Syed Imran Shah

Equations of the Turbulent Flow

Syed Imran SHAH

19 février 2014

1 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Compressible and Incompressible Fluids/Flows

Incompressible Fluid : Fluid density ρ does not change with pressure p, i.e.,
∂ρ/∂p = 0, e.g., liquids are almost incompressible uids.

Incompressible Flow : Flow-induced pressure changes and ow-induced

temperature changes do not cause signicant uid density changes. These
are constant volume ows.
Compressibility eects are negligible if the ow Mach number U/c < 0.3
where U is uid velocity and c is the speed of sound. Incompressible ow
may not necessarily be a uniform-density ow whereas a uniform-density
ow is an incompressible ow. Atmospheric and oceanic ows are treated
as incompressible where density changes with temperature (day/night) or
salinity etc (not ow-induced).
Air and other gases are compressible uids but can have incompressible
ows.
2 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Navier-Stokes Equations : Cartesian Coordinates

Continuity Equation For Compressible Flow :

∂ρ ∂(ρu) ∂(ρv) ∂(ρw)
+ + + =0 (1)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

In the index notation :

∂ρ ∂(ρui )
+ =0 (2)
∂t ∂xi
Expanding equation (1),
∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂u ∂v ∂w

+u +v +w +ρ + + =0 (3)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

or in the index notation :

∂ρ ∂ρ ∂uj Dρ ∂uj
+ uj +ρ = +ρ =0 (4)
∂t ∂xj ∂xj Dt ∂xj

3 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Navier-Stokes Equations : Cartesian Coordinates

Continuity Equation For Incompressible Flow :

Density ρ = constant and equation (3) becomes,
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0 (5)
∂x ∂y ∂z

In the index notation :

∂ui
=0 (6)
∂xi
In the vector notation :
~ v=0
∇.~ (7)
The equations are named after Claude-Louis-Marie Navier (1827) and
George Gabriel Stokes (1845).

4 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Navier-Stokes Equations : Cartesian Coordinates

Three-Dimensional Momentum (Transport) Equations in x-, y - and

z -directions for an Newtonian (isotropic) uid :

∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
ρ[ +u +v +w ] =
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂p ∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂w ∂u
− + [2µ + λ∇.V ] + [µ( + )] + [µ( + )] + ρgx
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
ρ[ +u +v +w ] =
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂p ∂ ∂v ∂ ∂v ∂w ∂ ∂u ∂v
− + [2µ + λ∇.V ] + [µ( + )] + [µ( + )] + ρgy
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
ρ[ +u +v +w ] =
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂p ∂ ∂w ∂ ∂w ∂u ∂ ∂v ∂w
− + [2µ + λ∇.V ] + [µ( + )] + [µ( + )] + ρgz
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂y
5 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Here µ is the dynamic viscosity (coecient of shear viscosity), λ is the

second coecient of viscosity and gx is the body force in the x-direction.
All of these three equations can be represented by a single equation in the
index notation :
   
∂ui ∂ui ∂p ∂ ∂uk
ρ + uj =− + 2µSij + λ δij + ρgi (8)
∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj ∂xk

where
1 ∂ui ∂uj

Sij = + (9)
2 ∂xj ∂xi
and δij is the kronecker delta. Stoke's theorem (1845) states that the
coecient of bulk viscosity λb = (λ + 2µ/3) = 0. This relation is strictly
valid for monatomic gases (Noble gases like Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton
and Xenon) but is also used for the diatomic gases (H2 , O2 , N2 etc). For
triatomic gases like CO2 or N O2 , λ >> µ.
λ becomes important if the density changes take place over a very short
time-scale like detonations (supersonic) or very short distance like
shock-waves.
6 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

NS for Constant Viscosity and Incompressible Flow

Using Stoke's theorem :

   
∂ui ∂ui ∂p ∂ 2 ∂uk
ρ + uj =− + 2µSij − µ δij + ρgi (10)
∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj 3 ∂xk

If viscosity is assumed constant, it can be taken out of the derivative,

   
∂ui ∂ui ∂p ∂ 2 ∂uk
ρ + uj =− +µ 2Sij − δij + ρgi (11)
∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj 3 ∂xk

If the ow is assumed to be incompressible, then ∂uk

∂xk = 0 and the
momentum equations become ;
   
∂ui ∂ui ∂p ∂
ρ + uj =− +µ 2Sij + ρgi (12)
∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj

7 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Above equation can be simplied as :

 
Dui ∂p ∂ ∂ui ∂uj
ρ = − +µ + + ρgi
Dt ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj ∂xi
 2 
∂p ∂ ui ∂ ∂uj
= − +µ + + ρgi
∂xi ∂xj ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj
∂p ∂ 2 ui
= − +µ + ρgi (13)
∂xi ∂xj ∂xj
D
Dt is the material derivative. For inviscid ow, there are no viscous forces
and the above equations reduce to the Euler Equations :
Dui ∂p
ρ =− + ρgi (14)
Dt ∂xi

8 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

NS for Steady and Two-Dimensional Flow

For a steady ow, ∂u ∂t = 0 and for a two-dimensional (x, y) ow,

i

w = ∂z = 0, therefore the equations for an incompressible,

∂

constant-viscosity, steady and two-dimensional viscous ow without the

body force terms become (in the non-conservation form) :
∂u ∂v
+ = 0
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ∂2u ∂2u
u +v = − + ν( 2 + 2 )
∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v 1 ∂p 2
∂ v ∂2v
u +v = − + ν( 2 + 2 ) (15)
∂x ∂y ρ ∂y ∂x ∂y
These momentum equations in the index notation are :
∂ui 1 ∂p ∂ 2 ui
uj =− +ν (16)
∂xj ρ ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj
∂xj ∂xj instead of ∂xj 2 to show summation over the repeated index.
9 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Boundary Conditions

NS equations are accompanied by the respective boundary conditions. For

the wall-bounded ows, there is no-slip boundary condition at the solid
boundary whereas at the outer edge, there is freestream boundary
condition.
No-Slip Boundary Condition

For a xed wall, u = v = w = 0 at y = 0.

For a moving wall, u = Uwall , v = Vwall at y = 0.
No-slip boundary condition starts to disappear at altitudes > 80-90 km.
Freestream boundary condition for a boundary layer is u = Ue at y = δ
where δ is the boundary layer thickness.
Inlet boundary condition(s) can be : u(0, y) = Uo .
Initial conditions also need to be provided for unstready ows for time t=0.

10 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Boundary Conditions

Jets

For the free-shear ows like jets, there is a boundary condition at the
middle, i.e., for a jet u = Umax at y = 0 and one at each outer edge,
i.e., u = 0 (if the outer Ue = 0) at y = δ/2 with δ as ow width.

Wakes

u = Ue at y = ±h where h is the ow half-width.

Mixing-Layer

For a mixing-layer, there are two freestream B.Cs (u = U1 at y = +h and

u = U2 at y = −h) and one at the middle uc = 0.5(U1 + U2 ).

Plumes

11 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Validity of the Navier-Stokes Equations

NS equations are valid as long as ow regime is continuous (continuum

ow) as described by the Knudsen number (Kn). kn = λ/L where λ is the
molecular mean free path (mfp) and L is the characteristic length of ow.
For air at normal conditions, Kn ≈ 10−7 .
I kn < 10−2 : Continuous regime
I 10−2 < kn < 10−1 : Slip regime
I 10−1 < kn < 10 : Transition regime
I kn > 10 : Free molecular ow
NS are not valid for the raried gas ows encountered at 80-160 km
altitude. At 160 km altitude, molecular mean free path, mfp ≈ 100 meters
whereas at sea level (continuum ow), mfp ≈ 10−7 meter. Boltzmann
equation and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo are required for raried gas
ows.

12 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)

Exact solutions of the NS equations have been obtained for relatively few
cases even for the laminar ow. An alternate approach used in case of
turbulent ows is to represent a randomly varying uid property such as
velocity, pressure, density or temperature as a mean value plus a uctuating
value. This is known as Reynolds Decomposition (1883).
I velocity : u = u + u0
I pressure : p = p + p0
I density : ρ = ρ + ρ0
I temperature : T = T + T 0

13 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Properties of the Reynolds Average

f =f f +g = f +g

fg = fg ∂f
∂x = ∂f
∂x

f0 = 0 f 02 6= 0 (Generally)

f 0 g 0 6= 0 (Generally) f g0 = 0

f g = f g + f 0g0 λf = λf

2
(f + f 0 )2 = f + f 02
R R
f dx = f dx

14 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

RANS : Continuity Equation

For a compressible uid ow, the instantaneous continuity equation is :

