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Stack

Stack Concept
A stack is a useful data structure in programming. It is just like a pile of plates kept on
top of each other.

Think about the things you can do with such a pile of plates

Put a new plate on top

Remove the top plate

If you want the plate at the bottom, you have to rst remove all the plates on top. Such
kind of arrangement is called Last In First Out - the last item that was placed is the rst
item to go out.

Stack in Programming Terms

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In programming terms, putting an item on top of the stack is called "push" and removing
an item is called "pop". 

In the above image, although item 2 was kept last, it was removed rst - so it follows the
Last In First Out(LIFO) principle.

We can implement stack in any programming language like C, C++, Java, Python or C#, but
the speci cation is pretty much the same.

Stack Speci cation

A stack is an object or more speci cally an abstract data structure(ADT) that allows the
following operations:

Push : Add element to top of stack

Pop : Remove element from top of stack
IsEmpty : Check if stack is empty
IsFull : Check if stack is full
Peek : Get the value of the top element without removing it

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How stack works 

The operations work as follows:

1. A pointer called TOP is used to keep track of the top element in the stack.
2. When initializing the stack, we set its value to -1 so that we can check if the stack is
empty by comparing TOP == -1 .
3. On pushing an element, we increase the value of TOP and place the new element in
the position pointed to by TOP .
4. On popping an element, we return the element pointed to by TOP and reduce its
value.
5. Before pushing, we check if stack is already full
6. Before popping, we check if stack is already empty

Stack Implementation in programming language

The most common stack implementation is using arrays, but it can also be implemented
using lists.

Here is an implementation using arrays and C programming language.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

#define MAX 10

struct stack
{
int items[MAX];
int top;
};
typedef struct stack st;

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void createEmptyStack(st *s)

{
s->top=-1;

}

int isfull(st *s)

{
if (s->top==MAX-1)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}

int isempty(st *s)

{
if (s->top==-1)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}

void push(st *s)

{
i i

Use of stack
Although stack is a simple data structure to implement, it is very powerful. The most
common uses of a stack are:

To reverse a word - Put all the letters in a stack and pop them out. Because of LIFO
order of stack, you will get the letters in reverse order.
In compilers - Compilers use stack to calculate the value of expressions like 2+4/5*(7-
9) by converting the expression to pre x or post x form.
In browsers - The back button in a browser saves all the urls you have visited
previously in a stack. Each time you visit a new page, it is added on top of the stack.
When you press the back button, the current URL is removed from the stack and the
previous url is accessed.

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Data Structure & Algorithms

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Bubble Sort Algorithm


Insertion Sort Algorithm

Selection Sort Algorithm

Heap Sort Algorithm

Merge Sort Algorithm

Stack

Queue

Circular Queue

Linked List

Types of Linked List - Singly linked, doubly linked and circular

Linked List Operations

Tree Data Structure

Tree Traversal - inorder, preorder and postorder

Binary Search Tree(BST)

Graph Data Stucture

DFS algorithm

Adjacency List

Adjacency Matrix

Breadth rst search

Kruskal's Algorithm

Prim's Algorithm

Dynamic Programming

Dijkstra's Algorithm

Bellman Ford's Algorithm

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