A

Major Project Report

On

“Network Architecture Of The College”

Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of
Bachelor of Technology

Computer Science and Engineering

[2013 - 2017]

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Gourav Kant
C.D.L.S.I.E.T. 1311151913

Ch. Devi Lal State Institute Of Engineering And Technology

Panniwala Mota, Sirsa (Hr) – 125077

(Affilated By Guru Jambheshwar University Of Science And Technology, Hisar)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Patience and preservation is the part and parcel to make fulfill any desired motto
successfully. Not only this two indispensable characters but also kind co-operation and zestful
help are always required by dint of which one can be able to reach his\her ultimate goal after
passing through a series of several incidents.
I am profoundly grateful to Mr. Ved Prakash, Head of Department, Computer Science
and Engineering for his expert guidance and continuous encouragement throughout to see that
this project rights its target.
I would like to express deepest appreciation towards Dr. Sanjay Dahiya, Assistant
Professor, Computer Science and Engineering Department whose invaluable supervision
supported me in this project.
At last I must express my sincere heartfelt gratitude to all the staff members of Computer
Engineering Department who helped me directly or indirectly during this course of work.

Gourav Kant

i
 ABSTRACT

Network Architecture is like a virtual architecture (view) of a real network or a

centralized dummy of a network. The proposed system helps in building architecture to update,
modify or monitoring on a real network.
We all know that we will need to computers in every organization to store data digitally
as well as centralized or we also need shearing of data with other employs of the organization.
To share the data throughout the computers we need the computers connected with each other
that will only possible through networking. So every organization has network architecture.
To develop this system I choose Packet Tracer 6.0.0.0045 (also known as Network
Simulation Platform) as platform. Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual simulation tool
designed by Cisco Systems that allows users to create network topologies and imitate modern
computer networks. The software allows users to simulate the configuration of Cisco routers and
switches using a simulated command line interface. Cisco Packet Trace is simulation-based
learning environment software that allows students to experiment with computer networks
behaviors and helps develop their skills such as decision making, critical thinking and problem
solving. Reason behind this selection is that I would make system more easy, effective and
understandable.
This report contains full detail about the problem to the project, its requirements. I am
grateful to the authors of the books and blogs that I used in the case study of the project.

ii
 Ch. Devi Lal State Institute of Engineering and Technology
Panniwala Mota (Sirsa)-125077 (Haryana)
Ph. No. 01668-277597 Fax No. 01668-277598
Website: www.cdlmgec.org

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Major Project Report entitled “Network Architecture Of The
College” submitted by me to the Computer Science and Engineering Department, Ch. Devi Lal
State Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panniwala Mota, Sirsa in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and
Engineering is a bonafide project work carried out by me under the supervision of Mr. Ved
Prakash, Head of Department, Computer Science and Engineering Department.
I further declare that the work reported in this project has not been submitted and will
not be submitted, either in part or in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma in this
institute or any other institute or university.

Gourav Kant
1311151913

iii
 Ch. Devi Lal State Institute of Engineering and Technology
Panniwala Mota (Sirsa)-125077 (Haryana)
Ph. No. 01668-277597 Fax No. 01668-277598
Website: www.cdlmgec.org

No. : CDLSIET/CSE/PR/2017/……......... Dated:-………….….

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “Network Architecture Of The
College” that is being submitted by Mr. Gourav Kant (Roll No. 1311151913) for the award of
Bachelor of Technology degree in Computer Science and Engineering to the Guru Jambheshwar
University of Science & Technology, Hisar, is a Project Work carried out by him under the
supervision and guidance of Mr. Ved Parkash, Head of Department, Computer Science and
Engineering, Ch. Devi Lal State Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panniwala Mota
(Sirsa). This is to further certify that he is a bonafide student of this State Institute of Engineering
and Technology.

Dr. Sanjay Dahiya

Assistant Professor & Coordinator,
Computer Science and Engineering,
Ch. Devi Lal State Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Panniwala Mota (Sirsa)

iv
 CONTENTS

Page No:
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
Declaration iii
Certificate iv

1. Chapter 1 - Introduction to Network Simulation 1- 3

1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Network Emulation, Network Simulation 2
1.3. Computer Network 3

2. Chapter 2 – Tools 4-10

2.1. Cisco Packet Tracer 4
2.1.1. Overview
2.1.2. Role in Education
2.2. Devices and Cables that will be used 7 – 10

3. Chapter 3 - Literature Review 11-19

3.1. History 12
3.2. Network Packet 13
3.3. Topology 13
3.4. Network Architecture 17

4. Chapter 4 - Objectives 20-21

4.1. Objectives 20
4.2. Problem Formulation of Network Architecture 20
4.3. Requirement Specifications 21
4.3.1. Hardware Requirements
4.3.2. Software Requirements

Contents
5. Chapter 5 - Project Work 22 -25
5.1. Network Connectivity 22
5.2. Connectivity of Network Floor-wise 23
5.2.1. Ground Floor
5.2.2. First Floor
5.2.3. Second Floor