∂ρ ∂(ρu) ∂(ρv) ∂(ρw)
+ + + =0
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
Introducing the Reynolds decomposition and taking average,
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
(ρ + ρ0 )+ (ρ + ρ0 )(u + u0 )+ (ρ + ρ)(v + v 0 )+ (ρ + ρ0 )(w + w0 ) = 0
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
(17)
Expanding the rst and second terms,
∂ ∂ρ ∂ρ0 ∂ρ
(ρ + ρ0 ) = + =
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t

∂ ∂ ∂
(ρ + ρ0 )(u + u0 ) = (ρ u + ρu0 + ρ0 u + ρ0 u0 ) = (ρ u + ρ0 u0 )
∂x ∂x ∂x
15 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Third and fourth terms are expanded in a similar way to the second term
and equation (17) becomes,
∂ρ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ 0 0 ∂ ∂
+ (ρ u) + (ρ v) + (ρ w) + (ρ u ) + (ρ0 v 0 ) + (ρ0 w0 ) = 0
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
(18)
In the index notation :
∂ρ ∂ ∂
+ (ρ ui ) + (ρ0 ui 0 ) = 0
∂t ∂xi ∂xi
For an incompressible ow (constant volume), ρ = constant and ρ0 = 0,
hence the above equation is reduced to :
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0 (19)
∂x ∂y ∂z
and in the index notation :
∂ui
=0
∂xi
16 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

RANS : Momentum Equation

The x-component of the momentum conservation (or transport) equation is

given as :
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂p ∂ ∂u
ρ[ +u +v +w ]=− + [2µ + λ∇.V ]
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂x
∂ ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂w ∂u
+ [µ( + )] + [µ( + )] + ρgx
∂y ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z
We start by doing Reynolds decomposition term by term for the LHS
terms. First re-arranging the LHS using product rule of derivation :
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂(ρu) ∂(ρu2 ) ∂(ρuv) ∂(ρuw)
ρ[ +u +v +w ]= + + +
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ρ ∂(ρu) (ρv) (ρw)
− u( + + + )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
| {z }
=0

17 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

The rst term has been demonstrated in the continuity equation and is,
∂(ρu) ∂
= (ρ u + ρ0 u0 )
∂t ∂t
2nd term :
∂ ∂
(ρ + ρ0 )(u + u0 )2 = (ρ u2 + ρu0 2 + 2uρ0 u0 + ρ0 u0 2 )
∂x ∂x
3rd term :
∂ ∂
(ρ + ρ0 )(u + u0 )(v + v 0 ) = (ρ u v + ρu0 v 0 + uρ0 v 0 + ρ0 u0 v + ρ0 u0 v 0 )
∂y ∂y

4th term :
∂ ∂
(ρ + ρ0 )(u + u0 )(w + w0 ) = (ρ u w + ρu0 w0 + uρ0 w0 + wρ0 u0 + ρ0 u0 w0 )
∂z ∂z

18 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

The rst term on the RHS is given as :

=0
z}|{
∂ ∂p ∂p0 ∂p
(p + p0 ) = + =
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
Using similar method for the rest of the RHS terms and using Stoke's
hypothesis for the second coecient of viscosity λ, we have,

∂ ∂
(ρ u + ρ0 u0 ) + (ρ u2 + ρu0 2 + 2uρ0 u0 + ρ0 u0 2 )+
∂t ∂x
∂
(ρ u v + ρu0 v 0 + uρ0 v 0 + ρ0 u0 v + ρ0 u0 v 0 )+
∂y
∂ ∂p
(ρ u w + ρu0 w0 + uρ0 w0 + wρ0 u0 + ρ0 u0 w0 ) = ρgx − +
∂z   ∂x
∂ ∂u 2 ∂u ∂v ∂w ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂w ∂u
µ 2 − ( + + ) + µ( + )+ µ( + )
∂x ∂x 3 ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z
(20)
19 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Some constitutive equations are employed (for compressible ow) in

addition to continuity and momentum equations. These are perfect (or
ideal) gas law and viscosity law.
p = ρRs T (21)
Where p is the thermodynamic pressure, Rs is the specic gas constant
and T is the absolute tempertaure (Kelvins). Rs is derived from the
universal perfect gas constant R = 8314 J/mol.K through Rs = R/M
where M is the molar mass (grams per mole) of a gas. Rs = 287 J/kg.K
for air. Perfect gas law is also known as the equation of state. For speeds
exceeding 4 km/s in the air, dissociation of Oxygen and Nitrogen takes
place and R is no longer constant. As the viscosity µ is mainly a function
of temperature, a relation should be given for it. Mostly Sutherland's law of
viscosity is used.

