Trigonometry and Calculus 1

Part 1 – Trigonometry 1 Notes & Exercise

Course Outline

Topic Page

1 Pythagoras’ Theorem 1

2 Basic Trigonometry with Applications 5

3 The Radian 18

4 Circular Functions for Any Size Angle 23

5 Converting Functions to First Quadrant 26

6 Special Angles and their Exact Trigonometric Values 37

7 Simple Trigonometric Identities 41

8 Solving Simple Trigonometric Equations 44

9 Sketching the Sine Function 50

10 Sketching the Cosine Function 55

11 The Cosine Rule 60

12 The Sine Rule and The Ambiguous Case 63

13 Area of Triangles and Quadrilaterals 66

14 Arc Length, Area of a Sector and Area of a Segment 72

Answers 78

Useful Definitions and Formulas 95

 1 Pythagoras’ Theorem

Triangle Labelling Convention B

c
In any triangle, capital letters are used to label each a
angle, while the corresponding lower case letter is A C
b
used to label the side opposite that angle.

Pythagoras’ Theorem
For any right-angled triangle, Pythagoras’ theorem states:

h 2  a 2  b2 , where h is the hypotenuse and a and b are the legs.

Thus, to compute the hypotenuse when given the 2 legs, use the rule:
h
When given the hypotenuse and one of the legs, use the rule:
b
Eg. An athlete jogs 5 km due south and then jogs 4 km due east.
How far is she from her starting point, correct to 3 decimal places?
Solution: Draw a diagram depicting the situation.
Apply Pythagoras’ theorem:

h  52  4 2
 25  16
 41
 6.403 km

State the answer: The athlete is 6.403 km from her starting point.

Eg. A 4.7 m ladder is resting against a wall. If the foot of the ladder is 1.2 m away
from the wall, how high is the top of the ladder from the ground (nearest cm)?
Solution: Draw a diagram depicting the situation.
Apply Pythagoras’ theorem:

x  4.7 2  1.2 2
 22.09  1.44
 20.65
 4.54 m

State the answer: The ladder

reaches 4.54 m up the wall.
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Trigonometry unit 1 – Pythagoras’ Theorem Page 1
Pythagorean Triples
A Pythagorean triple is a set of three integers (whole numbers) which form the sides
of a right-angled triangle. An example of such triple is the (3, 4, 5) triangle. Any
multiple of a Pythagorean triple is also a triple; for example (6, 8, 10), (9, 12, 15) etc.
There are infinite Pythagorean triples and there is a simple formula to generate them:
Choose 2 distinct positive integers, m & n . Then the set of the three numbers
formed by m 2  n 2 , 2 m n , n 2  m 2 is a Pythagorean triple; i.e, the right-angle

triangle will have one leg  m 2  n 2 , other leg  2 m n , hyp  n 2  m 2 .

m 1 m2 m3 m4 m5 m6
n2 3, 4, 5
n3 8, 6, 10 5, 12, 13
n4 15, 8, 17 12, 16, 20 7, 24, 25
n5 24, 10, 26 21, 20, 29 16, 30, 34 9, 40, 41
n6 35, 12, 37 32, 24, 40 27, 36, 45 20, 48, 52 11, 60, 61
Verify the above given triples, then copy and complete the above table.

Type of Triangle: Acute, Obtuse, Right

Pythagoras’ Theorem can determine the type of a triangle when given its 3 sides, via:
 Denote the largest side h.  a 2  b 2  Acute
 Denote the other 2 sides a and b. 

h 2  a 2  b 2  Right
 Apply the formula on the right to classify  2
 a  b 
2
the triangle.  Obtuse

Eg. Classify each triangle, with the given dimensions, as acute, obtuse or right:
a) 4, 5, 7 b) 7 2 , 3 7 , 4 5 c) 6, 10, 3
Solution: Set the largest side as h. How do you do that with surds? Hint: Entire surd!
a ) 4, 5, 7 b) 7 2 , 3 7 , 4 5 c) 6, 10, 3
h7 h7 2 h  10
a  4, b  5 a 3 7, b  4 5 a  3, b  6
h 2  49 h 2  98 h 2  100 The working out for
part c) is correct, yet,
a 2  16 a 2  63 a2  9
the conclusion is totally
b 2  25 b 2  80 b 2  36 WRONG! Why?
a 2  b 2  41 a 2  b 2  143 a 2  b 2  45
49  41 98  143 100  45 Research the
h2  a2  b2 h2  a2  b2  Obtuse Triangle inequality
 Obtuse  Acute Why is this answer WRONG?
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Trigonometry unit 1 – Pythagoras’ Theorem Page 2
Worksheet 1: Pythagoras’ theorem
1. Use triangle labelling convention, for each triangle, state the Pythagorean
theorem giving the square of the hypotenuse as the subject of the formula:

2. Complete the formula that computes the desired side shown in the formula:

3. Find the length of the missing side (to 2 decimal places, if necessary).

4. A 180 cm student is 30 m away from a 17.8 m tree. Find the distance indicated:

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Pythagoras’ Theorem Page 3
Worksheet 1: Pythagoras’ theorem
5. Find the exact distance for the indicated length:

6. The cuboid box shown below has

a length of 6m, a width of 4m and
a height of 3m. Calculate the
length of the long diagonal
shown

7. The pyramid shown below has a square base with sides of 82m.
It has a vertical height of 63m.
(The apex is directly above the
centre of the square).
How long is the length of each
sloping edge?

8. Which is longer – the longest diagonal in a cuboid 9m tall, 4m wide and 3m deep,
or the longest diagonal in a cylinder 10m tall with a circumference of 15.708m?
By how much longer is the larger diagonal?

9. Classify each triangle, with the given dimensions, as acute, obtuse or right:

a) 9, 12, 16 b) 10, 24, 26 c) 3 2 , 2 3 , 4 2 d ) 5 , 2 10 , 9

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Pythagoras’ Theorem Page 4
 2 Basic Trigonometry with Applications
In a right-angled triangle, the side facing a chosen acute angle is called the opposite
side while the side next to the chosen acute angle is called the adjacent. Opposite &
Adjacent sides depend on the chosen acute angle (unlike the hypotenuse).
The ratio of the opposite to the hypotenuse is the SINE of . Similarly, the ratio of
the adjacent to the hypotenuse is the COSINE of  and the ratio of the opposite to
the adjacent is the TANGENT of .
o a o
sin   , cos   , tan   , 0    90
h h a
SOH CAH TOA
Computing a side
Label the given side & required side as (O, A, H) then select the right trig function.
Eg. Find the indicated side:
8.2 mm
5m
x 60.1°
37° f

o 0 a 0
 sin   tan   cos   sin 
h a h h
x y 8.2 2.1
  sin 37   tan 45   cos60.1   sin 924'
5 7.8 f n
 x  3.009 m  y   f   n 
 and ' are found under ¹ key or use from the key.

Computing an angle ( sin 1  arcsin, cos 1  arccos, tan 1  arctan )

Label the given sides as (O, A, H) then select the right trigonometric function.
Eg. Find the indicated angle (1st Nearest deg, 2nd 2 d.p, 3rd nearest minute):
7 cm
5m 4 mm
4m B
A 8 cm 
9 mm

o 0 a
sin   tan   cos  
h a h
4 8 4
 sin A   tan B   cos  
5 7 9
 A  sin 1  54   B  tan 1  78     arccos  94 
 A  53  B  48.81    6337 '
To convert decimal deg to  '" use found in the catalog (book) key k
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Trigonometry unit 1 – Basic Trigonometry with Applications Page 5
Angles of Elevation and Depression
Elevation is when the object is above the observer and depression is when the object
is below the observer. Both the angle of elevation and angle of depression are always
measured from the horizontal “horizon”, direct to the object using the “line of sight”.

Eg. From a point on top of a cliff, two boats are observed. If the angles of depression
are 23 & 41 and the cliff is 50 m above sea level, how far apart are the boats?

Solution: Draw triangles then use them with trigonometry to get the answer.
AB
In ABC ,  tan 23
AC
50
 AC 
tan 23
 AC  117.7926 m
AB
In ABD,  tan 41
AD
50
 AD 
tan 41
 AD  57.5184 m
But CD  AC  AD
 CD  117.7926  57.5184
 CD  60.27 m
The boats are 60.27 m apart, to the nearest cm.

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Basic Trigonometry with Applications Page 6
Bearing
Bearing gives the direction of an object from a reference point. There are two ways to
give the bearing of an object: Conventional bearing and True bearing.

Conventional (compass) Bearings

The conventional bearings are directions measured from the North-South line:
North if the object is above the reference point and South if the object is below the
reference point. Then towards the object: East for clockwise direction and West for
anticlockwise direction.
Eg. State the conventional bearing of the points A, B, C, D from O:

Discussion: What is the conventional bearing of O from A, B, C, D respectively?

Hint: place the compass on A (or B or C or D), then use properties of parallel lines

True Bearings
True bearing of an object is always measured from NORTH in a clockwise direction.
3 digits are often used to state the True bearing, or by appending T after the angle.
Eg. State the true bearing of the points A, B, C, D from O:

Discussion: What is the true bearing of O from A, B, C, D respectively?

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Basic Trigonometry with Applications Page 7
Eg. A car starts travelling on a bearing of 320T for 80 km.
a) How far north is the car from its starting point?
b) How far west is the car from its starting point?
Solution:
n w
a)  sin 50 b)  cos50
80 80
 n  80sin 50  w  80cos50
 61.284 km  51.423 km

Eg. A cyclist rides a bike for 30 km on a bearing of N 40E. He rests, then changes
directions and rides a further 25 km on a bearing of 160T.
a) How far east is the cyclist from his starting point?
b) How far north/south is he from the starting point?
Solution:
a) From ABD
AD
 sin 40
30
 AD  30sin 40
 19.2836 km
From BCE
EC
 sin 20
25
 EC  25sin 20
 8.5505 km
 Cyclist is 19.2836  8.5505  27.834 km East

b) From ABD
BD
 cos 40
30
 BD  30cos 40
 22.9813 km (North of starting point)
From BCE
BE
 cos 20
25
 BE  25cos 20
 23.4923 km (South of rest point)
 Cyclist is 23.4923  22.9813  0.511km South of hist starting position

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Basic Trigonometry with Applications Page 8
3-D Applications
3-D problems are solved by reducing the problem to a series of 2-D triangles.
Then, apply Pythagoras’ theorem and/or trigonometry to get the required result.
Eg. ABCDEFGH is a cube of side length 5 cm. Find
a) the length of the diagonal AH correct to 2 decimal places.
b) the magnitude of angle HAC to the nearest minute.
Solution:
a) Start with the square base ABCD

Find the diagonal AC.

AC  52  52  AC  5 2

Next, use the right-angled triangle ACH to find the length of the diagonal AH.

AH  AC 2  CH 2

 2  5   52
2

5 3
 8.66 cm

b) From triangle ACH:

5
tan  HAC  
5 2
1

2
 1 
 HAC  arctan  
 2
 3516

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Basic Trigonometry with Applications Page 9
Eg. A rectangular pyramid, base dimension of 80m by 60m, has a height of 120m.
a half the diagonal of the base; DE.

Using right-angled ABD,

DB  80 2  60 2
 100 m
1
But DE  DB
2
 DE  50 m

b the slant height of the pyramid, DV.

