oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;

2012 ckESpf? yckuúLOD;tHk;azwnfaxmifaom

yckuúLpmayqk? okawoepmay

acwforkdif;tajcjy
Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;
oef;xGe;f (armfvNrKd if)

pDpOfwnf;jzwfol - a':cif0gaqG (0g0g-tif;pde)f

pmwnf; (wm0efcH)
rsufESmzHk;yef;csD - armifoGif

pmayAdrmefxkwf jynfol YvufpGJpmpOf

 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;
2013 ckESpf? yxrtBudrf? tkyfa& 1500

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Yk m0efta&;oH;k yg;

jynfaxmifpk rNydKuGJa&; ... 'dkYta&;

wefzdk; (600) usyf wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI rNydKuGJa&;... 'dkYta&;
tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwHhcdkifNrJa&; ... 'dkYta&;

yHkESdyfa&;ESifUpmtkyfxkwfa0a&;vkyfief;
pmayAdrmef acwåpmwnf;rSL;csKyf
OD;rsKd;jrifharmif (rsKd;jrwfjrwfjrifharmif)u
rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (07492) jzifh yHkESdyfí
rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (03911) jzifh xkwfa0onf/
 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;
rmwdum pOf taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
pOf taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm 7/ anmif&rf;acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 93
ed'gef; 1 anmif&rf;acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;\ a,bk,s
1/ Ak'¨qif;wkawmf pwifylaZmf udk;uG,fjcif; 5 yHo
k P²mefrsm; 97
av;cef;Ak'¨0if trSwftom; oauFwrsm; 10 8/ ukef;abmifacwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 103
pwkoHa0Zed, av;Xme 11 (1) ukef;abmifacwfOD; Ak'¨qif;wkawmfvuf&mrsm; 104
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf xkvkyfylaZmf udk;uG,fvmjcif; 13 (2) tr&yl&acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 104
tdEd´,EdkifiH\ Ak'¨qif;wkawmf pwifylaZmf - tr&yl&acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;\ a,bk,s
udk;uG,fjcif; 14 yHkoP²mefrsm; 109
2/ jrefrmEdkifiHü Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; acwftvdkuf avhvmjcif; 27 (3) &wemyHkacwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 112
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf yHkoP²meftm; cGJjcm;avhvmenf; 28 - &wemyHkacwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;\ a,bk,s
3/ ysLacwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 37 yHkoP²mefrsm; 114
ysLacwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;\ a,bk,s ed*Hk; 117
yHo
k P²mefrsm; 52 usrf;udk;pm&if; 121
4/ yk*Hacwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 57
yk*Hacwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;\ a,bk,s
yHo
k P²mefrsm; 76
5/ yif;,acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 83
6/ tif;0acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 85
tif;0acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;\ a,bk,s
yHo
k P²mefrsm; 88
 ed'gef;

jrefrmvlrsdK;ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHordkif;aMumif; ,Ofaus;rIu@

wGif ysLacwfrSonf acwftqufquf ajymif;vJvmaom Ak'¨
qif;wkawmf tEkynmvuf&mrsm;udk *kP, f 0l if<h um;pGm a&;om;
ajymqkdEkdifcJhygonf/ Ak'¨omoem\ ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfrsm;
onfvnf; ta&;ygaomu@wpf&yfjzpfí jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkY\
*kPfukd wifhw,fapEkdifcJhygonf/
þpmtkyfwGif jrefrmEkdifiH a&S;acwfa[mif; ,Ofaus;rI
tOD;tpjzpfaom ysLacwfrSonf&wemyHkacwftxd ajymif;vJ
vmaom Ak'¨qif;wkawmfvuf&m[efESifhyHkpHwdkYudk csOf;uyf
avhvmEkdif&eftwGuf a&S;a[mif;okawoetjrifjzifh csOf;uyf
avhvmxm;&Sdaomfvnf; ynm&Sifrsm;twGuf tajcrcHbJ Ak'¨
bmom0if&[ef;&Siv f rl sm;? vli,fv&l ,G rf sm; tajccH a&S;a[mif;
okawoeynm&yfrsm;udk em;vnfoabmaygufap&ef &nfoefí
a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
1
2 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 3
jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIu@wGifta&;ygaom Ak'¨qif;wkawmf yGm;í ajymqdk qefYusifaejcif;yif jzpfygonf/ ,if;odkY awG;ac:
rsm;\ ajymif;vJvmyHkrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;wifjyvdkjcif;jzpfí Ak'¨ jcif;onf tusio hf v
D tay: tajcrcHaom awG;ac:csurf sm;om
omoemxGef;um;cJhaom tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;\ Ak'¨qif;wkawmf jzpfayonf/
yHkoP²mefrsm;taMumif;udk tus,fwifjyjcif;rjyKbJ xm;&SdcJh&yg wwd,taMumif;&yfrSm vli,fvl&G,frsm; jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI
onf/ þpmtkyfukd a&;om;&ef pdwful;&vmjcif;rSm trsKd;om; tarGtESpfrsm;udk od&Sdwefzdk;xm; xdef;odrf;vdkpdwf &ifhoef
,Ofaus;rIESihf tEkynmwuúodkvfbGJUvGefjywdkuf ynmoifwef; vmap&ef jzpfygonf/
wGif q&mOD;rif;a0 ('kw, d ñTeMf um;a&;rSL;-Nird ;f ) ydkYcsoifMum;
þpmrlwGif Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;\ ykHoP²mefudk a&S;a[mif;
aom jywdkufvkyfief;okawoebmom&yfrsm;udk tajccHí
okawoetjrifjzifh acwftvkduf cJGjcm;enf;udk t"dua&;om;
avhvmod&Sd&mrS qifhyGm;xyfrHavhvmcsufrsm; jyKpkxm;jcif;
xm;&Sod jzifh Ak'q
¨ if;wkawmfrsm;tm; Ak'b
¨ ad ou taeuZmwif
jzpfygonf/
ylaZmfudk;uG,fjcif;ESifh Ak'¨Ekówd bm0emyGm;rsm;jcif;\ tusdK;
þpmtkyftm; &nf&G,fcsuf taMumif;oHk;&yftay:wGif
aus;Zl;rsm;udk qkid &f mpmtkyf trsm;tjym;a&;om;xm; &SNd y;D jzpfí
cHpm;rd&mrS a&;om;&eftaMumif;ay:vmygonf/ yxrtaMumif;
þpmrlwGif csefvSyfxm;&SdcJh&ygonf/
&yfrSm Ak'¨omoemawmfwGif Ak'¨½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmf udk MunfndK
udk;uG,f ylaZmfjcif;\ta&;ygvmyHkESifh acwftqufquf Ak'¨ þpmtkyw f iG f Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;awmfxvk yk o
f nfyh pkH EH iS [
hf efukd ESprf sKd ;
qif;wkawmf yHo k P²mefEiS [
hf efrsm;udk csO;f uyfavhvmcGjJ cm;Edik &f ef wGJí avhvmMunfhygu Ak'¨qif;wkawmfwpfqltm; ysLacwf
jzpfygonf/ yHo
k P²mef? yk*aH cwf yHo k P²mef? tif;0acwfyo Hk P²mef? anmif&rf;
acwfykHoP²mef? ukef;abmifacwfyHkoP²mef ponfjzifh acwfESifh
'kwd, taMumif;&if;rSm Ak'¨bmom0if &[ef;&Sifvlrsm;
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf jyKvkyfí udk;uG,fylaZmfrItm; ,HkrSm;oHo, a'otvku d f owfrw S Ef ikd rf nf jzpfygonf/ xkjYd yif acwfumvESihf
y,fazsmufEkdif&ef jzpfygonf/ Ak'¨bmom tqHk;tr\ tjcm; teD;pyfq;kH aomouú&mZfukd cefrY eS ;f Edik rf nf jzpfygonf/ a&S;acwf
jzpfaomolrsm;onf Ak'¨½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmf ukd;uG,fylaZmfjcif; umv vlwdkY\ tEkynmwDxGifzefwD;rI? twwfynmwkd;wufrI
udk ]½kyfwkudk;uG,folrsm;}[lí tvG,ftultjypfjrif tukodkvf ESihf ,Ofaus;rItqihftwef;ukd avhvmEdkifygonf/
4 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;
þpmtkyfonf c&D;oGm;{nfhvrf;nTefrsm;? ausmif;om;
ausmif;olrsm;? A[kokw avhvmvdkufpm;olrsm;? okawoDrsm;?
&[ef;&Sifvlrsm;twGuf tusdK;aus;Zl;&Sdrnf[k ,lqygonf/

«1»