6. Chapter 6 - Snapshot 26 - 35
6.1. Configuration 26
6.1.1. Configuration Of Router
6.1.2. Configuration Of DHCP Server
6.1.3. Configuration Of Access Point
6.1.4. Configuration Of Switch
6.2. Assigning IP Address 36
6.3. Designed Architecture 38
6.4. Project Details 43

7. Chapter 7 - Conclusion and Future Scope 44

7.1. Conclusion 44
7.2. Future Scope 44

References 45

Contents
 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION0 TO PROJECT

1.1. INTRODUCTION

The information processing services are growing at an exponential rate. Network based
resources such as E-mail, client server, scheduling and discussion databases have reached
mission critical status on a global enterprise level. These network services must be robust and
fault tolerant to meet business demands. It is imperative that the underlying network
infrastructure carrying voice, data and video technologies support this growing demand now and
in the future.

The goal of this project is to provide an architecture strategy that will enable us o have an open
interoperable network. The architecture will provide a guideline that will allow for reusability of
technologies, economies of scale and support efficiencies.

Network Simulation is a technique where a program models the behavior of a network

either by calculating the interaction between the different network entities (hosts/packets, etc.)
using mathematical formulas, or actually capturing and playing back observations from a
production network. The behavior of the network and the various applications and services it
supports can then be observed in a test lab; various attributes of the environment can also be
modified in a controlled manner to assess how the network would behave under different
conditions.

Most of the commercial simulators are GUI driven, while some network simulators
are CLI driven. The network model / configuration describes the state of the network (nodes,
routers, switches, links) and the events (data transmissions, packet error etc.). An important
output of simulations are the trace files. Trace files log every packet, every event that occurred in
the simulation and are used for analysis. Network simulators can also provide other tools to
facilitate visual analysis of trends and potential trouble spots.
Most network simulators use discrete event simulation, in which a list of pending "events" is
stored, and those events are processed in order, with some events triggering future events—such
as the event of the arrival of a packet at one node triggering the event of the arrival of that packet
at a downstream node.
Simulation of networks is a very complex task. For example, if congestion is high, then
estimation of the average occupancy is challenging because of high variance. To estimate the
likelihood of a buffer overflow in a network, the time required for an accurate answer can be
extremely large. Specialized techniques such as "control variates" and "importance sampling"
have been developed to speed simulation

1
1.2. NETWORK EMULATION
A network emulator allows users to introduce real devices and applications into a test
network (simulated) that alters packet flow in such a way as to mimic the behavior of a live
network. Live traffic can pass through the simulator and be affected by objects within the
simulation.
The typical methodology is that real packets from a live application reach the emulation server
(where the virtual network is simulated. The real packet gets modulated into a simulation packet.
The Simulation packet gets demodulated into real packet after experiencing effects of loss,
errors, delay, jitter etc., thereby transferring these network effects into the real packet. Thus it is
as-if the real packet flowed through the real networks but in reality it flowed through the
simulated network.
Emulation is widely used in the design stage for validating communication networks prior to
deployment.

1.2.1. Network simulator

A network simulator is software that predicts the behavior of a computer network. Since
communication Networks have become too complex for traditional analytical methods to provide
an accurate understanding of system behavior, network simulators are used. In simulators, the
computer network is typically modeled with devices, links, applications etc. and the performance
is analysed. Simulators typically come with support for the most popular technologies and
networks in use today.

1.2.2. Uses of network simulators

Network simulators provide a cost effective method for

a. Network design validation for enterprises / data centers /sensor networks etc.
b. Analyzing Utilities distribution communication, railway signaling / communication etc.
c. Network protocol R & D
d. Defense applications such as HF / UHF / VHF MANET networks, Tactical data links etc.

There are a wide variety of network simulators, ranging from the very simple to the very
complex. Minimally, a network simulator must enable a user to
1. Model the network topology specifying the nodes on the network and the links between
those nodes
2. Model the application flow (traffic) between the nodes
3. Providing network performance metrics as output
4. Visualization of the packet flow
5. Technology / protocol evaluation and device designs
6. Logging of packet / events for drill down analyses / debugging

2
1.3. COMPUTER NETWORK

A computer network is a telecommunications network which allows computers

to exchange data. In computer networks, networked computing devices exchange data with each
other using a data link. The connections between nodes are established using either cable
media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the Internet.
Network computer devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called network
nodes. Nodes can include hosts such as personal computers, phones, servers as well
as networking hardware. Two such devices can be said to be networked together when one
device is able to exchange information with the other device, whether or not they have a direct
connection to each other.
Computer networks differ in the transmission medium used to carry their
signals, communications protocols to organize network traffic, the network's size, topology and
organizational intent.
Computer networks support an enormous number of applications and services such as access to
the World Wide Web, digital video, digital audio, shared use of application and storage
servers, printers, and fax machines, and use of email and instant messaging applications as well
as many others. In most cases, application-specific communications protocols are layered (i.e.
carried as payload) over other more general communications protocols.