Using right-angled DEV ,

DV  120 2  50 2
 DV  130 m

c the angle the slant height makes with the base ABCD.
The angle the slant height makes with the
base ABCD  EDV
EV
tan EDV 
DE
120

50
 EDV  67.38

d the angle the face AVD makes with the base ABCD.
The angle the face AVD makes with the
base ABCD  EFV
EV
tan EFV 
EF
120

30
 EDV  75.96

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Basic Trigonometry with Applications Page 10
Worksheet 2: Basic trigonometry with applications
1. Calculate the length of the indicated side (correct to 3 decimal places).
a) b) c)

d) e) f)

2. Compute the indicated angles, give answer correct to the nearest minute:

3. The cuboid box shown below has a length of

7m, a width of 5m and a height of 6m.
Calculate the angle the long diagonal
makes with the base (to the nearest min)

4. The right pyramid, shown below, has a square base with sides of 76m.
It has a vertical height of 58m.
a) Calculate the angle the slant height
makes with the base (nearest min).

b) Calculate the angle the slant face

makes with the base (nearest min)

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Basic Trigonometry with Applications Page 11
Worksheet 2: Basic trigonometry with applications
5. Solve the following triangles (correct to 3 d.p for sides & 1 d.p for angles):

6. Find the length of the side labelled x, correct to 2 decimal places.

7. Find all the angles & sides of each triangle in Question 6 (2 decimal places)

8. Find the perimeter (2 decimal places) of every triangle in Question 6.

9. Find the area (2 decimal places) of every triangle in Question 6.

10. In ABC , a  10, b  11 and c  13. Find the 3 missing angles (2 d.p). *
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Trigonometry unit 1 – Basic Trigonometry with Applications Page 12
Worksheet 2: Basic trigonometry with applications
For Question 11 to 20, draw a diagram depicting the given information.
For distances, answer to 1 decimal place and for angles answer to the nearest minute.
11. Tom’s angle of elevation to the top of a building is 36 . If Tom 13 m from the
base of the building, find the height of the building.

12. The angle of elevation from an observer to the top of a tree is 5422 .
If the tree is known to be 12.19 m high, how far is the observer from it?

13. From the top of a cliff 112 m high, the angle of depression to a boat is 915.
How far is the boat from the foot of the cliff?

14. A person on a ship sees a lighthouse on the cliff, which is 830 metres away from
the ship. The angle of elevation of the top of the lighthouse is 12 .
a) How far above sea level is the top of the lighthouse?
b) If the height of the lighthouse is 24m, how high is the cliff?

15. At a certain time of the day, a post, 4 m tall, casts a shadow of 1.8 m.
What is the angle of elevation of the sun at that time (nearest minute)?

16. An observer, who is standing 47 m from a building, measures an angle of

elevation of the top of the building as 17 . If the observer’s eye is 167 cm from
the ground, what is the height of the building (1 d.p)?

17. A surveyor needs to determine the

height of a building. She
measures the angle of elevation of
the top of the building from two
points, 38 m apart
(see diagram).
The surveyor’s eye level is 180 cm
above the ground.
a) Find two expressions for the
height of the building, h, in terms of x using the two angles.
b) Equate the two h expression to make x the subject.
c) Find the height of the building correct to one decimal place.
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Trigonometry unit 1 – Basic Trigonometry with Applications Page 13
Worksheet 2: Basic trigonometry with applications
18. A lookout tower has been erected on top of a cliff.
At a distance of 5.8 km from the foot of the cliff, the angle of elevation to the
base of the tower is
15.7 and to the
observation deck at the top
of the tower is 16
respectively as shown in
the diagram. How high
from the top of the cliff is
the observation deck?

19. Zoe and Danielle went on a hiking camping trip. They first walked 1.5 km along
a path inclined at an angle of 10 to the horizontal. Then they followed another
path which was inclined at an angle of 20 to the horizontal. They walked along
this path for 1.3 km, which brought them to the edge of the cliff. They spotted a
large gum tree 1.4 km away. If the gum tree is 150 m high, what is the angle of
depression from the top of the cliff to the top of the gum tree?

20. From a point on top of a cliff, two boats are observed. If the angles of depression
are 58 and 32 and the cliff is 46 m above sea level, how far apart are the boats
correct to one decimal place?

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Basic Trigonometry with Applications Page 14
Worksheet 2: Basic trigonometry with applications
21. Change each of the following conventional directions to True bearings:
a) N 20E b) N 20W c) S 35W d) S 28E

22. Change each of the following true bearings to compass directions:

a) 049 T b) 132 T c) 267 T d ) 330 T

23. Describe the following paths using true bearings:

24. Show each of the following by drawing the paths:

a) A ship travels 040T for 20 km and then 100T for 30 km.
b) A plane flies for 230 km in a direction 135T and a further 140 km in a
direction 240T.
c) A bushwalker walks in a direction 260T for 0.8 km, then changes directions to
120T for 1.3 km &finally walk 2.1 km N32E for 2.1 km.
d) A boat travels N40W for 8 km, then changes direction to S30W for 5 km and
then S50E for 7 km.
e) A plane flies N40E for 320 km, N70E for 180 km & S10E for 220 km.

25. Zack is planning a trip on his yacht. If he travels 20 km from A to B on a bearing

of 042T:
a) how far east of A is B?
b) how far north of A is B?
c) what is the bearing of A from B?
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Trigonometry unit 1 – Basic Trigonometry with Applications Page 15
Worksheet 2: Basic trigonometry with applications

26. If a farmhouse is situated 220 m N35E from a shed, what is the true bearing of
the shed from the house?

27. Al and Ian travel 0.7 km on a true bearing of 240 and then 1.3 km on a true
bearing of 300. How far west have they travelled from their starting point?

28. Amy travels 6 km on a bearing of 120T & then 4 km on a bearing of 080T.

a) How far east is Amy from her starting point?
b) How far south is Amy from her starting point?
c) What is the bearing of Amy from the starting point?

29.A plane flies on a true bearing of 320 for 450 km. It then flies on a true bearing
of 350 for 130 km and finally on a true bearing of 050 for 330 km. How far
north of its starting point is the plane?

30. A boat is sailing

around islands in the
Pacific Ocean.
The sailor sees a
mountain range on
an island that is on
a bearing of
N30W. The boat
sails at a rate of 5
km/h for 30 minutes due west, such that the mountain range is now on a bearing
of N50E. From this new position, the sailor determines the angle of elevation to
the highest point on the mountain range is 29, as shown in the diagram above.
a) Determine the exact value of the angles labelled  and .
b) Determine the distance d, in kilometres, the boat sailed on a bearing of due
West before another bearing of the mountain range was taken.
c) Determine the value of x, in kilometres. Write your answer correct to 3 decimal
places.
d) Determine the value of y, the height above sea level of the highest point on the
mountain range, in kilometres. Write your answer correct to 2 decimal places.

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Basic Trigonometry with Applications Page 16
Worksheet 2: Basic trigonometry with applications
31. VABCD is a right pyramid with a square base. The sides of the base are 6 cm in
length. The height, VF, of the pyramid is 13 cm. E is the midpoint of AB.
a) Find the length of EF.
b) Find the length of BF to 2 decimal places.
c) Find the length of EV to 2 decimal places.
d) Find the length of a sloping edge
BV correct to 4 decimal places.
e) Find angle the slope height makes with
the base, FBV , to the nearest minute.
f) Find the magnitude of the angle the
slope face makes with the base,
FEV , correct to the nearest minute.
32. Tracy walks from the base of a 60 metre tower OT due south for half a kilometre
to reach point A. Tracy then walks east for
200 metres to reach point B, then walks a
further 400 meters on a bearing of 70T to get
to point C.
From that position, Tracy can see the top of the
tower, O. Points T, A, B & C are level.
Use the 2-D diagram (below) showing the
view from the top, to find (correct to 2
decimal places):
a) DB
b) DC
c) ET
d) Find the distance, TC from the base of the tower to point C.
e) Hence, find the angle of elevation of the top of the tower,   OCT .

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Basic Trigonometry with Applications Page 17
 3 The Radian
The radian is a unit of angular measure defined such that an angle of one radian
subtended from the centre of a unit circle produces an arc with arc length 1 unit.

The radian is represented by the superscript c

(c for "circular measure") or by the symbol "rad".

Radians are real numbers and are often written without any symbols (c or rad).
Consequently, degrees must use (show) the degree symbol next to its value.

Another definition of the radian is:

In any circle of radius R, the angle subtended at the centre
of a circle by an arc having the same length as the radius.

Relationship between Radians and Degrees

Since a unit circle has a circumference of 2 units and the arc length of 2 subtends
an angle of 360, it follows that 2 radians must equal 360.
So, 2  360
   180
From the above equation, it is possible to find the conversion factor from radians to
degrees and vice-versa.
c  180
180
 1c  degress

180 x
 xc  degrees

And 180  c

 1  rad
180
x
 x  rad
180

Conversion Factor

180
Thus, to convert from rad  deg , multiply by


And to convert from deg  rad , multiply by
180
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Trigonometry unit 1 – The Radian Page 18
  5
c
Eg. Express a) and b) in degrees:
2 6
Solution: Using the
Using the  = 180  = 180
conversion factor conversion factor

   180   180 5 5  180  5 5(180)

a)    or  b)    or 
2 2   2 2 6 6    6 6
 90  90  150  150

Eg. Convert 60 to radians.

  
Solution: 60  60  
 180  RAD


3 DEG

Eg. Convert a) 122.5 b) 31546' to radians:

Solution:
1  
a ) 122.5  122  
2  180 
245    DEG
  
2  180 
49

72
 2.1380 RAD

DEG

  
b) 31546'  315.76  
 180 
9473   
  
30  180 
DEG
9473

5400
 5.5112

RAD

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Trigonometry unit 1 – The Radian Page 19
Eg. Convert
a) 2.56 to degrees (nearest minute) b) 1.57 to degrees (nearest second) :

Solution: Make use of the DD and DMS keys on your CAS calculator

 180 
a ) 2.56  2.56  
  
 146.6772 DEG
 14641'

RAD

RAD

 180 
b) 1.571  1.571 
  
 90.0117
 900' 42
DEG

RAD

RAD

Eg. On the diagram given below, draw an arc length to represent  Rad.
Solution:
Since the circumference of the unit circle  2
and the arc length of c is  units long.
1
 arc length is given by the circumference of the unit circle.
2

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Trigonometry unit 1 – The Radian Page 20
Eg. On the diagram given below, draw an arc length to represent 0.3927c

Solution:
In a UNIT circle,

draw an arc of 0.3927 
8
However, the given cirlce has radius  4
 enlarge unit circle by the scale factor of 4.

Remember, Enlargement does

not change the size of angles.

 Arc length on unit circle becomes

4(0.3927)  1.5708


2

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Trigonometry unit 1 – The Radian Page 21
Worksheet 3: The radian
1. Express the following in radians (give exact answers in terms of  ):
a) 30 b) 135 c) 210
d) 240 e) 150 f ) 330
g) 450 h) 36 i) 288
2. Express the following in degrees:
  5
a) b) c)
4 6 3
10 7
d) e) f ) 1.8
9 3
3. Express the following in radians (give answers correct to 4 decimal places):
a) 51 b) 126.4 c) 42636'
d) 3814'48" e) 8556'7" f ) 30'2"
4. Express the following in degrees (correct to the nearest minute):
a) 0.2 b) 3.14 c) 2.5
d) 6.3 e) 5.37 f ) 1.1
5. On the diagrams below, draw arc lengths to represent the following radians.
Start each arc from the positive x-axis direction.

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Trigonometry unit 1 – The Radian Page 22
 4 Circular (Trigonometric) Functions of Any Size Angle
A unit circle can be used to define the circular functions:
Sine, Cosine & Tangent of any sized angle.
On a unit circle, centred at the origin, mark an angle 
Angles are always measured from the positive x-axis.
Angles measured in an anticlockwise direction are
positive and in a clockwise direction are negative.