Ak'¨qif;wkawmf pwifylaZmf
udk;uG,fjcif;
tdE´d,EkdifiH Ak'¨omoemawmfwGif xif&Sm;aom taomu
rif;w&m;BuD;vufxuftxd Ak'¨½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfudk xkvkyf
ylaZmfcJhonfh taxmuftxm;udk a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmerS
wl;azmfrawGU&Sdao;ay/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;
bDpDESpf 200 tMum wwd, o*Fg,emwifcsdefumvtxd Ak'¨
qif;wkawmfudk xkvkyfylaZmfjcif;r&Sd[k qdkEkdifygonf/
½kyfyGm;awmf Ak'¨ylZed,"avhukd wkdif;&if;om;wkdY\ ½kyfwk
ynmESifhaygif;pyfí uepfousrif;vufxuf (at'D 75) at'D
1 &mpkrSpí acwftqufquf jzwfoef; udk;uG,fcJhMuonf[k
,lqcJMh uNy;D xkx Yd ufapmí Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;awmfukd xkvyk u
f ;kd uG,jf cif;
rjyKvyk cf ahJ Mumif; ynm&SiBf u;D rsm;u okawoejyKcNhJ y;D jzpfygonf/
tdE´d,EkdifiH\ tapmqHk;apwDrsm;jzpfaom bm[Gwf (Bharhut)?
5
6 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 7
qefcsD (Sanch) ESit hf r&0wDwrYkd S ½ky<f uyHrk sm;wGif Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;awmf ynm&Sirf sm;url þ,lqcsuu f dk rSeu
f efonf[í l vufrcHcMhJ uay/
yHkrsm;udkrawGU&Sd&bJ oauFwtrSwftom;rsm;jzifhom azmfjy a&S;a[mif;okawoeynm&Sifrsm;\ ,lqcsufukd rSefonf[k
cJhMuonf/ rqkH;jzwfoifhaMumif; qkdMujyefygonf/
bm[GwfapwDwGif jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifukd,fpm; ajcawmf&m wnfawmq&mawmfu "r®yef;csDtrSwf(4)wGif bk&m;&Sif
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xk½kdif;wkdif rkcfwHcg;av;ckwGif aAm"dyifaygif; 67 yHk? xlygyHk aw&oedygwf uvd*FaAm"dZmwfawmf0,f t&SiftmeE´mu Ak'¨
32 yHk? "r®pMumt0dkif;yHk ajcmufyHkjzifh bk&m;&Sifudk,fpm;trSwf bk&m;&Siftm; ]]udk;uG,f&mapwDwdkYonf tb,frQ &Sdygoenf;}}
vu©Pmjzifhom azmfjycJhonfudk awGU&SdEkdifygonf/1 [k avQmufxm;aomtcg Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifu ]]tmeE´m? apwDwdkY
xl;jcm;csuwf pfcrk mS u@ujrif;\ausmay:ü aAm"dyiftjyif onf om&D&duapwD? y&dabm*apwD? O'´dóapwD[lí okH;rsdK;
Ak'¨\ajcawmf&mtpkHukd xkvkyfxm;&Sdonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif &Sdonf/ xkdokH;yg;wGif igbk&m; oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOf om&D&du
onf bkef;awmfteEÅ? ÓPfawmfteEÅ? wefcdk;awmfteEÅESifh apwD jyKvkyfjcif;iSmrwwfaumif;? y&dabm*apwD? O'´dóapwD
jynfhpHkoljzpfí rwky rEdIif;,SOftyfaomaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;\ awmfwdkYudk jyKvkyfjcif;iSm wwfaumif;\}} [k a[mawmfrlonf/
½kyw f ak wmfukd rxkvyk cf jhJ cif;jzpfEidk af Mumif; ynm&Sirf sm;uoH;k oyf bk&m;&Sifvufxufawmfu ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;&SdaMumif;udk
cJhMuavonf/ jynf&mZ0ifordkif;ü tm[dE´a'opuúusrf;? uyÜeE´musrf;?
þ,lqcsufrsm;onf a&S;a[mif;okawoeynm&SifwkdY\ uyܽpk u
f sr;f rsm;udk ud;k um;a&;om;cJo h nf/ xdu
k sr;f rsm;ü bk&m;&Sif
,lqcsufom jzpfygonf/ a&S;a[mif;okawoe ynm&SifwkdY vufxufrkedudk;ql&SdaMumif;ESifh rkedukd;ql\ordkif;aMumif;udk
onf wl;azmf okawoejyK&mrS ajray:awGU&Sdcsufrsm;tay: azmfjya&;om;cJhonf/ bk&m;&Sifvufxuf rkedudk;qlrSm -
wGio f m ok;H oyfcMhJ uonf/ rsujf rifawGU&Scd surf sm;tay:wGif om (1) a'0rked?
tajccHí qkH;jzwfcJhMuonf/ wl;azmfawGU&Sdcsufrsm;tay: (2) oD[rked ?
tajccHí t,ltqopfrsm;ukd wifjycJhMuayonf/ Ak'¨pmay (3) pE´mrked?
1/ rif;ok0Pf? Ak'¨qif;wkawmf avhvmcsuf (4) ousrked?
8 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 9
(5) r[mjrwfrked? jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif vufxufuyif &ckdifjynfe,fwGif Ak'¨
(6) &mZrked? bk&m;&Sifukd,fpm; ½kyfwkawmf xkvkyfylaZmfcJhaMumif;ukd &ckdif
(7) tZmwrked? &mZ0ifrsm;wGif azmfjycJhMuonf/ OD;a&TZHu ]a&S;acwf &ckdif
(8) r[mrked? orkid ;f pOfEiS ahf cwftqufquf,Ofaus;rI}pmtkywf iG f 1932 ckEpS f
(9) jA[®mrked [lí xkwfqkdwifjycJhonf/ {NyDvwGif &SmazGawGU&SdcJhaom ausmufawmfNrdKU awmifaygufBuD;
rkHa&G;q&mawmf ajzqdkaom orEÅpu©K'DyeDusrf;wGif ykpäm ausmufpmukd taxmuftxm;jyKí wifjycJhonf/
98 tjzpf ar;avQmuf&mwGif jrwfpGmbk&m;oufawmfxif&Sm; jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif 0gawmf 20 ajrmufumv om0w¬djynf
&Spd Oftcsed u f aumovrif;Bu;D onf bk&m;&Siu f Mkd unfnKd vo S jzifh a0VK0efausmif;awmfü oDwif;okH;aepOf jrefrmEkdifiH "n0wD
pE´ul;½kyfyGm;xkvkyfcJhaMumif; pum;tpOf&Sdonf/ xkd pum;onf &ckid b
f &k if pE´mol&,
d rif;Bu;D onf jrwfpmG bk&m;tm; zl;awGUvdak om
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f nf rif;Bu;D
pum;rSm 0#*Fkvd&mZZmwfwGif yg0ifonf/ xdkZmwfrSm ig;&mh yifhzdwfaMumif;odjrifonfhtwGuf r[mouú&mZf 123 ckESpf
ig;q,fwGif ryg0ifbJ 15-16 &mpkwGif ay:vmaom Zif;r,f uqkefvqef; 8 &ufaeYwGif <ua&mufawmfrlvmcJhonf/
yPÖmoZmwfrS vmaomZmwfjzpfonf/ xdkyPÖmoZmwfudk jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf w&m;"r®rsm;ukd a[mMum;ay;awmfrl&m
o*Fg,emwifusrf;trsdK;wdkYwGif ta&twGuf r0ifonfhtjyif rif;Bu;D ESiw hf uG w&m;emy&dowfrsm; aomwmyefwnfcMhJ uonf/
,Ge;f wkid ;f jynfrjS zpfaom usr;f [lí q&mtpOftqufwYkd ajymqdk jrwfpGmbk&m; om0w¬djynfokdY jyefvnf<uawmfrlcgeD;wGif
aomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? oabm,kwåd wefrwef csifhcdsefí rif;BuD;u t&Sifbk&m; jyefvnf<uawmfrlonfhtcg ukd;uG,fEkdif
vnf;aumif; ynm&Sw d Ykd tjrwftusKd ; rjyKuek [f í l rSwcf sujf yKchJ &eftwGuf ]edr®dw½kyfyGm;awmf} wpfql xm;&SdygrnfhtaMumif;
onf/ odaYk omf q&mawmfu xyfrjH znfph u G rf w
S cf sujf yKjyefygonf/ avQmufxm;&m qdwfqdwfaejcif;jzifh cGifhjyKawmfrlcJhonf/ edrd®w
o*Fg,emusr;f 0ifusr;f pkr[kwaf omfvnf; bk&m;aus;Zl;*kPaf wmf ½kyfyGm;awmf oGef;vkyfNyD;aomtcgwGif bk&m;&Sifukd,fawmfwkdif
ESifhpyfí tav;tjrwfjyKtyfaomt&mXmeodkY a&mufaom &ifaiGUawmf ckepftkyfjzifh,lí ckepfBudrfwkdifwkdif oGif;ay;awmfrl
umvwGif tav;tjrwfjyKyal Zmfouúm& jyKoifo h nfyifjzpfonf/ cJí
h ]r[mrke}d [k bGUJ ay;awmfrcl o hJ nf/ use&f pfaom&wemrsm;ukd
10 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 11
qif;wk½yk yf mG ;awmf oGe;f vkycf iG jhf yKc&hJ m ]&Siaf usmrf ek }d ? ]a&Tbo
Hk mrke}d jrif ; Ak'¨avmif;vsm od'¨w¬rif;om; awmxGufcef;wGif
ESihf ]rmefatmifjrifrek }d ½kyyf mG ;awmfo;Hk ql &&Scd ahJ yonf/ ,if;uJo h dYk toHk;jyKaomu@u jrif;udk trSwftom;jyKí
oGe;f vkyu f ;dk uG,jf cif;\tusKd ;tmedoifudk a[mMum;awmfryl g[k jrif;ü xD;jzLpdkufí trSwfvu©Pm jyKcJhMuonf/
avQmufxm;awmif;yefí jrwfpmG bk&m;ocifonf ygVdbmomjzifh jcaoF h aAm"dyifESifh a&Tyv’ifudk atmifjrifawmfrlcef;
38 *gxm&Sad om ]owåKArd o Ü wk eå af 'oem} ukd a[mMum;awmfrcl hJ twGuf jcaoFh½kyfudk trSwf vu©PmjyK ylaZmf
onf[í l yd#uwfawmfrsm;wGif azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sad omfvnf; &ckid f cJhMuonf/
&mZ0ifrsm;ü *kP, f pl mG a&;om;wifjycJo h nfudk awGU&S&d ygonf/
EG m ; jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmef pH0ifaom uqkefvjynfh
þpmtkyfwGif acwftqufqufjzwfoef;cJhaom orkdif;
aeYudk taMumif;jyKí uqkefv&moDum; NAdó
aMumif;wpfavQmuf wdk;wufajymif;vJvmaom Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
&moD jzpfonf/ NAdó&moD½kyfum; EGm;½kyfjzpf
ykHoP²mefrsm;ukda&S;a[mif;okawoetjrifjzifh avhvmwifjy
aomaMumifh EGm;½kyfudk trSwfvu©Pm jyKcJhMu
oGm;rnf jzpfygonf/
jcif; jzpfonf/
av;cef ; Ak ' ¨ 0 if trS w f t om; oauF w rsm;
xkdYjyif y&dedAÁmef pHawmfrlcef;udk xly"mwfawmf Xmyem
arm&d,acwf (bDpD 323-185)?ok*aF cwf (bDpD 185-72) apwDjzifh azmfjyMuonf/
ESihf tE¨&acwfO;D (bDpD 72-25) wküYd jrwfpmG bk&m;tm; ylaZmf&m
wGif ]av;cef;Ak'0¨ if} trSwt
f om;rsm;jzpfaom qif? jrif;? jcaoF?h