Properties
Computer networking may be considered a branch of electrical
engineering, telecommunications, computer science, information technology or computer
engineering, since it relies upon the theoretical and practical application of the related
disciplines.
A computer network facilitates interpersonal communications allowing users to
communicate efficiently and easily via various means: email, instant messaging, chat rooms,
telephone, video telephone calls, and video conferencing. Providing access to information on
shared storage devices is an important feature of many networks. A network allows sharing of
files, data, and other types of information giving authorized users the ability to access
information stored on other computers on the network.

A network allows sharing of network and computing resources. Users may access and use
resources provided by devices on the network, such as printing a document on a shared network
printer. Distributed computing uses computing resources across a network to accomplish tasks. A
computer network may be used by computer crackers to deploy computer viruses or computer
worms on devices connected to the network, or to prevent these devices from accessing the
network via a denial of service attack.

3
 CHAPTER 2 - TOOLS
This section would tell you about the tools you need to develop this software.

2.1. CISCO PACKET TRACER

Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual simulation program designed by Cisco

Systems that allows users to create network topologies and imitate modern computer networks.
The software allows users to simulate the configuration of Cisco routers and switches using a
simulated command line interface. Packet Tracer makes use of a drag and drop user interface,
allowing users to add and remove simulated network devices as they see fit. The software is
mainly focused towards Certified Cisco Network Associate Academy students as an educational
tool for helping them learn fundamental CCNA concepts. Students enrolled in a CCNA
Academy program can freely download and use the tool free of charge for educational use.
In addition to simulating certain aspects of computer networks, Packet Tracer can also be used
for collaboration. As of Packet Tracer 5.0, Packet Tracer supports a multi-user system that
enables multiple users to connect multiple topologies together over a computer network. Packet
Tracer also allows instructors to create activities that students have to complete. Packet Tracer is
often used in educational settings as a learning aid. Cisco Systems claims that Packet Tracer is
useful for network experimentation.

4
5
 2.1.1. Overview
Packet Tracer is a cross-platform network simulator designed by Cisco Systems to run on
Mac OS, Linux and Microsoft Windows. A similar Android app is also available. Packet Tracer
allows users to create simulated network topologies by dragging and dropping routers, switches
and various other types of network devices. A physical connection between devices is
represented by a "cable" item. Packet Tracer supports an array of simulated Application Layer
protocols, as well as basic routing with RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, BDP, to the extents required by the
current CCNA curriculum. As of version 5.3, Packet Tracer also supports the Border Gateway
Protocol.
Version 6.0 added support for IOS version 15 and Hot Standby Routing Protocol. Version 6.1.1
added support for various DHCP, EIGRP and OSPF commands, improved support for Zone-
Based Firewall policies. As of version 6.2, Packet Tracer supports an embedded web server with
JavaScript and CSS support. The command line can be used for creating a router-to-pc
connection.

2.1.2. Role in Education

Packet Tracer allows students to design complex and large networks, which is often not
feasible with physical hardware, due to costs. Packet Tracer is commonly used by CCNA
Academy students, since it is available to them for free. However, due to functional limitations,
it is intended by Cisco to be used only as a learning aid, not a replacement for
Cisco routers and switches. The application itself only has a small number of features found
within the actual hardware running a current Cisco IOS version. Thus, Packet Tracer is
unsuitable for modeling production networks. It has a limited command set, meaning it is not
possible to practice all of the IOS commands that might be required.
Packet Tracer can be useful for understanding abstract networking concepts, such as
the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol by animating these elements in a visual form.
Packet Tracer is also useful in education by providing additional components, including an
authoring system, network protocol simulation and an assessment system.

6
 2.2. DEVICES AND CABLES THAT WILL BE USED

In this section we will study about all the Devices and Cables we need to develop this
network Architecture.

2.2.1. Network Devices/Nodes

1. Network Interfaces Card

An ATM network interface in the form of an accessory card. A lot of network interfaces are
built-in.
A network interface controller (NIC) is computer hardware that provides a computer with the
ability to access the transmission media, and has the ability to process low-level network
information. For example, the NIC may have a connector for accepting a cable, or an aerial for
wireless transmission and reception, and the associated circuitry.
The NIC responds to traffic addressed to a network address for either the NIC or the computer as
a whole.
In Ethernet networks, each network interface controller has a unique Media Access
Control (MAC) address—usually stored in the controller's permanent memory. To avoid address
conflicts between network devices, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)
maintains and administers MAC address uniqueness. The size of an Ethernet MAC address is
six octets. The three most significant octets are reserved to identify NIC manufacturers. These
manufacturers, using only their assigned prefixes, uniquely assign the three least-significant
octets of every Ethernet interface they produce.

