Religious Studies Review • VOLUME 36 • NUMBER 1 • MARCH 2010

THE TRANSFORMATION OF YIGUAN DAO IN ¯

Abhisamayalamkara ¯ , and their commentators. As Apple
 ¯ ¯
TAIWAN: ADAPTING TO A CHANGING RELIGIOUS explains, the Abhisamayalamkara treats the same

ECONOMY. By Yunfeng Lu. Lanham, MD: Lexington topics repeatedly in different fashions. Hence, the topic
Books, 2008. Pp. v + 201; tables, plates. Cloth, $65.00. of the twelve samghas introduces the reader to the
Yunfeng Lu’s book represents a comprehensive study ¯
Abhisamayalamkara ¯  as a whole, exposing the many cosmo-

logical, soteriological, and ābhidharmika notions pertaining
on the Chinese new religion Yiguan Dao. Lu’s detailed
analysis of the group’s historical and phenomenological to its overall framework. Unfortunately, Apple does little to
data builds on the research of D. Jordan, D. Overmeyer, G. provide perspective on Tsong kha pa’s interpretation in con-
Song, and Z. Fu. The main strength and unique feature of trast with other Tibetan commentators, but this does not
Lu’s research, however, is the theoretical framework detract significantly from the volume’s contribution. It is a
employed. Specifically, Lu utilizes a religious economy fine study which will be of interest not only to scholars of
model to explain the sociological changes and agents that Buddhism, but to scholars interested in the idea of a spiritual
impact Yiguan Dao. Key economic concepts, such as path and in theoretical approaches to transformative reli-
market competition, deregulation, and innovation, are gious practices.
emphasized in order to explicate the reasons for Yiguan Pierre-Julien Harter
Dao’s growth in mainland China, survival of political per- University of Chicago
secution in both mainland China and Taiwan, and subse-
quent popular appeal in Taiwan up to the present day. Lu’s
approach benefits from ideas and past research by R. Stark,
R. Finke, L. Iannacone, and P. Froese. A wide range of BODHISATTVAS OF THE FOREST AND
sources is cited and analyzed in the book, including THE FORMATION OF THE MAHĀYĀNA: A
primary texts authored by Yiguan Dao members, personal STUDY AND TRANSLATION OF THE
interviews from a random sample, and Lu’s own reflections ¯ ¯
RASTRAPALAPARIPRCCHA ¯ - SUTRA
¯ . By Daniel
from participant observations. The random sample is small   Studies in Buddhist
Boucher.  Traditions. Honolulu: Univer-
but representative of the many divisions within Yiguan sity of Hawai’i Press, 2008. Pp. xxiii + 287. $54.00.
Dao. Students and scholars of Chinese religions will benefit Boucher’s translation of the Mahāyāna
from Lu’s in depth study. Likewise, the sociology of ¯ ¯
Rastrapalapariprccha ¯ Sūtra, which is based on all surviving
religion field receives a rich case study of a Chinese new  
versions of the text in Sanskrit, Tibetan, and Chinese, is
religion. impressive and markedly better than J. Ensink’s translation
Geoff E. Foy of 1952. This by itself is a valuable contribution to the field.
Central Washington University The most interesting parts of his study are his two chapters
¯
on the Rastrapala ¯ ’s textual history and the process involved
in Dharmaraksa ’s late third- or early fourth-century trans-
lation of the text  into Chinese. The ideas that Boucher pre-