Definition of the Sine and Cosine of an Angle

Let P(x,y) be a point on the circumference of a unit circle.

By definition:
cos   x 
1 x 1
  1  cos   1

and

sin   y 
y  [1, 1]
 sin  [1,1]

Definition of the Tangent of an Angle

Let P(x,y) be a point on the
circumference of a unit circle and
Draw the tangent to the unit circle
passing through the point (1,0).
Extend the line making angle  to
meet the tangent.
The distance on the tangent; between
the x-intercept and the extension of
the arm of ; gives tan 
(see diagram on the right).

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Circular Functions for Any Size Angle Page 23
The Reciprocal Circular (Trigonometric) Function
The reciprocal functions (secant, cosecant and cotangent) are defined to be:
1 1 1
 cosec  ,  sec  ,  cot . csc   cosec 
sin  cos  tan 

Complementary Trigonometric Functions

Two angles are complementary when their sum is 90 .
When angles are complementary, then
their complementary functions are equal.
Eg. sin70  cos20, cos70  sin20

 
Generally, sin()  cos(90  ) and cos()  sin    
2 
Eg. sec70  csc20, csc70  sec20
 
Generally, sec()  csc(90  ) and csc()  sec    
2 
Eg. tan70  cot 20, cot 70  tan20
 
Generally, tan()  cot(90  ) & cot()  cot    
2 

Summary of Angles in the 1st Quadrant

Observe that in the
first quadrant,
all the circular
(trigonometric)
functions are
either zero or
positive

That is, in the

First quadrant,
0 
2
cos  0
sin  0
tan  0
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Trigonometry unit 1 – Circular Functions for Any Size Angle Page 24
Worksheet 4: Circular functions for any size angle
1. State the coordinates of the following angles when drawn on a unit circle:
a) 360 b) 90 c) 180
d) 270 e) 450 f ) 540
g) 0 h) 90 i) 720
 3
j)  k) l)
2 2
5
m) 5 n) o) 3
2
5 7
p) q) 4 r)
2 2

2. State the value of the cosine, sine and tangent, respectively, of each angle given
in question 1 above.

3. With the aid of the unit circle shown, estimate the value of the cosine, sine and
tangent, of every angle shown, respectively:

a) 30 b) 45
c) 60 d ) 120
e) 135 f ) 150
g) 210 h) 225
i) 240 j ) 300
k) 315 l ) 330
 3
m) n)
3 4
5 2
o) p)
6 3
 5
q) r)
4 6
7  2 
s) t)
6 3
 7
u) v)
5 10

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Circular Functions for Any Size Angle Page 25
 5 Converting Functions to First Quadrant
Circular functions of angles other than in the first quadrant can be written in terms of
first quadrant circular functions using the circle’s symmetrical properties.

Angles in the 2nd Quadrant

 
Draw   ,   in the second
2 
quadrant of a unit circle.

Label the sides representing

cos , sin and tan
see diagram
Now draw theonsymmetrical
the right.
st
angle in the 1 quadrant.

The symmetrical angle in the

1st quadrant will be    .

Label the circular (trig)

functions for    in the first quadrant (see below).

sin(  )  sin 
cos(  )   cos 
tan(  )   tan 
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Trigonometry unit 1 – Converting Functions to First Quadrant Page 26
Angles in the 3rd Quadrant
  
Similarly, let    , 
 2 
and repeat the steps taken for
angles in the 2nd quadrant.
Draw  in the third quadrant
of a unit circle.

Now
Labeldraw
the the
sidessymmetrical
epresenting
st
angle in, the 1 and
quadrant.
see diagram on the right.
The symmetrical angle in the
1st quadrant will be    .

Label the circular (trig)

functions for    in the first quadrant (see below).

sin(  )   sin 
cos(  )   cos 
tan(  )  tan 

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Converting Functions to First Quadrant Page 27
Angles in the 4th Quadrant

  
Similarly, let   , 2 
 2 
and repeat the steps taken for
angles in the 2nd quadrant.
Draw  in the fourth quadrant
of a unit circle.

Labeldraw
Now the sides epresenting
the symmetrical
st
angle in
, the 1and quadrant.
see diagram on the right.
The symmetrical angle in the
1st quadrant will be 2   .

Label the circular (trig)

functions for 2   in the
first quadrant (see below).

sin(2  )   sin 
cos(2  )  cos 
tan(2  )   tan 

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Converting Functions to First Quadrant Page 28
Sign of the Circular Functions in the First Quadrant

Sign of the Circular Functions in the Second Quadrant

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Converting Functions to First Quadrant Page 29
Sign of the Circular Functions in the Third Quadrant

Sign of the Circular Functions in the Fourth Quadrant

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Converting Functions to First Quadrant Page 30
Converting Circular Functions to Equivalent First Quadrant Functions
Place the circular function with a positive value in each quadrant gives:

To find the equivalent first quadrant circular function, use the above diagram to
determine if the angle is in a positive or negative quadrant, then find the ACUTE
angle between the original angle and the x-axis (positive x-axis for angles in 1st and
4th quadrant and negative x-axis for 2nd and 3rd quadrants). The answer will have the
same circular function as the original function.
Eg. Express the following in terms of equivalent 1st quadrant functions.

 7 
A sin 120   B sin  210   C sin   
 4 

Solution:

A sin 120    sin 180  120  B sin  210    sin  210  180 

 sin  60    sin  30 

 7 
C sin  315    sin  2  
 4 


  sin  
4
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Trigonometry unit 1 – Converting Functions to First Quadrant Page 31
Eg. Express the following in terms of equivalent 1st quadrant functions.
 3   4   5 
A cos   B cos    C cos   
 4   3   3 

Solution:

 3   3   4   4 
A cos     cos     B cos     cos   
 4   4   3   3 

 
  cos     cos  
4 3
 5   5 
C cos     cos  2  
 3   3 


 cos  
3
Eg. Express the following in terms of equivalent 1st quadrant functions.
 7   11 
A tan 110   B tan    C tan  
 6   6 

Solution:

 7   7 
A tan 110    tan 180  110  B tan     tan   
 6   6 


  tan  70   tan  
6
 5   11 
C tan     tan  2  
 3   6 


  tan  
6

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Converting Functions to First Quadrant Page 32
Eg: Given sin  0.4 and 0   , without computing , find the exact value of:
2
a) sin    b) sin   
3 
c) sin  2   d ) sin   
 2 
Solution:

a) Since 0   (i.e, the angle is in the first quadrant),

2
Then  will be in the second quadrant.
 sin     sin sin  0 in 2 nd quadrant.
 0.4

b) Since 0   (i.e, the angle is in the first quadrant),

2
Then  will be in the third quadrant.
 sin      sin sin  0 in 3rd quadrant.
 0.4

c) Since 0   (i.e, the angle is in the first quadrant),

2
Then 2  will be in the fourth quadrant.
 sin  2     sin sin  0 in 4thquadrant.
 0.4

d) Since 0   (i.e, the angle is in the first quadrant),

2
3
Then  will be in the third quadrant.
2
3 
 sin      cos sin  0 in 3rd quadrant.
 2 
  1   0.4 
2
cos  1  sin 2
  0.84
 21

5

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Converting Functions to First Quadrant Page 33
Eg: Given cos  0.7 and 0   , without computing , find the exact value of:
2
a) cos    b) cos    c) cos  2  

Solution:

a) Since 0   (i.e, the angle is in the first quadrant),

2
Then  will be in the second quadrant.
 cos      cos cos  0 in 2nd quadrant.
 0.7
b) Since 0   (i.e, the angle is in the first quadrant),
2
Then  will be in the third quadrant.
 cos      cos cos  0 in 3rd quadrant.
 0.7
c) Since 0   (i.e, the angle is in the first quadrant),
2
Then 2  will be in the fourth quadrant.
 cos  2    cos cos  0 in 4thquadrant.
 0.7

3
Eg: Given tan  1.3 and   , without computing , find the exact value of:
2
a) tan    b) tan   

Solution:
3
a) Since   (i.e, the angle is in the third quadrant),
2
Then  will be in the fourth quadrant  eg. 180  210  390  .
 tan      tan tan  0 in 4thquadrant.
 1.3

3
b) Since   (i.e, the angle is in the third quadrant),
2
Then  will be in the first quadrant  eg. 180  210  390  .
 tan     tan tan  0 in 1st quadrant.
 1.3

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Converting Functions to First Quadrant Page 34
Worksheet 5: Converting functions to first quadrant
1 Express the following trigonometric (circular) functions in terms of functions that
only use angles in the first quadrant, that is, give an answer which uses either
sin   or  sin   where  0, 2  or  0 , 90 .
Do NOT attempt to evaluate the expression. Do NOT use CALCULATORS.

a) sin(300) b) sin(135) c) sin(210)

d) sin(240) e) sin(150) f ) sin(330)
g) sin(450) h) sin(540) i) sin(510)
j) sin(60) k) sin( 120) l) sin( 570)

 2   3   3 
m) sin   n) sin   o) sin  
 3   4   2 
 5   4   7 
p) sin   q) sin   r) sin  
 6   3   6 
 17    16   15 
s) sin   t) sin   u) sin  
 6   3   4 
 5   7    9 
v) sin   w) sin   x) sin  
 4   3   4 

2. Repeat question 1, but change the sine function to cos.

DO NOT EVALUATE. DO NOT USE A CALCULATOR

3. Repeat question 1, but change the sine function to tan.

DO NOT EVALUATE. DO NOT USE A CALCULATOR

4. Given sin(0.40)  0.39, cos(0.40)  0.92 and tan(0.40)  0.42 .

Find the value of the following circular functions without the use of a calculator.
Use   3.14 for this question.
a) sin(3.54) b) cos(3.54) c) tan(3.54)

d) sin(5.88) e) cos(5.88) f) tan(5.88)

g) sin(2.74) h) cos(2.74) i) tan(2.74)

j) sin(0.4) k) cos(0.4) l) tan( 0.4)

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Converting Functions to First Quadrant Page 35
Worksheet 5: Converting functions to first quadrant

5. If sin(0.70)  0.64, cos(0.70)  0.76 and tan(0.70)  0.84 , evaluate the

following without the use of a calculator. Use   3.14 :
a) sin(2.44) b) cos(2.44) c) tan(2.44)

d) sin(5.58) e) cos(5.58) f) tan(5.58)

g) sin(3.84) h) cos(3.84) i) tan(3.84)

j) sin(0.7) k) cos(0.7) l) tan( 0.7)

6. If cos()  x , sin()  y and tan()  t . Express each of the following circular

functions in terms of a circular function having its argument as .
a) sin(2  ) b) cos(2  ) c) tan(2  )

d) sin(  ) e) cos(  ) f) tan(  )

g) sin(  ) h) cos(  ) i) tan(  )

j) sin() k) cos() l) tan()

m) sin(  ) n) cos(  ) o) tan(  )

p) sin(2  ) q) cos(2  ) r) tan(2  )

7. For each expression below, find an equivalent expression having its argument as
. A unit circle diagram may be helpful for this question.
   
a) sin     b) cos    
2  2 
   
c) sin     d) cos    
2  2 
 3   3 
e) sin     f) cos    
 2   2 
 3   3 
g) sin     h) cos    
 2   2 
*8. For each expression below, find an equivalent expression having its argument as
. Knowledge about the cotangent function is necessary to answer this question.
A unit circle diagram may be helpful here.
   
a) tan     b) tan    
2  2 

 3   3 
c) tan     d) tan    
 2   2 

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Converting Functions to First Quadrant Page 36
 6 Special Angles and their Exact Trigonometric Values
   
The angles 0 , 30, 45, 60 & 90 ( 0, , , & ) are considered to be special
6 4 3 2
angles because their exact circular (trigonometric) values can be easily determined.