2. Repeaters and Hubs

A repeater is an electronic device that receives a network signal, cleans it of unnecessary
noise and regenerates it. The signal is retransmitted at a higher power level, or to the other side
of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. In most
twisted pair Ethernet configurations, repeaters are required for cable that runs longer than 100
meters. With fiber optics, repeaters can be tens or even hundreds of kilometers apart.
A repeater with multiple ports is known as a hub. Repeaters work on the physical layer of the
OSI model. Repeaters require a small amount of time to regenerate the signal. This can cause
a propagation delay that affects network performance. As a result, many network architectures
limit the number of repeaters that can be used in a row, e.g., the Ethernet 5-4-3 rule.
Hubs have been mostly obsoleted by modern switches; but repeaters are used for long distance
links, notably undersea cabling.

7
 3. Bridges
A network bridge connects and filters traffic between two network segments at the data
link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model to form a single network. This breaks the network's
collision domain but maintains a unified broadcast domain. Network segmentation breaks down
a large, congested network into an aggregation of smaller, more efficient networks.
Bridges come in three basic types:

∑ Local bridges: Directly connect LANs

∑ Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between LANs.
Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end networks, largely have
been replaced with routers.
∑ Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote devices to LANs.

4. Switches
A network switch is a device that forwards and filters OSI layer 2 datagrams (frames)
between ports based on the destination MAC address in each frame. A switch is distinct from a
hub in that it only forwards the frames to the physical ports involved in the communication rather
than all ports connected. It can be thought of as a multi-port bridge.[10] It learns to associate
physical ports to MAC addresses by examining the source addresses of received frames. If an
unknown destination is targeted, the switch broadcasts to all ports but the source. Switches
normally have numerous ports, facilitating a star topology for devices, and cascading additional
switches.
Multi-layer switches are capable of routing based on layer 3 addressing or additional logical
levels. The term switch is often used loosely to include devices such as routers and bridges, as
well as devices that may distribute traffic based on load or based on application content (e.g., a
Web URL identifier).

5. Routers
A typical home or small office router showing the ADSL telephone line and Ethernet
network cable connections

A router is an internetworking device that forwards packets between networks by processing

the routing information included in the packet or datagram (Internet protocol information from
layer 3). The routing information is often processed in conjunction with the routing table (or
forwarding table). A router uses its routing table to determine where to forward packets. A
destination in a routing table can include a "null" interface, also known as the "black hole"
interface because data can go into it, however, no further processing is done for said data, i.e. the
packets are dropped.

8
 6. Modems
Modems (MOdulator-DEModulator) are used to connect network nodes via wire not
originally designed for digital network traffic, or for wireless. To do this one or more carrier
signals are modulated by the digital signal to produce an analog signal that can be tailored to
give the required properties for transmission. Modems are commonly used for telephone lines,
using a Digital Subscriber Line technology.

7. Firewalls
A firewall is a network device for controlling network security and access rules. Firewalls
are typically configured to reject access requests from unrecognized sources while allowing
actions from recognized ones. The vital role firewalls play in network security grows in parallel
with the constant increase in cyber attacks.

2.2.2. Networking Cables

Networking cables are networking hardware used to connect one network device to other
network devices or to connect two or more computers to share printers, scanners etc. Different
types of network cables, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber cable, and twisted pair cables, are
used depending on the network's physical layer, topology, and size.
There are several technologies used for network connections. Patch cables are used for short
distances in offices and wiring closets. Electrical connections using twisted pair or coaxial
cable are used within a building.

There are multiple types of cables

1. Twisted Pair
Twisted pair cabling is a form of wiring in which pairs of wires (the forward and return
conductors of a single circuit) are twisted together for the purposes of canceling
out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from other wire pairs and from external sources. This
type of cable is used for home and corporate Ethernet networks. Twisted pair cabling is used in
short patch cables and in the longer runs in structured cabling.

2. Fiber Optic
An optical fiber cable consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of
protective material. The outer insulating jacket is made of Teflon or PVC to prevent interference.
Optical fiber deployment is more expensive than copper but offers higher bandwidth and can
cover longer distances. There are two major types of optical fiber cables: short-range multi-mode
fiber and long-range single-mode fiber.
9
 3. Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cables confine the electromagnetic wave inside the cable, between the center conductor
and the shield. The transmission of energy in the line occurs totally through the dielectric inside
the cable between the conductors. Coaxial lines can therefore be bent and twisted (subject to
limits) without negative effects, and they can be strapped to conductive supports without
inducing unwanted currents in them.
Although in most homes coaxial cables have been installed for transmission of TV signals, new
technologies (such as the ITU-T G.hn standard) open the possibility of using home coaxial cable
for high-speed home networking applications (Ethernet over coax).
In the 20th century they carried long distance telephone connections.

4. Patch Cable
A patch cable is an electrical or optical cable used to connect one electronic or optical
device to another or to building infrastructure for signal routing. Devices of different types (e.g. a
switch connected to a computer, or a switch connected to a router) are connected with patch
cords. Patch cords are usually produced in many different colors so as to be easily
distinguishable, and most are relatively short, no longer than a few meters. In contrast to on-
premises wiring, patch cables are more flexible but may also be less durable.

