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Thelaboratery report [Link] ves submited tusor_ was somites on” nb abmites ee © wos albmitedon to | was submited on Imorewoeksioto wosk ste, Siecays te to days at tie.MAPUA (MIVERSIT Y School of FECE EXPERIMENT 2 ROOTS OF NON-LINEAR FUNCTION: BRACKETING TECHNIQUES Name: GRUTA, JOSHUA ROBERTO A. SEE EVA RUCERIY AL Course/Section: EEA/06L /B6 Date Performed: June 06, 2020 Date Submitted: June 13, 2020 Engr. Noe! Salalilg Ins tractorActivity 2 Roots of Non-Linear Function: Bracketing Techniques Objectives: 1. To demonstrate the characteristics of bracketing techniques in solving non- linear transcendental and polynomial functions 2. To be able to learn how to use Interhalving (Bisection) method on non- linear functions 3. To be able to learn how to use Regula-Falsi method on non-linear functions Discussi Bracketing techniques Its strategy is to begin with two values of x, say xo and x1, that brackets a root of f(x) = 0. It determines that the initial values x = xo and x = x: do bracket or enclose a root by finding that f(x) - f(x:) < 0 (bracketing condition). Interhalving (Bisection) Method The method treats the interval distance between the initial values as a line segment then successively divides the interval in half and replaces one endpoint with the midpoint so that again the root is bracketed. Graphical Depiction: Initial Values Kort SF (%o)/— F(%) |Bracket Values mf) £Q), | Bracketing Condition F(X) -F(x1) < 0 Iterative Formula: or (midpoint formula) After solving for a new root estimate x2 , substitute x2 to the given function f(x) to obtain f(x2). Laboratory Manual for NumerIf f(x2) > 0 then replace “+” function limit value of x with x2 but if f(xe) < 0 then replace "-” function limit value of x with x2. The process is repeated until the terminating condition is satisfied. Regula-Falsi (False Position) Method This technique is a hybrid bisection-secant method that constructs approximating straight lines similar to those of the Secant method but brackets in the manner of the Bisection method. Graphical Depiction: y Initial Values _ me I ltt Palo ao / FR) FO) Bracketing Condition FO )* FO) <0 Fox) 659 By similar triangle, we can write; =. (=%) FO) ~ FO)- FO) and from this, solve for x2 =m) =x fly) f&)-LE) After solving for a root estimate x2, substitute x2 to the given function f(x) to obtain f(x). If f(%2) > 0 then replace “+" function limit value of x with x2 but if f(x2) < 0 then replace °-” function limit value of x with x2. The process is repeated until the terminating condition is satisfied. Laboratory Manual for Numerical MethodsProcedure: 1. Tum on and log in to your computer terminals. 2. Glick on MS Excel and prepare 2 excel worksheets for (a) Interhalving (Bisection) method and (b) Regula-Falsi method on the same file. 3. Rename the worksheets by right clicking the lower left hand tab flap “sheet 1” to “Bisection” and “sheet 2” to Regula-Falsi”. 4. Obtain the roots of the given polynomial function (a) and transcendental function (b) with its terminating criteria provided by your instructor using the worksheet for Bisection method. 5. Provide a column devoted for the initial/previous values xo and xi, the computed root estimate xo, along with their respective functions f(x0), f(x1) and f(z) respectively, and a remarks column. 