The exact values of the trig functions of 0 and is found by using the unit circle.
2
sin 0  0 cos0  1 tan 0  0

csc0   sec0  1 cot 0  

sin 2  1 cos 2  0 tan 2  

csc 2  1 sec 2   cot 2  0


For  45 , use the special right-angled triangle below:
4
 1 2  1 2 
sin   cos   tan  1
4 2 2 4 2 2 4
  
csc  2 sec  2 cot  1
4 4 4
Eg. Find the exact value of
3   5 
a) cos  225  b) sin   c) tan  45  d ) cosec  
 4   4 
Solution:
 3   3 
a) cos  225    cos  225  180  b) sin     sin    
 4   4 


  cos  45   sin  
4
 2 2
 
2 2
 5   3 
c) tan  45    tan  45  0  d ) csc     csc    
 4   4 


  tan  45   csc  
4
 1  2

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Special Angles and their Exact Trigonometric Values Page 37
  
For  30 and  60 , Start with an equilateral triangle, side length 2 units.
6 3
Drop the altitude from the top vertex to the base of the triangle.
That altitude will bisect both the angle and the base.
That altitude is a perpendicular bisector.

Now there are 2 congruent special right-angled triangles.

Use either one of the special 30, 60, 90 triangle.
Apply Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate the altitude.
altitude  2 2  12  altitude  3
Now the exact circular functions can be found.

 3  1   1  3  3
sin  cos  tan  3 sin  cos  tan 
3 2 3 2 3 6 2 6 2 6 3
 2 3   3   2 3 
csc  sec 2 cot  csc 2 sec  cot  3
3 3 3 3 3 6 6 3 6
Eg. Find the exact value of
5   5 
a) cos 150  b) sin   c) cot  210  d ) sec  
 3   6 
Solution:
 5   5 
a ) cos 150    cos 180  150  b) sin     sin  2  
 3   3 


  cos  30    sin  
3
 3 1
 
2 2
 5   7 
c) cot  210    cot 180  150  d ) sec     sec   
 6   6 


  cot  30    sec  
6
2 3
 3 
3

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Special Angles and their Exact Trigonometric Values Page 38
Worksheet 6: Special angles and their exact trigonometric values

1 For the first unit circle shown, give the COORDINATES of each special angle (x
value = cos  and the y value = sin ).
For the second unit circle, give the exact tangent value for each of the special
angles.

2. Repeat the same as above, but this time, show the angles in RADIANS

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Special Angles and their Exact Trigonometric Values Page 39
Worksheet 6: Special angles and their exact trigonometric values
3. Find the exact value of the following by firstly finding the equivalent first
quadrant expression (do NOT use a calculator):
a) sin(300) b) sin(135) c) sin(210)
d) sin(60) e) sin(120) f ) sin(570)

 4   3   7 
g) sin   h) sin   i) sin  
 3   4   6 
 19   7   9 
j) sin   k) sin   l) sin  
 6   3   4 

4. Re-evaluate question 1 (without a calculator) but replace sin with:

i) cos ii) tan and for extra knowledge iii) sec iv) cosec v) cot

5. Find the exact value for every unknown side in each triangle shown below.

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Special Angles and their Exact Trigonometric Values Page 40
 7 Simple Trigonometric Identities

Using a unit circle, shown above: x  cos  and y  sin  . Knowing that
y
tan   , x  0
x
sin 
 tan   , cos   0
cos 
Applying Pythagoras’ theorem to the right-angled triangle, it follows that:
cos2   sin 2   1 or sin 2   cos2   1
Now using algebra, the above identities can be transposed to produce other identities.
sin  sin 
For example, from tan    sin   cos  tan  and cos   .
cos  tan 
Similarly, from sin 2   cos 2   1  sin 2   1  cos2  and cos2   1  sin 2 

Ways to prove Trigonometric Identities

There are 3 ways to prove an identity. They are:
1. Work on the LHS alone until it becomes the expression on the RHS.
2. Work on the RHS alone until it becomes the expression on the LHS.
3. Work separately on each side until the two expressions become identical.
Mathematicians don’t accept the this way. However, for the very complicated
identities, it’s the best way, then can “read” backwards to make it “official”.
End the proof by writing the Latin phrase QED or by inserting the symbol .
Quod Erat Demonstrandum  That which was to be demonstrated.
sin 
Some of the harder identities involving tan, are best proven by using tan   .
cos 
It’s a good idea to start with the side that contains the more complicated expression.

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Simple Trigonometric Identities Page 41
Eg. Prove the following identities:
1: sin 2   (1  cos )(1  cos )

RHS  (1  cos )(1  cos )

 1  cos 2  DOPS
 sin 2 
 LHS

2: cos 4 x  sin 4 x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x

LHS  cos 4 x  sin 4 x

 
 cos 2 x  sin 2 x cos 2 x  sin 2 x  DOPS

  cos 2
x  sin 2 x  (1) cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1
 RHS

tan x sin x cos x 1  sin t cos t

3:  4: 
1  tan 2 x cos 2 x  sin 2 x cos t 1  sin t

tan x 1  sin t
LHS  LHS 
1  tan 2 x cos t
1  sin t cos t

sin x
cos x

 1  tan 2 x   
cos t cos t
sin x  sin 2 x  cos t 1  sin t 
  1   
cos x  cos 2 x  cos 2 t

sin x cos 2 x  sin 2 x cos t 1  sin t 

  
cos x cos 2 x 1  sin 2 t
sin x cos 2 x cos t 1  sin t 
  
cos x cos 2 x  sin 2 x 1  sin t 1  sin t 
sin x cos x cos t
 
cos 2 x  sin 2 x 1  sin t
 RHS  RHS

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Simple Trigonometric Identities Page 42
Worksheet 7: Simple trigonometric identities

1. a) Let sin   x ,  first quadrant. Express cos  & tan  in terms of x.

b) Let cos   x,  third quadrant. Express sin  & tan  in terms of x.
c) Let tan   x,   fourth quadrant. Express sin  & cos in terms of x.

2. Prove the following identities:

a) 1  sin 1  tan   1

2 2

cos 2 x
b) 1  sin x 
1  sin x
c) tan 2   sin 2   tan 2  sin 2 
sin  1  cos 
d) 
1  cos  sin 
e)  sin A  cos A2   sin A  cos A2  2
sin C cos C
f)  sin C cos C tan C  1
tan C
cos   1 sin   tan 
g) 
cos   1 sin   tan 
h) tan x  sin x cos x  tan x sin 2 x
cos  1
i) tan   
1  sin  cos 

j) 1  cos D  2  2sin D   1  sin D  cos D 2

2
1  cos   1  cos  

1  cos   sin  
k)

l)  3cos   4sin  2   4cos   3sin  2  25

sin   tan  1  cos 
m) 
sin  tan  sin 
sin  cos  1
n)  
1  cos  sin  sin 
sin  cos  tan 
o) 
cos   sin  1  tan 2 
2 2

sin 3 x  cos3 x
p)  1  sin x cos x
sin x  cos x
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Trigonometry unit 1 – Simple Trigonometric Identities Page 43
 8 Solving Simple Trigonometric Equations
Determine the correct angle in the first quadrant, irrespective of the sign. Use the
1st quadrant angle, find the correct solutions over  0, 2 , then add/subtract multiples
of 2 or 360 to get all the solutions over the stated domain.

Eg 1. Solve 2sin x  3  0 , x  0 , 360

3
Solution: sin x  sine is positive in the first 2 quadrants
2
 3  3
 x  sin 1   or x  arcsin  
 2   2 
 x  60 , 180  60 vertical bar = “given” or “such that”.
1st Q 2nd Q

 x  60 , 120 Accessed by pressing /= keys.

CAS gives:

Eg 2. Solve 3tan x  3  0 , x  0, 2 

3
Solution: tan x  
3
 3   3  st 
 x  tan 1   or x  arctan   1 Quadrant angle 
 3   3  6
 
 x    , 2  tan is negative in the 2nd and 4 th quadrants
6 6
2nd Q 4th Q If CAS is not set to DEG,
5 11 wrong answers will be obtained (see below):
 x  ,
6 6

To fix this problem, either change to Radian or add the Radian symbol to the variable
(x) inside the argument of tan.
On the CAS, the Radian symbol is found under then

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Solving Simple Trigonometric Equations Page 44
Eg 3. Solve 6cos  2 x   3  0 , x  0, 2 
Solution: 6 cos  2 x   3  0 , x  0 , 2  Note: since x  0 , 2   2 x  0, 4 
 cos  2 x   0.5
   
 2x  , 2  , 2  , 4  cos  0 in 1st & 4 th quadrants
3 3 3 3
first rotation second rotation

 5 7 11
 ,, ,
3 3 3 3
 5 7 11
 x  , , , CAS gives the results shown below:
6 6 6 6
st
1 input gives false
Angle setting is not Radian EM
2nd input gives correct result BE
regardless of the Angle setting D
EM
Equ
x r inside cos. BE
atio
3rd input gives the correct answer n.D D
Equ
default Angle setting is set to Radian.
SMEM
atio
T4BE
n.D
D
Eg 4. Solve, correct to 2 decimal places: Equ 4sin  6 x   3  0 , x  0,  
SM
Solution:4 sin  6 x   3  0 , x  0, T4  since x 0,    6 x 0, 6   3 rotations
atio
EM
n.D
 6 x  sin 1  0.75  or x  arcsin  0.75  1st Quadrant angle  0.848
BE
SM
 6 x    0.848, 2  0.848,3 DT4  0.848,4  0.848, 5  0.848,6  0.848
3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant Equ
EM second rotation third rotation
first rotation atio
BE
n.D
D sin   0 in the 3rd and 4th quadrants
SM
 3.9895 , 5.435, 10.273,Equ 11.718 , 16.556, 18.0016
T4
atio
 x  0.66, 0.91, 1.71, 1.95 ,n.D 2.76, 3.00 (correct to 2 dp)
SM
T4

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Solving Simple Trigonometric Equations Page 45
The next few examples utilize the following trig identities to make x positive:
sin      sin    cos     cos    tan      tan   
 sin  2 x    sin  2 x   cos  3x   cos  3x   tan  4 x    tan  4 x 
 
& 3sin   x  1 & 5cos  2 x   & 6 tan   x  15 
 3
   
 3sin    x  1   5cos    2 x     6 tan    x  15  
  3 
 
 3sin  x  1  5cos  2 x    6 tan  x  15 
 3

Eg 5. Solve 3tan  4 x   3  0 , x   0, 2 
Solution:3tan  4 x   3  0 , x   0 , 2  Note: since x   0, 2   4 x   0, 8 
 3
 tan  4 x   apply tan      tan   
3
1
  tan  4 x  
3
 1   1 
 4x  tan 1   or x  arctan  
 3  3
       
 4x  ,   , 2  , 3  , 4  , 5  , 6  , 7  
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
first rotation second rotation third rotation fourth rotation

 7 13 19 25 31 37 43

 , , , , , , ,
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
 7  13 19 25 31 37 43
 x  , , , , , , ,
24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

Although the angle mode is

set to DEG, Solve command
gave the correct answer.
This is due to the use of r
inside the argument of tan.
r
forces CAS to use RAD
regardless of its angle mode.
However, this doesn’t always
work! See next example.