pwk o H a 0Zed , av;Xme
EGm;½kywf \
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pwkoHa0Zed, av;XmeESifhywfoufí r[my&dedAÁmefe
okawoeXme\ wl;azmfawGU&Scd surf sm;t& avhvmEkid Mf uygonf/
okwfwGif jrwfpGmbk&m;u cspfom;tmeE´m? &wemoHk;yg;ü
qif r,fawmfrm,m tdyfrufjrifcef;wGif vuf,m MunfndKaom trsdK;aumif;om; wpfOD;twGuf oGm;a&muf
eHawmif;bufrS qifjzLawmf 0ifonfudk tpGJjyK
zl;ajrmf oHa0*,loifhaomXme av;XmewdkY &Sdukef\/ tb,f
í qif½kyfudk trSwfvu©Pm jyKcJhMuonf/
av;XmewdkYenf;rlum; -
12 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 13
(u) þ vkrÁdeDomarm tifMuif;awmü ]]jrwfpGmbk&m; bk&m;jzpfawmfrcl ef;tm; aAm"dyifEiS ahf &Tyv’iyf jkH zifv
h nf;aumif;?
zGm;jrifawmfrl&m Xmeygwum;}}? jcaoF½h yk jf zifv
h nf;aumif;? w&m;OD;a[mawmfrcl ef;tm; "r®pMum
( c ) þAk'¨*,m r[maAm"dr@dKifum; ]]jrwfpGmbk&m; vSn;f bD;yHjk zifv h nf;aumif;? orif½yk jf zifh vnf;aumif;? y&deAd mÁ ef
onf twkrJh razmufrjyef rSefuefaom udk,fydkif pHawmfrlcef;tm; xly"mwfawmf XmyemapwDawmfjzifhvnf;
(oAÁnKw)ÓPfawmfudk &awmfrl&mXmeygwum;}}? aumif;?EGm;½kyyf jkH zifv
h nf;aumif; trSwt f om;jyKí Ak'b ¨ &k m;&Sif
( * ) þ rd*'g0kefawmum; ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;onf twkrJh tm; ylaZmfcJhMuonf/
"r®pMumw&m;OD;udk azmfusL;>ruf[&m Xmeyg wum;}}? þodkY oauFwtrSwftom;jzifh Ak'¨bk&m;&Siftm; ylaZmf
(C) þ rv’ m rif ; wd k Y \ uk o d e m½H k tif M uif ; &*H k u m;
cJhMuonfrSm c&pfray:rD bDpD 1 &mpktcsdef (tE¨&acwf)xd
]]jrwfpGmbk&m;onf edAÁLeef;odkY ckd0if pHjref;vsuf
jzpfaMumif; avhvm&ayonf/ ,if;okdY ae&ma'oukd ylaZmf
0dyguf ur®Z½kyfwdkY t<uif;rJhcsKyfNidrf;&m Xmeyg
&mrSwpfqifh ½kyyf mG ;awmfu;dk uG,rf t
I xd wd;k wufvmjcif; jzpfEidk f
wum;}} [lí o'¨gw&m;&Sdaom trsKd;aumif;om;
onf[lívnf; ,lqcJhMuonf/
wpfOD;twGuf oGm;a&mufzl;ajrmf oHa0*,loifh&m
Xmewpfckjzpf\}} [k a[mMum;cJhonf/
Ak ' ¨ q if ; wk a wmf xk v k y f y l a Zmf ud k ; uG , f v mjcif ;
xkdYaMumifh pwkoHa0Zed, av;Xmejzifhvnf; xkvkyfylaZmf
cJhMuonf/ pwkoHa0Zed, av;XmerSm - at'D 1 &mpkwGif *&dbk&if tvufZE´m;u tdE´d,jynf
(1) zGm;jrifawmfrl&mXme? ajrmufydkif;*E¨m&wkdif;ukd 0ifa&mufodrf;ykduf tkyfpkd;NyD;aemuf
(2) bk&m;jzpfawmfrl&mXme? *E¨m&jynfe,f yuf&S0ge,fü yg&Sm;[efESifh*&d[ef tdE´d,
(3) w&m;OD;a[m&mXme? tawG;tac: a&m>yrf;vsuf&Sdonfh Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIudk aygif;pyf
(4) y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrl&mXmewdkY jzpfygonf/ vkdufaomtcg *&dAk'¨bmom tEkynmwpf&yf xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
zGm;awmfrlcef;tm; Ak'¨0ifajcawmf&mjzifhvnf;aumif;? ay:aygufcJhygonf/ xkdtcsdefupNyD; *&d[efygaom Ak'¨½kyfyGm;
Mumzl; MumyGihf ckepfyiG jhf zifv
h nf;aumif;? qif½yk jf zifv
h nf;aumif;? awmftEkynmudk *E¨m&ausmufqpfynm&Sifrsm;u pwifxkvkyf
14 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 15
ylaZmfcJhayonf/ tdE´d,EdkifiH *E¨m&a'oü pwifxkvkyfcJhaom ykHawmfukdomru yGifhawmfrlNyD;aom 0dyóD? odcD? a0óblESifh
½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;onf rsm;pGmxif&Sm; ausmfMum;cJhonf/1 uukoef paombk&m;&Sif\ukd,fpm;awmfwkdYukd yGifhawmfrl&m
½kyfyGm;awmf[efrSm *&dESifh a&mr[efudkrSDí xkvkyfxm; opfyifEiS hf a&Tyv’iyf rHk sm;jzifh xkvyk yf al Zmfonfudk awGUjrifEidk yf gonf/
jcif; jzpfonf/ ½kyfwkwGif yuwdvlom;uJhodkY xifrSwf&onf/ (2) rxk&acwf-at'D 40 ESpfrS 320 xd (at'D 1 &mpkrS 4
taMumtjcifrsm;ay:í rsufESmawmf bJOykHoP²mef0kdif;onf/ &mpk)
ESmoD;cRefonf/ EIwfcrf;awmfrSm av;udkif;uJhodkY&Sdonf/ rPd tdE´d,jynftv,fykdif; ,rkHemjrpfurf;yg;&Sd rxk&ma'orS
awmfrmS qHprsm; wGev Yf rd af eNy;D OPSo d udk rD;vQu H ohJ Ykd wGeaYf e[ef pwifí Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;awmfudk xkvyk yf al Zmfco hJ nf/ at'D 1 &mpkwiG f
xkvkyfxm;onf/ ouFef;awmfrSm xlxlxJxJ &Sdonf/ ouFef; Ak'¨yHkawmfrsm; pwif xkvkyfylaZmf udk;uG,fcJhMuNyD; jzpfygonf/
acguf½;kd rSm tajrmif;vku d &f o dS nfukd avhvmEkid yf gonf/ odjYk zpfí Ak'¨\½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;tm; oefpGrf;BuHhcdkifrIudk OD;pm;ay; xkvkyf
Ak'q
¨ if;wkawmf tdE, d´ Ekid if üH pwifxv k yk f ylaZmfyu kH kd avhvm&m
wGif acwftvdu k f avhvmygu ydí k odom xif&mS ;rnfjzpfonf/
bDp1D &mpk (tE¨& acwf)
tdE´d,EkdifiH\Ak'¨qif;wkawmf pwifylaZmf udk;uG,fjcif; jrwfpGmbk&m; wm0wð
(1) tE¨&acwf - bDpD 72 rS 25 ESpf (bDpD 1 &mpk) omewfjynfrS ouFó
e*djk ynfoYdk qif;oufcef;
tdE, d´ wku
d ?f 'u©P
d uke;f ajrwGif tE¨&rif;quf wnfaxmif (bk & m;&S i f u k d , f p m;
tkyfpkd;cJhcsdefudk tE¨&acwf[kac:qkdygonf/ ,if;umvü Ak'¨ aAm"dyifukd xkvkyfxm;
½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfudk xkvkyfudk;uG,fjcif; r&Sdao;bJ av;cef; &Sdonf) (qefcsDapwD?
Ak'0¨ ifEiS phf wkoaH 0Zed, av;Xme txdr;f trSwyf rkH sm;jzifh Ak't
¨ m; tdEd´, EdkifiH)
ylaZmfcMhJuaomumv jzpfygonf/ taxmuftxm;tjzpf bm[Gwf
apwDawmfrS vuf&ef;ausmufjym;rsm;wGif a*gwrbk&m;&Sif\
1/ jrihfatmif? Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmf rlvtp
16 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 17
ylaZmfcJhMuonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif oufawmf 40 ESpft&G,f0ef;usif qHawmfrSm qHxkH;uJhokYd&SdNyD; vufz0g;? ajcz0g;awmfwdkYü
ykHoP²mefukd OD;pm;ay;í xkvkyfylaZmfrIrsm;onf/ tdE´d,EkdifiH pufvu©Pmrsm;? oGw¬duoMumrsm;? Bwd&wevu©Pmrsm;
rxk&m a&S;a[mif;tEkynmjywkdufwGif rxk&macwfvuf&mrsm; yg&So
d nf/ yv’if\abmifü jA[®Dtu©&myGm; wpfrsdK;jzpfaom
jyoxm;onfukd avhvmEkdifygonf/ awv*kuEé&d tu©&mrsm;jzifh pmwef;rsm;vnf; awGU&Sd&rnf
jzpfonf/
bDpD 2 &mpk bk&m;&Sifukd,fpm; ajcawmf&mukd ylaZmfae[ef
ausmufqpfvuf&m (ukd;vfuwåm;jywdkuf? tdEd´,EdkifiH) (3) tr&0wDacwf (at'D 2 &mpk)
tdE´d,EkdifiH ta&SUawmifykdif; tr&0wDNrdKUwpf0kdufü jyKvkyf
aom vuf&mrsm;jzpfí tr&0wDacwf[k ac:onf/ tr&0wD
acwfü Ak'¨0ifcef;rsm;udk ½kyfyGm;awmfjzifh xkvkyfcJhMuonf/
ajcxyfoabm&So d nf/ vuf,m&pf c½kacGyg qHawmfwu Ykd kd xkvyk f
xm;onfrSm ysLacwfvuf&mrsm;ESifh wlnDonfudk awGU&Sd&onf/
tr&0wDNrdKUrSwpfqifh a&vrf;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiH oa&acwå&m
NrdKUodkY Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI a&muf&SdvmcJhMuonf[k ,lqcJhMuygonf/
qif;wkawmf vuf&mrsm;omru ysLacwf\,Ofaus;rIEiS hf pmay
ta&;tom;wkdYonfvnf; tr&0wD ,Ofaus;rIESifh qufoG,frI
&SdaeNyD;jzpfonf/
Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;tm;vkH; ausmufjzLjzifh wpfjcrf;azmif;
½ky<f ursm; xkvyk af vh&ydS gonf/ uk,d u
f m,zGUH NzKd ;rIudk OD;pm;ay;í
ylaZmfcJhonf/ nmvufawmfukd tNrJvkdyif vuf0g;jzefYíxm;
&Sad om Ak'o ¨ rPrkj'mrsm; yko
H P²mef xkvyk af vh&o
dS nf/ b,fajcay:
nmajcxyfwifaom ½kd;½kd;wifysOfacGrsdK;om xkvkyfylaZmfrI
rsm;onf / ouF e f ; awmf t vd y f u k d OD ; pm;ay; xk v k y f í
18 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 19
*E¨m&acwf vuf&mqif;wkawmfonf tEkynmvuf&m tajymif
ajrmufqHk;jzpfí ajyjypfacsmarmrIudk obm0ay:vGifatmif
xkvkyf ylaZmfMuonfudk awGU&Sd&onf/ *E¨m&wkdif;\ Ak'¨bmom
qk d i f & m tEk v uf & mrsm;wG i f *&d v l r sd K ;wd k Y \ tpOf t vm
,Ofaus;rIrsm; aygif;pyfyg0ifaeonfukd awGU&Sd&onf/ xl;jcm;
onfrmS qHawmfrmS vIid ;f wGejYf zpfí ouFe;f awmf twGet Yf acguf
wduYk dk xkvyk x
f m;onfukd obm0uspmG awGU&S&d onf/ tcsKUd ykrH sm;ü
ouFef;pukd qkyfukdifxm;&Sdonf/
"r®puúrkj'mtjyif nmvufwpfzufwnf; vuf0g;jzefYí
(0dwuúrkj'm) vnf; xkvkyfylaZmfavh&Sdonf/ yv’ifawmfwGif
Ak'¨0ifykHrsm;ESifhqkdifaom t½kyfi,frsm;ukdvnf; xkvkyfylaZmfavh
&Sdonf/