6. Program the excel worksheet to automatically compute for the new root estimate x2 from the given values xo and x: along with its respective functions f(%0), f(x1) and f(x2). The remarks column should be programmed to automatically display if the iterative process needs to continue (“continue”) or stop (“terminate”). 7. Copy the program to repeat the process until the remarks column displays “terminate”. 8. Fill in the Bisection table provided in the data sheet (table 2.1 and table 2.2) with the iterative results. 9. Obtain the roots of the given polynomial function (a) and transcendental function (b) with its terminating criteria provided by your instructor using the worksheet for Regula-Falsi method. 10. Provide a column devoted for the initial/previous values xo and x:, the computed root estimate x2, along with their respective functions f(x0), f(x1) and f(x2) respectively, and a remarks column. 11. Program the excel worksheet to automatically compute for the new root estimate x2 from the given values xo and x: along with its respective functions f(%0), f(x1) and f(x2). The remarks column should be programmed to automatically display if the iterative process needs to continue (“continue”) or stop (“terminate”). 12. Copy the program to repeat the process until the remarks column displays “terminate”. [Link] in the Regula-Falsi table provided in the data sheet (table 2.3 and table 2.4) with the iterative results. 14. Save your work using a specified file name given by your instructor on your “my documents”. Laboratory Manual for NumerFIWAL DATASHEET Table 2 | Interhalving (Bisection) Method Polynomial Function (a): Rost {= -3.23299 Xo Ka A F (x0) F (x2) F(x) ~4 - 3.5 “3 41306 Remarks “50573 1.280] CONTINUE 3.5 13.25 2 eo “0.03441 1.2601 CONTINUE | 73.25 3.125 3 0.0949, 0.597986 1.2801 CONTINUE 325 "3.1875 [3.125 -0.09491 0.252833 0.5979 & CONTINVE meg 32/85 31875 0.09991 73.26 0.079277 0.252833 CONTINUE [3.25438 [3.21875 [0.09491 (0.0074 0.073277 CONTINUE 7 3.23938 3.22656 [3.21875 (0.00774 0.035783 0.079277 CONTINUE > 3.23438 [3.23017 (3.22656 | 0.0074 0.014029 035188 CONTINUE | 3.23433 [3.23292 3.23047 /0.00774 0.003146 0.04029 CONTINUE 7 3.23436 an [3.25242/-0.00777 -0.0023 0.003146 CONTINUE 73.2334 13.2325] {3.23242} 0.0023 0.000124 0.003146 CONTINUE 3.234 [3.23315 -3.2329)-0.0023 “0.00054 0.000424 CONTINUE 732345 "3.23303 (3.23231 |-0.00054 0.00026 0.000424 CONTINUE - 3.23303 ~3.23251132325] |-0.00026 |8.43 E-05 f 3.23303 323 1325297 {0.00026 0.000424 CONTINUE - 6 6E-05 8.43F-05 CONTINUE ~ 3.233 “3.23299 7323218.6F-05 |-23 F-07 8.43 FOS TERMINATETable 2.2 Interhalyin 9 (Bisection) Method Tranccendental Function (b): Root 1= 1.466663 Xo Ka XI Ho) Flxz) 1 1.5 2 “1.91626 6.164202 F (xi) 3500126 Remarks) CONTHUE 1 1.25 | 1.5 (1.44626 -0.85358 0.16 41202 CONTINUE | 125 (1375 |1.5 +0. 8535} ~0. 40466 0.164202 CONTINUE 13 (1.7375 V5 0.40466" “0.13606 (0.164202 CONTINUE LOG 146875 |L5 -0.13606 0.0] 0012 0.164202 CONTINUE 4375 \1.953125 |1.46875 -0.13606 -0.06403 0.0/0012 CONTINUE 453/25| 1.460938 |1. 46875 0.06403 -0.02726 0.0/00/2 CONTINUE. 1.760938] 1.464844 |1.46875 -0.0272 0.00665 6.0/0012 CON TINVE 46481) |L466797 |1.46875 -0.00665 0.000647 0.0/00/2 CONTINDE 164844 |1.46582 |1. 466797 (0.00869 0.00402 0. 000647; CONTINUE 1.46582 |1.466303 {1.966797 -0.00402 0.00/69 0.000647 CONTNUE 1.466509 _|1. 166553 |1. 