µ = µ(T ) (22)

20 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

RANS for Incompressible Turbulent Flow

For incompressible ow (constant volume), ρ0 = 0 and ρ = constant = ρ.

Equation (20) becomes :
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
(ρ u) + (ρ u2 + ρu0 2 ) + (ρ u v + ρu0 v 0 ) + (ρ u w + ρu0 w0 )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
 
∂p ∂ ∂u 2 ∂u ∂v ∂w ∂ ∂u ∂v
= ρgx − + µ 2 − ( + + ) + µ( + )+
∂x ∂x ∂x 3 ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂y ∂x
| {z }
=0

∂ ∂w ∂u
µ( + )
∂z ∂x ∂z
(23)
As viscosity ρ is constant, it can be taken out of the derivatives,

21 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

 
∂u ∂ 2 0 2 ∂ 0 0
∂ 0 0
ρ + (u + u ) + (u v + u v ) + (u w + u w )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
(24)
∂p ∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂w ∂u
= ρgx − + µ(2 ) + µ( + )+ µ( + )
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z

Re-arranging terms, we get the conservative form of the equation :

 
∂u ∂ 2 ∂ ∂
ρ + (u ) + (u v) + (u w)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂p ∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂w ∂u
= ρgx − + µ(2 ) + µ( + )+ µ( + ) (25)
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z
 
∂ 02 ∂ 0 0 ∂ 0 0
−ρ (u ) + (u v ) + (u w )
∂x ∂y ∂z

22 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Expanding the LHS of the equation (25)

∂u ∂ 2 ∂ ∂
+ (u ) + (u v) + (u w)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂w ∂u
= + 2u +u +v +u +w
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂w ∂u ∂u ∂u
= +u +u +u +u +v +w
∂t ∂x

∂y ∂z

∂x ∂y ∂z (26)
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂w ∂u ∂u ∂u
= +u + + +u +v +w
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
| {z }
=0

∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
= +u +v +w
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

23 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Finally the x-momentum equation for the incompressible turbulent ow in

the non-conservative form becomes,
 
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂p ∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u ∂v
ρ +u +v +w = ρgx − + µ(2 ) + µ( + )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
 
∂ ∂w ∂u ∂ 02 ∂ 0 0 ∂ 0 0
+ µ( + )−ρ (u ) + (u v ) + (u w )
∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
(27)
The three x, y, z -momentum equations can be written in the inidicial
notation as,

∂ui ∂ui 1 ∂p ∂ ∂u0i u0j

+ uj = gi − + (2νSij ) − (28)
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj

24 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

RANS for Incompressible, Constant-Viscosity Turbulent Flow

If µ is constant, which is the case at constant temperature, then viscosity

can be taken out of the derivative and thus the viscous terms of the RHS
of the equation (27) become,
∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂w ∂u
µ(2 ) + µ( + )+ µ( + )
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z
 2
∂ u ∂2u ∂2u
  
∂ ∂u ∂v ∂w
=µ
∂x2
+
∂y 2
+
∂z 2
+
∂x ∂x ∂y
+ +
∂z
(29)
| {z }
=0

= µ∇2 u

25 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Thus the x-momentum transport equation for an incompressible and

constant-viscosity turbulent ow is,
 02
∂u0 v 0 ∂u0 w0
  
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂p ∂u
ρ +u +v +w = ρgx − +µ∇2 u−ρ + +
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z
(30)
or
 02
∂u0 v 0 ∂u0 w0

∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p 2 ∂u
+u +v +w = gx − + ν∇ u − + +
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z
(31)
The three x, y, z -momentum equations can be written in the inidicial
notation as,

∂ui ∂ui 1 ∂p ∂u0i u0j

+ uj = gi − + ν∇2 ui − (32)
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂xi ∂xj

26 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

RANS for Fully-Developped Turbulent Channel Flow

A fully-developped channel ow is homogeneous in x− and z -directions.

