Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolytes and Electrolyte Solutions

Instructions:
T o my General Chemistry 2 students 11- STEM B, E, N & O

1. Please read and try to understand the notes/ outline on the the topic “colligative properties of solutions
part 2” .
2. Two sample problems are given for each colligative property.
3. At the end of this handout, you are given 4 problems to solve.
4. This will serve as your assignment # 2 for this second grading period.
5. Please solve the 4 problems on a short bond paper. Write all pertinent solutions.
6. Though you will submit your output once classes resume, I would appreciate it very much if you could
send a picture or a soft copy to your study chairman, if and only if possible by April 13, 2020.
7. Keep safe Louisians.

III. Vapor Pressure Lowering:

 Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor that is in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid in a
closed system.

Higher Lower
vapor vapor
pressure pressure

Solution containing Solute

Pure Solvent nonvolatile solute particle
solvent particle
Equilibrium is established between the liquid In a solution, solute particles reduce the
and vapor in a pure solvent. number of solvent particles able to escape the
liquid. Equilibrium is established at a lower
vapor pressure.

 A substance that has no measurable vapor pressure is nonvolatile, whereas one that exhibits a vapor
pressure is volatile.
 Ionic solutes that dissociate have greater effects on vapor pressure than does a nondissociating solute.
 Three moles of sodium chloride dissolved in water produce 6 mol of particles because
each formula unit of NaCl dissociates into two ions.
  Three moles of glucose dissolved in water produce 3 mol of particles because glucose
does not dissociate.

 The decrease in a solution’s vapor pressure is proportional to the number of particles the solute makes
in solution.
 Adding a nonvolatile solute to a pure solvent lowers the solvent’s vapor pressure.
 Result: The Solvent in a solution evaporates more slowly than the pure solvent would.
 Why Does Vapor Pressure Lowering (ΔP) Occur?
 To vaporize, solvent molecules must be at the surface of the liquid.
 Solute molecules decrease the surface area available for solvent molecules.
 The rate of solvent vaporization decreases.
 The rate of solvent condensation remains the same.

 Result: Less solvent molecules in the gas phase.

 The decrease in gas phase molecules results in a lowering of the vapor pressure.
 The presence of nonvolatile solutes lowers the vapor pressure of a solution by impeding
the evaporation of solvent molecules.
 Because of solute–solvent intermolecular attraction, higher concentrations of
nonvolatile solutes make it harder for solvent to escape to the vapor phase.
Therefore, the vapor pressure of a solution (containing nonvolatile solute) is
lower than that of the pure solvent.
 Raoult’s Law: The partial pressure exerted by any component of an ideal solution is equal to the
vapor pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction.
 A nonvolatile substance is one whose vapor pressure is negligible (P° ≈ 0), and so the vapor pressure above a
solution containing only nonvolatile solutes is due only to the solvent:

o
Psolution = X P
solvent solvent
 Equation 5:

Where:
Psolution = vapor pressure of the solvent in solution.
Xsolvent = mole fraction of the solvent.

Posolvent = vapor pressure of the pure solvent.

P solution < Po solvent

∆P = Po solvent – P solution
 Let’s see how the amount of dissolved solute affects ∆P. 
The solution consists of solvent and solute, so the sum of their mole fractions equals 1

X solvent + X solute = 1;    thus,    X solvent = 1 – X solute

From Raoult’s law, we have

P solvent = X solvent ( Po solvent )

P solvent = (1 – X solute) (Po solvent )

Multiplying through on the right side gives

P solvent = Po solvent - [ (X solute )( Po solvent)]

Rearranging and introducing ∆P gives
  
Po solvent – P solvent = ( X solute ) ( Po solvent )
Equation 6: ∆P = (X solute ) ( Po solvent )
Sample Problems:
1. Glycerin (C3H8O3) is a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte with a density of 1.26 g/mL at 25 ℃. Calculate the
vapor pressure at 25 ℃of a solution made by adding 50.0 mL of glycerin to 500.0 mL of water. The
vapor pressure of pure water at 25 ℃is 23.8 torr(Appendix B), and its density is 1.00 g/mL.

Analyze :
Our goal is to calculate the vapor pressure of a solution, given the following;
volume of solute (glycerin) = 50.0 mL
density of solute = 1.26g/mL
volume of solvent (water) = 500.0 mL
density of solvent = 1.00g/mL
Po of solvent = 23.8 torr
Plan:
We can use Raoult’s Law that is Equation 5 to solve for P sol’n but first we have to solve the mole
fraction of solvent. To be able to solve mole fraction of solvent, we have to convert given volume of
glycerin to mass using its given density then convert mass to mol using formula mass from its
chemical formula. Same procedure gives mole of water.
 Solve:
To calculate the mole fraction of water in the solution, we must determine the number of moles of
C3H8O3and H2O:
1.26 g 1.00 mol
Moles C3H8O3 = ( 50.0 mL C 3 H 8 O 3 )
1.00 mL ( )(
92.0 g )
= 0.6847826087 mol

