6/15/2010

Objectives Overview

Discuss the importance of

project management,
Define system development
Identify the guidelines for feasibility assessment,
and list the system
system development documentation, and data
development phases
and information gathering
techniques

Discovering Explain the activities Discuss the purpose of the

Describe the various tools
Computers 2010
performed in the planning activities performed in the
used in process modeling
phase analysis phase

Living in a Digital World

See Page 619 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 2

for Detailed Objectives Chapter 12

Objectives Overview What is System Development?

System development is a set of activities

Describe the various Explain the activities
Recognize the develop
programs activity is
used to build an information system
tools used in object performed in the
part of system
modeling design phase An information
development
system (IS) is a System development
A system is a set of collection of activities are grouped
Discuss the purpose of components that hardware, software, into phases, and is
Discuss the activities the activities interact to achieve a data, people, and called the system
performed in the performed in the common goal procedures that work development life
implementation phase operation, support, and together to produce cycle (SDLC)
security phase
quality information

See Page 619 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 3 Page 620 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 4
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 12 Chapter 12

What is System Development? What is System Development?

• System development should follow three general

guidelines:

Group activities or tasks into phases

Involve users

Define standards

Pages 620 – 621 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 5 Page 621 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 6
Figure 12-1 Chapter 12 Chapter 12

1
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What is System Development? What is System Development?

• System development should involve representatives from each • Project management is the process of planning,
department in which the proposed system will be used scheduling, and then controlling the activities during
system development
• To plan and schedule a project efficiently, the project
leader identifies:
Required Time estimates
Project scope
activities for each activity

Activities that
Cost estimates Order of
can take place at
for each activity activities
the same time
Page 622 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 7 Page 623 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 8
Figure 12-2 Chapter 12 Chapter 12

What is System Development? What is System Development?

A popular tool
used to plan
and schedule A PERT chart
the time also can be
relationships used for
among project planning and
activities is a scheduling time
Gantt chart

Click to view Web Link, Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 12, Click Web click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation, Link from left navigation,
then click Gantt Charts below then click PERT Charts below
Chapter 12 Chapter 12
Page 623 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 9 Page 624 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 10
Figure 12-3a Chapter 12 Figure 12-3b Chapter 12

What is System Development? What is System Development?

• Feasibility is a measure of how suitable the • Documentation is the collection and

development of a system will be to the summarization of data and information
organization – A project notebook contains all documentation for a
single project
• Users and IT professionals refer to existing
Operational Schedule Technical Economic documentation when working with and modifying
feasibility feasibility feasibility feasibility current systems

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Chapter 12 Chapter 12

2
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Who Initiates a System

What is System Development? Development Project?
• During system development, members of the project A user may request a new or modified system
team gather data and information using several
techniques Organizations may want to improve hardware, software, or other
technology

Review
Observe Survey Situations beyond an organization’s control might require a change
documentation

Management might mandate a change

Interview JAD Sessions Research
A user may request a new or modified information system using a request
for system services or a project request
Pages 625 – 626 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 13 Page 626 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 14
Figure 12-4 Chapter 12 Chapter 12

Who Initiates a System

Planning Phase
Development Project?
• The planning phase for a project begins when the
steering committee receives a project request
• Four major activities are performed:

Review and Form a project

Prioritize the Allocate
approve the development
project requests resources
project requests team

Page 627 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 15 Page 628 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 16
Figure 12-5 Chapter 12 Chapter 12

Analysis Phase Analysis Phase

• The analysis phase consists of two major

activities:
Conduct a preliminary Perform detailed
investigation analysis
• Determines and • Study how the current
defines the exact system works
nature of the problem • Determine the users’
or improvement wants, needs, and
• Interview the user who requirements
Click to view Web Link,
submitted the request • Recommend a solution click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Feasibility Study
below Chapter 12
Pages 629 - 631 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 17 Pages 629 – 630 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 18
Chapter 12 Figure 12-6 Chapter 12

3
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Analysis Phase Analysis Phase

• Process modeling (structured analysis and design) is an • An entity-relationship

analysis and design technique that describes processes diagram (ERD) is a tool
that transform inputs into outputs that graphically shows
the connections among
Entity-
Data flow entities in a system
relationship
diagrams
diagrams • Entities are objects in
the system that have
data
Project
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 12, Click Web dictionary
Link from left navigation,
then click Process Modeling
below Chapter 12
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Chapter 12 Figure 12-7 Chapter 12

Analysis Phase Analysis Phase

• A data flow diagram • The project dictionary contains all the

(DFD) is a tool that documentation and deliverables of a project
graphically shows the
flow of data in a system • Structured English is a
– Data flows style of writing that
– Processes describes the steps in
– Data stores a process
– Sources

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Figure 12-8 Chapter 12 Figure 12-9 Chapter 12

Analysis Phase Analysis Phase

A decision table is a table that Decision table Decision tree

lists a variety of conditions
and the actions that
correspond to each condition

A decision tree also shows

conditions and actions, but it
shows them graphically

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Chapter 12 Figures 12-10 – 12-11 Chapter 12