The ow is thus one-dimensional (u = u(y)). Hence, ∂x ∂ ∂
() = ∂z () =0, v =
0 for the ow being parallel and ∂t () = 0 for a steady ow. Continuity
∂

equation reduces to :
∂u
=0 (33)
∂x
Neglecting the body forces, the x- and y -momentum equations reduce to,

∂p ∂2u ∂u0 v 0
0 = − +µ 2 −ρ
∂x ∂y ∂y
02
 
∂p ∂v ∂
0 = − −ρ =− p + ρv 02 (34)
∂y ∂y ∂y
y -momentum equation shows that a change in the turbulence level with the
wall-normal distance shall cause a transverse static pressure gradient to
exist.
27 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

RANS for 2D Incompressible Turbulent Boundary Layer

The continuity equation does not change and is given as,

∂u ∂v
+ =0 (35)
∂x ∂y

The momentum conservation equations can be obtained either by

substituting Reynolds decomposition in the instantaneous incompressible
boundary layer equations or performing an order of magnitude analysis on
the incompressible turbulent ow equations. The x- and y -momentum
equations are :
∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ∂ ∂u ∂u02
+u +v =− + (ν − u0 v 0 ) − (36)
∂t ∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

∂p ∂
+ (ρv 02 ) = 0 (37)
∂y ∂y

28 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Order of Magnitude Analysis

This analysis can be done in several ways. Relative order of magnitude of

each term is established with thin-ow assumption x >> δ (e.g., δ is b.l
thickness) and smaller terms are neglected. Alloting orders of magnitude, 1

I x(orL), u, p, ρ ∼ 1
∂ ∂ ∂2 ∂ 2
I ∂t , ∂x , ∂x2 = ( ∂x ) ∼1
I v∼δ
I µ, ν ∼ δ 2
∂ 1
I ∂y ∼ δ
∂2 1
I ∂y 2
∼ δ2
I u0i u0j ∼ δ
These orders of magnitude are : 1 > 1
δ > δ > δ2

1
Further Aerodynamics for Engineering Students by Houghton and Boswell
29 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Starting with the incompressible and variable-viscosity turbulent ow

equation in the x-direction :

∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u ∂ ∂v
+u +v =− + (2ν ) + (ν ) + (ν )
∂t
|{z} ∂x
|{z} ∂y ρ ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂x
|{z} | {z } | {z } | {z } | {z }
1.1 1.1.1
δ. 1δ .1 1.1.1 1. δ 2 .1.1 1 2
.δ .1. 1δ 1 2
.δ .1.δ
(38)
δ δ

∂ 0 0 ∂u02
− (u v ) −
∂y ∂x
| {z } | {z }
1
.δ 1. δ
δ

Retaining the terms of order 1 and δ (sometimes only of order 1), while
neglecting terms of order δ 2 or higher, we get equation (36),
∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ∂ ∂u ∂ 0 0 ∂u02
+u +v =− + (ν ) − (u v ) −
∂t ∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂x

30 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

RANS for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layer

Applying order of magnitude analysis to 2D compressible RANS with

boundary layer assumptions, the mean ow continuity equation is,
∂ρ ∂ ∂ ∂ 0 0 ∂
+ (ρ u) + (ρ v) + (ρ u ) + (ρ0 v 0 ) = 0 (39)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x
|{z} | {z } | {z } | {z } | {z } ∂y
1.1 1.1.1
1.
1
.δ 1. δ 1
.δ
δ δ

Retaining the terms of order unity, we get,

∂ρ ∂ ∂ ∂ 0 0
+ (ρ u) + (ρ v) + (ρ v ) = 0 (40)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂y
Similarly, the x-momentum equation reduces to,
∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ∂ ∂u ∂u
+u +v =− + (ν − u0 v 0 ) − ρ0 v 0 (41)
∂t ∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
the y -momentum equation reduces to,
∂p ∂
+ (ρv 02 ) = 0 (42)
∂y ∂y
31 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Favre-Averaged NS (FANS) Equations for compressible

Turbulent Flow

Equations of the Reynolds-averaged compressible turbulent ow are

complicated due to the terms involving the mean uctuating density ρ0 . For
a term like ρu, the Reynolds decomposition gives,

ρu = (ρ + ρ0 )(u + u0 ) = ρu + ρu0 + ρ0 u + ρ0 u0 (43)