10
 CHAPTER 3 - LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter will mainly discuss on the study that are done by previous research of other
authors in the similar area of the present study. Throughout this chapter, there will be
comprehensive discussion on theoretical and practical views of previous studies done in Network
Simulation and network simulator. This study combines factors that other studies have done that
will tell us about network simulation. It includes the price attractiveness, time saving, perceived
risk, tangibility and high interactivity.
Packet Tracer allows students to design complex and large networks, which is often not
feasible with physical hardware, due to costs. Packet Tracer is commonly used by CCNA
Academy students, since it is available to them for free. However, due to functional limitations,
it is intended by Cisco to be used only as a learning aid, not a replacement for
Cisco routers and switches. The application itself only has a small number of features found
within the actual hardware running a current Cisco IOS version. Thus, Packet Tracer is
unsuitable for modeling production networks. It has a limited command set, meaning it is not
possible to practice all of the IOS commands that might be required.
Packet Tracer can be useful for understanding abstract networking concepts, such as
the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol by animating these elements in a visual
form. Packet Tracer is also useful in education by providing additional components, including an
authoring system, network protocol simulation and an assessment system.

Time Saving
Time is also perceived as one of a factor that relates with the networking context. It is
believed that every employs have own perception of time, whether or not to work while failure.
It is more difficult to find the error in whole network of an organization, because there are many
devices and the cables so that is too default to go to each device one by one and check all the
configuration of each devices, sometimes devices are working properly but connections are not
working properly so you don’t get the error is in the device or in the connection or it may not be
the devices or may not in the connections , it may be in the connecting media’s.
So using network architecture for simulation and finding errors easily because it provide a
centralized view of a whole network. Through which the applying the correction method effect
may be observed. And it also useful for the making changes, because making change in the
network directly we can firstly apply in the network architecture, and see the it is suitable or
acceptable to the network.
Sometimes you apply some changes to the network it will not compatible to the network
resultantly it effect the performance of the network, of may be the developer are applying change
to the network and one of the device connected to the same network stop working then the whole
network is affected.

11
3.1. HISTORY
The chronology of significant computer-network developments includes:

∑ In the late 1950s, early networks of computers included the military radar system Semi-
Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE).
∑ In 1959, Anatolii Ivanovich Kitov proposed to the Central Committee of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union a detailed plan for the re-organisation of the control of the Soviet
armed forces and of the Soviet economy on the basis of a network of computing centres.
∑ In 1960, the commercial airline reservation system semi-automatic business research
environment (SABRE) went online with two connected mainframes.
∑ In 1962, J.C.R. Licklider developed a working group he called the "Intergalactic Computer
Network", a precursor to the ARPANET, at the Advanced Research Projects
Agency(ARPA).
∑ In 1964, researchers at Dartmouth College developed the Dartmouth Time Sharing
System for distributed users of large computer systems. The same year, at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, a research group supported by General Electric and Bell Labs used a
computer to route and manage telephone connections.
∑ Throughout the 1960s, Leonard Kleinrock, Paul Baran, and Donald Davies independently
developed network systems that used packets to transfer information between computers
over a network.
∑ In 1965, Thomas Marill and Lawrence G. Roberts created the first wide area
network (WAN). This was an immediate precursor to the ARPANET, of which Roberts
became program manager.
∑ Also in 1965, Western Electric introduced the first widely used telephone switch that
implemented true computer control.
∑ In 1969, the University of California at Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute,
the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah became connected
as the beginning of the ARPANET network using 50 kbit/s circuits.[3]
∑ In 1972, commercial services using X.25 were deployed, and later used as an underlying
infrastructure for expanding TCP/IP networks.
∑ In 1973, Robert Metcalfe wrote a formal memo at Xerox PARC describing Ethernet, a
networking system that was based on the Aloha network, developed in the 1960s by Norman
Abramson and colleagues at the University of Hawaii. In July 1976, Robert
Metcalfe and David Boggs published their paper "Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for
Local Computer Networks" and collaborated on several patents received in 1977 and 1978.
In 1979, Robert Metcalfe pursued making Ethernet an open standard.
∑ In 1995, the transmission speed capacity for Ethernet increased from 10 Mbit/s to 100
Mbit/s. By 1998, Ethernet supported transmission speeds of a Gigabit. Subsequently, higher
speeds of up to 100 Gbit/s were added (as of 2016). The ability of Ethernet to scale easily
(such as quickly adapting to support new fiber optic cable speeds) is a contributing factor to
its continued use.

12
3.2. NETWORK PACKET
A network packet is a formatted unit of data carried by a packet-switched network.
Computer communications links that do not support packets, such as traditional point-to-point
telecommunications links, simply transmit data as a bit stream. When data is formatted into
packets, packet switching is possible and the bandwidth of the communication medium can be
better shared among users than with circuit switching.
A packet consists of control information and user data, which is also known as the payload.
Control information provides data for delivering the payload, for example: source and
destination network addresses, error detection codes, and sequencing information. Typically,
control information is found in packet headers and trailers.