at'D 1 &mpk Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmf (rxk&macwf) (jrL;epfjywdkuf? (5) *kyÜwacwf - at'D 325 rS 658 xd (at'D 4 &mpk- 7
*smreDEdkifiH) &mpk )
b,fyckH;ay:ü vdyfí wifxm;aom ouFef;wGefYrSm txl; p`E´*kyÜwm;rif; wnfaxmifaomacwfukd *kyÜwacwf[k
xif&Sm;onf/ rPdawmf yg½kHom awGU&Sd&onf/ ac:qkdMuonf/ *kyÜwacwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf vuf&mrsm;onf
(4) *E¨&acwf (at'D 2 &mpkrS 5 &mpkxd) oEÅdokc om,mcsrf;ajrhrI? Nidrf;at;rIpaom Ak'¨twGif;pdwf
oEÅmefawmfukd ay:vGiaf tmif xkvyk v
f mMuonf/ txif&mS ;qk;H
ygupöwefEikd if EH iS fh tmz*efepöwefEikd if w
H o
Ydk nf a&S;acwfu
qif;wkawmfrSm rd*'g0kef a&S;a[mif;tEkynmjywkduf&Sd yÍö0*¾D
*E¨m&wdkif; jzpfcJhonf/ *E¨m&wdkif;\ Ak'¨ausmufqif;wkrsm;
ig;OD;wdkYukd w&m;OD; a[mMum;aeykHjzpfonf/ oJausmufESifh
onf at'D 1 &mpk aemufyidk ;f xGe;f um;cJo h nf[k ,lqcJMh uonf/
20 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 21
twef;rsm;jzifh yDjyifpmG xkvyk Ef idk cf yhJ gonf/ rPdawmfrmS ay:vGif
yDjyifr&I o dS nfudk awGU&onf/ *kywÜ acwfEiS w hf n
l aD omvuf&mukd
xdik ;f Edik if H rGeaf 'oa[mif; 'Gg&m0wDwiG f wl;azmfawGU&Scd MhJ uonf/
at'D 2-4 &mpk (6) ygvacwf - at'D 855 rS 1840 xd (at'D 9 &mpk-
Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmf 12 &mpk)
(*E¨m&acwf)
(xl;jcm;csufrSm
tdE´d,jynf ta&SUykdif; AD[me,fESifh b*Fvm;e,fwkdYwGif
qHawmfonf ygvrif;qufrsm; tkypf ;dk aomacwfudk ygvacwf[k ac:qko d nf/
a&vdIif;oP²mef&Sd) ygvacwfwGif Ak'¨yHkawmfomru tjcm;aomAk'¨0ifcef;rsm;udk
(tmz*efepöwefEdkifiH) yl;wGNJ y;D xkvyk v f mMuonf/ Ak'0¨ if&pS cf ef;? Ak'0¨ ifu;dk cef; txdyif
xnfo h iG ;f xkvyk v
f mMuonf/ jrefrmEkid if üH yk*aH cwf qif;wkawmf
xkvkyfjcif;twwfudk ygve,fom; yef;ykynm&Sifrsm;xHrS
wpfqifch cH o hJ nf[k qdEk idk af vmufatmif ygvacwf qif;wkawmf
vuf&mESifh wlnDonf[k ynm&Sifrsm; rSwfcsufjyKMuonf/
aMu;0gukd tok;H jyKí xkvyk yf al ZmfMuonf/ qHawmfudk vuf,m&pf
ygvacwf vuf&mrsm;onf tEkpdwf xkvkyf&mwGif pH,l
qHacG twef;rsm;jzpfatmif xkvkyfxm;&Sdonf/ rPdawmfrSm
Ekdifavmufaom Ak'¨qif;wkawmfykHrsm;jzpfonf/ teufa&mif
tr&0wDacwfxuf ykdíyDjyifrI &Sdvmygonf/
rD;oihfausmufrsm;ukd acsmrGwfatmif ta&mifwif xkvkyfxm;
Ak'*¨ ,m? rd*'g0ke?f **Fgjrpf0rS ;f a'o tr&m0wD? b*Fvm;e,f EkdifrIonf ygvacwf\ xl;jcm;rIjzpfonf/ ausmufqpfvuf&m?
paom e,frsm;txdyg tESHYtjym;ü *kyÜwacwf vuf&mrsm;ukd aMu;oGe;f vuf&mESihf ajrrD;zkwf tkwcf u G vf uf&mrsm;udk tEkpw d f
awGU&SdEkdifygonf/ xuf0,fzGJUacG qif;wkawmftjyif &yfawmfrl rGrf;rH xkvkyfEkdifcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmf\ ykHawmfwpfqlwnf;
qif;wkawmfrsm;ukdvnf; xkvkyfylaZmfavh&Sdygonf/ aMu;0gESifh xkvkyfylaZmfjcif;tjyif tjcm;Ak'¨0ifcef;rsm;ukdyg wGJzufxkvkyf
oJausmufjzifh xkvkyfavh&SdNyD; qHawmfukd vuf,m&pfqHacG ylaZmfcJhonfukd avhvmawGU&SdEkdifygonf/
22 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 23

