SCHOOL OF NURSING SCIENCE AND RESEARCH

(SHARDA UNIVERSITY)

ASSIGNMENT ON

Approaches Of Counselling

SUBMITTED ON: 2nd June 2020

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

Associate Prof.Nikhil Raj Ms. Samjhana Neupane
Associate professor Msc. Nursing 1st year
SNSR SNSR
TYPES OF COUNSELLING APPROACHES:

Definition of counseling:

Counseling is essentially a process in which the counselor assists the counselee to make
interpretations of facts relating to a choice, plan or adjustment which he needs to make.

- Glenn F. Smith

Counseling is a series of direct contacts with the individual which aims to offer him assistance
in changing his attitude & behaviors.

- Carl Rogers

Purposes Of Counselling Services:

 To help individuals with normal development problems.

 To help individuals through a temporary crisis during the different stages of life.
 To identify signs of disturbed behavior at early stage, so manage it.
 To refer critical cases to specialists for best possible management.
 To facilitate communication within & between nursing institutions & homes.
 To support not only the tutors/nursing faculty who are helping individuals but also who
themselves want guidance & reassurance at times.

Types of Counseling Approaches:

1. Directive counselling approach

2. Nondirective counselling approach
3. Electic counselling approach

1) Directive counselling approach:

It is also known as prescriptive counselling or counsellor-centred approach of counselling.

This approach of counselling is advocated by E.G.Williamson, a professor at University of
Minnesota.

In directive counselling, the counsellor plays a leading role & uses a variety of techniques to
suggest appropriate solutions to the counselee's problem. This approach also known as
authoritarian or psychoanalytic approach. The counsellor is active & help individuals in
making decisions & finding solution to their problems. The counsellor believes in the limited
capacity of the patient.

The patient makes the decision but the counsellor does all he can to get the patient make decision
keeping with his diagnosis. The counsellor tries to direct the patient’s thinking by informing,
explaining, interpreting & advising.
The basic assumptions related to directive counselling approach:

 A need- based approach

 Problem focused rather than patient focused approach
 Used for patients incapable of solving their problems
 Task of a competent counselor
 Making the best possible use of counselee's intellectual abilities & resources

Directive counseling involves 6 stages. They are as follows:

1) Analysis:

This involves collecting from various sources the data needed for an adequate understanding of
the client. This includes administration of psychological tests etc. However, such testing and
form filling should not come between the counselor and counselee and its importance should be
limited to extend that it gives a better idea about the counselee.

2) Synthesis:

This refers to summarizing and organizing the data so obtained, as to reveal the assets, liabilities,
adjustments and maladjustments of the counselee. This includes of the data obtained through
psychological testing also.

3) Diagnosis:

This stage is concerned with formulating conclusions regarding the nature and the course of the
problems exhibited by the student. Drawing conclusions from the results of psychological
testing, administration of questionnaires etc are done here.

4) Prognosis:

This refers to predicting the future course of development of counsellee’s problem in the light of
conclusions as made earlier.

5) Counselling:

This is the most important and time consuming step in the whole process. This is where the
expertise of the counselor is needed most. It is a highly personalized teaching and learning
process. It may be direct teaching through explicit explanations, assistance in searching for
relevant aptitudes, interest etc that illuminate the counsellee’s problems and so on. Sometimes
the counselor listens in a friendly encouraging way. It may also involve practice sessions where
with the warm support of the counselor the counselee acts out the way he/ she should. Thus
he/she becomes his/her own teacher to the extend his/her capabililities and circumstances
permits. Success thus achieved reinforces and retains those successful behaviors which in turn
establishes an adjusted way of life.
Advantages of the directive counselling approach

 This approach save time.

 It emphasizes the problem & not the individual.The counsellor can see the patient more
objectively than the patient himself.
 It lays more emphasis on the intellectual rather than the emotional aspects of an
individual’s personality.
 The methods used in directive counselling are direct, persuasive & explanatory.

Limitations of the directive counselling approach

 The patient does not gain any liability for self analysis or solve new problems of
adjustment by counselling.
 It makes the counselee overdependent on the counsellor.
 Problems regarding emotional maladjustment may be better solved by nondirective
counselling.
 Sometimes the counselee lacks information regarding the counselee,leads wrong
counselling.
 It does not guarantee that the counselee will able to solve the same problem on his own in
future.
2) Nondirective Counselling Approach :

The chief exponent of this counselling approach, Carp R.

It is also known as the permissive counselling approach where the counselor's role is passive &
the counselee’s role is active. It is a counselee-centred or patient-centred humanistic approach.
The counselee makes the final decisions as individuals are thoughts to have full right to make
final decisions for the self & solve their problems. The counsellor has to accept the counselee’s
capacity to make adjustment & adapt. The principles of acceptance & tolerance are extremely
important in this approach.

The basic assumptions related to nondirective counselling approach are:

 Patient is given importance than the counselling directions & investigations

 Emotional aspects are more significant than intellectual aspects.
 Creation of an atmosphere where patients can work out their understanding is more
important than cultivating self- understanding in the patient.
 Counselling leads to a voluntary choice of goals & a conscious selection of courses of
action.

Steps of the nondirective counselling approach

Carp R. Rogers given five steps in nondirective counselling:

  Defining the problem situation
 Counselee given freedom to express his feeling
 Identifying counselee’s feeling
 Developing counselee’s insight
 Termination of counseling

Advantages of nondirective counselling approach

 It is a slow but sure process to make an individual capable of making adjustments.

 No tests are used so one avoids all that is laborious & difficult .
 It removes emotional block & helps an individual bring repressed thoughts on a
conscious level thereby reducing tension.

Limitations of nondirective counselling approach

 It is a slow & time-consuming process.

 One cannot rely upon one’s resources, judgment & wisdom as the patient is immature in
making the decision himself.
 It depends too much on the ability & initiative of the patient.
 Sometime difficulty to control pace of the interview discussion.
 This approach is individual centric, it may not possible for counsellor to attend every
patient equally well.
 It require high degree of motivation in the patient.

3) Eclectic Counselling Approach :

This approach is based on the fact that all individuals are different from one another. The
techniques are elective in nature because they have been derived from all sources of
counselling. This approach is based on selecting the best & leaving out what is least
required.

The basic assumption related to eclectic counselling approach:

 There is objectivity & co-ordination between counsellor & the patient during the
counselling experience.
 The patient is active & the counsellor remains passive in the beginning.
 The principle of low expenditure is adopted.
 The counsellor makes use of all the tools & methods in his armour.
 The counsellor enjoys the freedom to resort to directive & nondirective counselling
methods. The counselling relationship is built during the counselling interview.
 This helps the patient gain reassurance & confidence.
Steps of the eclectic counselling approach

1) Establishing rapport
2) Diagnosis the problem
3) Analyzing the case
4) Preparing a tentative plan for modifying behavior
5) Counselling
6) Follow- up

Advantages of eclectic counselling approach

 It is more cost effective & practical approach.

 It is a more flexible approach of counselling.
 It is more objective & coordinated approach of counselling.

Limitations of eclectic counselling approach

 The role of counsellor & the counselee are not predetermined.

 It requires more skilled counselors to handle the dynamic feature of this counselling
approach.
REFRENCES:

https://www.google.com/aclk?
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/guidance-counseling
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