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Analysis Phase Analysis Phase

• The data dictionary stores the data item’s name, • Object modeling combines the data with the processes
description, and other details about each data that act on that data into a single unit, called an object
item • UML (Unified Modeling Language) has been adopted as a
standard notation for object modeling and development
– UML includes 13 different diagrams
– Two diagrams include:

Use case
Class diagram
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 12, Click Web
diagram
Link from left navigation,
then click UML
below Chapter 12
Page 634 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 25 Page 634 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 26
Figure 12-12 Chapter 12 Chapter 12

Analysis Phase Analysis Phase

• A use case diagram • A class diagram

graphically shows how graphically shows
actors (users) interact classes and subclasses
with the information in a system
system • Each class can have one
or more subclasses
• Diagrams are
• Subclasses use
considered easy to inheritance to inherit
understand methods and attributes
of higher levels

Page 634 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 27 Page 635 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 28
Figure 12-13 Chapter 12 Figure 12-14 Chapter 12

Analysis Phase Design Phase

• The system proposal assesses the feasibility of • The design phase consists of two major activities
each alternative solution
• The steering committee discusses the system
proposal and decides which alternative to pursue
Develop all of the
Acquire hardware details of the new
Packaged Custom and software or modified
Outsourcing information system
software software

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Vertical Market
Software below Chapter 12
Pages 635 - 636 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 29 Page 638 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 30
Chapter 12 Chapter 12

5
 6/15/2010

Design Phase Design Phase

• To acquire the necessary hardware and software: • The next step is to develop detailed design
specifications
Solicit vendor – Sometimes called a physical design
Make a decision
• Use research proposals • Various techniques
techniques such as are used to
e-zines • RFQ, RFP, or RFI is determine the best • Systems analyst
sent to potential proposal makes
vendors or VARs recommendation to
steering committee
Identify technical Test and evaluate Input and
Database Program
specifications vendor proposals output
design design
design
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click E-Zines below
Chapter 12
Pages 638 - 640 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 31 Page 640 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 32
Chapter 12 Chapter 12

Design Phase Design Phase

• Systems analysts typically develop two types of • A prototype (proof of concept) is a working model
designs for each input and output of the proposed system
Mockup Layout chart – Prototypes have inadequate or missing documentation
– Users tend to embrace the prototype as a final system
– Should not eliminate or replace activities

Page 641 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 33 Pages 641 - 642 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 34
Figures 12-18 – 12-19 Chapter 12 Chapter 12

Design Phase Design Phase

• Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)

tools are designed to support one or more
activities of system development
• CASE tools sometimes contain the following tools:
Project
Graphics Prototyping
repository

Click to view Web Link,

Quality Code
click Chapter 12, Click Web Housekeeping
Link from left navigation, assurance generator
then click CASE Tools
below Chapter 12
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Chapter 12 Figure 12-20 Chapter 12

6
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Design Phase Implementation Phase

• Many people should review the detailed design • The purpose of the implementation phase is to
specifications construct the new or modified system and then
• An inspection is a formal review of any system deliver it
development deliverable
– A team examines the deliverables to identify errors
Install and Convert to
Develop
test the new Train users the new
programs
system system

Page 642 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 37 Page 643 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 38
Chapter 12 Chapter 12

Implementation Phase Implementation Phase

• The program development life cycle follows these • Various tests should be performed on the new
steps: • Analyze the requirements
system
1

• Design the solution Integration Acceptance

2 Unit test Systems test
test test

3 • Validate the design • Verifies that • Verifies that • Verifies that • Checks the
each all programs an new system
4 • Implement the design individual in an application to ensure
program or application works with that it works
• Test the solution object works work other with actual
5
by itself together applications data
properly
6 • Document the solution
Page 643 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 39 Page 644 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 40
Chapter 12 Chapter 12

Implementation Phase Implementation Phase

• Training involves showing users exactly how they • One or more of four conversion strategies can be
will use the new hardware and software in the used to change from the old system to the new
system system
– One-on-one sessions
– Classroom-style lectures
– Web-based training

Page 644 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 41 Pages 644 – 645 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 42
Figure 12-21 Chapter 12 Figure 12-22 Chapter 12

7
 6/15/2010

Operation, Support, and Security Phase Operation, Support, and Security Phase

• The purpose of the operation, support, and • A computer security plan should do the following:
security phase is to provide ongoing assistance for
an information system and its users after the
system is implemented For each risk,
Identify all identify the
Identify all
security risks safeguards that
Perform Monitor information
Assess system that may cause exist to detect,
maintenance system assets of an
security an information prevent, and
activities performance organization
asset loss recover from a
loss
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Chief Security
Officer below Chapter 12
Page 645 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 43 Page 646 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 44
Chapter 12 Chapter 12

Video: Create a Hidden Operating System Summary

System Guidelines for

development system
phases development

Activities
Activities that occur
performed during
during system
each system
development
CLICK TO START
development phase
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 45 Page 647 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 46
Chapter 12 Chapter 12

Discovering
Computers 2010
Living in a Digital World

Chapter 12 Complete