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Solving Simple Trigonometric Equations Page 46
 37   1
Eg 6. Solve  sin  4 x    3 , x  0, 2 
2  6 2
   47 
Solution: x   0, 2   4x    , 
6  6 6 
37   7
 sin  4 x    , x   0, 2 
2  6 2
     
 3  7  2sin  4 x    7 Now apply 2sin  4 x    2sin  4 x  
 6  6  6
 
 2sin  4 x    3
 6
  3   3
 4x   sin 1   or 4 x   arcsin  
6  2  6  2 
        
 4x   ,   , 2  , 3  , 4  , 5  , 6  , 7  
6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
first rotation second rotation third rotation fourth rotation

 2 7 8 13 14 19 20 Here, r, inside the argument

 , , , , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 does not override the settings!!
 5 5 17  9 29 13 41 Try if for yourself.
 4x  , , , , , , ,
2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6
Therefore, it’s best to set the
 5 5 17  9 29 13 41 angle mode to the correct
 x  , , , , , , ,
8 24 8 24 8 24 8 24 setting prior to executing the
Solve command.

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Solving Simple Trigonometric Equations Page 47
Worksheet 8: Solving simple trigonometric equations
1. Solve the following equations. Do NOT use a calculator.
a) 2sin( x)  1 , x  0 , 360

b) 2sin( x)  3 , x  0 , 360

c) 2sin( x)  1  0 , x  0 , 360

d) 2sin( x)  2  0 , x  0 , 360

e) 3 sin( x)  3  0 , x  0 , 360

f) 4sin(2 x)  2 3  0 , x  0 , 360

g) 4sin(2 x)  2 2  0 , x  0 , 360

h) 10sin(4 x)  5  0 , x  0 , 180

i) 8 sin(3x)  6  0 , x  0 , 180

j) 24 sin(4 x)  2 3  0 , x  0 , 180

k) 2 sin(2 x)  1  0 , x  0, 2

l) 2sin(2 x)  3  0 , x  0, 2

m) 24 sin(3x)  18  0 , x  0, 2

n) 4 3 sin(5 x)  2 6  0 , x  0, 

 
o) 2sin  x    1 , x  0, 2
 4

 
p) 2sin  2 x    3  0 , x  0, 2
 3

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Solving Simple Trigonometric Equations Page 48
Worksheet 8: Solving simple trigonometric equations

2. Solve each equation for 0   2 . Do NOT use a calculator.

8 3
a)  4  sin
2
2 2 6
b) 2  sin 
3 3
2  7  15  2
c) 5  sin   
3  4  3
2 2 6
d) sin  2 
3 3
2 
e) 3  2sin     2
 3 
 
f) 1  2 sin   2   2
6 
 
g) 2sin  3    2
 6
2 5  2 3
h) 1  sin   3  
3  6  3
3. Find the value of x correct to 3 decimal places. Do NOT use a CAS.

a) 7 sin(2 x)  2 , x  0, 2

 x
b) 5sin    1 , x  0, 2
2
c) 3sin( x  4 )  1 , x  0, 2
d) 5sin( x  3 )  3  0 , x  0, 2

4. Replace sin by cos in questions 1d, 1m, 2b and 2g then solve the equation.

5. Solve each equation for 0   2 . Do NOT use a calculator.

 
a) 2 3 tan     2
 6
 
b) 6 tan  2    12
 3
2   12  3
c) 1  tan   2  
3 4  3
2   6 3
d) tan   2   1 
3  12  3
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Trigonometry unit 1 – Solving Simple Trigonometric Equations Page 49
 9 Sketching the Sine Function

2
Amplitude of y  A sin( nx) is A and the period is .
n
To find the x-values of the “x-intercepts”, the Maximum and Minimum turning
points, just equate the “argument” of the equation to the x-values of the standard sine.
Eg. Sketch y  3sin(2 x) for x [0, 2 ]
2 
Amp  3, per   per   Each section 
2 4

 
Max occurs when 2 x  x  . Over
2 4 one
n produces n cycles
3 3
Min occurs when 2 x  x  . period between 0 and 2 .
2 4
Intersections with the mean (centre) line (x-intercepts) So, 2 produces
 2 periods from
occur when 2 x  0,  , 2  x  0, ,
2 0 to 2

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Sketching the Sine Function Page 50
Eg. Sketch y  1  3sin(2x) for x [0, 2 ]
2 period
Amp  3 , per  , Each section 
2 4

 Amp  3,  per   ,  Each section 
4
Range  1  3, 1  3 range of y  k  A sin  nx 
 Range   2 , 4 is k  A  y  k  A
Equation of mean line is y  1 equation of centre line is y  k

3  3
Max occurs when 2 x  (why not maximum when 2 x  ?)  x  .
2 2 4
 3 
Min occurs when 2 x  (why not minimum when 2 x  ?)  x  .
2 2 4

Intersections with centre/mean Line occur when 2 x  0 ,  , 2  x  0 , ,
2

To find the x-intercepts, solve 1  3sin(2 x)  0

1
 2 x  arcsin   This is 1st quadrant none exact angle.
3
1 1 1 1
 x  arcsin   ,   arcsin   ,
2 3 2 3
First rotation .
1 1 1 1
2  arcsin   , 2    arcsin  
2 3 2 3
Second rotation
 x  0.17, 1.40, 3.31, 4.54

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Sketching the Sine Function Page 51
Another way of sketching, without equating the argument to the x-values of the
maximum, minimum and x-intercepts of the standard sine function, is illustrated next.

 3   5
Eg. Sketch y  2sin  3x    3,   x  .
 4  4 12
 3   5
y  2sin  3 x    3,   x 
 4  4 12
   
 y  2sin  3  x     3
  4 
2 2 1 
Amp  2, per   each section is  
3 3 4 6

Phase shift  , Centre Line (mean line) at y  3 ,
4
Range  [ 3  2, 3  2]
   2
Start @  phase shift , mean line    , 3  , draw a horizontal line length 
 4  3

  
Mark off 4 points, starting at  , 3  , corresponding to the 4 sections.
 4 
    
1st point will be at x   . 2 nd point will be at x   2 
4 6 4 6
     
3rd point will be at x   3  . 4 th point will be at x   4 
4 6 4 6
This line eliminates the phase shift & vertical translation of the function.

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Sketching the Sine Function Page 52
   
Think of the line's starting point  , 3  as the new origin.
 4 
2
From this "new origin", sketch 2sin  3 x . Amp  2 and period 
3
This is a sine curve starting at the "new origin" and going up 2

 3   3 
x  intercepts (y  0)  2sin  3 x   3 0 use sin 1  
 4   2  3
3  3 
 3x    ,  2 
4 3 4 3
7 11
 x  ,
36 36
 3 
y  intercepts (x  0)  y  2sin    3  y  int at 0, 2  3
 4 
 
In terms of transformations, the curve y  sin  x  has undergone:
1
Dilation by a factor of 2 from the x  axis and a factor of from the y  axis.
3

Translation of 3 units up and units left.
4

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Sketching the Sine Function Page 53
Worksheet 9: Sketching the sine function
1) Sketch the following showing at least one cycle and the x- and y-intercepts.
For each equation, state its Amplitude, Period and Phase Shift. Also write down
the needed transformations that take the standard function y  sin( x) to become
the given equation {dilations factor (from or parallel), reflections (about or in)
and translations (direction up, down, left or right)}:
 x 
a) y  3sin(2 x) b) y  2sin    1
 2 

   
c) y  2sin  x   d) y  3  2sin  2 x  
 4  3

    2 x 
e) y  6sin   x   3 2 f) y  2  2sin   
 6 12   3 6 

2) Determine a possible SINE equation for each of the following graphs:

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Sketching the Sine Function Page 54
 10 Sketching the Cosine Function

2
Amplitude of y  Acos(nx) is A and the period is .
n
To find the x-values of the “x-intercepts”, the Maximum and Minimum turning
points, just equate the “argument” of the equation to the x-values of the standard cos.

Eg. Sketch y  2cos(3 x) for x [0, 2 ]

2 1  2  
Amp  2, per   Each section is  
4 4 3  6

2
Max occurs when 3 x  0, 2  x  0, . Over
3 one n produces n cycles
 period
Min occurs when 3 x   x  . between 0 and 2 .
3
Intersections with the mean (centre) line (x-intercepts) So, 3 produces
 3  
occur when 3 x  , x , 3 periods from
2 2 6 2
0 to 2

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Sketching the Cosine Function Page 55
 x 
Eg. Sketch y  2cos     1 for x [0, 2 ]
2 3
4 period
Amp  3 , per  , Each section 
1/ 2 4
 Amp  3,  per  4 ,  Each section  
Range   1  2,  1  2 range of y  k  A cos  nx 
 Range   3 , 1 is k  A  y  k  A
Equation of mean line is y  1 equation of centre line is y  k
x  x  7 2 14
Max occurs when   0,    ,  x , Over
2 3 2 3 3 3 3 one
x  x 4 8 period
Min occurs when       x
2 3 2 3 3
Intersections with centre/mean Line occur when
x   3 x 5 11 5 11
  ,   ,  x ,
2 3 2 2 2 6 6 3 3
x  x  1
For the x-intercepts, solve 2cos     1  0    arccos  
2 3 2 3 2
x     
   , 2  , 2  ,  2  2 
2 3 3 3 3 3
First rotation Second rotation .
4
 x  , 4 , 0
3

1 1
produces a period
2 2
from 0 to 2

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Sketching the Cosine Function Page 56
Like the sine, the other way of sketching, without equating argument to the x-values
of the maximum, minimum and x-intercepts of the standard cosine function applies.

 3   5
Eg. Sketch y  2cos  3x    3,   x  .
 4  4 12
 3   5
y  2cos  3 x    3,   x 
 4  4 12
   
 y  2cos  3  x     3
  4 
2 2 1 
Amp  2, per   each section is  
3 3 4 6

Phase shift  , Centre Line (mean line) at y  3 ,
4
Range  [ 3  2, 3  2]
   2
Start @  phase shift , mean line    , 3  , draw a horizontal line length 
 4  3

  
Mark off 4 points, starting at  , 3  , corresponding to the 4 sections.
 4 
    
1st point will be at x   . 2 nd point will be at x   2 
4 6 4 6
     
3rd point will be at x   3  . 4 th point will be at x   4 
4 6 4 6
This line eliminates the phase shift & vertical translation of the function.

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Sketching the Cosine Function Page 57
   
Think of the line's starting point  , 3  as the new origin.
 4 
2
From this "new origin", sketch 2cos  3 x  . Amp  2 and period 
3
This is a cosine curve starting at the x value of the "new origin"
and y value  the "maximum value  3+2" 2.

 3   3 
x  intercepts (y  0)  2cos  3 x   3 0 use cos 1  
 4   2  6
3  3 
 3x    ,  
4 6 4 6
 5
 x  ,
36 36
 3 
y  intercepts (x  0)  y  2cos    3  y  int at 0, 3  2
 4 
 
In terms of transformations, the curve y  cos  x  has undergone:
1
Dilation by a factor of 2 from the x  axis and factor of from the y  axis.
3

Translation of 3 units up and units left.
4

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Sketching the Cosine Function Page 58
Worksheet 10: Sketching the cosine function
1) Sketch the following showing at least one cycle and the x- and y-intercepts.
For each equation, state its Amplitude, Period and Phase Shift. Also write down
the needed transformations that take the standard function y  cos( x) to become
the given equation {dilations factor (from or parallel), reflections (about or in)
and translations (direction up, down, left or right)}:
   
a) y  2cos  x   b) y  2cos  x   3
 3 3 
1    
c) y cos  x   d) y  2cos  2 x    1
2  2  3

  24  3 2x 
e) y  8 cos  2x    f) y  1  2 cos   
 6 2  4 3 
2) Determine a possible COSINE equation for each of the following graphs:

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Sketching the Cosine Function Page 59
 11 The Cosine Rule
Consider triangle ABC and let p be the perpendicular from C to AB.
The foot of this perpendicular meets AB at D (as shown below).