at'D 5 &mpk
"r®puúrkj'm
(*kyÜwacwf)
at'D 6-12 &mpk (rd*'g0kef a&S;a[mif;
Ak'¨aMu;qif;wkawmf tEkynmjywdkuf)
('Gg&m0wDacwf)
(rufx½dyk v
kd w
D efjywdu
k ?f
e,l;a,muf)

Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif y&dedAÁmefpHNyD; 544 ESpfcefYtMumwGif

rSom Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;tm; xkvkyfudk;uG,fylaZmfonfudk
awGU&Sd&onf/ a&S;OD;pGm 12 vufrt&G,f yHkawmfxkvkyf ylaZmf
MuaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/
24 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 25
jref r mEk d i f i H ü Ak ' ¨ q if ; wk a wmf pwif u d k ; uG , f j cif ; ig;pifwDrDwm&Sd Ak'¨qif;wkawmf wpfqlESifh 2003 ckESpf wl;azmf
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif AdóEdk;acwfü Ak'¨omoemonf tdE´d, &&Sdaom 14 pifwDrDwmtjrifh&Sd aMu;Ak'¨ ½kyfwkwpfqlwkdYu
jynfrS a&muf&SdjyefYyGm;vmcJhonf/ AdóEdk;odkY a&muf&Sdvmaom oufaojyKvsuf&Sdonf/
omoemonf tdE´d,jynfawmifydkif; tE¨&a'owGif xGef;um; a&S;a[mif;okawoeynm&Sifrsm;\ cefYrSef;csuft& oa&
aom omoemrsdK;jzpfonf/ ,if;Ak'¨bmomonf ½kyfyGm;qif;wk acwå&monf at'D 4 &mpkrS 9 &mpkxdwkdifatmif wdk;wuf
udk udk;uG,fylaZmfjcif; rjyKonfh omoem*dkPf;jzpfonf/1 xGe;f um;cJí h 10 &mpkcefw Y iG f ysu,
f iG ;f cJo
h nf[k ,lqxm;onf/
a&S;a[mif;okawoe taxmuftxm;rsm;t& oa&acwå&mwGif
(Ad ó Ed k ; ES i f h ord k i f ; tjrif ) ,if;,lqcsufonf rSefuefrI
½kyfyGm;qif;wkrsm;? apwDrsm;ponfwdkYudk ylaZmfudk;uG,faom
r&SdEkdifaMumif; 1996 ckESpfwGif AdóEkd;rSawGU&Sd&onfh tjrifh
tavhtxonf aumif;rGefpGmxGef;um;vsuf &SdNyD;jzpfonf/
a&S;a[mif;omoedu taqmuftOD? ypön;f rsm;udk axmufxm;í
Ak'o¨ moemonf oa&acwå&me,fajrü at'D 4 &mpkwnf;uyif
wdk;wufjyefYyGm;aeNyD;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ cifbuke;f rS wl;azmf
&&So d nfah &Taycsyf 20 wGif tdE´d,jynfawmifydkif; a&S;a[mif;
awv*luecdk tu©&mjzifh yd#uwfawmf aumufEkwfcsufrsm;
at'D 9 &mpk
yg&Sdjcif;1 ? uef0ufacgif;ukef;rS wl;azmfawGU&Sdaom rPdawmf
oJausmufqif;wkawmf
(qewfjywdkuf? usKd; aeaom Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfwpfql\yv’if ywfvnfrsufESm
tdEd´,EdkifiH) av;zufvHk;ü ysLESifhouú#pm a&mpyfa&;om;xm;csufwGif
qif;wkawmfrSwfwrf;yg&Sdjcif;rsm;ukd taxmuftxm;jyKí
Ak'¨bmom aumif;pGmxGef;um;aeaMumif;udk cefYrSef;Ekdifayonf/
odkYjzpfí oa&acwå&mwGif Ak'¨omoemonf bk&m;½kyfyGm;
awmf? apwDyx k ;kd rsm;? w&m;awmf a&Taycsyrf sm;ESihf &[ef;oHCmrsm;
1/ AdóEdk;ESifh ordkif;tjrif 1/ trsKd;om;jywdkufü jyoxm;&Sdonf/
26 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;
oDwif;oHk;&m omoedu taqmuftODESifh oHCmawmfrsm;udk
awGU&Sd&ojzifh &wemoHk;yg;t*Fg pHknDaeNyD;jzpfaom omoem
awmfonf oa&acwå&macwfwGif cdkifrmpGm xGef;um;aeNyDjzpf
aMumif; aumuf,lEkdifygonf/
Ak ' ¨ q if ; wk a wmf r sm;ud k xk v k y f M u&mwG i f &yf a wmf r l y H k ?
wifysOfacGyHk? avsmif;awmfrlyHk ponfjzifh [eftrsdK;rsdK; xkvkyf
udk;uG,fMuonf/ avsmif;awmfrl bk&m;trnf av;yg;&Sdonf/ «2»
(1) ta&SUudk
OD;acgif;jyKaomf - a&Tomavsmif;?
jrefrmEkdifiH Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;
(2) awmifudk acwftvkduf avhvmjcif;
OD;acgif;jyKaomf - aygif;vJ?
jref r mEk d i f i H Ak ' ¨ q if ; wk a wmf o rd k i f ; tm; ,Of a us;rI
(3) taemufudk ajymif;vJrI ordkif;pOftvdkuf -
OD;acgif;jyKaomf - oOyg'Daoy&dedAÁmef?
1/ ysLacwf (at'D 1 &mpkrS 9 &mpkxd)?
(4) ajrmufudk
2/ yk*Hacwf (at'D 11 &mpkrS 13 &mpkxd)?
OD;acgif;jyKaomf - tEkyg'Daoy&dedAÁmef
3/ yif;,acwf (at'D 13 &mpk)?
[k ac:qdkMuygonf/1
4/ tif;0acwf (at'D 13 &mpkaESmif;rS 15 &mpkxd)?
½kyyf mG ;awmfw\ Ykd ouFe;f awmfwu Ykd v dk nf; t½H?k tNcKH ? twif
5/ anmif&rf;acwf (at'D 15 &mpkaESmif;rS 17 &mpkxd)?
ponfh ouFef;trsdK;rsdK;ESifh xkvkyfMuonf/ rudk#f? em;uif;?
b,uf? vufaumuf? vufusyf trsKd ;rsKd ;ygaom rif;0wfwefqm 6/ ukef;abmifacwf (at'D 17 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;)?
(ZrÁLywd) yHkawmf trsdK;rsdK;jzifhvnf; xkvkyfylaZmfcJhMuonf/ 7/ &wemyHkacwf (at'D 18 &mpk)
[lí cGJjcm;avhvmwifjyvQif oifhavsmfrnf[k ,lqygonf/
1/ r[mokw? 'k-wJG? pm-56
27
28 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) jrefrmEkdiacwf
fiH Ak'o
¨qrdifki;wk
f;taj
awmf
cjyrsmAk; 'acwf
¨qif;wk
tavkwmf
dufravh
sm; vmjcif; 29
Ak ' ¨ q if ; wk a wmf yH k o P² m ef t m; cG J j cm;avh v menf ; (u) OPS d ó qdkonfrSm OD;xdyfoif;uspf? ezl;pnf;? ezl;
acwftvdkuf ajymif;vJoGm;aom ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfyHk oif;uspfjym;? OD;&pfacgif;aygif;awmf (wpfenf;) OD;acgif;awmf
[efyefrsm;udk avhvm&mwGif teD;pyfqHk;? tvG,fulqHk;tjzpf- jzpfygonf/ rSefuif;awmf[lívnf; ac:qdkavh &Sdygonf/1
(1) OD;acgif;awmfydkif; ezl;oif;uspf qdkonfrSm -
(2) rsufESmawmfydkif; (1) Ak'¨\ ezl;xufwGif ay:aeaom tom;vTm?
(3) udk,fum,ydkif; (2) ezl;wGif pnf;aESmif&aom tqifwefqm ezl;pnf;
(4) vufawmftaetxm; jym;udk ac:qdkjcif; jzpfygonf/
(5) ajcawmftaetxm; xkdYjyif Ak'¨\ rsufarSmifawmf ESpfzufMum;wGif &Sdaom
(6) yv’ifawmfydkif; tarG;awmf (OPÖvHk) udkvnf; avhvm&ygrnf/ Ak'¨\ 32 yg;
(7) xl;jcm;csufrsm; aom vu©PmBuD;wGif -
[lí tao;pdwf cGJjcm; avhvmvQif vG,fulpGmjzifh acwftydkif; OPÖ Z mawm
mawm-rsufcHk;ESpfzufwdkY\tv,f aomuf½SL;Mu,f
tjcm;udk rSwfwrf;wifEkdifrnf jzpfygonf/ Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; toGif aiGeef;csnfrQifuJhodkY jzLpif0if;opf? vuf,m&pf½Hk?
\ tajccH jcm;em;csufukd ykHpH (Type) tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? pdefMu,fyGifhyHkuJhodkU OPÖvHk arG;&Sifawmfonfvnf; &Sd\/
[ef (Style) tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; avhvmjcif;jzifh acwf tvku
d ?f OPÖoDaom - a&Tjym;udk ywfouJhodkY ezl;oif;uspfjzifh
a'otvkduf uGJjym;rIukd avhvmawGU&SdEkdifygonf/ jc,fpDtyfaom OD;acgif;awmfvnf; &Sd\/2
Ak'¨&Sifawmf\ OPSvHk arG;&SifawmfESifh ywfoufí pG,fpHk
(1) OD;acgif;awmfydkif; ausmfxifusrf;&Sd tar;tajzudk avhvmvQif ydkí &Sif;vif;pGm
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf\ OD;acgif;awmfydkif;tm; avhvm&mwGif- odEkdifygonf/
(u) OPSdó? 1/ evm# "mwfawmfusrf; ed'gef;
( c ) rPdawmf (qHawmf) [lí cGJjcm;Ekdifygonf/ 2/ *kPfawmfteEÅ jrwfAk'¨? pm-86
30 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) jrefrmEkdiacwf
fiH Ak'o
¨qrdifki;wk
f;taj
awmf
cjyrsmAk; 'acwf
¨qif;wk
tavkwmf
dufravh
sm; vmjcif; 31
]]arG;&SifawmfpHk? OPÖvHk? qefYwHkb,favmuf&Snfoenf;}}1 wnf ; [l a om {auuavmr vu© P m? rsuf a rS m if a wmf
[lívnf;aumif;? ]]OPSvHkrnf? arG;&Sifonf? xl;vnf b,f ESpfzufMum;üa&mufaom OPÖvHk arG;&Sifawmfwnf;[laom
aumif;rIaMumifhenf;}}2 [lí ar;jref;cJhygonf/ OPÖbrkuEÅ& vu©Pm þvu©PmESpfyg;udk&awmfrlaMumif;
Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ OPSvHk arG;&Sifawmfonf a&Tom;tif;ysOfü usD;oJav;xyfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rS ajzqdkcJhonfudk rSwfom;
wifxm;aom aiGjrKyfpkuJhodkY rsufarSmifawmf ESpfzufwdkY\ &ygonf/
tv,fü aygufxGufí txufezl;odkY uGefYjrL;vsuf vuf,m xkdYjyif OPÖvHk arG;&SifawmfESifh oufqdkifaom taMumif;
&pf vnfumwnfaom tarG;awmfonf OPÖvHk arG;&Sifawmf t&mudk u0dvu©Pm owfyHk oHaygufjzifh pyfqdkxm;onfudk
rnf\/ xkdOPÖvHkarG;&Sifawmfonf iifíqGJaomf wpfvHcGJrQcefY vnf; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
&Sd\/ vTwfaomcPü jcL;em;awmif;uJhodkY &pfacGvsuf txuf - vufawmfiifqGJ wpfvHcGJ? ajymifNyJezl;zsm;1