406797 |-0.00169 -0.00052 0.000647 CONTINUE (1.406553 |1.966675 _|1.966797|-0.00062 6.23-05 0.000647 |Cow TINVE 1.466553 |1. 960614 | 1.966675 |-0.00052 0.00623 6.23E-05 CONTINUE 1. 4006/ [4.466644 1. 966675 |-0.00023 -8.4E-O5 6.23F-06 Con TINvE | 146664 |1.46666 [1.406075 |&4EDS “LIES 6.23E-05 CONTIMVE 1.40666 [1.966667 |1.760675 |-L1E0S 2.57E-05 |6.23E-05 CONTINUE 1.46666 [1.466663 (1460667 [1-16-05 249E Ob 2.57F-05 TERMINATE |Table 2.3. Regula-Faki Method Polynomial function (a): Root 2= 5.77865 [xo x2 xi ma) #02) |___Fan) | Remarks 5 5.111486 | 6 5.8305 | 0.036673 | L/346 |CONTNUE 5 6.778943 |5.7 71485 | 3.8305 |- 0.00/31) 0.03 6673 \CONTINOE_| 5.1 78543 |5. 178665 16 77/485 |-0.00/3)\3.04E-07 0.036673 \TERMINATE| Table 2.4 Regula- Falsi Method Transcendental Function Cb): Root 2° 1.4666 XOr a) | 2 Kl flro)|___ #&2) Flr) | Remarks 1 1.270497 | 2 | -1.44626 |-0.70%3 |3. 900426 CONTINUE 1.270497 |1.393059 {2 |-0.78763 -0.3302/ |3.500426| CONTINUE 1393059 |1.44043) | 2 }0.33021 ~0./227 | 3. 300426|CONTMOE 1.440431 [1.457497 2 |-0.1227 -0.0435/ |3.900426\CONTINVE | HA5HI7 [1.463462 |2 — |-0.0435! —|-0.09877 13. 300426 |CONTINUE Ht. 403482 |1.965561 | 2 |-0.01517 "0.00826 3.900424 \CONTINOE 14b5561 [1.466261] 2. |-0.00526 0.00/62 |3.900426 \CON TIVE 1.466281 |1.96653 | 2 [0.00/82 |-0.00063_|3.900424 |CONTIME 146053 |14666/6 | 2 |-0.00063 "0.00022 |3.900426 \CONTINVE [accor 1.466646 | 2 — |-0.00022 -25E-05 | 3.900426 \CONTINVE 1.466646 |1.966656| 2 = |-7.5F-05 -2.6E-08 |3.900426 \CONTINOE [Hees [1.46666 [2 [268-05 |-36-06 1.900926 [Termine | a ‘“SAMPLE COMPUTATIONS F(R) 0.0043x* -0.0/6 x? 0.7472 x2 £1.8284x “12.699 x26 5 xX,26 F (xe) = £ (5) = 0.0043(5)*- 0.01605) ~ 0.747208)? 4 1, 82 84(8) - 12.699 £(5)= 3.0305 Fx)= Flb)= 0.0043(6)*-0.06(6)= 0.7412( 6) *41. 8284 (6) -/2.699 fo) =-1, 1346 i ee 6-S Bae xr- lai) 40x) - Fx) 6 (1.1546) ~ 1.1346 -3-€306 Xo= 5.77148 Fl) = (0.004305.2714€) = 0.0/6(8 29146) ~ 0.7472(S. 26)? + L.8284 (5.27%) -12.699 = 0.03667 : flk2) > replace xi with x2. Second iteration : flro)= £(5)= 3.8305 , x1= 5.77148 , (5.77148) = #01) 0.03667 S. 77148 ~ 5 = ‘i - .0 ae xo 5.77148 ~ (0.03667) = 5.77894 £(x5)= (0.0043) (6894) - 0.016(.79694) ~ 6.7472(5.77894) ? +1.8284(6.77894) -12.693 = -0.00/31 f(x2)40 > Feplace Xo with X2.SS Third Iteration: Xo= 5.778 94 Xi= 5.77148 £(5.77894) = -0.90013) = Cx) £(S.1714@)= 0.03667= FCx1) X= 6.77148 - (0.00181) AZARAE «5.77668 £(6. 72866) =0.0043(5.77868)* - 0. 016 (5.77860) - 0.7972(8. 778 bE) +1824 (5.7786&) ~(2.699 (6.77668) = 3x10?Graphs/Curves Polynomial: f(x) = 0.0043x* - O.O/6x?-O,747 2x? + |,8246x + 12.699 &isection Method (Root): 3.23299 Regula-Falsi (Root): 5.77666 \ (-3.283,0) (5.179,0) Transcendental: f(x) = x? - 2x-2e 1 Bisection Method (Root): 467 Regula-Falsi (Root): | 467 (1.467, 0)INTERPRETATION OF DATA AAD RESULTS “Activity 2 is about finding pots of a non-linear function using bracketing techniques: +The two bracketing techniques are called the Bisec tron Method and the egula- Fale! Method. * The polynomial functions £(x) = 0.0043x" - 0.0/6 x°-0.79]2x* + 1,.8284x- 12699 and the transcendtal function j fix): x?-2x-2€'** The first method used /s b/sect/on method. +The students selected two instal values - xo, and x1, that brackets a root of £(x)=[Link] it will be tested such that fle) *£ x) £6. * For the polynomial function, Xes-4, and x:=-3. subsh- tating - the values are -4.4306, and 1.2801, recpect’vely, This me- anc that the root i¢ between -4, and -3. *For the transcendental func tron, xXo=1, and i= 2. Sub- stituting the values~ 1.44626, and 3. 