In BCD, a2  p2  x2 (Pythagoras)
x
and  cos C
a
 x  a cos C

In ABD, c 2  p 2  (b  x) 2 (Pythagoras)
 c 2  p 2  b 2  2bx  x 2
 p 2  x 2  b 2  2bx
 a 2  b 2  2ab cos C p 2  x 2  a 2 and x  a cos C from BCD

The cosine rule c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C is used to find side c, when given a, b and
C. That is, use the cosine rule when given 2 sides and the included angle.

The cosine rule c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C can be transposed (rearranged) to get:

a 2  b2  c2
cos C  .
2ab

This rule is used to find angle C, when given a, b and c.

That is, the other use of the cosine rule is to find an angle when given the 3 sides.
Since cos  0 in the first quadrant and cos  0 in the 2nd quadrant, this means the
cosine rule, when used to find an angle will always give just one answer.
There is NO ambiguous case when applying the cosine rule.

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Trigonometry unit 1 – The Cosine Rule Page 60
Eg. Find x correct to 2 decimal places.
Solution:
x 2  52  42  2(5)(4)cos74
 25  16  40cos74
 41  40cos74
 29.9745
 x  29.9745
 5.47 m

Eg. In triangle ABC, a  8 m , b  7 m and c  5 m. Find the largest angle in the

triangle, correct to the nearest minute.
Solution:
The largest angles faces the largest side.
7 2  52  82
Cos A 
2  7  5 
49  25  64

70
1

7
 A  8147

Eg. Elena jogs 5km on a bearing of 70T and then 3km on a bearing of 100T. How
far has Elena jogged? Give answer correct to the nearest metre.
Solution:
Form a diagram and construct
a triangle showing the given info.
d 2  52  32  2(5)(3)cos130
 25  9  30cos130
 34  30cos130
 53.2836
 d  53.2836
 7.300 km

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Trigonometry unit 1 – The Cosine Rule Page 61
Worksheet 11: The cosine rule
1. Calculate the length of the indicated sides correct to 3 decimal places.
a) b) c)

d) e) f)

2. Find the indicated angles correct to 1 decimal place.

3. Find the largest angle for the triangle with sides 12 cm, 17 cm and 14 cm.

4. Find the smallest angle for the triangle having sides 17 m, 21 m and 33 m.

5. Solve  ABC (that is, find all missing sides correct to 2 decimal places and
missing angles correct to 1 decimal place) given:

a) a  7.2 m , b  6.1 m , c  5.3 m

b) a  17.2 m, b  26.1 m, C  25.3

c) a  3.8 m , b  5.7 m and c  8 m

d) b  9.12 m , c  17.5 m , A  12529'

e) * a  19.4 m , b  31.2 m , c  11.5 m

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Trigonometry unit 1 – The Cosine Rule Page 62
 12 The Sine Rule and the Ambiguous Case
Consider triangle ABC and let p be the perpendicular from C to AB.
The foot of this perpendicular meets AB at D (as shown below).

p
In ACD,  sin A  p  b sin A
b
p
In BCD,  sin B  p  a sin B ,
a
a b
 b sin A  a sin B  
sin A sin B
a b
The sine rule  is used to find side a, when given b, A and B.
sin A sin B
That is, use the sine rule when given 2 angles and a side.

sin A sin B
The sine rule may be written as  .
a b
This is used to find angle A, when given a, b and B.
That is, given 2 sides and non-included angle (opposite to one of the 2 given sides).

Eg. Find x correct to 2 decimal places.

Solution:
Given 2 angles and a side
 Apply the sine rule
x 8

sin 33 sin 67
8sin 33
 x 
sin 67
 4.73 m

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Trigonometry unit 1 – The Sine Rule and the Ambiguous Case Page 63
Eg. Find the magnitude of angle A, correct to 2 decimal places.
Solution: Given 2 sides and an opposite angle  Apply the sine rule
sin A sin 78

6 11
6sin 78
 sin A 
11
A  arcsin  0.533535 
A  32.24

The Ambiguous Case of the Sine Rule

Since sin   0 when   0 , 180  , then the sine rule, when used to find an angle
may give 2 angle results (one in the first quadrant and one in the second quadrant).

The ambiguous case only occurs when applying the sine rule to find an angle.
The ambiguous case never happens when finding a side.

Eg. In  ABC , b  7 m, c  4 m and C  21 . Find angle A correct to 2 d.p.

sin B sin 21

Solution: 
7 4
7sin 21
 sin B 
4
 0.62714
 B  arcsin  0.62714 
 B  38.84 or B  141.16

If B  38.84 , then
A  180  21  38.84
 A  120.16

If B  141.16 , then
A  180  21  141.16
 A  17.84

As can be seen, there are 2 different triangles satisfying the conditions:

b  7 m, c  4 m and C  21 in  ABC.
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Trigonometry unit 1 – The Sine Rule and the Ambiguous Case Page 64
Worksheet 12: The sine rule

1. For each triangle, calculate the length of the indicated side, hence, solve the
triangle. Give answer correct to 1 decimal place for both sides and angles.
a) b) c)

d) e) f)

g) h) i)

2. For each triangle, find the indicated angle, hence, solve the triangle.
Give answer correct to 1 decimal place for both sides and angles.
a) b) c)

d) e) f)

g) h) i)

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Trigonometry unit 1 – The Sine Rule and the Ambiguous Case Page 65
 13 Area of Triangles and Quadrilateral

Basic formula

1
The area of a triangle is given by Area  bh , where
2
b and h are the base and height of the triangle, respectively.

Area of a Triangle Given 2 sides and an Included Angle

In ABC . sides a, b and angle C. are known.

Find the area of the triangle (see diagram on the right).

Let the perpendicular from vertex B meet the base AC at P.

h
In  BCP, sin C   h  a sin C
a
1
But Area  bh
2
1
 Area  b  a sin C 
2
1
 Area  ab sin C
2

Eg. Find the area of the triangles shown below:

1
Solution: Area   3 6.2  sin120
2
 8.05 cm 2

sin A sin 45

Solution: 
5 6
 A  36.1 (A can't be 143.9)
 B  98.9
1
Area   6  5  sin 98.9
2
 Area  14.82 m 2
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Trigonometry unit 1 – Area of Triangles and Quadrilaterals Page 66
Eg. In  ABC , a  11m , b  5 m and B  15. Find the area of the triangle.
Solution: Make a diagram depicting the given information.

ab
Need to find  C before applying the area rule, Area  sin C .
2
To compute  C , apply the sine rule ( given 2 sides and non-included angle).
sin A sin15

11 5
11sin15
 sin A 
5
 0.5694
 A  34.7085 or A  180  34.7085
 A  34.709 or A  145.291
If A  34.709 then C  180  34.709  15
 C  130.291
1
 Area = 11 5  sin130.291
2
 20.976 cm 2

If A  145.291 This is the ambiguous case.

then C  180  145.291  15
 C  19.709
1
 Area = 11 5 sin19.709
2
 9.274 cm2

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Area of Triangles and Quadrilaterals Page 67
Eg. In  ABC , a  5 m, b  8 m and c  9 m. Find the area of the triangle.
Solution: Make a diagram depicting the given information.

Need to find one of the angles before being able to apply the area rule.
Given the 3 sides of the triangle, so apply to cosine rule to get an angle.

52  82  9 2 52  9 2  8 2 8 2  9 2  52
cos C  cos B  cos A 
2  5  8  2  5  9  2  8  9 
8 42 120
  
80 90 144
 8   42   120 
 C  arccos    B  arccos    A  arccos  
 80   90   164 
 C  84.261  B  62.182  A  33.557

ab
Area = sin C
2


 58 sin84.261
2
 19.900 cm 2
or
ac
Area  sin B
2


 5 9  sin 62.182
2
 19.900 cm 2
or
bc
Area  sin A
2


8 9  sin 33.557
2
 19.900 cm 2

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Area of Triangles and Quadrilaterals Page 68
As seen from the previous example, the area of a triangle when given its three sides
can be computed by firstly applying the cosine rule to find any one of the three
angles, then applying the area of a triangle formula:
1
Area  product of 2 sides and the sine of the included angle.
2

Area of a Triangle Given 3 sides (Heron’s Formula)

A direct way of finding the area of a triangle whose three sides are known, is to apply
Heron’s formula, which states:
The area of a triangle with sides a , b and c is:
abc
Area  s  s  a  s  b  s  c  , where s  semi perimeter, s 
2
The above formula is attributed to Hero of Alexendria (Egypt).
Hero was a Greek Engineer and Mathematician in 10 AD - 70 AD.

Eg. Find the area of the triangle shown (same triangle of last example):

Solution:
Compute the semi perimeter
Then apply Heron’s formula
589
s 
2
 s  11
 Area  1111  5 11  8  11  9 
 11(6)(3)( 2)
 Area  6 11  exact answer 
 19.900 m 2  approximate answer 

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Area of Triangles and Quadrilaterals Page 69
Brahmagupta’s Formula (An extension to Heron’s Formula)

Area   s  a  s  b  s  c  s  d 
abcd
where s  semi perimeter, s 
2

This formula gives the Area of any cyclic quadrilateral with sides a, b, c and d.

It was discovered by the great Indian mathematician

Brahmagupta (598 AD – 670 AD).
The formula only works for cyclic quadrilateral
(simple quadrilateral inscribed in a circle).
Brahmagupta formula reduces to Heron’s formula
when d  0 .
Thus, Heron’s formula is a special case of this formula.

Bretschneider's Formula * Not examinable

In 1842 German mathematician Carl Bretschneider discovered the general formula

which finds the area of any quadrilateral whose 4 sides are known, without any
restriction (that is, the quadrilateral doesn’t have to be cyclic). The formula is:

B D
Area   s  a  s  b  s  c  s  d   abcd cos 2   ,
 2 
abcd
where s  and B & D are opposite 
2

Again, this formula reduces to Brahmagupta’s formula if the quadrilateral is cyclic;

BD
since, in cyclic quadrilateral,  90 and cos90  0 .
2
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Trigonometry unit 1 – Area of Triangles and Quadrilaterals Page 70
Worksheet 13: Area of triangles and quadrilaterals

1. Calculate the area of each triangle, correct to 2 decimal places.

a) b) c)

d) e) f)

g) h) i)

j) k) l)

2. Calculate the area of the shaded quadrilaterals correct to 2 decimal places.

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Area of Triangles and Quadrilaterals Page 71
 14 Arc Length, Area of a Sector and Area of a Segment

Definitions of Circular Parts

Let A and B be points on the Circumference of a circle
with centre O.

An arc is the distance between the points A and B

along the circumference of the circle.
The longer arc is called the major arc, and
the shorter arc is called the minor arc.
An arc is denoted by arc AB or simply AB .

A sector is the area bounded by the points OAB.

There are two sectors in the circle.
The smaller area is called the minor sector and larger are is called the major sector.

Chord is the straight line distance between A and B.

The chord is denoted by chord AB or AB or AB .

A segment is the area between a chord and an arc.

Again, a chord divides a circle into 2 segments.
Major segment is the larger area and
the minor segment is smaller area.