Moles H2O = ( 500.00 mL H 2 O ) 1.00 mL ( 1.00 g ) ( 1.00 mol

18.0 g )
= 27.77777778 mol

27.77777778mol
XH =
2O ( 27.77777778 mol+0.6847826087 mol )
= 0.9759409343

We now use Raoult’s law to calculate the vapor pressure of water for the solution:

Pwater ∈soln = X H 2O ( P oH ) = ( 0.9759409343 ) ( 23.8 torr ) = 23.227.. = 23.2 torr

2O

2. Calculate the vapor pressure lowering of a solution of 2.00 g  of aspirin (MM = 180

g/mol) in 50.0 g of methanol (CH3OH) at 21.28oC. Pure methanol has a vapor pressure of
 101 torr at this temperature.

Analyze:
Our goal is to solve for vapor pressure lowering ∆P using the following given data:
mass of solute, aspirin = 2.00g
molar mass solute = 180 g/mol
mass of solvent, methanol = 50.0g
Po solvent = 101 torr

Plan:
To calculate ∆P, we use equation 6. We are given the vapor pressure of pure water so we only
need to compute for mole fraction of solute before we can use equation 6.

Solve:
To calculate mole fraction of solute , we have to convert given mass of solute and solvent to moles
1.00 mol
( )
mole solute = ( 2.00 g ) 180 g = 0.0111111111 mol

mole solvent = ( 50.0 g ) 32.0 g ( 1.00 mol ) = 1.5625 mol

0.01111111 mol
X solute = ( 0.01111111111 mol+ 1.5625mol )
= 7.0609 x 10 −3

∆P = (X solute ) ( Po solvent )

∆P = ( 7.0609 x 10−3 ) ( 101 torr ) = 0.7131509 = 0.713 torr

IV. Osmotic Pressure
 Osmosis
 net movement of solvent molecules from solution of low to high concentration across a
semipermeable membrane
 net transfer of solvent molecules from the pure solvent to the solution
 semipermeable membranes: material that only allows select molecules or ions to pass
through of certain size, shape, polarity, charge, or other factor.
 Osmotic pressure:
 applied pressure to stop osmosis
 pressure that must be applied to prevent net movement of water from solvent to solution
(or from lower to higher concentration)

Consider the simplest case with an apparatus in which a semipermeable membrane lies at the
curve of a U tube and separates an aqueous sugar solution from pure water. Water molecules
pass in either direction, but the larger sugar molecules do not. Because sugar molecules are on
the solution side of the membrane, fewer water molecules touch that side, so fewer leave the
solution than enter it in a given time (Figure 1a). The net flow of water into the solution
increases its volume and thus decreases its concentration. As the height of the solution rises
and the height of the water falls, a pressure difference forms that resists more water entering
and pushes some water back through the membrane. When water is being pushed out of the
solution at the same rate it is entering, the system is at equilibrium (Figure 1b). The pressure
difference at this point is the osmotic pressure

Figure 1
Initially At equilibrium

(a)Net movement of H2O is from (b)Flow of H2O same in both directions.

pure water side to solution side No net movement of water
Chem Connect:

 If a solution is placed in an apparatus like the one shown in Figure 8, applying pressure greater
than the osmotic pressure of the solution reverses the osmosis and pushes solvent molecules from
the solution into the pure solvent. This technique of reverse osmosis is used for large-scale
desalination of seawater and on smaller scales to produce high-purity tap water for drinking.

Figure 2

 Reverse osmosis (RO) is used to purify water in many applications, from desalination plants in
coastal cities, to water-purifying machines in grocery stores (Figure 2), and smaller reverse-
osmosis household units. With a hand-operated pump, small RO units can be used in third-world
countries, disaster areas, and in lifeboats.
 Carrots and celery that have become limp because they have lost water can be made crisp again
by placing them in water. Water moves into the carrot or celery cells by osmosis
 A cucumber placed in a concentrated salt solution loses water by osmosis and absorbs some salt
to become a pickle.
 Osmosis can also affect animal cells. Solute concentrations are particularly important when
solutions are injected into the body. Solutes in body cell fluids and blood serum give these
solutions an osmotic pressure of approximately 7.7 atm. Solutions injected into the body must
have the same osmotic pressure as blood serum; that is, they should be isotonic with blood
serum. If a less concentrated solution, a hypotonic solution, is injected in sufficient quantity to
dilute the blood serum, water from the diluted serum passes into the blood cells by osmosis,
causing the cells to expand and rupture. This process is called hemolysis. When a more
concentrated solution, a hypertonic solution, is injected, the cells lose water to the more
concentrated solution, shrivel, and possibly die in a process called crenation. These effects are
illustrated in Figure 3.
Figure 3a : isotonic solution- amount of water entering and leaving the cell is the same, thus
normal size & shape
Figure 3b : hypertonic solution – amount of water leaving the cell is greater because the
concentration outside the cell is higher, thus cell shrinks
Figure 3c : hypotonic solution – amount of water entering the cell is greater because the
concentration inside the cell is higher thus it will swell