Buddhism sents in his four chapters on early Mahāyāna are also

interesting, although they are mainly restatements of ideas
STAIRWAY TO NIRVANA ¯ : A STUDY OF THE developed by other scholars, primarily G. Schopen, P. Har-
TWENTY SAMGHAS BASED  ON THE WORKS OF rison, and J. Nattier. Boucher presents the Rastrapala ¯ ¯ as
 . By James B. Apple. Albany: State Uni-
TSONG KHA PA further evidence for the thesis that forest ascetics   played a
versity of New York Press, 2008. Pp. xii + 275; illustrations. central role in the development of Mahāyāna, which has
Hardcover, $75; paper, $24.95. been the leading theory on early Mahāyāna in the West for
In this useful contribution, Apple offers readers much the last fifteen years. This is a disappointingly cautious
more than they might expect. The title promises discussion move, and a problematic one because it is now growing
of the topic of the twenty samghas , i.e., the twenty ideal clear that this theory is incorrect. A basic problem with
individuals who embody the twenty  kinds of results of the Boucher’s argument is that Dharmaraksa’s translation, the
Buddhist path as they are described in the literature of oldest evidence we have for the text, postdates  the likely
¯
the Abhisamayalamkara ¯ as interpreted by Tsong kha pa. origin of Mahāyāna by three centuries or more, and there
 the reader will find a brief history of
In addition, however, is no clear reason to take it as providing better evidence
¯
the literature of the Abhisamayalamkara ¯ , both in India and for early Mahāyāna than any of the more than a hundred
in Tibet, and a precise picture of the structure of the Bud- other Mahāyāna sūtras translated into Chinese by
dhist path, including a fine description of the structure of Dharmaraksa and earlier translators, few of which show
¯ ¯ . In the third and fourth chapters, 
the Abhisamayalamkara any orientation towards forest asceticism (e.g., the

the noble individuals (ārya-s) are presented first as the ¯ ¯ Prajñāpāramitā, larger Sukhāvatı̄vyūha,
Astasahasrika
samgha of śrāvaka-s (“the allegorical samgha ”) and then  ¯ , Vimalakı̄rtinirdeśa).
Saddharmapundarıka
 
as the samgha of irreversible bodhisattvas (“the actual David Drewes

samgha ”) according to the Prajñāpāramitā-sūtra-s, the University of Manitoba


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 Religious Studies Review • VOLUME 36 • NUMBER 1 • MARCH 2010

LUMINOUS HEART: THE THIRD KARMAPA ON in general. They analyze the stemma of the texts, their inter-
CONSCIOUSNESS, WISDOM, AND BUDDHA relationship, and the state of the texts at present. Their claim
NATURE. Translated and introduced by Karl Brunnhölzl. that an accidental misplacement of (loose-leaf) folios took
Nithartha Institute Series. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publica- place in the transmission of certain redactions of the
tions, 2009. Pp. xvii + 484. Cloth, $39.95. ¯
Nirvana Tantra is particularly interesting. Nonspecialists
may be  disappointed that the two Tantras are not translated
This is an extraordinarily useful collection of transla-
tions of some of the key philosophical and poetic writings in this volume, but their chapters are summarized in some
by the Third Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje (1284-1339). detail (pp. 22-36). The book is accompanied by a CD-ROM
Emphasizing the relationship between Yogācāra and containing searchable, diplomatic editions of the five texts
Madhyamaka views, these writings focus on buddha nature used to edit the Nirvana¯ and the six used in editing the

Wrath. This work is a major and welcome contribution to the
and on the transformation of ordinary consciousness into
enlightened knowing. They include the treatises on Pointing study of the Nyingma Tantras and to early Tibetan religious
Out the Tathāgata Heart (incorporating references to the Utt- literature.
aratantra interpreted from a Mahāmudrā perspective), The Christian K. Wedemeyer
Distinction between Consciousness and Wisdom (surveying University of Chicago
crucial Yogācāra topics such as the eight consciousnesses
¯
as the nature of samsara and their transformations into the FATHERING YOUR FATHER: THE ZEN OF FABRI-
 ¯ ), and
four nonconceptual wisdoms as the nature of nirvana CATION IN TANG BUDDHISM. By Alan Cole. Berkeley:

excerpts from the autocommentary on The Profound Inner University of California Press, 2009. Pp. xix + 340; Cloth,
Reality (discussing topics such as the theories of the two $65.00; paper, $27.50.
realities and the three natures). These texts are comple- Cole’s work, history of religions in its most self-
mented by abridged or complete commentaries by Jamgön consciously Nietzschian mode, is at times a brilliant and
Kongtrul Lodrö Tayé (1813-1899) and the First Karma Trin- always ruthless reduction of the genealogical texts of early
lépa, Choglé Namgyal (1456-1539); relevant sections from Chan (and, less convincingly, the tradition itself) to political
the commentary on Śāntideva’s Bodhicaryāvatāra by Pawo gamesmanship and “bad faith.” It explores the “aggressive
Tsugla Trengwa (1504-66) are also featured. Brunnhölzl readings and rewritings of the history of truth” that, Cole
provides an introductory essay and appendices that survey argues, produced Chan’s genres and literary tropes, begin-
Indian and Tibetan historical and philosophical contexts ning with the pre-Chan hagiographical constructions of the
of the materials and present a critical analysis of various sixth-century figures Zhiyi and Xinxing as prototypical
Buddhist perspectives on the role of mental functioning in Chinese masters. Cole’s story of early Chan proper begins in
the construction of reality. This volume confirms Rangung the Shaolin monastery with the biography of Faru, a key
Dorje’s influence on the articulation of buddha nature in source that Cole convincingly shows to have been, not the
Tibet, and would be useful to any reader familiar with reliable biography of a monk, but a public relations fiction
the general outlines of these philosophical discussions intended to solidify the monastery’s landholdings. The book
who wishes to have a deeper understanding of their then considers in turn what it characterizes as a series of
development. genealogical fictions, all appropriating the original fiction of
Michelle J. Sorensen Faru and its subsequent re-imaginings, culminating in Shen-
Columbia University hui’s fictional “fathering” of his spiritual father Huineng, the
“Sixth Patriarch.” In thus hollowing out of the spiritual gene-
¯
THE KĪLAYA NIRVANA TANTRA AND THE VAJRA alogy at the heart of early Chan, Cole takes aim at a “nostal-
WRATH TANTRA: TWO TEXTS FROM THE gia for content” on the part of previous scholars, advocating
ANCIENT TANTRA COLLECTION. By Cathy Cantwell instead a view of the genealogical texts of the early Tang
and Robert Mayer. Beiträge zur Kultur- und Geistesge- tradition as politically motivated fictions resting on “a deep
schichte Asiens, 52. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen hole of never-happened.” Though its tone can seem madden-
Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2007. Pp. vii + 289. CD-ROM. ingly flippant, this is a deeply serious work that will likely
Paper, $98.00, €65.20. have a profound effect upon the study of Tang Buddhism.
One has come to expect excellence from the research Paul Copp
team of Cathy Cantwell and Robert Mayer, who have made University of Chicago
such important contributions to the study and interpretation
of the Ancient (rnying ma) Tibetan Tantras, and this volume GENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF TANTRISM.
does not disappoint. The centerpiece of this work is a critical Edited by Shingo Einoo. Institute of Oriental Culture Special
edition of the two Tantras, the rDo rje phur bu mya ngan las Series, 23. Tokyo: Institute for Oriental Culture, University
’das pa’i rgyud and the rDo rje khros pa, but it also contains of Tokyo, 2009. Pp. 562; color plates. Paper, ¥18,000.
a substantial introduction. The introductory sections provide Though its sweeping title promises rather more than
fascinating insights into the textual history of these works any volume could deliver, this handsome collection repre-
and the Ancient Tantra Collections (rnying ma’i rgyud ’bum) sents a very important contribution to research on the

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 Religious Studies Review • VOLUME 36 • NUMBER 1 • MARCH 2010

Tantric traditions of India. The centerpiece of the volume is major figures in modern Buddhist intellectual history and
the long-awaited publication of the arguments Alexis Sand- their creative use of Buddhist texts, as well as a clear over-
erson has been developing over forty years to support his view of the history of the conflict for nonexperts.
thesis that the Śaiva Tantric traditions were the real agents Justin McDaniel
behind the late first-millennium efflorescence of esoteric University of Pennsylvania
movements: Vaisnava , Jaina, Saura, and especially (Sander-
  Buddhist traditions being mere reflexes
son’s bête noire) the BUDDHISMUS, GESCHLECHTERVERHÄLTNIS
of Śaiva prototypes. Over three hundred pages in length, this UND DISKRIMINIERUNG: DIE GEGENWÄRTIGE
important and learned (if somewhat extreme and conten- DISKUSSION IM SHIN-BUDDHISMUS JAPANS. By
tious) monograph-length essay will be required reading for Simone Heidegger. Religiöse Gegenwart Asiens 4. Berlin: Lit
scholars of Tantrism and will no doubt generate useful con- Verlag, 2006. Pp. 500. Softcover, €39.90.
troversy and debate. The remaining essays treat chiefly of The Jōdoshinshū (True Pure Land) Buddhist tradition
issues in Buddhist Tantrism. Kimiaki Tanaka continues his (referred to in short as Shin Buddhism or Shin) is one of
work on the mandala ritual of Nāgabodhi; Francesco Sferra Japan’s largest traditional religious institutions, but until