Arc Length
Apply the “obvious” theorem which states the ratio
of 2 arc lengths is equal to the ratio of their corresponding central angles. Thus:

Arc length Central angle Arc length Central anglec

 or 
Circumference 360 Circumference 2
l  l 
  
2r 360 2r 2
2 r  2 r 
 l  l 
360 2
 r 
 l  l  r
180

 r  180l 180l l l
 l , r ,   l  r , r  ,  
180  r  r

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Arc Length, Area of a Sector and Area of a Segment Page 72
Eg. Find the arc length of the arc of a circle of radius 10 m subtending a central
angle of: a) 40625 , b) 0.7
To convert from DMS to Radians, type Rad after ▶ found in k 4 : 

If your CAS is not set to Rad, then you’ll need to convert 40625 to a number (Rad)

a) 40625
 10  40.107 
l 
180
 7m
b) 0.7
l  10  0.7 
 7m

Eg. For each diagram, compute the value of the indicated variable.

a ) r  4,   360  120 Why? b) r  5,   360  100 Why?

  4  240    
l  l  5  260   
180  180 
 16.755 m  22.689 cm

c) r  8, l  15 d ) l  11,   2  4.9 Why?

180 15  11
  r 
8 2  4.9
 107.430  7.953 cm
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Trigonometry unit 1 – Arc Length, Area of a Sector and Area of a Segment Page 73
Area of a Sector
Apply the theorem “ratio of 2 sectors = ratio of their corresponding central angles”
Area of a sector Central angle Area of a sector Central anglec
 or 
Area of circle 360 Area of circle 2

A  A 
  or 
r 2 360 r 2 2
 r 2  1
 A  or A  r2 
360 2
Eg. Find the area of the sector of a circle, radius 10m subtending a central angle of:

a) 40625 b) 0.7c
 10   40.107 
2
1
A  A  10 2  0.7 
360 2
 35 m2  35 m2

Area of a Segment
The area of the segment  The area of the sector  The area of the triangle

1 2 1 2
 A  r   r sin 
2 2
1 2
 A  r    sin  
2
Example: Find the area of the segment of a circle r  10m & subtending a central
angle of 0.7.

10   0.7  sin  0.7  

1 2
A 
2
 2.789 m 2
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Trigonometry unit 1 – Arc Length, Area of a Sector and Area of a Segment Page 74
Worksheet 14: Arc length, area of a sector and area of a segment

1. Calculate the indicated arc lengths, l, correct to 2 decimal places.

2. Calculate the area of the given sectors (shaded), correct to 3 decimal places.

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Arc Length, Area of a Sector and Area of a Segment Page 75
3. Calculate the area of given segments (shaded), correct to 4 decimal places.

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Arc Length, Area of a Sector and Area of a Segment Page 76
4. There are two circular pulleys. The larger one has a radius of 7 cm and the
smaller one has a radius of 2 cm. The centres of the two pulleys are 13 cm apart.
A tight belt is stretched around the two pulleys (see diagram below).

Calculate the following, correct to 2 decimal places:

a) The length CD.

b) CAB .

c) Arc length CGE.

d) DBA .

e) Arc length DHF .

f) The length of the belt.

g) The area enclosed by the belt (area inside the belt).

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Arc Length, Area of a Sector and Area of a Segment Page 77
 Answers

Answers to worksheet 1: Pythagoras’ Theorem

1a) n 2  l 2  m 2 b) d 2  e2  f 2 c) r 2  u 2  v2
2a ) n  l 2  m 2 b) d  e2  f 2 c) v  t2  u2
3a) l  5.83 m b) v  10.58 mm c) e  3.61cm
4) d  34 m
5a) h  26 bi ) y  5 5 cm ii ) 6 5 cm iii ) x 5 cm
6) 61  7.81m 7) 7331  85.62 m 8) cylinder by 0.012 m
9a) obtuse b) right c) acute d ) impossible triangle;  doesn't exist

Answers to worksheet 2: Basic trigonometry with applications

1a ) 9.009 m b) 6.954 km c) 1.179 mm
d) 19.015 m e) 1.579 km f) 26.632 mm
2a ) 3123 b) 5248 c) 6528
3) 3454 4a ) 4711 b) 5646
5a ) B  5858 b  37.819 cm c  44.316 cm
b) E  61.6 F  28.4 f  38.671
c) G  80.9 g  5.174 km k  0.832 km
6a) 10.61 b) 2.45 c) 30.81m d ) 20.23 e) 15.01 f ) 20.03
Questions 7  9 answers are shown on the triangles below:

10) A  48.37 , B  55.30 , C  76.33

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Trig 1 – Answers Page 78
Answers to worksheet 2: Basic trigonometry with applications
11) 9.5 m 12) 8.7 m 13) 687.7 m
14a) 176.4 m b) 152.2 m 15) 6546
16) 16.0 m 17 a) h  x tan  4712  , h   x  38  tan  3250 
38tan  3250 
17b) x  17c) h  84.6 m
tan  4712   tan  3250 
18) 33 m 19) 2138 20) 44.9 m
21a ) 020T b) 340T c) 215T d ) 152T
22a ) N 49 E b) S 48 E c) S 87W d ) N 30W
23a ) 3 km, 325T b) 2.5 km, 112T c) 8 km, 235T
d) 4 km, 90T , then 2.5 km, 035T
e) 12 km 115T , then 7 km 050T
f ) 300 m 310T , then 500 m 220T

24)

25a) 13.38 km b) 14.86 km c) 222T or S 42W

26) 215T 27) 1.732 km
28a ) 9.135 km b) 2.305 km c) 10410T 29) 684.86 km
30a ) 60 , 40 b) 2.5 km c) 2.198 km d ) 1.22 km
31a ) 3 cm b) 4.24 cm c) 13.34 cm d ) 13.6748 cm
e) 7156 f) 770
32a ) 136.81m b) 375.88 m c) 363.19 m d ) 680.84 m
e) 5.04
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Trig 1 – Answers Page 79
Answers to worksheet 3: The radian

 3 7
1a) b) c)
6 4 6
4 5 11
d) e) f)
3 6 6
5  8
g) h) i)
2 5 5
2a) 45 b) 30 c) 300
d ) 200 e) 420 f) 324
3a) 0.8901 b) 2.2061 c) 7.4456
d ) 0.6675 e) 1.4999 f) 0.0524
4a) 1128 b) 17955 c) 14314
d ) 36058 e) 30741 f ) 6331
5) The required arc is shown as a thick arc.

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Trig 1 – Answers Page 80
Answers to worksheet 4: Circular functions for any size angle

1a) 1, 0  b)  0, 1 c)  1, 0 

d)  0,  1 e)  0, 1 f)  1, 0 
g) 1, 0  h)  0,  1 i) 1, 0 
j)  1, 0  k)  0, 1 l)  0,  1
m)  1, 0  n)  0, 1 o)  1, 0 
p)  0,  1 q) 1, 0  r)  0 , 1

2a ) 1, 0 , 0 b) 0 , 1, undef c) 1, 0 , 0

d ) 0 ,  1, undef e) 0 , 1, undef f) 1, 0 , 0

g ) 1, 0 , 0 h) 0 ,  1, undef i) 1, 0 , 0

j ) 1, 0 , 0 k) 0 , 1, undef l) 0 ,  1, undef

m) 1, 0 , 0 n) 0 , 1, undef o) 1, 0 , 0

p ) 0 ,  1, undef q) 1, 0 , 0 r) 0 , 1, undef

3a ) 0.9 , 0.5 , 0.6 b) 0.7 , 0.7 , 1

c) 0.5 , 0.9 , 1.7 d) 0.5 , 0.9 ,  1.7

e) 0.7 , 0.7 ,  1 f ) 0.9 , 0.5 ,  0.6

g ) 0.9 ,  0.5 , 0.6 h) 0.7 ,  0.7 , 1

i) 0.5 ,  0.9 , 1.7 j) 0.5 ,  0.9 ,  1.7

k ) 0.7 ,  0.7 ,  1 l) 0.9 ,  0.5 ,  0.6

m) 0.5 , 0.9 , 1.7 n) 0.7 , 0.7 ,  1

o) 0.9 , 0.5 ,  0.6 p ) 0.5 , 0.9 ,  1.7

q ) 0.7 ,  0.7 ,  1 r) 0.9 ,  0.5 , 0.6

s ) 0.9 , 0.5 ,  0.6 t) 0.5 ,  0.9 , 1.7

u ) 0.8 , 0.6 , 0.7 v) 0.7 , 0.8 ,  1.4

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Trig 1 – Answers Page 81
Answers to worksheet 5: Converting functions to first quadrant

1a )  sin  60  b) sin  45  c)  sin  30 

d )  sin  60  e) sin  30  f)  sin  30 
g ) sin  90  h) sin  0  i) sin  30 
j )  sin  60  k)  sin  60  l) sin  30 
  
m) sin   n) sin   o)  sin  
3 4 2
  
p ) sin   q)  sin   r)  sin  
6 3 6
  
s ) sin   t)  sin   u)  sin  
6 3 4
  
v) sin   w)  sin   x)  sin  
4 3 4

2a ) cos  60  b)  cos  45  c)  cos  30 

d )  cos  60  e)  cos  30  f) cos  30 
g ) cos  90  h)  cos  0  i)  cos  30 
j ) cos  60  k)  cos  60  l) cos  30 
  
m)  cos   n)  cos   o) cos  
3 4 2
  
p )  cos   q)  cos   r)  cos  
6 3 6
  
s )  cos   t)  cos   u) cos  
6 3 4
  
v)  cos   w) cos   x) cos  
4 3 4

3a )  tan  60  b)  tan  45  c) tan  30 

d )  tan  60  e)  tan  30  f)  tan  30 
g ) tan  90  h)  tan  0  i)  tan  30 
j )  tan  60  k) tan  60  l) tan  30 
  
m)  tan   n)  tan   o)  tan  
3 4 2

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Trig 1 – Answers Page 82
Answers to worksheet 5: Converting functions to first quadrant

   
3 p)  tan   q) tan   r) tan  
6 3 6
  
s )  tan   t ) tan   u)  tan  
6 3 4
   
v)  tan   w)  tan   x)  tan  
4 3 4

4a) 0.39 b) 0.92 c) 0.42

d ) 0.39 e) 0.92 f) 0.42
g ) 0.39 h) 0.92 i) 0.42
j ) 0.39 k) 0.92 l) 0.42

5a) 0.64 b) 0.76 c) 0.84

d ) 0.64 e) 0.76 f) 0.85
g ) 0.64 h) 0.76 i) 0.84
j ) 0.64 k) 0.76 l) 0.84

6a)  sin    b) cos    c)  tan   

d )  sin    e)  cos    f) tan   
g )  sin    h)  cos    i) tan   
j )  sin    k) cos    l)  tan   
m)  sin    n)  cos    o) tan   
p) sin    q) cos    r) tan   

7a) cos    b) sin   

c) cos    d)  sin   

e)  cos    f )  sin   

g )  cos    h) sin   

8a) tan    b)  tan   

c) tan    d)  tan   

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Trig 1 – Answers Page 83
Answers to worksheet 6: Special angles and their exact trigonometric values

Questions 1) and 2)

  r cos sin tan

3 1 3
30
6 2 2 3
2 2
45 1
4 2 2
1 3
60 3
3 2 2
90 0 1 
2
2 1 3
120  3
3 2 2
3  2 2
135 1
4 2 2
5  3 1  3
150
6 2 2 3
180 1 0 0
7  3 1 3
210
3 2 2 3
5  2  2
225 1
4 2 2
4 1  3
240 3
3 2 2
3
270 0 1 
2
5 1  3
300  3
3 2 2
7 2  2
315 1
4 2 2
11 3 1  3
330
6 2 2 3

 3 2 1
3a)  sin  60   b) sin  45   c)  sin  30  
2 2 2
 3   3 1
d )  sin  60   e)  sin    f) sin  30  
2 3 2 2
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Trig 1 – Answers Page 84
Answers to worksheet 6: Special angles and their exact trigonometric values

  3  2    1
3g )  sin    h) sin    i)  sin   
3 2 4 2 6 2
   1   3   2
j ) sin    k)  sin    l)  sin   
6 2 3 2 4 2

4) Angle 1st Q i) cos ii) tan iii) sec iv) csc v) cot
a) 1 2 3  3
300 60  3 2
2 3 3
b)  2
135 135 1  2 2 1
2
c)  3 3 2 3
210 30 2 3
2 3 3
d) 1 2 3  3
60 60  3 2
2 3 3
e) 1 2 3 3
120 60 3 2
2 3 3
f)  3  3 2 3
570 30 2  3
2 3 3
g) 4 1 2 3 3
3 2
3 3 2 3 3
h) 3  2
1  2 2 1
4 4 2
i) 7  3 3 2 3
2 3
6 6 2 3 3
j) 19  3 3 2 3
2 3
6 6 2 3 3
k) 7 1 2 3  3
 3 2
3 3 2 3 3
l) 9 2
1 2  2 1
4 4 2
15 2 15 2
5a) 4, 4 3 b) , c) 2, 4
2 2
d ) 6, 6 2 e) 18 2 , 6 6 f ) 18, 12 3
g ) 4, 8 h) 7, 7 i) 16 2 , 8 2

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Trig 1 – Answers Page 85
Answers to worksheet 7: Simple trigonometric identities

x
1a) cos   1  x 2 , tan  , x0
1  x2
 1  x2
b) sin    1  x , 2
tan   , x0
x
x 1
c) sin   , cos   , x0
1 x 2
1 x 2

2) Each question includes its answer! Proof is required.