Taking average,

ρu = ρu + ρ0 u0 (44)
Favre (1969) introduced a mass-weighted mean in order to have the
averaged compressible ow equations in the same form as the instantaneous
ow equations. Favre used ρui as the basic variable instead of ui .
Z to +∆t
ρui 1
uei = = ρui dt (45)
ρ ρ to
32 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Tilde over a variable denotes Favre-Averaged quantity and as usual an

overbar denotes the conventional Reynolds averaging. Thus for the
Favre-Averaging,
e + u00
u=u (46)
where u00 is the uctuating part of u. Multiplying both sides of the
equation (46) with density ρ and time-averaging,

u + ρu00 = ρe
ρu = ρe u + ρu00 (47)
By denition ue = ρu/ρ or ρu = ρe
u, we get from the above equation,

ρu00 = 0 (48)
Decomposing the term ρu,
ρu = (ρ + ρ0 )(e
u + u00 )
u + ρu00 + ρ0 u
= (ρe e + ρ0 u00 )
u + ρu00 + ρ0 u
= ρe e + ρ0 u00
33 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Now ρ0 ue = 0 and from the equation (48), ρu00 = 0. Also by denition,

ρu = ρeu, therefore, the above equation reduces to,

ρ0 u00 = 0 (49)
Now we derive the expression for u00 . By denition,
ρu ρu + ρ0 u0 ρ0 u0
u
e= = =u+ (50)
ρ ρ ρ
Using the denition u00 = u − ue and substituting for ue from the above
equation, we have,

ρ0 u0
u00 = u − u −
ρ
ρ0 u0
= u0 −
ρ

34 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Time-averaging gives,
ρ0 u0
u00 = u0 −
ρ
As u0 = 0,

ρ0 u0
u00 = − 6= 0 (51)
ρ
Furthermore,

ρe
u 1 ρu
u
e=
e = ρ( ) = u
e (52)
ρ ρ ρ
Also,

f00 = (u
u ^ −u e−u
e) = u e−u
e=u
e e=0 (53)

35 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Rules of Favre-Averaging (Summary)

u
e=u
e ρu00 = 0

u00 6= 0 ρ0 u00 = 0

f00 = 0
u u
e=u
e e

uṽ = ue
v ue
fv = u
eve

∂u ∂u
uve + ρu00 v 00
ρuv = ρe e
∂x 6= f
∂x

36 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Continuity Equation with Favre-Averaging

For a 2D Reynolds-Averaged compressible ow, the continuity equation is

given as,
∂ρ ∂ ∂
+ (ρ u + ρ0 u0 ) + (ρ v + ρ0 v 0 ) = 0 (54)
∂t ∂x ∂y
Using the denition of ue and substituting in the above equation,

u = ρu = ρ u + ρ0 u0
ρe

∂ρ ∂ ∂
+ (ρe
u) + (ρe
v) = 0 (55)
∂t ∂x ∂y
This form is the same as the original instantaneous continuity equation. In
the index notation,
∂ρ ∂
+ (ρuei ) = 0 (56)
∂t ∂xi
37 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

Momentum Conservation Equations with Favre-Averaging

The instantaneous 2D momentum conservation equation with constant

viscosity and Stokes Hypothesis for the second coecient of viscosity in the
streamwise direction (or x-direction) without body forces is :

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂p ∂ 4 ∂u 2 ∂v ∂ ∂u ∂v
(ρu)+ (ρu2 )+ (ρuv) = − +µ ( − )+µ ( + )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x 3 ∂x 3 ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂x
Now 1st term (taking average) on the LHS :
 
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
(ρu) = (ρ + ρ )(u + u ) = (ρ u + ρ0 u0 ) = (ρe
0 0 u)
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
2nd term (taking average) on the LHS, using rules of Favre-Averaging :
∂ ∂
(ρu2 ) = u2 + ρu002 )
(ρe
∂x ∂x
Similarly, the 3rd term (taking average) on the LHS :
∂ ∂
(ρuv) = uve + ρu00 v 00 )
(ρe 38 / 39
 Syed Imran Shah

With Favre-Averaging the RHS becomes :

∂p ∂ 4 ∂eu 2 ∂e
v ∂ ∂eu ∂e
v
− +µ ( − )+µ ( + )
∂x ∂x 3 ∂x 3 ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂x
In the index notation :
∂ρuei ρuei uej ∂p ∂e
τij ∂Rij
+ =− + − (57)
∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj
where
∂e
ui ∂e
uj 2 ∂e
uk
τeij = µ( + )− µ δij
∂xj ∂xi 3 ∂xk
and

Rij = −ρu00i u00j

39 / 39