odkY tnGefYarQmfí wnfjyef\/ þpum;jzifh t&Snfudk odtyf\ - arG;&SiftpHk OPÖvHk? a&mif[kHawG;&a&G;2
[lí ajzMum;cJhonf/ - arG;&SifawmfysH? ezl;,H? wpfvHawmftcG3J
xkdYjyif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf r[kwfrrSefqdkjcif;udk y,fpGefY [lí pyfqdkxm;cJhonf/
awmfrlonfhjyif r[kwfrrSefaom pum;udk qdkjcif;rS a&SmifMuOf t"dyÜm,frSm jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ezl;zsm;ü xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
awmfrlcJhygonf/ rSefaompum;udk qdkavh &Sdygonf/ rSefaom aygufa&mufNyD; vuf,m&pfacGí tzsm;txufodkY aumhwuf
pum;ESifh rSefaompum;udk aphpyfwwfoljzpfí NrJNrHwnfMunf wnf&Sdaeaom OPÖvHk arG;&SifawmfrSm vufawmfjzifh iifí
aom pum;&Sdol jzpfygonf/ ,HkMunfavmufaom pum;jzifh qGJqefYvkdufygu t&Snf wpfvHcGJrQ &Sdonf/
vltaygif;udk rcRwfr,Gif;apEkdifoljzpfcJhzl;oljzpfonf/ þodkY xkdYjyif jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ezl;zsm;ü wnf&Sdaom OPÖvHk
qd k t yf N yD ; aom aumif ; rI a wmf w d k Y a Mumif h wpf c k w nf ; aom arG;&Siaf wmf\ ta&mifonf rsm;jym;onf/ eDaxG;axG;uav;
arG;wGi;f ü wpfacsmif; wpfacsmif;pDom a&mufaom arG;nif;awmf 1/ pdEÅausmfol OD;Mo? u0dvu©PowfykHusrf;? yk'f 48
1/ pG,fpHkausmfxifusrf; yk'fa& 250 2/ pdEÅausmfol OD;Mo? u0dvu©PowfykHusrf;? yk'f 132
2/ pG,fpHkausmfxifusrf; yk'fa& 833 3/ pdEÅausmfol OD;Mo? u0dvu©PowfykHusrf;? yk'f 192
32 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) jrefrmEkdiacwf
fiH Ak'o
¨qrdifki;wk
f;taj
awmf
cjyrsmAk; 'acwf
¨qif;wk
tavkwmf
dufravh
sm; vmjcif; 33
xifonf/ arG;&Sifawmfonf qGJíqefYygu tvsm;tm;jzifh vufESpfopf wnf&pfaMumif;udk odtyf\/ bk&m;ocif
wpfvHESifh wpfvHcGJ odkYr[kwf wpfvH\ wpf0uf odkYr[kwf vuf E S p f o pf a wmf o nf rZö s d r yk & d o wd k Y ü ajcmuf o pf ?
ESpfawmifcefY &Snfvsm;onf[lí t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/ yuwdyk&dowdkYü udk;opfjzpf&um; qHawmfudk ajcmufopf
(c) rPd a wmftm; avhvm&müqHawmf\ taetxm; qd k a omf v nf ; oif h \ / ud k ; opf q d k a omf v nf ; oif h \ /
udk avhvmjcif; jzpfygonf/ Ak'¨\ ÓPfynmBuD;rm;rIESihf t&mXmeodkYvkdufí csifhwGuf&rnfh oAÁnKbk&m;ocifwdkY
xk;d xGi;f odjrifru I dk uk,
d pf m;jyKaom qif,ifx;Hk zGUJ rI acwftvdu
k f rSom qHawmfvufESpfopf &Sdonfr[kwf? yapöuAk'¨wdkYrSm
vuf & mrsm;wG i f qH a wmf y H k o P² m ef o nf v nf ; xl ; jcm;pG m vnf; qHrkwfqdwfawmf vufESpfopf&Sdonf
ajymif;vJrI&Sdonfudk awGU&Sd&ygonf/ [lí ajzMum;onfudk MunfndK&ygonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ qHawmfESifh ywfoufí orEÅpu©K'DyeD
usrf;ü tar;tajz jyKxm;onfrSmvnf; MunfndKzG,f&m&Sdonf/ (2) rsufESmawmfydkif;
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ qHawmfy,f&mü ]]qHawmfonf vufav;opf rsufESmawmfydkif;udk avhvm&mü (u) rsufESmawmfydkif;? (c)
<uif;onfavm? vuf&Spfopf <uif;onfavm}} tar; pum;udk em;&Gufawmf[lí cGJjcm;avhvmoifhygonf/ orEÅpu©K 'DyeD
ajzMum;&mwGif - usr;f ü toDwmEkAsOeÆ vu©Pmawmft&mü t,wm ½kpd uPÖ?
vuf,mvufawmfjzifh jrwfaom vufpGJawmfjzpfaom &Snfaomem;? ESpfvdkzG,fem;&Sdaomtjzpf[k qdkxm;ygonf/
oefvsufawmfudk,lí vuf0Jvufawmfjzifh rudk#fawmfESifh
wuG OD;aoQmifudk udkifíjzwfawmfrl\/ qHawmfwdkYonf (3) udk,fcE¨mydkif;
vufESpfopfrQjzpfí vufzsm;&pftm;jzifh vnfukefvsuf udk,fcE¨mydkif;wGif ouFef;awmf xkvkyfrIudk avhvmoifhyg
OD;acgif;awmfü uyfuek \ f / xkq
d aH wmfw\
Ykd touf xufq;kH onf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ouFef;awmfESifh ywfoufí orEÅpu©K
vufESpfopfaom yrmPonfomvQif jzpf\/ wpfzef 'DyeDusrf;wGif ajzMum;onfudkvnf; MunfndKzG,f rSwfom;&yg
qHrkwfqdwfwdkYudk &dwfcsjcif;onf rjzpf/ þodkY ponfjzifh onf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ouFef;awmfonf jrwfpGmbk&m; txGm
Ak ' ¨ 0 if t |uxm paomusrf ; wd k Y ü vmaomaMumif h awmfjzifh tvsm; udk;xGm? teH ajcmufxGm&Sd\/ rZösdr yk&do
34 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) jrefrmEkdiacwf
fiH Ak'o
¨qrdifki;wk
f;taj
awmf
cjyrsmAk; 'acwf
¨qif;wk
tavkwmf
dufravh
sm; vmjcif; 35
tawmifjzifhum; oHk;qjzpfí tvsm; wpfq,fhoHk;awmifxGm? (5) vufawmfykdif;
teH ud;k awmif&\ dS / yuwdvw l \Ykd tawmifjzifu h m; rZösrd yk&o
d vufawmf taetxm;ukd avhvm&mü vufawmfrSm
tawmifwGif wpfckcGJ wufjyefí tvsm; tawmif ESpfq,fESifh ajrukdxdrmefatmifawmfrlykH (blrdzórkj'm)? vufESpfzufESifh
ajcmufopf? teH oHk;awmifxGmjzpf\/ rZösdr yk&do tawmifudk pufvSnfhykHukd jyoonf/ "r®pMuma[m[ef ("r®uúrkj'm)? rpkd;&drf
,cktcg vuform;tawmif[k ac:onf/ Muvifh[k vufacsmif;tay:axmifNyD; vufz0g; tjyifjzefY
ouFef;½kH&mwGif ouFef;tvdyfrsm; wGefYykHrsm;rSm rwlnD jyonfh taetxm;ykH (tb,rkj'm)? vufn§dK; vufr xdNyD;
onfukd avhvmawGU&SdEkdifygonf/ rif;0wfbk&m;rsm;wGif rukd#f BupH nf? aqG;aEG;[efyHk (0dwuúrjk 'm)? vufacsmif; atmufpu
dk Nf y;D
em;uif;? em;qGJ? vnfqGJrsm;ukd acwfOD;ykdif;umv qif;wkawmf vufz0g; tjyifjzefYjyaom qkay;ykH (0&'rkj'm)rsm;ukd avhvm
rsm;wG i f awG U &S d & aomf v nf ; aemuf y k d i f ; vuf & mrsm;wG i f &ygrnf/ vufacsmif;rsm;tm; wlnDpGm xkvkyfylaZmfxm;ykH
vufaumuf? vufusyf? cg;BudK;? csuftkyf? ajcusif;? ajceif; rsm;ukd avhvm&ygrnf/
rsm;ukd awGU&Sd&ygonf/
(6) yv’ifawmfykdif;
(4) ajcawmfykdif; ½kywf ak wmftwGuf yv’irf sm;wGif Mumyv’if (A'¨y'krmoe)?
xuf0ufzGJUacG ykHoP²mef qif;wkawmfrsm;wGif ajcESpfzuf jcaoF h y v’ i f (oD [ moe)? pd e f a wmif ? rk d ; Bud K ;oG m ;yk H y v’ i f
ukd txufatmufxyfNyD; xkdifaeykHoP²mef (yv’ifumoe)ESifh (0Zd&moe)rsm;ukd avhvm&ygrnf/ a&S;u wpfrsdK;pDcGJí yv’if
ajcESpfzufukdcsdwfNyD; xkdifaeykH (bj'moe) [lí uGJjym;onfukd ukd xkvkyfcJhMuonf/
awGU&rnfjzpfygonf/ ajcwpfacsmif; wGaJ vmif;csyHk (vmvdwmoe)? ½kyfyGm;awmf xkvkyfonfh [efudk Munfhí rxk&macwf?
ajcESpaf csmif;vk;H wGaJ vmif;csxm;ykH (yvr®yg'goe) ukd avhvm tr&0wDacwf? *kyÜwacwf? ygvacwf[lí cGJjcm;Ekdifygonf/
Ek d i f y gonf / rwf & yf u k d , f a wmf w d k Y w G i f ajcpk H & yf A sm'd w f y k H ? jrefrmEkdifiH acwftqufquf ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;ukdvnf;
ajcwpfzufvSrf; a'opm&DykHrsm; uGJjym;onfukdvnf; owdjyK& ysLacwfykHoP²mef? yk*HacwfykHoP²mef? tif;0acwf ykHoP²mef
ygrnf/ ponfjzifh acwfESifha'otvkduf owfrSwfEkdifMuygrnf/
36 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;
ykpH EH iS hf [ef ESprf sKd ;vk;H wGí
J ½kyyf mG ;awmfwpfqt
l m; avhvm
ygu acwfumvESifh teD;pyfqkH;aom ouú&mZfukd cefYrSef;Ekdif
rnf jzpfygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHonf Ak'¨omoem xGef;um;aom
EkdifiHjzpfí jrefrmwdkY\ tEkynmonf Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI tEkynm
ESifh qufpyfaeonfukd awGU&Sd&ygrnf/ odkYjzpfí ½kyfyGm; qif;wk «3»
awmfrsm; avhvmjcif;jzifh jrefrmrI ,Ofaus;rI tEkynm
vuf&mukdvnf; avhvmonf rnfygonf/ jrefrmwdkYu rsKd;½dk;
ysLacwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;
pOfquf xdef;odrf;í *kPf,l&rnhf ,Ofaus;rIrsm; jzpfygonf/
jrefrmEkdifiH ysLacwfonf at'D 1 &mpkrS 9 &mpktxd
wnf&cdS ahJ Mumif; ordik ;f ynm&Sirf sm;u owfrw
S cf MhJ uonf/ ysLacwf
NrdKUjyEkdifiHrsm;rSm AdóEdk;? rdkif;arm? [efvif;? oa&acwå&m
NrdKUrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ysLacwfwGif ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemESifh
qdkifaom ½kyfwkrsm;pGmudk a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmerS wl;azmf
awGU&SdcJh&onf/
AdóEdk;NrdKUa[mif;wGif at'D2 &mpk[k cefYrSef;&aom jA[®D
