SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Introduction:
▪ As the name suggests, these motors are used on single-phase supply.
Single phase motors are the most familiar of all electric motors because
they are extensively used in home appliances, shops, offices etc.

▪ It is true that single phase motors are less efficient substitute for 3-phase
motors but 3-phase power is normally not available except in large
commercial and industrial establishments. Since electric power was
originally generated and distributed for lighting only, millions of homes
were given single-phase supply. This led to the development of single-
phase motors.
Classification of Single Phase Motors:
1. Single-Phase Induction Motors: Split-phase Type, Shaded-pole Type, Capacitor Type

2. Single-Phase Synchronous Motors: Reluctance Motor, Hysteresis Motor

3. Single-Phase Commutator Type Motor: Repulsion Motor, AC series Motor, Universal Motor
Why the Single Phase Induction Motor is
not Self Starting?
▪ Constructionally, this motor is, more or less, similar to a polyphase induction motor. It has
distributed stator winding and a squirrel-cage rotor.
▪ When fed from a single-phase supply, its stator winding produces a flux ( or field ) which is
only alternating i.e. one which alternates along one space axis only. It is not rotating flux as
in the case of three phase induction motor.
▪ Now, an alternating or pulsating flux acting on a stationary squirrel-cage rotor cannot
produce rotation (only a revolving flux can). That is why a single-phase motor is not self-
starting.
Double-field Revolving Theory:
Accordingly, an alternating sinusoidal flux can be represented by two revolving fluxes, each
equal to half the value of the max alternating flux and each rotating synchronously (Ns =
120f/P) in opposite direction.
Making Single Phase Induction Motor Self Starting:
▪ For this purpose, the stator of a single-phase motor is provided with an extra winding,
known as starting (or auxiliary) winding, in addition to the main or running winding. The
two windings are spaced 90º electrically apart and are connected in parallel across the
single-phase supply.

▪ It is so arranged that the phase-difference between the currents in the two stator windings
is very large (ideal value being 90º). Hence, the motor behaves like a two- phase motor.
These two currents produce a revolving flux and hence make the motor self-starting. There
are main two methods for that (a) Shaded Pole (b) Split Phase.
 Shaded Pole Motor:

▪ In this method one slot is placed

at one third of pole shoe of each
projected pole.

▪ In this motor distribution of the

flux is not same it move from un-
shaded part to shaded part.
Shaded Pole Motor: Working
 Split-Phase Induction Motor:
▪ The stator of a split-phase induction motor is provided
with an auxiliary or starting winding S in addition to the
main or running winding M.

▪ The starting winding is located 90° electrical from the

main winding and operates only during the brief period
when the motor starts up.

▪ The starting winding S has a high resistance and

relatively small reactance while the main winding M has
relatively low resistance and large reactance as shown in
the schematic connections.
Capacitor Start Induction Run:
Capacitor Start Capacitor Run: Single Value
Capacitor Start Capacitor Run: Double Value
 Universal Motor: Construction
A universal motor is a special type of motor which is
designed to run on either DC or single phase AC supply.
These motors are generally series wound (armature and
field winding are in series), and hence produce high
starting torque. It consists of a stator on which field poles
are mounted. Field coils are wound on the field poles. The
rotary armature is of wound type having straight or skewed
slots and commutator with brushes resting on it.
Universal Motor: Working
▪ When the universal motor is fed with a DC supply, it works as a DC series motor. When
current flows in the field winding, it produces an electromagnetic field. The same current
also flows from the armature conductors. When a current carrying conductor is placed in
an electromagnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force. Due to this mechanical force,
or torque, the rotor starts to rotate.

▪ When fed with AC supply, it still produces unidirectional torque. Because, armature
winding and field winding are connected in series, they are in same phase. Hence, as
polarity of AC changes periodically, the direction of current in armature and field winding
reverses at the same time. Thus, direction of magnetic field and the direction of armature
current reverses in such a way that the direction of force experienced by armature
conductors remains same.
 Universal Motor: Types
I. Non- Compensated Type : (low power rating)

II. Compensated,DistributedType: (high power rating)

In order to reduce the effect of armature reaction,
thereby improving commutation and reducing
armature reactance, a compensating winding is
used.
Universal Motor: Speed-Torque Characteristic
Speed/load characteristics of a universal motor is similar
to that of DC series motor. The speed of a universal
motor is low at full load and very high at no load.
Usually, gears trains are used to get the required speed
on required load.
The compensated type motor has better speed-torque
characteristic compare to Non-compensated.
Universal Motor: Speed Control

Fig-1: Using Resistance Fig-2: Using Field Taping

Universal Motor: Applications, Advantages
Applications: Advantages:
❖ Vacuum cleaners ❖ High Speed: 3000 RPM - 25000 RPM
❖ Drink and food mixers ❖ High Power Output
❖ Domestic sewing machine ❖ High Torque
❖ Portable drills ❖ Variable Speed
❖ Blenders
❖ Hair driers
❖ Blowers
Universal Motor: Disadvantages
❖ Required High Maintainace : Due to brush and commutator, the maintainace is higher.

