NTARY BASINS

(National Oil Corporation of Kenya

(NOCK) website)

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 Tambach Shale occurs in Kerio Basin
1
- 36'E 40'E
= Melut 3rE--\\ I6
ns
\ Hubabor Basin e'ret`lcws
_c.r. \)./. 1 1 45-35 Ma
=‘,.
-=•_.0. M 35-10 Ma
.2. 4\
... =I ETHIOPIA 44.• 36.0 ma
_ ... :
— d•
V
— I % G ato me Basin 6'N -
/6

SUDAN = ? LAKE TUFIKAA14

Lonkipr Basin
•
alia san 87,,
..,
UGANDA
Lyithar 2LN
in
-AO°100 km Kerio Eks(-Sin
Baring° -
Basin
KENYA
•

Pio-Pleistocene voicanics
Seine Faun LidaplaFaults E and sediments (Baring) Basin)
• Fr Keno Basin , • Upper Miocene volcancs
0 FT (Keno Basin}
Mio-Phocene sediments
(KerioSanngo Basins)

0 5- n Miocene volcanoes
Pataeogene lo early Miocene
sediments
Precarnbnan
ping basement

(Tiercelin et. al., 2009 I

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Comparison of Karoo, Tambach, Barnett and Bakken Formations (Jarvie. 2008, TPDC website, Cloeter et. al.. 1995.1E5. Elk 2OW
Formation, Basin, Country Thermal TOCpd Hipd(mg Oil %Ro Sample
Maturity average HC/g Saturatio average Count
Window (wt. %) TOC) n (range)
Index)(%)

Barnett, Fort Worth, USA Early oil 5.28 299 78 0.77 25

Barnett, Fort Worth USA oil — gas 4.04 67 33 0.86 — 2.15 858

Barnett, Fort Worth, USA Gas 4.45 45 19 1.67 90

Upper, Middle and Lower Bakken, Oil 11.37 298 43 0.55 — 0.95 349
Williston, USA

Middle Bakken, Williston, USA Oil 0.32 124 131 439

Waterford & Fort Brown, Karoo, S. Africa Oil - gas 1-2 ?Type I/II 0.90 — 1.10

Prince Albert (E. Perm.), Karoo, S. Africa Gas 2.5 3.00

Whitehill (E. Perm.), Karoo, South Africa Gas 6.0 3.00

Collingham (E. Perm.), Karoo, S. Africa Gas 4.0 3.00

Karoo; Interior Basins (Carb. — 4-5 Type I/II

PermoTriassic ), Tanzania

Karoo ; Maji ya Chumvi Shales (Permo- 1-2 Type II

Triassic, Lamu, Kenya

Tambach Shale (Cret.), Kerio, Kenya 3.0

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 Summary
• Unconventional Shale Resource Systems can be classified into Shale Gas and Shale Oil

• Shale gas systems that produce dry gas only may be classified under biogenic, mudstone or
hybrid groups with maturities of >1.40 % Ro while Shale gas systems that produce a
combination of gas, wet gas and light oil may be mudstone or hybrid systems with maturities
ranging from <0.8 %Ro to 1.40 %Ro

• Prominent Shale Gas Formations of North America range in age from Devonian to Upper
Cretaceous, Have TOC % of 1 - 5, oil saturation of <15%, HI of 10 - 80 and % Ro of 1.2 - 2.5

• Shale Oil Formations of North America range in age from the Devonian to Miocene, have
TOC % of 0.1 — 15, oil saturation % of 50 — 500, HI of 50 — 620 and % Ro of 0.1 — 1.2

• Storage of oil and gas in Shale Resource Systems is best attained when their organic, matrix
and fracture porosities inter-relate

• Pyrolysis and TOC parameters are sufficient for assessing the oil and gas-in-place for a given
Shale Formation while it's oil producibility is dependant on oil saturation

• Whereas South Africa's Prince Albert, Whitehill and Collingham Formations compare closely
with North America's Shale Gas Formations on the basis of their TOC and maturity, both
Waterford and Fort Brown relate more to Shale Oil Formations. TOC of Karoo Formations in
Tanzania and Kenya as well as that of the Tambach Shale of Kenya qualify them to have Shale
Resource prospectivity if maturity is conducive.

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Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the East African Petroleum Conference

Organizers for sponsoring my participation and I am also
thankful to Wildcat Technologies for supporting me and
also allowing me to come.

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 Thank you

www.wildcattechnologies.com

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References
• Hill, R., Kuhn, P., diPrimio, R., and Horsfield, B., 2011, AAPG Search and Discovery Article No. 110152.
• Jarvie, D. M., 2012, Shale resource systems for oil and gas: Part 1 — Shale-gas resource systems, in J.
A. Breyer, ed., Shale reservoirs — Giant resources for the 21st century: AAPG Memoir 97, p. 69 — 87.
• Jarvie, D. M., 2012, Shale resource systems for oil and gas: Part 2 — Shale-oil resource systems, in J.
A. Breyer, ed., Shale reservoirs — Giant resources for the 2151 century: AAPG Memoir 97, p. 89 — 119.
• Jarvie, D. M., 2008, Geochemical comparison os shale — resource systems, Worldwide Geochemistry,
Energy Institute, Texas Christian University.
• Jarvie, D. M., Hill, R. J., Ruble, T. E., and Pollastro, R. M., 2007, Unconventional shale-gas systems:
The Mississippian Barnett Shale of north-central Texas as one model for thermogenic shale-gas
assessment, AAPG Bull. v.91, No. 4, pp. 475-499.
• Loucks, R. G., R. M. Reed, S. C. Ruppel, and D. M. Jarvie, 2009, Morphology, genesis, and distribution
of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale: Journal of
Sedimentary Research, v. 79, p. 848-861.
• Modica, C.J., and S.G. Lapierre, 2012, Estimation of kerogen porosity in source rocks as a function of
thermal transformation: Example from the Mowry shale in the Powder River basin of Wyoming: AAPG
Bulletin, v. 96/1, p. 87-108.
• National Oil Corporation of Kenya (NOCK) website.
• Nyagah, K., J. J. Cloeter, A. Maende, D. Mburu, G. Schulenberg, J. T. Otts, S. W. Karanja, and C.
Sewe, 1995, Hydrocarbon Potential of the Lamu Basin of South-East Kenya, HGS.
• Sonnenberg, S. A., Jin, H., and Sarg, F. J., 2011, Bakken Mudrocks of the Williston Basin, World Class
Source Rocks, AAPG Search and Discovery Article No. 80171.
• Tiercelin, J-J., P. Thuo, T. Nalpas, and J-L. Poldevin, 2009, Hydrocarbon Prospectivity in Mesozoic and
Early Cenozoic Rift Basins in Central/Northern Kenya, AAPG Search and Discovery Article # 10188
• Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation (TPDC) website.
• U.S. Energy Information Admnistration, 2011, World Shale Gas Resources: An Initial Assessment of 14
Regions Outside the United States.
• Vandervoort, C., 2011, Data & Drilling Methods from Horizontal Mississippian Reservoirs Across
Northern Oklahoma, Orion Exploration Partners, LLC, Tulsa, OK.

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