tu©&mjzifh a&;om;xm;aom ]oHCoD&d} pmyg ajrrD;zkwf
wHqdyfudk awGU&SdcJhonf/ at'D 1 &mpk tr&0wDausmufpmrsm;
wGif awGU&onfhtwdkif; ]oD&d} aemufqufwGJ wyfxm;aom
trnf jzpfonf/ ,aeYtxd AdóEdk;onf tapmqHk; ysLNrdKUjy
EkdifiHjzpfaMumif; ynm&Sifrsm;u rSwfcsufcsxm;cJhonf/ AdóEdk;
wGif apwD[k ,lqaom t0dkif;tkwfcHkESifh taqmufttHkrsm;
37
38 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) ysLrdacwf
acwfo kif;tajAkc'jy¨qAkif';wk
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;wkraswmf
m; rsm; 39
u 'l;ay:wifxm;onf/ xdkaMu;qif;wkawmf\ ],l} yHkoP²mef
ouFef;tacgufu 'l;ESpfzuftMum; usaeyHk&Sdonf/ tvm;wl
],l} yHkoP²mef ouFef;ESifh Ak'¨qif;wktjrifh 13 pifwDrDwmudk
om*&rSvnf;aumif;? tjcm;qif;wkwpfqu l kd wGaH w;rSvnf;aumif;
&&SdcJhonf/
þqif;wk oH;k qlv;kH wGif ouFe;f onf vuf0b J uf ycH;k udo
k m
zHk;vTrf;NyD; vuf,mvuf ajr§mufxm;onf/ aMu;qif;wkawmf\
qHacGusyHkESifhrsufESmawmfonf oa&acwå&m av;rsufESm
*lb&k m;rS ausmufA'k q ¨ if;wkEiS hf wlaeonfukd awGU&onf/ xkjYd yif
xkid ;f Edik if t
H v,fyikd ;f 'Gg&m0wDNrKd Ua[mif;wpfcjk zpfaom ecHyk xH&k dS
qif;wkawmf ouFef;usyHkESifh wlonf/ ecHkyxHkrS qif;wkawmfudk
at'D 7 &mpk? 8 &mpkcefY[k cefYrSef;cJhMuonf/ OD;pHa&Turl
av;rsufESm*lbk&m;rS ausmufAk'¨qif;wkESifh wlnDojzifh at'D
5 &mpk? 6 &mpk[k cefYrSef;cJhMuonf/
(Ak'¨qif;wkawmf acwftvdkuf avhvm&mwGif owdjyK&rnhf
],l} ykHoP²mef ouFef;tacgufykH&Sdonfh 'Gg&0wDvuf&m
tcsufrsm; jzpfygonf/)
68 pifwDrDwm&Sd rwf&yfqif;wkawmfwpfqlukd e,l;a,mufNrdKU
udk awGU&SdcJhonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;[k ,lq&aom taqmuf &Sd rwfx½kdydkvDwef jywkdufwGif awGU&Sd&onf/ ysLacwf Ak'¨
ttHkrsm;udkvnf; awGU&onf/ qif;wkawmfrsm;udk rsm;aomtm;jzifh 'Gg&0wD Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
2003 ckESpfwGif wl;azmf&&Sdaom 14 pifwDrDwm tjrifh&Sd rsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOf azmfjyavh &Sdygonf/ AdóEdk;wGif omoedu
onfh aMu;oGef; ajcwGJavmif;cs qif;wkawmfudk awGU&Sd&onf/ taqmufttHk[k xif&aom taqmufttHkrsm;? yv’if ryg&Sd
yv’if ryg&SdbJ vuf,mvufrSm 0dwuúrkj'myHkjzpfívuf0Jvuf aom Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;udk udk;uG,faeNyD[k vufcHpOf;pm;Ekdif
 40 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) ysLrdacwf
acwfo kif;tajAkc'jy¨qAkif';wk
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;wkraswmf
m; rsm; 41
avmufatmif cdkifcdkifvHkvHk wifjy&ef qufvuf &SmazG&rnf qif;wkwGif yv’ifyg&dScJhonf/ yv’ifay:wGif ysLESifh ouúwå
jzpfygonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh ysLAk'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;ukd 'Gg&m bmom a&maESma&;xdk;xm;onfudk awGU&dS&onf/ a&S;a[mif;
0wD Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOf azmfjyavh &SdMuygonf/ okawoeynm&Sif ]ba&mif;}u þqif;wkawmf\ ud, k v f ;kH awmf
1996 ckESpfu tjrifh ig;pifwDrDwmcefY&Sd Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfwpfql oG , f j cif ; ? ycH k ; us,f j cif ; ? jrif o maom ouF e f ; yH k y g&d S j cif ; ?
ukd AdóEkd;rS &&SdcJhzl;NyD; &efukefNrdKU pG,fawmfjrwfapwDwGif ajcz0g;awmfukd tjym;vdu k f wifxm;jcif;aMumifh þqif;wkawmf
Xmyemvkdufonf[k od&Sd&onf/1 onf at'D 7 &mpk oD&dvuFmqif;wk yHkpH[kqdkonf/
[ef v if ; Nrd K Ua[mif ; ü 1904 ck E S p f w G i f ausmuf p m oa&acwå&m bJbJ*lbk&m;twGif; 245 pifwDrDwm&Sd
0efawmfpdefckd jyefqdkonfh pma&;xdk;xm;aom ausmufcsyfwpfck BuD;rm;aom ausmufcsyfBuD;rsm;udk *ltwGif;&Sd taemufbuf
udk awGU&Sd&onf/ ausmufcsyfay:wGif aAm"dowå bk&m;avmif; eH&Hü uyfvsufawGU&Sd&onf/ ausmufcsyfay:wGif wifyv’ifacG
yHk yg&Sdonf/ at'D 4 &mpk odkYr[kwf tenf;i,fapmaom Ak'¨qif;wkawmfudk &[EÅmESpfyg;NcH&Hvsuf awGU&Sd&onf/ qif;wk
umvu a&;xkd;cJhonf[k ,lqcJhMuonf/ odkYaomf omoedu awmf\ vufawmfrSm blrdzórkj'm jzpfaomfvnf; tpOf
taqmufttHk[k ajymEkdifonfh apwDykxdk; taqmufttHkrsm; tvmESifh ajymif;jyef vufawmf[efrsm;rSm xl;jcm;aeonf/
udkrl [efvif;wGif rawGU&Sd&ao;ay/ jrefrmhNrdKUa[mif;rsm;jzpf tpOftvmtm;jzifh blrzd órkj'mrSm vuf0b J ufu wifyv’iaf cG
aom rdkif;arm? AdóEdk;? [efvif;wdkYwGif Ak'¨omoemawmfü ay:wifí vuf,mvufu 'l;ay:rSaeí vufacsmif;rsm;u
qif;wkawmfrsm;udk udk;uG,faeNyD[k qdkEdkifaomfvnf; cdkifrmpGm ajrBuD ; uk d ñT e f j yae[ef j zpf o nf / þysLqif ; wk a wmf w G i f
wifjyEkdifonfh taxmuftxm;rsm;udk qufvuf &SmazG&ef ajymif;jyefjzpfum vuf,mvufu wifyv’ifacGay:wifum
vdkayonf/ vuf0Jvufu 'l;ay:rSmwifvsuf ajrudk ñTefaeonf/ þ
ysLNrdKUa[mif;jzpfaom oa&acwå&mwGif 1927-28 ckESpf qif;wkawmfvuf&mudk at'D 7 &mpk[k cefYrSef;cJhMuonf/
u oa&acwå&m uef0ufacgif;ukef;wGif awGU&aom 5 'or av;rsufESm *lbk&m;twGif;ü t&yfav;rsufESmwGif Ak'¨
7 pifwDrDwm tjrifh&dS OD;acgif;awmf usdK;aeaom psmerkj'm qif;wkawmfyg ausmufcsyf av;csyf&Sdonf/ ,if;vuf&mrsm;
1/ Hudson, 2004, pm-136 onf at'D 7 &mpk *kyÜwacwf vuf&mrsm; qif;wkawmfESifh
 42 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) ysLrdacwf
acwfo kif;tajAkc'jy¨qAkif';wk
¨qaifwmf
;wkraswmf
m; rsm; 43
qifwlonf[k cefYrSef;Muonf/ NrdKU½kd; awmifbufjcrf;wGif &efukefwdkif;a'oMuD; wGHaw;jrdKUe,f jyowdkuf aus;&Gm
&[EÅm*l wnf&Sdonf/ ,if;*lwGif Ak'¨qif;wkawmfyg ausmufcsyf tkyfpk wHcGefwdkifaus;&Gm OD;tkef;\ aetdrfa&SUae&mwGif2005
udk awGU&Sd&onf/ twGif;bufwGif taemufbuf tkwfeH&Hudk ckESpf? arv 15 &ufaeYü ysLacwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfokH;qltm;
rDv
S suf pdu k x
f x
l m;aom ausmufcsyf ESpcf syaf y:wGif wifyv’iaf cG wl;azmf awGU&SdcJh&onf/ ½kyfyGm;awmfonf 26 vufr (66
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf &Spfql yg&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ pifwrD w D m) &Sod nf/ t&G,v f wf Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;awmfonf 18 vufr
1926 ckESpfwGif oa&acwå&m ukvm;uef&Gm teD;&Sd (45 pifwDrDwm) &Sdonf/ t&G,fi,f Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmf onf 15
cifbukef;rS &&Sdaom a&Tcsxm;onfh aiGXmyemMuKwf ywfvnf vufr (38 pifwDrDwm)&Sdonf/ owåKpyf(aMu;oGef;) Ak'¨
wGif yGifhawmfrlNyD;aom bk&m;av;qlyHkudk awGU&Sd&onf/ Ak'¨\ qif ; wk a wmf r sm; jzpf o nf / ½k y f y G m ;awmf ok H ; ql p vk H ; onf
OD;acgif;awmfwGif a&mifjcnfawmfpuf0dkif;yHk yg&Sdonf/ qif;wk &iftkyfus,fNyD; cg;odrfonf/ 'l;qpf? ajcqpfrsm; ay:vGifonf/
awmfudk at'D 5 &mpk[k cefYrSef;Muonf/ OD;acgif;rSm ay:vGifxif&Sm;jyD; vnfyif; wkwfcdkifonf/ qHawmf
xkdYjyif at'D 7 &mpk a&TAk'¨qif;wkawmfwpfqludk awGU&Sd&m onf c½kywfacG t&pfrsm; oP²mefjzifh twef;vdkuf ykHazmf
psmerkj'm vufESpfzufxyfí ½kd;½dk; wifysOfacG (t'¨yv’ifu xm;&Sdonf/ rPdawmf&Sd qHxkH;i,f ao;oG,foG,f cyfedrfhedrfh
oe) jzifh txufatmufus,fum cg;ao;aom yDXmuyv’if oP²mef&Sdonf/ OPdSó rSefuif;awmf ryg&Sday/ ½kyfyGm;awmf
xdkifcHkwGif pHvsuf&SdNyD; aemufcH a&mifjcnfawmf0dkif; yg&Sdonf/ rsm;\ rsufESmawmf twGif;tjyif wpfrdsK;pD uGJjym;onfudk
wHuJwGif ruef;acgif; txGwfwifvsuf&SdNyD; ouFef;awmf awGU&S&d onf/ t&G,Bf u;D qif;wkawmf\ rsuEf mS awmfonf tdE, d´
tem;rsm;udk ta&;taMumif;jzifh azmfjyxm;í rPdawmfrSm awmifydkif;om;rsm;\ toGifoP²mef&Sdonf/
ygonfqdk½Hkom &Sdonf/ rudk#faqmif; Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmf yg0if ½kyfyGm;awmf oHk;qlpvkH;onf ouFef;awmfudk ycHk;ESpfzuf
onfh tkwfcGufukd yxrqHk; oa&acwå&m arSmfZm? awmifvHk; pvkH; zkH;tkyfí 0wf½kHxm;ykHwGif qifwlMuonf/ ouFef;onf