3.3. TOPOLOGY
The cabling layout used to link devices is the physical topology of the network. This
refers to the layout of cabling, the locations of nodes, and the interconnections between the nodes
and the cabling.[1] The physical topology of a network is determined by the capabilities of the
network access devices and media, the level of control or fault tolerance desired, and the cost
associated with cabling or telecommunications circuits.
In contrast, logical topology is the way that the signals act on the network media, or the way that
the data passes through the network from one device to the next without regard to the physical
interconnection of the devices. A network's logical topology is not necessarily the same as its
physical topology. For example, the original twisted pair Ethernet using repeater hubs was a
logical bus topology carried on a physical star topology. Token ring is a logical ring topology,
but is wired as a physical star from the media access unit. Logical topologies are often closely
associated with media access control methods and protocols. Some networks are able to
dynamically change their logical topology through configuration changes to their routers and
switches.

3.3.1. Network Topology

Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of
a computer network. Essentially, it is the topological[3] structure of a network and may be
depicted physically or logically. Physical topology is the placement of the various components of
a network, including device location and cable installation, while logical topology illustrates how
data flows within a network, regardless of its physical design. Distances between nodes, physical
interconnections, transmission rates, or signal types may differ between two networks, yet their
topologies may be identical.
An example is a local area network (LAN). Any given node in the LAN has one or more
physical links to other devices in the network; graphically mapping these links results in a
geometric shape that can be used to describe the physical topology of the network.
Conversely, mapping the data flow between the components determines the logical
topology of the network.

13
3.3.2. Types Of Topologies

1. Bus Topology – It is defined by the use of a single main cable which has terminators on
both ends. All the other nodes like workstations, peripherals, etc. are connected to this
main cable. This type of topology is widely implemented in LANs as it is easy to install
and does not cost much. It also does not require much cabling as in the case of some
other topologies like star and mesh. The main disadvantage of this topology is that the
entire network is dependent on the main cable. In case some problem occurs in the main
cable, the whole system gets affected.

2. Star Topology – It is named as star topology as it looks similar to a star whereas all the
elements of the network are primarily connected to a central device. This central device is
known as hub and can be either of a hub, router or a switch. This central hub also works
as a repeater for data flow. A point-to-point connection is laid between the devices and
the central hub. Thus, all nodes are connected to each other only by the assistance of this
central hub. Installation and wiring is easy of star topology. The functioning of the entire
system depends on the central hub.

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3. Ring Topology – It is in a shape similar to a ring, in which every node is connected to
only two neighbors. The messages move in only one and the same direction in this
arrangement. In case any cable or device breaks away from the loop, then it can be a fatal
problem for the entire network. Token ring technology is used to implement this type of
topology. It can be used for handling high volume of data. All devices are given the same
importance in this topology. In case the capacity is increased beyond its comfortable limit
then the network starts to compromise on speed.

4. Tree Topology – It is also known as the hierarchical topology. It can be considered as

the combination of linear bus and star topologies as it contains systems with star topology
connected to a linear bus main cable. There is dependency on the main linear bus line,
and therefore any fault in this line can bring the entire segment down. However, this type
of arrangement is supported by many hardware and software tenders. This topology is
also known as expanded star topology. The configuration and wiring is difficult in
comparison to other topologies. However, its point to point wiring for individual sections
is a desirable feature of this topology.

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5. Mesh Topology – In this type of arrangement every node participating in the network is
connected to every other node. However, this tends to be very expensive and difficult to
implement. Multiple paths are can be used for transmitting a message. Due to the
presence of dedicated links, it does not provide any traffic problem. The management of
this arrangement is tricky due to heavy wiring. The system is configured in such a way
that data takes the shortest path for reaching to its destination. Fault identification is also
easy in this type of topology.

6. Hybrid Topology – It refers to the arrangement which is basically a combination of any

two or more different types of network topologies. This arrangement is known for its
flexibility and reliability. It tends to be little expensive. It depends upon the requirements
of the organization, according to which the topologies are selected for creating a hybrid
one. Star-bus and star-ring are two popular hybrid combinations. Corporate offices
usually use this topology to link internal LANs while connecting external networks via
WANs.

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3.4. NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Network architecture is the design of a communication network. It is a framework for

the specification of a network's physical components and their functional organization and
configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as well as data formats used.
In telecommunication, the specification of a network architecture may also include a detailed
description of products and services delivered via a communications network, as well as detailed
rate and billing structures under which services are compensated.
The network architecture of the Internet is predominantly expressed by its use of the Internet
Protocol Suite, rather than a specific model for interconnecting networks or nodes in the
network, or the usage of specific types of hardware links.

3.4.1. OSI Mode

The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that
characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or
computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology. Its goal is
the interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard protocols. The model
partitions a communication system into abstraction layers. The original version of the model
defined seven layers.
A layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer below it. For example, a layer that
provides error-free communications across a network provides the path needed by applications
above it, while it calls the next lower layer to send and receive packets that comprise the contents
of that path. Two instances at the same layer are visualized as connected by
a horizontal connection in that layer.