Figure 3

 The osmotic pressure is proportional to the number of solute particles in a

given solution volume, that is, to the molarity (M):
nsolute
π ⍺ V or π ⍺ M
sol' n

 The proportionality constant is R times the absolute temperature T. Thus,

 nsolute
Equation 7: π = V ( )
sol ' n
RT

Equation 8: π = MRT
Where:
π is the osmotic pressure
M is the molar concentration
L−atm
R is the gas constant 0.0821 mol−K
Note: 1.00 atm = 760 torr; 1.00 atm = 760 mmHg
Sample Problems:
1. The average osmotic pressure of blood is 7.7 atm at 25 ℃. What molarity of glucose (C6H12O6)
will be isotonic with blood?

Analyze:
We are asked to calculate the concentration of glucose in water that would be isotonic with
blood, given the ff:
osmotic pressure of blood = 7.7 atm
temperature = 25oC = 25 + 273 = 298K
Temperature must be in the absolute scale or Kelvin scale, thus we have to convert

Plan:
Because we are given the osmotic pressure and temperature, we can solve for the
concentration, using Equation 8.

Solve:

π
π = MRT M = RT

7.70 atm
M = 0.0821 L−atm (298 K ) = 0.314725…. = 0.315 mol/L
( mol−K )
Comment:
In clinical situations, the concentrations of solutions are generally
expressed as mass percentages. The mass percentage of a 0.31 Msolution
of glucose is 5.3%. The concentration of NaCl that is isotonic with blood is
0.16 M, because i= 2 for NaCl in water (a 0.155 M solution of NaCl is 0.310
Min particles). A 0.16 M solution of NaCl is 0.9% mass in NaCl. This kind of
solution is known as a physiological saline solution.
2. The osmotic pressure of an aqueous solution of a certain protein was measured to determine
the protein’s molar mass. The solution contained 3.50 mg of protein dissolved in sufficient water
to form 5.00 mL of solution. The osmotic pressure of the solution at 25 ℃was found to be 1.54
torr. Treating the protein as a nonelectrolyte, calculate its molar mass.

Analyze:
Our goal is to calculate the molar mass of a high-molecular-mass protein, based on the
following given:
1.00 atm
osmotic pressure π = 1.54 torr x = 2.026315789 x 10−3 atm
760 torr
temperature, T = 25oC = 298K
1.00 g
mass of solute protein = 3.50 mg x = 3.50 x 10−3 g
1000 mg
1.00 L
volume of sol’n = 5.00ml x = 0.005L
1000 mL

Plan:
The temperature (T= 25 ℃) and osmotic pressure ( = 1.54 torr) are given, and we know the
value of R so we can use Equation 8 to calculate the molarity of the solution, M. In doing so, we
must convert temperature from ℃ to K and the osmotic pressure from torr to atm. We then use
the molarity formula to obtain the molar mass
Solve:

π
π = MRT M = RT
2.026315789 x 10−3
M = 0.0821 L−atm (298 K ) = 8.28223802 x 10−5
( mol−K )
mass solute mass solute
M = ( MM ) ( L ) MM = ( M ) L
sol' n ( sol ' n)

0.0035 g
MM = ( = 8451.8218g/mol = 8.45 x 103 g/mol
8.28223802 x 10−5 ) ( 0.005 L )

OR:
We integrate molarity formula M in Equation 8

mass solute
π = ( RT )
( MM ) ( L sol' n )

Rearranging the equation to solve for MM,

mass ( mass solute ) ( R )( T )

(
MM = ( π ) L
solute

( sol' n ) )
( RT ) or MM = ( ( π ) ( L sol' n ) )
 0.0035 g L−atm
MM = [ ( 2.026315789 x 10−3 ) ( 0.005 L ) ][( 0.0821
mol−K ) ]
( 298 K ) = 8451.82182g/mol

MM = 8.45 x 103 g/mol

Assignment # 2:
1. Find the vapor pressure lowering, ∆P, when 10.0 mL of glycerol (C3H8O3) is 
added to 500. mL of water at 50.8C. At this temperature, the vapor pressure of pure 
water is 92.5 torr and its density is 0.988 g/mL. The density of glycerol is 1.26 g/mL.
2. What is the osmotic pressure of a solution of bovine insulin (molar mass, 5700 g/mol) at 18 °C if 100.0
mL of the solution contains 0.103 g of the insulin?
3. A solution contains 5.00 g of urea, CO(NH2)2, a nonvolatile compound, dissolved in 0.100 kg of water. If
the vapor pressure of pure water at 25 °C is 23.7 torr, what is the vapor pressure of the solution?
4. The osmotic pressure of human blood is 7.6 atm at 37 °C. What mass of glucose, C6H12O6, is required
to make 1.00 L of aqueous solution for intravenous feeding if the solution must have the same osmotic
pressure as blood at body temperature, 37 °C?