edits and translates chapter one of Vajragarbha’s important recently it did not receive attention from non-Japanese schol-
¯
Kālacakra treatise, the Satsahasrika ¯ ; Taiken Kyuma and ars proportionate to its conspicuous weight on the Japanese
Ryugen Tanemura contribute   a pair of essays on the rDo rje
scene. This richly detailed new study, written from a femi-
theg pa’i mtha’ gnyis sel ba, allegedly the Tibetan translation nist perspective, focuses on the position of women in the
of a Sanskrit work by Jñānaśrı̄; while Tsunehiko Sugiki contemporary Shin Buddhist school, which also makes it
offers insights into the religious geography of the a major contribution to the increasing general body of
Samvara tradition. The volume also features an essay by literature on women in Buddhism. As Heidegger’s massive
 ´ and
Dominic Goodall on the Śaiva Siddhānta figure Candesa treatment demonstrates, the topic is scarcely simple: the

reflections by editor Shingo Einoo on ritual objectives from twentieth-century Shin institution has undertaken a
the Vedas to the Tantras. In all, it is a stimulating collection, complex discourse in which influence from global feminist
sure to be of great and lasting interest to specialists. and social justice ideas has been pitted against embedded
Christian K. Wedemeyer gender discrimination in temple practices, both sides of the
University of Chicago debate interacting with a classical Shin doctrine and social
practice that possessed aspects both of nondiscrimination
BUDDHISM AND ETHNIC CONFLICT IN SRI and ambivalence about women. (Shin’s married-couple
LANKA. By Patrick Grant. Albany: The State University of model of Buddhist life allowed for conceptions of equality in
New York Press, 2009. Pp. ix +146. Cloth, $60.00; paper, spiritual enlightenment coexisting with constraint in the
$23.95. assignment of gender roles and notions that women’s expe-
This is a very different book than I what I expected when rience was more problematic than men’s.) The author backs
I read the title. There have been a number of studies on up her explication of twentieth-century political struggles
Buddhism and violence in Sri Lanka. Tambiah, Gombrich, over gender equality (especially engaging the Shin leader-
Obeyesekere, Bartholomeusz, Berkwitz, Rathana, Kapferer, ship class of priests’ wives [bōmori]) with extensive surveys
Spencer, and many others have written extensively on this of the literature on the contradictions in the position of
subject. Grant’s book, though, offers both the insight and women in Buddhism and in Japanese history, on the genres
naiveté of nonexpert. His insight comes from his career of religious apologetics (transhistorical interpretation) pro-
spent studying (and growing up in) the violence of Northern duced by defenders of Shin, on the various historical expla-
Ireland and researching it in detail. His naiveté comes from nations for the limitations of Shin doctrine, and on the recent
analyzing the conflict intellectually and ethically through pungent feminist criticism of Shin which finds male chau-
the study of the writings of Anagarika Dharmapala, Walpola vinism structurally entangled throughout its teachings.
Rahula, and J. R. Jayewardene in comparison to what he sees Heidegger is much less interested in Buddhist theoretical
as normative Buddhist ethics. In this way, this book is illu- ideals than in skeptically testing the school against her
minating for those interested in learning more about theo- strong feminist worldview; this leads her to make
retical approaches to religion and violence. Grant discusses assumptions—for example, about the subordination of
extensively the ideas of “moral inversion” and the dangers of women in premodern Japanese history or details like Shin-
“regressive inversion.” He also provides a basic introduction ran’s famous dream of Kannon—that are probably too con-
to Buddhist ethics. The problem is that he does not look at ventional. Nevertheless, she convincingly suggests that
the conflict from the perspective of those involved (local while modern Japanese Buddhists have made a degree of
monastic and lay sermon-givers, writers of vernacular reli- progress regarding women, it will take a long time to bring
gious tracts, lay people and monastics caught in the conflict their society up to the unproblematic universal standards of
in different parts of Sri Lanka). His is an intellectual exercise human equality.
and one not conversant with the debates “on the ground.” Galen Amstutz
However, it offers a brief and clear introduction to three Institute of Buddhist Studies/GTU, Berkeley, California