OSI had two major components, an abstract model of networking, called the Basic Reference
Model or seven-layer model, and a set of specific protocols.

The concept of a seven-layer model was provided by the work of Charles Bachman at
Honeywell Information Services. Various aspects of OSI design evolved from experiences with
the ARPANET, NPLNET, EIN, CYCLADES network and the work in IFIP WG6.1. The new
design was documented in ISO 7498 and its various addenda. In this model, a networking system
was divided into layers. Within each layer, one or more entities implement its functionality. Each
entity interacted directly only with the layer immediately beneath it, and provided facilities for
use by the layer above it.

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 3.4.2. OSI Model Seven Layers

1. Physical (Layer 1)
OSI Model, Layer 1 conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal through
the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and
receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast
Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with physical layer components.
2. Layer 1 Physical examples include Ethernet, FDDI, B8ZS, V.35, V.24, RJ45.

2. Data Link (Layer 2)

At OSI Model, Layer 2, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It
furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical
layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers:
The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC
sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to
transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking.
3. Layer 2 Data Link examples include PPP, FDDI, ATM, IEEE 802.5/ 802.2, IEEE
802.3/802.2, HDLC, Frame Relay.

3. Network (Layer 3)
Layer 3 provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known
as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions
of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and
packet sequencing.
4. Layer 3 Network examples include AppleTalk DDP, IP, IPX.

4. Transport (Layer 4)
Layer 4, provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is
responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer.
5. Layer 4 Transport examples include SPX, TCP, UDP.

5. Session (Layer 5)
This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The
session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues
between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination.
6. Layer 5 Session examples include NFS, NetBios names, RPC, SQL.

6. Presentation (Layer 6)
This layer provides independence from differences in data representation
(e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The
presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept.
This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing freedom from
compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.
7. Layer 6 Presentation examples include encryption, ASCII, EBCDIC, TIFF, GIF, PICT,
JPEG, MPEG, MIDI.

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 7. Application (Layer 7)
OSI Model, Layer 7, supports application and end-user processes. Communication
partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are
considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is
application-specific. This layer provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and
other network software services. Telnet and FTP are applications that exist entirely in the
application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer.
v Layer 7 Application examples include Web browsers, NFS, SNMP, Telnet, HTTP, FTP.

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 CHAPTER 4 – OBJECTIVES AND REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS

4.1. OBJECTIVES

Objectives are the primary goals which are supposed to be achieved by the software project.
Objectives of developing this system are:-

v To display the whole network of the organization, which helps to manage and making
changes in it.

v To setup a real time communication system which offers one to one and one to many
mode.

v To provide higher level privacy.

-
v To provide n/w access which means the access control must vary in accordance of
user designation and department.

v To let admin check user’s authority through Command Line Interface.

v To let user message other user in private.

4.2. PROBLEM FORMULATION OF NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Before you begin with any kind of development activity it is necessary to look at what
problems exists or simply reasons for such development. If these problems are clear than
only we can duce an effective design which would be able to solve our problems successful.
Main problems for what we are developing this website are:-
v Unique access to information system
v Authority to access information in accordance to user
v Manage privacy by a single user
v Authorize user to modify the network
v Only one user can access the network at a time

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4.3. REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS

These are the minimum configuration required in your system to run this website.

4.3.1. Hardware Requirements

To create network architecture on your computer must have:-

v A computer with windows or linux operating system.

v Minimum R.A.M. = 1 G.B.
v Minimum Processor clock speed = 500MHz
v Minimum free internal memory = 30 M.B.

4.3.2. Software Requirements

To run Access on your system must have:-

v Operating system installed in your system windows 7 or higher version.
v Packet Tracer installed in your computer system.

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 CHAPTER 5 – PROJECT WORK

5.1. NETWORK CONNECTIVITY

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5.2. CONNECTIVITY OF NETWORK FLOOR-WISE

5.2.1. Ground Flour

List of Connections on Ground Floor

1. DIRECTOR OFFICE
2. ACADMIC OFFICE
3. ACCOUNTS OFFICE
4. EXAM BRANCH/OFFICE
5. LIBRARY
6. LAB 101, LAB 102
7. Room No. - 104, 120, 121, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140.

Number of devices on Ground floor is : -

1. SWITCHS ----- 03
2. ACCESS POINTS ----- 03

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 5.2.2. First Flour

List of Connections on First Floor

1. LAB 206, LAB 208

Number of devices on First floor is : -

1. SWITCHS ----- 01

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 5.2.3. Second Flour

List of Connections on Second Floor

1. SERVER ROOM (309)

2. LAB 310
3. Room No. - 311,312,329

Number of devices on Second floor is : -

1. SERVER ----- 01
2. ROUTER ----- 01
3. MODEM ----- 01
4. SWITCHS ----- 03

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 CHAPTER 6 – SNAPSHOT

6.1. CONFIGURATION

6.1.1. CONFIGURATION OF ROUETR

v Steps to configure Router using CLI.