900426, respect ely, Since they change signs, the root of the func tron I's between 4 and 2. “The midpoint formula was used to cetermine x2, then kz is substituted to the given function, and iterated wati] the terminating condition i¢ satis fred. * The terminating condition is Lx /0~%. * Continuing the iteration Process, terminating con- dition was Satisfied and the obtained value fer the root of psly nomial, and transcendlente/ functions areeee respectively. The iterations were solved using =IF Osyntax. The next method used /'s Regula-Falci Method. The steps For finding the two initial valuec are the came 95 Bysect ton Method: ‘For the polynomial function, xo: 5, and x=6. tC) and £(xi) hove valyes of 3.8305 , and -1. 13%, respectively, which satisties the bracke tin 4 condi Han, *For the transcendestal function has Xe=[, and X=2, and their flx)-fx,) satisties the bracketing condition. Next, the formula for az xi- faloen) , was used. + After several iterations, and reaching the terminating condition, the roots were determmecl. *For the polynomial function, the obtained roof /'s 6.7786 86. ‘For the transcendental function, the ob tained root is 1.46666CONCLUS/ON ‘In this experiment, the experimenters were able to demonstrate the Characterjetjog of bracketing tech- niques involving nan-linear transcendental and polynemsal functions The bisection method js one type of incremental] search method in which the interval jc always divided in half. If a function Changes Sign over an interval, the function value at the midpoint 1s evaluated. The location of the root is then determined ag lying at the midpoint “This midpoint of it in which the s/gn change occurs. +The Regula-Fals’ method is a method in dle termining roots of polnomial and transcendental functions. «In this experiment, the Caperimen ters were able fo learn how to use interhalving (bisection) method on non-hinear functions Lastly they were also able to Jearn how to uce Regula Falsi Method on non-hnear functions. * The bicectron method i's the simplest, basic method in determining the root of a non-linear function ag com- pared to Regula-Faki which has a more complicated formula However, the egula- Falsi Method 1's more accurate and only reguives fewer iterations,Preliminary Data Sheet Activity 2 Roots of Non-Linear Function: Bracketing Techniques Name: Gruta, Joshua Roberto A. Date: June 6, 2020 Crs/Sec: EEAL06L/B6 Terminal no: Given functions: a, Polynomial Function: f(x) = 0.0043x* — 0.016x? — 0.7472x? + 1.8284x — 12.699 b. Transcendental Function: f{x)= x? ~ 2x ~ 2e~45* Terminating Condition (a): f{%2) <= 0.00001 Terminating Condition (b): (x2) <= 0.00001 ‘Table 2.1 Interhalving (Bisection) Method Polynomial Function (a): Root 1 =-3.23299 x0. x2 xi f(x0) f(x2) f(x) Remarks 4 3.5 3 -4,4306 | -1.50973 | 1.2801 CONTINUE 3.5 “3.25 3 -1,50973 | -0.09491 | 1.2801 CONTINUE -3.25 3.125 3 -0.09491 | 0.597986 | 1.2801 CONTINUE “3.25 -3.1875_|_-3.125__| -0.09491 | 0.252833 | 0.597986 | CONTINUE -3.25 -3.21875_ | -3.1875 | -0.09491 | 0.079277 | 0.252833 | CONTINUE. =3.25 -3.23438_| -3.21875 | -0.09491 | -0.00774 | 0.079277 | CONTINUE. -3.23438_|_-3.22656_| -3.21875 | -0.00774 | 0.035788 | 0.079277 | __ CONTINUE -3.23438_|_-3.23047_| -3.22656 | -0.00774 | 0.014029 | 0.035788 | CONTINUE -3.23438__|_-3.23242_| -3.23047 | -0.00774 | 0.003146 | 0.014029 | CONTINUE -3.23438 2334 _| -3.23242 | -0.00774 | -0.0023 | 0.003146 | CONTINUE 2334 | -3.23291 | -3.23242 | -0.0023 | 0.000424 | 0.003146 | CONTINUE, 2334 | -3.23315_| -3.23291 | -0.0023 | -0.00094 | 0.000424 | CONTINUE -3.23315_|_-3.23303__| -3.23291 | -0.00094 | -0.00026 | 0.000424 | CONTINUE -3.23303_| _-3.23297_| -3.23291 | -0.00026 | 8.43B-05 | 0.000424 | CONTINUE -3.23303_ | -3.233 _| -3.23297 | -0.00026 | -8.6-05 | 8.43E-05 | CONTINUE 233 -3.23297 | -8.6B-05_| -7.3E-07 | 8.43E-05 | TERMINATETable 2.2 Interhalving (Bisection) Method (Sample Excel Output) Transcendental Function (b): Root 1 = 1.466663 [x0 x2 x1 f(x0) (x2) f(x1) Remarks fi 15 2 =1,44626 | 0.164202 | 3.900426 | CONTINUE 1 1.25 15 -1.44626 -0.85358 | 0.164202 | CONTINUE 1.25 1375 15 -0.85358 | -0.40466 | 0.164202 | CONTINUE [1375 14375 [1.5 -0.40466 | -0.13606 | 0.164202 | CONTINUE (14375 [1.46875 [1.5 0.13606 | 0.010012 | 0.164202 | CONTINUE | 1.4375 1.453125 | 1.46875 _| -0.13606 -0.06403 | 0.010012 | CONTINUE [1.453125 | 7.460938 | 1.46875 | -0.06403 | -0.02726 | 0.010012 | CONTINUE (1.460938 | 1.464844 | 1.46875 _| -0.02726 -0.00869 | 0.010012 | CONTINUE (1.464844 [1.466797 _| 1.46875 _|-0.00869 | 0.000647 | 0.010012 | CONTINUE (1.464844 | 1.46582 _| 1.466797 | -0.00869 | -0.00402 | 0.000647 | CONTINUE [1.46582 [1.466309 | 1.466797 | -0.00402 | -0.00169 | 0.000647 | CONTINUE 1.466309 | 1.466553 | 1.466797 | -0.00169 -0.00052 | 0.000647 | CONTINUE [ 1.466553 1.466675 __| 1.466797 | -0.00052 6.23E-05 | 0.000647 | CONTINUE [1.466553 | 1.466614 | 1.466675 | -0.00052 | -0.00023 | 6.23E-05 | CONTINUE | 1.466614 | 1.466644 _| 1.466675 | -0.00023 -8.4E-05 | 6.23E-05 | CONTINUE (1.466644 | 1.46666 | 1.466675 | -8.48-05 | -1.1E-05 | 6.23E-05 | CONTINUE [ 16666 1.466667 __| 1.466675 | -1.1E-05 2.57E-05 | 6.23E-05 | CONTINUE 1.46666 | 1.466663 | 1.466667 | -1.1E-05 | 7.49E-06 | 2.57E-05 | TERMINATE Table 2.3 Regula-Falsi Method (Sample Excel Output) Polynomial Function (a): Root 2 =5.778685 (xo x2 xl fix0) f(x2) fixl) Remarks [ 5 5.771485 | 6 3.8305 0.036673 | -1.1346 | CONTINUE, [ 5 5.778943 | 5.771485 | 3.8305 -0.00131 | 0.036673 | CONTINUE, 5.771485 | -0.00131 | 3.04E-07 | 0.036673 | TERMINATE 78943 | 5.778685Table 2.4 Regula-Falsi Method (Sample Excel Output) Transcendental Function (b): Root 2 = 1.4666 [x0 x2 x1 (0) (x2) fx1)__| Remarks i 1.270497 | 2 -1.44626 | -0.78763 _ | 3.900426 | CONTINUE 1.270497 | 1.393059 | 2 -0.78763_|-0.33021 | 3.900426 | CONTINUE 1,393059 | 1.440431 | 2 -0.33021_|-0.1227 | 3.900426 | CONTINUE (1.440431 | 1.457497 | 2 -0.1227 | -0.04351_ | 3.900426 | CONTINUE. [1.457497 | 1.463482 [2 -0.04351_|-0.01517 | 3.900426 | CONTINUE [1.463482 [1.465561 | 2 -0.01517 | -0.00526 | 3.900426 | CONTINUE [1.465561 | 1.466281 | 2 -0.00526 | -0.00182 _ | 3.900426 | CONTINUE. [1466281 [1.46653_[2 -0.00182_|-0.00063 | 3.900426 | CONTINUE [1.46653 | 1.466616 | 2 -0,00063 | 0.00022 _ | 3.900426 | CONTINUE [1.466616 | 1.466646 | 2 -0.00022_|-7.5E-05 _ | 3.900426 | CONTINUE [1.466646 | 1.466656 [2 =7,5E-05_|-2.6E-05 _ | 3.900426 | CONTINUE 2 -2.6F-05 _[-9F-06 [3.900426 | TERMINATE 1.466656 | 1.46666 Approved by: Instructor