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Trig 1 – Answers Page 86
Answers to worksheet 8: Solving simple trigonometric equations

1a ) 30 , 150 4  5
2a ) ,
3 3
b) 60 , 120 5 7 
b) ,
4 4
c) 210 , 330 3
c) 0, , 2
2
d ) 45 , 135
 3
d) ,
e) 90 4 4
7  11
e) ,
f ) 30 , 60 , 210 , 240 6 6
17  23 41 47 
f) , , ,
g ) 112.5 , 157.5 , 292.5 , 337.5 24 24 24 24
13 19 37  43 61 67 
g) , , , , ,
h) 7.5 , 37.5 , 97.5 , 127.5 36 36 36 36 36 36
 7  25 31 49 55
h) , , , , ,
i ) 80 , 100 36 36 36 36 36 36

j ) 56.25 , 78.75 , 146.25 , 168.75 3a ) 0.429 , 1.142, 3.570, 4.284

b) 0.403, 5.880
 3 9 11 c) 2.016, 5.838
k) , , ,
8 8 8 8
d ) 2.738, 4.592
2 5 5 11
l) , , , 4) 1d ) 45 , 315
3 6 3 6
 11 13 23 25 35
1m) , , , , ,
 2 7  8 13 14 18 18 18 18 18 18
m) , , , , ,
9 9 9 9 9 9 3 5
2b) ,
4 4
 3 9 11 17   19 25 43 49 67 
n) , , , , , 2g) , , , , ,
20 20 20 20 20 36 36 36 36 36 36
19 5 27  33 7  5a ) 0 ,  , 2
, , , ,
20 4 20 20 4  3 5 7 
b) , , ,
7  23 4 4 4 4
o) , 7  19 31 43
12 12 c) , , ,
24 24 24 24
 2 3 5 3 7  11 15
p) , , , d) , , ,
2 3 2 3 8 8 8 8

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Trig 1 – Answers Page 87
Answers to worksheet 9: Sketching the sine function
1a) Amp  3, Per   , PS  0 b) Amp  2, Per  4, PS  0
Dilation factor from x - axis  3 Dilation factor from x - axis  2
1 2
Dilation factor from y - axis  Dilation factor from y - axis 
2 
Reflection about x - axis  Yes Reflection about x - axis  No
Reflection about y - axis  No Reflection about x - axis  No
Translation in x - direction  0 Translation in x - direction  0
Translation in y - direction  0 Translation in y - direction  1

 
1c) Amp  2 , Per  2 , PS  d ) Amp  2, Per   , PS 
4 6
Dilation factor from x - axis  2 Dilation factor from x - axis  2
1
Dilation factor from y - axis  1 Dilation factor from y - axis 
2
Reflection about x - axis  No Reflection about x - axis  No
Reflection about y - axis  No Reflection about x - axis  Yes
 
Translation in x - direction  Translation in x - direction 
4 6
Translation in y - direction  0 Translation in y - direction  3

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Trig 1 – Answers Page 88
Answers to worksheet 9: Sketching the sine function

1e) Amp  6, Per  24, PS  2 f ) Amp  2, Per  12 , PS  4

Dilation factor from x - axis  6 Dilation factor from x - axis  2
12 6
Dilation factor from y - axis  Dilation factor from y - axis 
 
Reflection about x - axis  No Reflection about x - axis  Yes
Reflection about y - axis  Yes Reflection about x - axis  Yes
Translation in x - direction  2 Translation in x - direction  4
Translation in y - direction  3 2 Translation in y - direction  2

2a ) y  4sin  2 x 
b) y  1  2sin  3 x 
   
c) y  2sin  2  x     1
  6 

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Trig 1 – Answers Page 89
Answers to worksheet 10: Sketching the cosine function

1a ) Amp  2, Per  2 , PS  b) Amp  2, Per  6, PS  0
3
Dilation factor from x - axis  2 Dilation factor from x - axis  2
3
Dilation factor from y - axis  1 Dilation factor from y - axis 

Reflection about x - axis  No Reflection about x - axis  Yes
Reflection about y - axis  No Reflection about x - axis  No
Translation in x - direction  0 Translation in x - direction  0

Translation in y - direction  Translation in y - direction  3
3

 
1c) Amp  2 , Per  2 , PS  d ) Amp  2, Per   , PS 
4 6
Dilation factor from x - axis  2 Dilation factor from x - axis  2
1
Dilation factor from y - axis  1 Dilation factor from y - axis 
2
Reflection about x - axis  No Reflection about x - axis  No
Reflection about y - axis  No Reflection about x - axis  No
 
Translation in x - direction  Translation in x - direction 
4 6
Translation in y - direction  0 Translation in y - direction  1

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Trig 1 – Answers Page 90
Answers to worksheet 10: Sketching the cosine function

1 4
1e) Amp  8 , Per  1, PS  f ) Amp  2 , Per  3, PS 
12 9
Dilation factor from x - axis  8 Dilation factor from x - axis  2
1 2
Dilation factor from y - axis  Dilation factor from y - axis 
2 3
Reflection about x - axis  No Reflection about x - axis  Yes
Reflection about y - axis  Yes Reflection about x - axis  Yes
1 4
Translation in x - direction  Translation in x - direction 
12 9
Translation in y - direction  6 Translation in y - direction  1

1     1   
2a ) y  cos  2  x    or y  cos  2   x  
2   6  2  6 
 
b) y  1  2cos  x  
 6
      
c) y  2cos  2  x     3 or y  2cos  2   x    3
  12     12 
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Trig 1 – Answers Page 91
Answers to worksheet 11: The cosine rule

1a) a  4.58 cm b) b  6.37 m c) c  5.27 m

d ) d  25.12 m e) e  3.62 cm f) f  6.23 m
2a )   57.9 b)   57.4 c)   58.8 d )   53.1
3) 81.27 or 8116
4) 26.44 or 2627
5a) A  78.0 B  56.0 C  46.0
b) A  34.9 B  119.8 c  12.86 m
c) A  25.9 B  40.9 C  113.2
d) a  23.97 m B  18.0 C  36.5
e) Impossible triangle acb

Answers to worksheet 12: The sine rule

1) Answers are shown on each triangle (in green). Diagrams are not to scale.

a) b) c)

d) e) f)

g) h) i)

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Trig 1 – Answers Page 92
Answers to worksheet 12: The sine rule

2) Answers are shown on each triangle (in green). Diagrams are not to scale.
a) b) c)

d) e) f)

g) h) i)

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Trig 1 – Answers Page 93
Answers to worksheet 13: Area of triangles and quadrilaterals

1a) 31.02 cm 2 b) 12.49 m 2 c) 18.87 m 2 not 0.47 m 2

d ) 28.50 m 2 e) 13.08 or 5.21cm 2 f) 0.88 km 2
g ) 55.34 m 2 h) 62.15 cm 2 i) 7.76 km 2
j ) 37.95 m 2 k) 20.98 cm 2 l) 14.00 m 2

2a) 3.09 m2 b) 8.64 m2 c) 10.40 m2

Answers to worksheet 14: Arc length, area of a sector and area of a segment

1a) 11.00 cm b) 42.80 mm c) 18.31m

d ) 12.48 km e) 42.15 m f ) 6.40 m

2a) 38.485 cm2 b) 1299.956 mm2 c) 73.229 m2

d ) 8.802 m2 e) 79.475 m2 f ) 15.829 mm2
g ) 16.859 m2 h) 37.466 m2 i) 0.447 m2

3a ) 13.985 cm 2 b) 103.221mm 2
c) 49.122 m 2 d ) 1.523 m 2
e) 12.733 m 2 f ) 19.208 mm 2
g ) 20.483 km 2 h) 3.438 m 2
i) 2.645 m 2 j) 16.789 m 2

4a ) 12 cm
b) 67.38
c) 27.52 cm
d ) 112.62
e) 10.06 cm
f ) 61.58 cm
g ) 218.02 cm 2

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Answers Page 94
 Useful Definitions and Formulas
Pythagoras Theorem Basic Trigonometry
h2  a 2  b2 O 1
sin   csc  
h2  a2  b2 H sin 
A 1
cos   sec  
h  a2  b2 H cos 
a  h2  b2 O 1
tan   cot  
A tan 
b  h2  a2
180 
c  180    c
c
 180
  
 30  45  60 
6 4 3
3 1 1
cos Area of a Triangle
2 2 2
bh
sin 
1 1 3 
2 2 2 2
ab
tan 
1  sin C
1 3 2
3
2  s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
sec 2 2
3 abc
where s 
2 2
csc 2 2
3
Area of a Cyclic Quadrilateral
1
cot  3 1
3   s  a  s  b  s  c  s  d 
s  semi-perimeter
cos        cos    sin       sin   
cos        cos    sin        sin   
   
cos      sin    sin      cos   
2  2 
   
cos       sin    sin      cos   
2  2 
 3   3  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1
cos       sin    sin       cos   
 2   2  tan 2 x  1  cot 2 x
 3   3 
cos      sin    sin       cos    1  sec 2 x  csc 2 x
 2   2 

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Useful Definitions and Formulas Page 95
Non-Right Angle Trigonometry
Apply when given 2 angles
a b
 and an opposite side
sin A sin B
to find an opposite side
Apply when given 2 sides
sin A sin B
 and non-included angle
a b
to find the opposite angle
Apply when given 2 sides
a  b  c  2bc cos A
2 2 2
and THE included angle
to find side opposite the angle
b2  c2  a 2 Apply when given 3 sides
cos A 
2bc to find an angle

Area of a circle  r 2
Circumference  2r
Arc length  r 

Chord length  2r sin  
2
r2
Area of a segment     sin  
2

Algebra / Calculus
 a  b 2  a 2  2ab  b 2
 a  b 3  a 2  3a 2b  3ab2  b3
a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
a 3  b 2   a  b   a 2 ab  b 2 

b  b 2  4ac
ax  bx  c  0  x 
2
2a
d
dx
 
ax n  anx n1 and  ax n 
a n1
n 1
x

f  x  h  f  x
Average rate of change 
h
f  x  h  f  x
Instantaneous rage of change  lim
h0 h

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Trigonometry unit 1 – Useful Definitions and Formulas Page 96