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 Religious Studies Review • VOLUME 36 • NUMBER 1 • MARCH 2010

THE SYMBIOSIS OF BUDDHISM WITH and his accomplishments as architect and engineer. Stearns
BRAHMANISM/HINDUISM IN SOUTH ASIA AND also provides a critical discussion of Tangtong Gyalpo’s
OF BUDDHISM WITH “LOCAL CULTS” IN TIBET unconventional and frequently transgressive behavior, a
AND THE HIMALAYAN REGION. By David Seyfort style of Tantric practice often described as divine madness.
Ruegg. Beiträge zur Kultur und Geistesgeschichte Asiens, As an exemplary achievement of both elegant translation
58. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wis- and nuanced interpretation, Stearns’s book makes a valu-
senschaften, 2008. Pp. xiv + 197. Paper, $54.00; €35.50. able contribution to the study of Tibetan religious history
This volume may usefully be paired with Genesis and and literature.
Development of Tantrism (also reviewed in this number of Andrew Quintman
RSR) insofar as it represents D. Seyfort Ruegg’s most sus- Yale University
tained response to the “borrowing” model advanced by A.
Sanderson to characterize the relationship of Buddhist and WORSHIPPING THE GREAT MODERNISER: KING
Śaiva Tantric traditions. In this book, Seyfort Ruegg argues CHULALONGKORN, PATRON SAINT OF THE THAI
that the model of a pan-Indian “substratum” from which the MIDDLE CLASS. By Irene Stengs. Singapore: National
two major traditions both drew (a model advanced by Seyfort University of Singapore Press, 2009. Pp. vii + 316. $35.00.
Ruegg and sharply critiqued by Sanderson) is best under- This new book gives a detailed and accessible account of
stood not as a claim that there is a cohesive, exogenous one of the most discussed and striking phenomena in recent
religious sphere, but rather that the various contemporane- Thai history—the “cult” of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V),
ous Indian religious traditions experienced an ongoing who reigned in Siam (which became Thailand in 1939) from
“symbiosis” in which significant elements were routinely 1868 to 1910. It provides not only details about the different
shared among the groups. As one would expect from this rituals and paraphernalia (statues, posters, amulets, clocks,
author, the discussion is learned and wide ranging, though it books, pamphlets, etc.) associated with the worship of the
suffers somewhat from a lack of cohesion. The book features former king, but also information about the major figures in
no less than twenty-five chapters, some as brief as two modern Thai who profit from the worship. Stengs conducted
pages. The core of the argument is outlined in chapter nine- a number of important interviews, examined some of the
teen, where Sanderson’s reservations about “substratum” rituals associated with this former regent first hand, and her
are addressed and the concept refined. The various other writing is crisp. I particularly liked her section on the “Por-
analyses of significant sites of religious interaction between trait of ‘The King Cooking a Meal’,” in which she describes
Hinduism and Buddhism are sharp and informed by Seyfort one of the most famous photographs of the king, in which he
Ruegg’s detailed knowledge of a vast range of Buddhist lit- is sitting on the veranda of Ruan Thon Palace in 1904 or
erature. In the end, however, one comes away with the 1905. He is shirtless, stirring the food inside his own simple
impression that the volume could profitably have been wok. She connects the popularity of this candid photograph
reduced to a substantial essay a third of the length. to the profession of cooking. Cooks throughout the country
Christian K. Wedemeyer want to be associated with the king, and the photograph is
University of Chicago found hanging in restaurants and on the covers of some
well-known Thai cookbooks. Indeed, the king’s face is every-
KING OF THE EMPTY PLAIN: THE TIBETAN IRON- where! These details illuminate some of Stengs’s larger
BRIDGE BUILDER TANGTONG GYALPO. By Cyrus points, for instance, that the figure of this king who ruled
Stearns. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 2007. Siam as it was being transformed from a kingdom to a
Pp. xix + 682; illustrations, plates. $49.95. modern nation state is so beloved by the Thai people because
In this publication, the culmination of nearly thirty he is the “paramount mediator.” There are numerous gram-
years of patient scholarship, Stearns presents a masterful matical and spelling mistakes in the book. Furthermore,
study of Tibet’s acclaimed adept Tangtong Gyalpo (Thang there is little novel theoretical or methodological insight into
stong rgyal po, 1361-1485). Tangtong Gyalpo, literally “King the phenomena of the “cult” of King Chulalongkorn or into
of the Empty Plain,” is revered for his esoteric Buddhist the very notion of “cults” (she does not nuance this term
teachings but also for his extensive work in the plastic and adequately either) in modern Thailand. However, it is an
performing arts, architecture, and engineering. Stearns com- informative overview of this widespread phenomenon and
bines for the first time a complete and annotated translation will prove a good introduction for students of modern Thai
of the master’s best-known biography with a critical review politics, economics, and religion.
of his contributions to Tibetan religion and culture. He intro- Justin McDaniel
duces the life story (itself consisting of some 400 pages of University of Pennsylvania
translation) with a series of thematic essays addressing
issues central to the biographical tradition. These include a MAHĀYĀNA BUDDHISM: THE DOCTRINAL FOUN-
survey of the extensive literary corpus related to Tangtong DATIONS. By Paul Williams. Second edition. London and
Gyalpo and analyses of the master’s purportedly exceptional New York: Routledge, 2009. Pp. xi + 438. Cloth, $115.00;
life span, his transmission of Tantric Buddhist instructions, paper and e-book, $35.95; Kindle, $20.64.