❖ High Noise Level: It is high at higher speed.

❖ Interference: Due to brush sparking it is higher.

❖ Vibration : It is comparatively high in this motor.

Repulsion Motor: Construction
The main components of repulsion motor are
stator, rotor and commutator brush assembly.
The stator carries a single phase exciting
winding. The rotor has distributed DC winding
connected to the commutator at one end just
like in DC motor. The carbon brushes are short
circuited on themselves.
Repulsion Motor: Working
Repulsion Motor:
Applications: Advantages: Disadvantages:
❖ Machine tools ❖ High starting torque ❖ Occurrence of sparks at
❖ Pumps ❖ Low starting current brushes.
❖ Hoists ❖ Wide range of speed control ❖ The power factor is poor at
❖ Refrigerators low speeds.
❖ Air Pump compressors ❖ No load speed is very high
and dangerous.
 Reluctance Motor: Construction
❖ Stator: Main function of stator core is to carry the
main winding and auxiliary winding in their slots
placed on their inner periphery. It also provide the
path to magnetic flux. A capacitor is also used in
series with the auxiliary winding.

❖ Rotor: The rotor of the reluctance motor is designed

with particular shape due to this air-gap is not
uniform. Thus when the rotor rotates the reluctance
between stator and rotor change.

❖ Reluctance α Airgap
 Reluctance Motor: Working
❖ When any iron piece is placed in magnetic field it tries to attain minimum reluctance position.
In such position it gets magnetically locked.

❖ When single phase supply is given to the stator the RMF is produced and rotor tries to attain
the minimum reluctance position. It means it tries to align itself with the axis of RMF which is
rotating. Thus rotor starts to rotate near the synchronous speed. When it reaches to
synchronous speed the magnetic field of stator pulls the rotor into synchronism and it makes
the rotor magnetically locked with RMF.
Reluctance Motor : Applications, Advantages
Applications: Advantages:
❖ Signalling Devices ❖ No d.c. supply is necessary for the rotor.
❖ Control Apparatus ❖ Constant speed characteristics.
❖ Automatic regulators ❖ Robust construction.
❖ Recording Instruments ❖ Less maintenance.
❖ Clocks
❖ All timing devices
❖ Teleprinters
❖ Gramophones
 Hysteresis Motor : Construction
Stator: Stator of hysteresis motor is designed in a particular
manner to produce synchronous revolving field from single
phase supply. Stator carries two windings, (a) main winding
(b) auxiliary winding.

Rotor: Rotor of hysteresis motor is made of magnetic material

that has high hysteresis loop area. Example of this type of
materials is chrome, cobalt steel or alnico or alloy.

Rotor does not carry any winding or teeth. The magnetic

cylindrical portion of the rotor is assembled over shaft
through arbour of non magnetic material like brass. Rotor is
provided with high resistance to reduce eddy current loss.
Hysteresis Motor : Working
Initially, when hysteresis motor is started it behaves as a single phase induction motor and while
running it behaves as a synchronous motor. When stator is energised with single phase AC supply it
produces rotating magnetic field. The main and auxiliary, both the windings must be supplied
continuously at the start as well as in running condition so as to maintain the rotating magnetic
field. This field induces poles in the rotor.

The hysteresis phenomenon is dominant for the rotor material chosen and due to which rotor pole
axis lag behind the axis of rotating magnetic field. Due to this, rotor poles get attracted towards the
moving stator field poles. Thus rotor gets subjected to torque called hysteresis torque. This torque
is constant at all speeds. When the stator field axis moves forward, due to high retentivity the rotor
pole strength remains maintained. So higher the retentivity, higher is the hysteresis torque.
Hysteresis Motor : Working
Initially, rotor starts rotating due to the combined effect of hysteresis torque as well as torque
due to eddy currents induced in the rotor. Once the speed is near about the synchronous, the
stator pulls rotor into synchronism. In such case, as relative motion between stator field and
rotor vanishes, so the torque due to eddy currents vanishes. Only hysteresis torque is present
which keeps rotor running at synchronous speed. The high retentivity ensures the continuous
magnetic locking between stator and rotor. Due to the principle of magnetic locking, the
Hysteresis Motor either rotates at synchronous speed or not at all.
Torque-Speed Characteristic:
Hysteresis Motor : Applications, Advantages
Applications: Advantages:
❖ Sound producing equipment ❖ As no teeth and no winding in rotor, no mechanical vibrations
❖ Sound recording instruments take place during its operation.
❖ High quality record players ❖ Its operation is quiet and noiseless as there is no vibration.
❖ Timing devices ❖ It is suitable to accelerate inertia loads.
❖ Electric clocks ❖ Multi-speed operation can be achieved by employing gear train
❖ Teleprinters
 Hysteresis Motor : Disadvantages
❖ Hysteresis motor has poor output that is one-quarter of output of an induction motor with same
dimension.
❖ Low efficiency
❖ Low torque.
❖ Low power factor
❖ This type of motor is available in very small size only.
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