1. Double click on Router 309-01, a pop-up window will appear with four tabs namely
Physical, Config, CLI (Command Line Interface).
2. Click on CLI.
3. When you click on CLI, router will be in mode one.
4. Enter enable to go to the second mode of router and run command configuration
terminal to go to the third mode of router.
5. On third mode run commands to assign IP address to the Router.

int f 0/0
ip address 192.168.10.9 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
int f 0/1
ip address 172.100.10.0 255.255.0.0
no shutdown

6. These commands will assign 192.168.10.9 IP to interface 0/0 with 255.255.255.0 subnet
mask and 172.100.10.1 IP to interface 0/1 with 255.255.0.0 subnet mask.

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28
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v Steps to configure Router using GUI

1. Double click on Router 309-01, a pop-up window will appear with four tabs namely
Physical, Config, CLI (Command Line Interface).
2. Click on Config, a window will appear with configuration.
3. Now select FastEthernet 0/0 and enter IP Address = 192.168.10.9 and Subnet Mask =
255.255.255.0 and then select FastEthernet 0/1 and enter IP Address = 172.100.10.2 and
Subnet Mask = 255.255.0.0
4. After entering the IP Address and Subnet Mask close the window.

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6.1.2. CONFIGURATION OF DHCP SERVER

v Steps to configure DHCP.

1. Double click on Server 309-01, a pop-up window will appear with four tabs namely
Physical, Config, Desktop and Custom Interface.
2. Click on Config, list of services will appear when you click on Config like HTTP, DHCP,
DNS, EMAIL, FTP, NTP, FIREWALL etc.
3. Select DHCP, A window will appear with DHCP Configuration.
4. By default the DHCP is OFF, firstly turn it ON.
5. After you turn ON, now enter the details like Pool Name, Default Gateway, DNS Server,
Start IP Address, Subnet Mask, Maximum Number of Users and TFTP Server.
6. After entering such details click on SAVE button.

NOTE :- The detail we use is as follows :-

Pool Name serverPool

Default Gateway 172.100.10.2

DNS Server 0.0.0.0

Start IP Address 172.100.10.101

Subnet Mask 2550.255.0.0

Maximum Number of Users 500

TFTP Server 0.0.0.0

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32
6.1.3. CONFIGURATION OF ACCESS POINT

v Steps to configure Access Point.

1. Double click on Access Point-01, a pop-up window will appear with two tabs namely
Physical and Config.
2. Click on Config, a window will appear with Access Point configuration.
3. Select INTERFACE and then click on Port 0.
4. When you click on Port 0, Port 0 setting will appear which contains Port Status,
Bandwidth and Duplex.
5. Turn Port Status ON, select Bandwidth and Duplex also.
6. Now click on Port 2.
7. When you click on Port 0, Port 0 setting will appear which contains Port Status, SSID,
Channel, Authentication and Encryption Type.
8. Turn Port Status ON, enter SSID, select Channel and Authentication and enter Key or
Pass Phrase according to Authentication.
9. After entering such details select Encryption Type.

NOTE :- The detail we use is as follows :-

PORT 0
Port Status ON
Bandwidth 100Mbps
Duplex Full Duplex
PORT 1
SSID CDLSIDT
Channel 10
Authentication WAP-2 PSK
Pass Phrase cdlsiet.01 (For Access point-01)
Encryption Type AES

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34
6.1.4. CONFIGURATION OF SWITCH

35
6.2. ASSIGNING IP ADDRESS

ÿ Assigning IP address to the Server Room 309-01

36
ÿ Assigning IP to the computers ( Nodes ) of LAB 206

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6.3. DESIGNED ARCHITECTURE

6.3.1. Complete Design

38
6.3.2. Ground Floor

Block A

39
Block B

40
6.3.3. First Floor

41
6.3.4. Second Floor

42
6.4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

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 CHAPTER 7 - CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

In this chapter we may study about the whole conclusion of development activity of the
system. It will indicate the outcome of whole project report. Whereas future scope would provide
the idea of future implementations.

7.1. CONCLUSION

In this section we may talk about what we concluded from this project report.
Conclusion points of this report are:-

v Updating and modifying the n/w architecture so that helps to find the errors easily
and location of getting error will become easy.
v The benefits of network architecture is that by having direct access to developer.
v CLI is only the interface from where the router can be established and coded.
v Improve the network efficiency without changing the hardware.

7.2. FUTURE SCOPE

Every developer has a vision to look forward about the future of its current Network or a
Network Architecture. He had not implements some feature in application due to some
acceptability issues. But in future he can as those issues could be vanished or neglected.
Future scope related to Skedaddle are:-

v Using advance networking devices or cables to improve the efficiency of the

network.

v Add some new devices if any one of net working properly due to the heavy load.

v Enhance the user- interface to understand the network architecture easily.

v More secure and easy way for making changes.

v Increase the no. and categories of modules.

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 REFERENCES

Web Sites
https://learn-networking.com
https://learningnetwork.cisco.com
http://static-pt-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/tutorials70.htm

http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/training.html

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