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 Religious Studies Review • VOLUME 36 • NUMBER 1 • MARCH 2010

This second edition of Paul Williams’s popular introduc- memorial rite dedicated to a fetus lost through miscarriage,
tion to the Mahāyāna traditions is updated in style, format, stillbirth, or, especially, abortion. After a glance at the prac-
and (to a lesser extent) in content. Many of the changes tice in Japan, Wilson offers a detailed comparative analysis of
are minor: the Chinese is now rendered in Pinyin, references mizuko kuyo in the Japanese-American temples of Los
to Madhyamaka now read Mādhyamika, and likewise Angeles and its parallel in convert American Zen. Contrary to
Cittamātra has been changed to Yogācāra, etc. The chapters their popular depiction as antiritualistic, Wilson discovers
have remained substantially unaltered, and treat of major that it is the latter communities, particularly their female
sūtras, philosophical schools, aspects of Chinese, Japanese, participants, who are most actively promoting this “water-
and Tibetan Buddhisms, traditional buddhology and soteri- baby ceremony.” In Japan, the ritual functions as a shame-
ology, and devotional cults. However, there are a few sub- based practice that functions primarily to placate the
stantive changes. For instance, Williams has taken some potential wrathful fetal spirit by dedicating merit on its
advantage of the last two decades’ huge advances in the behalf.
study of (especially early) Mahāyāna in revising the book. A However, it has become radically reconstituted in Ameri-
new section concerning views of the self in so-called Critical can Zen communities as an empowering, nonjudgmental
Buddhism and contemporary Thai movements is another affirmation of women’s agency focused on the spiritual
notable addition. Other changes involve excising short sec- healing of the grieving mother. Wilson draws some persua-
tions that attempted to grapple with such topics as Tantrism sive conclusions from the recovery and re-appropriation of
and the issue of faith and reason in Buddhism. The book is ritual forms in American Zen, arguing that this increasing
easier to read in an enlarged format (about two centimeters trend suggests a more complex dialogue between tradition
in each direction) and features a more elegant typeface. In and innovation than is often assumed. Accessible and capti-
all, this updated version of Williams’s clear and concise vating, this text undermines many assumptions (and limita-
introduction remains a useful source for undergraduate tions) of prevailing categories, illuminates neglected areas,
courses on Buddhism. and points to promising future directions for American Bud-
Christian K. Wedemeyer dhism. Two chapters examining how right-wing Christians
University of Chicago and left-wing feminists among others have appropriated
mizuko kuyo for their own political and religious agendas also
MOURNING THE UNBORN DEAD: A BUDDHIST make this text relevant to the fields of women studies, cul-
RITUAL COMES TO AMERICA. By Jeff Wilson. Oxford: tural studies, and Christian ethics.
Oxford University Press, 2009. Pp. 272, illustrations. Cloth, Ann Gleig
$35.00. Rice University
This fascinating text traces the American adoption of the
twentieth-century Japanese Buddhist ritual of mizuko kuyo, a

104