BMS for Electric Vehicles
Shekhar Malani
Functionality BMS functions
Realise full potential
Lifetime
Usability
State of Energy, State of
Power, Threshold Config.
CAN set-up Error Handling
Performance
Cell Balancing, State of Charge, State
of Health, Trigger Cooling System
Safety
Monitoring: Cell Voltage, Pack Voltage, Pack Current,
Cell/Pack Temperature.
Controlling: Charger, Load, Switches, Precharge Survival
Battery Protection
• Protecting a single cell is hard
enough
• Protecting a battery (a series string)
is harder:
– Cell voltages do not divide equally
– Cell temperatures vary
Analog BMS (“Protector”) PCM
Voltage protection
Current Protection
Temperature Protection
May have:
Balancing
BUT
Doesn’t know what, where and by how
much
Digital BMS
• Evaluation of State of Charge (“Fuel Gauge”)
• Evaluation of State Of Health
• Knows what, where and by how much
• Reports
• Requests shut down
Application Specific IC (ASICs)
Nearly all IC manufacturers have developed dedicated ICs that are fit for
purpose for BMS application.
Solutions are available from Linear Technologies (Analog Devices), NXP, ST
Microelectronics
Measurement Accuracy: 1.2mV Maximum Total Measurement Error, 16-Bit ADC
with Programmable Noise Filter
Measurement Speed: 290µs to Measure All Cells in a System
SoC Calculation: Synchronized Voltage and Current Measurement
Functions: Passive Cell Balancing with Programmable Timer, 5 General Purpose
Digital I/O or Analog Inputs
Application Specific ICs
Environment: Low EMI Susceptibility and Emissions, Uses a Single Twisted Pair,
up to 100 Meters
Usability: Stackable Architecture for High Voltage Systems
Built-in isoSPI Communication Interface, 1Mb Isolated Serial Communications n
Automotive Usage: Engineered for ISO 26262-Compliant Systems, 4μA Sleep
Mode Supply Current, AEC-Q100 Qualified for Automotive Applications
BMS Topology – Application Based
• Centralized • Modular
A few
A Single controllers,
controller is each handling
connected to certain number
the cells thru of cells with
a multitude of communication
wires between the
cells
• Distributed • Master-slave
A BMS board is One master
installed at each controller is
cells, with only connected to the
communication slaves and the
cable between saves are
battery & connected to
controller cells
Precharge
• In most battery systems, the
load and chargers have high
capacitance at the high-
current side facing the battery.
• These high capacitances (C1
and C2 on imply that the high
in-rush currents maybe
present for quite a while until
the voltage in C1 or C2
matches the battery pack
voltage.
• High current levels for
extended periods of time can
damage the system for
example, the connection pads
of the main contact or may
weld.
Modes of Operation
• Idle mode: BMS Performs all the functions except allowing
current.
• Charge mode: BMS performs all the functions and allows
current from Charger to the battery Pack.
• Discharge mode: BMS performs all the functions and allows
current from the battery Pack to the Load.
• Error Mode: BMS Performs all the functions except allowing
current and doesn’t allow entering into Charge or Discharge
mode unless all the Errors in the system are resolved.
Activating Load Sequence
What causes Imbalance
Cells are unbalanced (unequal energy) because
of:
Initial Conditions
Manufacturing and environment variance
During Operation
Imbalance between charging and discharging
Differences in thermal conditions
Overtime
Degradation with aging
Differences in internal impedance
Unequal self-discharging
Cell Balancing
• Any Battery Pack is only as good as the weakest cell
• All cells equally charged = maximum available
energy
• Balancing removes charge from fullest cells,
to leave room for more charging,
so the other cells can catch-up
Cell Balancing
Cell balancing is a key BMS function which ensures that
when a battery is charged, all cells will be charged to
their maximum capacity(100% SoC).
Types of Cell Balancing:
• Passive Balancing
• Active Balancing
Functionality BMS applications
1. Cars drives BMS requirements
2. Car volume reduces cost
3. Requirements spread to other
applications
Battery Capacity
Functional safety
• ISO26262 ASIL C the norm in automotive for BMS
• Spreading to industrial machines, 2 wheelers, energy storage
• ASIL C level requires BMS components at FIT rate below 1
FIT
– MTBF of 1 billion hours
• Very difficult to achieve, consequently “Safety Mechanisms”
like “Testing” and “Redundancy” are used:
Functional Safety - example
• No safety critical undetected singlepoint failures
• This is achieved by:
– Cell voltage input open wire detection
– Cell voltage and temperature measurement self test
– Internal and external MUX self test
– Power supply with watchdog protection, self test and CRC.
– Dual-core Lockstep cycle-by-cycle CPU
– CPU built in self test
– ECC on CPU FLASH and RAM
– CPU Clock and Voltage monitoring
– Pre qualified safety rated key components
– Pre qualified RTOS
Advanced models for more
accurate SOC
1. Coulomb counting All possible on-board
2. Combining OCV and CC Due to its accuracy,
3. Kalman filter speed and RTC
Without cost
4. Impedance spectroscopy
Worst case up to
31% error if
ONLY CC is used
18
Using advanced SOC for more
efficient balancing
Continuously updated SOC measurements on cell level will allow
balancing during the bulk charge phase
Typical end-of-charge balancing:
Cells are unbalanced
(unequal energy) because of:
Manufacturing and
environment variance
Degradation with aging
Imbalance between
charging and discharging
Differences in thermal
conditions
Differences in internal
impedance
1 Bulk 2 Balancing phase Unequal self-discharging
Charge These mismatches reduce
phase the lifetime, efficiency and
capacity of batteries.