ndK&Gm awmifbuf v,fuGufwGif ysLtkwfcGufbk&m; awGU&SdcJh tvGefyg;onfhoP²mef&Sdonf/ tom;ESifhuyfvsuf udk,fcE¨m
onf/1 tcsKd ;tqpfwu Ykd kd xGi;f azmufjrif&onf/ vnfyif;wGif ouFe;f &m
1/ OD;jr? tkwfcGufbk&m;rsm; ('k-wJG)? ykH-73 xif & S m ;pG m yg&S d o nf / ouF e f ; awmf o nf taemuf a usmrS
 44 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) ysLrdacwf
acwfo kif;tajAkc'jy¨qAkif';wk
¨qaifwmf
;wkraswmf
m; rsm; 45
ab;bufokdY jyefYum;í b,fESifhnm tcsdK;nDpGm wGJusvsuf
&Sdonf/ vufawmfESpfzufrS usvsuf&Sdaom ouFef;prsm;udk
rsOf;aMumif;rsm;jzifh ykHazmfxm;&Sdonf/
½kyfyGm;awmfMuD;\ rsufESmawmfESifh ESmoD;zsm;wGif pOfh a&mif
aq;om; t<uif ; tusef u k d jrif & onf / t&G , f v wf
½kyfyGm;awmf\ ukd,fvkH;awmfwGif pOfht<uif;tusefukd awGU&Sd
&onf/
aMu;oGe;f Ny;D pOfo h w k of nfh Ak'¨ qif;wkawmfrsm;onf tvGef
&Sm;yg;Ny;D jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f oxkNH rKd Ua[mif;rS 'DyuF&m jrwfpmG bk&m; at'D 7 &mpk rwf&yfaMu;qif;wkawmf okH;ql ('DyuF&mbk&m;)
(2005 ckESpfwGif wGHaw;NrdKUe,f wHcGefwdkif&GmrS awGU&Sdonf/)
aMu;oGe;f ykaH wmfEiS hf jynfNrKd Ua[mif; arSmZf mwGif wpfqw l w
Ykd iG o
f m
awGU&Sd&ygonf/ wGHaw;NrdKU wHcGefwdkif&GmwGif awGU&Sd&aom
a&S;OD;ydkif; &cdkif &mZ0ifrsm;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf okH;qlrSm at'D 7 &mpk ysLacwf qif;wkawmf
vGifjyifESifh urf;½dk;wef;a'orsm;rSm qufpyfrI r&SdbJ oD;jcm;
rsm;jzpfaMumif; OD;pH0if;u rSwfcsufjyKcJhonf/1
rSww
f rf;wifcMhJ uonf/ a0omvDukd "n0wD ysuo f Ok ;f Ny;D aemuf
&cdkif? rGefESifh weomF&Durf;½dk;wef;a'o om*&? rk|D;wdkY&Sd
at'D 6 &mpkcefYwGif wnfaxmifcJhí at'D 1 &mpkrS at'D 6
a&S;a[mif;NrdKUawmfa'orsm;&Sd Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;tm; ysLacwf
&mpk vuf&mrsm;udk avhvmEkdifygonf/ ajrmufOD; a&S;a[mif;
ESihf ,SOwf aJG vhvmEdik yf gonf/ &cdik Nf rKd Ua[mif;rsm;wGif awGU&aom
okawoejywdkuf\ Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;jycef;wGif a0omvD
Ak'¨tEkynmvuf&mrsm;rSm rxk&mvuf&mjzpfNyD; ysLESifhrGefwdkY\
acwf? av;NrdKUacwf? ajrmufOD;acwfvuf&mrsm;udk EdIif;,SOf
tEk y nmvuf & mrS m tr&0wD E S i f h *k y Ü w vuf & m yH k p H r sd K ;
avhvmEdkifygonf/
jzpfaMumif; ynm&Sifrsm;u avhvmcJhygonf/
at'D 10 &mpkumv jrefrmEkdifiH awmifbufydkif;&Sd *0H
1/ pH0if;? wHGaw;NrdKUe,f ay:awmfrl Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmf avhvma&;c&D; ,Ofaus;rIZkefjzpfaom yJcl;? usdKuúom? ppfawmif;? aumhxif;?
 46 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) ysLrdacwf
acwfo kif;tajAkc'jy¨qAkif';wk
¨qaifwmf
;wkraswmf
m; rsm; 47
0if;u? t&ufor? auvmo? Zkwfokwf? oxHkwdkYudkvnf; jzpfNyD; &yfawmfrl yHkoP²mef&Sdonf/ vuf,mbufu tb,
ysLacwfwGif ,SOfwGJavhvmEkdifygonf/ oxkHNrdKUta&SUbuf 24 rkj'm[efjzifh ajrmufí vuf0g; umxm;NyD; vuf0JvufrSm
uDvdkrDwm tuGm&Sd Muufwla&G;awmif&GmwGif ÓPfawmftjrifh ouFe;f pudk pkíudik x f m;yHjk zpfonf/ ouFe;f awmfukd wpfu, kd v
f ;kH
30 pifwDrDwm&Sdaom &yfawmfrl qif;wkawmfwpfqludk &&SdcJh ½Hkxm;NyD; twGif;udk,fvHk;ESifh aygifawmfwdkYudk ½Hkxm;aom
onf/ ,cktcg oxHkNrdKU eef;awmfOD; ausmif;wdkufwGif zl;ajrmf oif;ydkifudk jrifae&onf/ cg;ü t&pfay:aeí ouFef;tpGef;
Ek d i f y gonf / ,if ; qif ; wk a wmf o nf a&S ; a[mif ; ok a woe wdkYrSm vdIif;wGefYykHjzpfaeonf/ aygifawmf? ajcovHk;awmfwdkYudk
avhvmolrsm;Mum;wGif xif&Sm;aom at'D 2 &mpkrS 5 &mpk obm0oP²meftwdkif; oGef;vkyfxm;onf/
cef Y t wG i f ; vuf & mqif ; wk a wmf j zpf o nf / qif ; wk a wmf \ ausmufpm0ef\ ,lqcsufrSm 'DyuF&mbk&m;udk &nfnTef;
vuf,mvufu ab;odkU wef;vef;csxm;NyD; vuf0Jvufu jyKvkyfxm;onf[kqdk\/ þqif;wkawmftm; at'D 7 &mpk?
ouFef;pudk udkifxm;[ef pd0&[w¬rkj'm[eftjzpf awGU&Sd& 8&mpkcefYu jzpfonf[k cefYrSef;cJhonf/ ok0PÖblrdynm&Sif
ygonf/ rsufvHk;awmf yGifhaeí OD;acgif;awmf&Sd qHawmfrsm;rSm tcsKdUurl rGefwdkY\vuf&m[k cefYrSef;Muonf/ 2005 ckESpfwGif
vdyfaumufaeonf/ ouFef;awmfonf vuf,mbufycHk;tjyif wGHaw; wHcGefwdkif&GmwGif awGU&Sd&aom aMu;qif;wkawmf oHk;ql
vuf 0 J y cH k ; ud k tenf ; i,f N cH K xm;onf u d k zl ; awG U &ygonf / teuf ESpfqlESifh wlnDonfudk awGU&Sd&onf/1
xkdif;EdkifiH yGef;wufESifh ecHk&mcsqDr a'owGif awGU&Sd&NyD; 0if;urS tkwfcGufbk&m; 127 ql &Sdonfhteuf pmyg
tr&0wDacwf yHkpH&Sdí at'D 3 &mpkrS 5 &mpk[k cefYrSef;cJhMu tkwfcGuftcsdKUrSm at'D 6 &mpkESifh oufqdkifonf/ 0if;u&GmwGif
&ygonf/1 *0Hjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom ajcqif; xkdifawmfrl Ak'¨½kyfwk ESpfusdyf
1930 ckESpfwGif oxHkNrdKUü at'D 7-8 &mpkcefY&Sd 'kwd, &Spqf bl &k m;rsm;tm; awGU&S&d Ny;D Zkwof w
k &f mG xD;aqmif;bk&m;wGif
½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfwpfql awGU&SdaMumif; ausmufpm0ef csm;'l *0Hjzifh ESpfusdyf&Spfqlbk&m;rsm; ausmufcsyfudk awGU&Sd&onf/2
&dGifZ,fu wifjycJhonf/ ,if;qif;wkawmfrSm aMu;qif;wkawmf 1/ pH0if;? wHGaw; qif;wkawmf avhvmcsuf
1/ Boissekier, 1975: 69 2/ pH0if;? wkdufukvm;NrdKUa[mif;
48 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) ysLrdacwf
acwfo kif;tajAkc'jy¨qAkif';wk
¨qaifwmf
;wkraswmf
m; rsm; 49
aumhxif;rS av;axmifhtkwfcGufwGif tv,frS Ak'¨ qif;wkudk
om0u ESpfyg;u NcH&Hxm;onfudk awGU&Sd&onf/ þuJhodkY
yHkawmfygaomtkwfcGufrSm oa&acwå&mwGifomru &cdkifESifh
awmifbuftpGef; xm;0,fe,f rk|D;üvnf; awGU&Sd&onf/1
at'D 10 &mpkumv ,Ofaus;rI xGe;f um;cJah om weoFm&D
urf;½d;k wef;a'owGif jrefrmhNrKd Uawmfrsm; 10 ae&m awGU&Sx d m;Ny;D
jzpfonf/ xm;0,fNrdKUajrmufbuf 11 'or 6 uDvdkrDwm
uGma0;aom ]om*&}ESihf awmifbuf 8 'or 4 uDvdkrDwm
at'D 5 &mpk uGma0;aom ]rk|D;} a'owGif at'D 6 &mpkESifh 9 &mpk cefY&Sd
rwf&yfqif;wkawmf Ak ' ¨ q if ; wk a wmf r sm;ud k awG U &S d & ygonf / om*&wG i f 13
(tr&0wDykHpH) pifwDrDwm jrifhaom ]jymvr®emoe} yHkawmfESifh xdkifaeawmfrl
(oxkHNrdKUe,f
yHkoP²mefESifh qifwlaeonfudk awGU&Sd&ygonf/
Muufwla&G;awmifrS
&&So
d nf/) odkY&mwGif om*& aMu;qif;wkrSm rsufESmawmf oG,fvsí
xlaomrsufcHk;ESifh auG;aom qHawmf &Sdonf/ ouFef;awmfrSm
ycHk;wpfzufudkom zHk;xm;NyD; udk,fvHk;jynfh ouFef;½Hkxm;&Sdonf/
ouFef;tpGef;wGif tpif;tjcpf&mwpfaMumif; a&;jcpfxm;onf/
,mbufvufarmif;rSm usdK;aeNyD; jzpfonf/ rlvu tb,
rkj'm[efvufudk rxm;onf[k ,lq&onf/ vuf0JvufrSm
atmufodkYcsvsuf vuf0g; jzefYxm;onf/ vuf0g;ay:wGif
1/ OD;jr? tkwfcGufbk&m; (twJG-2)
50 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) ysysLrdLacwf
acwfo kif;tajAkAkc''jy¨q
acwf ¨qAkifif';;wk
¨qaaifwmf
wk ;wkrarswmf
wmf msm;; rsm; 51
a'orsm;onf ysLNrdKUawmfrsm;ESifh ul;oef;qufqHrI? ,Ofaus;rI
qufoG,frIrsm;&SdaMumif; avhvmEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
ysLacwfwGif oa&acwå&mNrdKUonf &wemoHk;yg;jzpfaom
bk&m;udk,fpm; apwDykxdk;ESifh ra&wGufEkdifaom ½kyfyGm;qif;wk
awmfrsm;ESifh w&m;awmfjzpfaom ygVdawmf ysLpm cifba&Tay
at'D 7-8 &mpk
csyfrsm;ESifh oHCmawmfrsm;udk awGU&Sd&jcif;jzifh oa&acwå&m
rwf&yfaMu;qif;wkawmf omoemawmfonf &wemoHk;yg; xGef;um;aeNyDjzpfaMumif;
'DyuF&mbk&m; (*kyÜw[ef) aumufcsufcsEkdifygonf/
(1930 ckESpfwGif oxkHNrdKUe,frS ysLacwfwGif Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;udk -
&&Sdonf/) (1) blrdzórkj'm?
(2) psmerkj'm?
(3) tb,rkj'm?
(4) 0&'rkj'm?
"r®pMumt0kid ;f yHMk urf;udk awGU&onf/ &ifbwfEiS hf ajcaxmufyikd ;f (5) "r®pMumrkj'mrsm;udk trsm;qHk; awGU&Sd&onf/
rsm;rSm acgif;yG oGef;vkyfxm;aMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/1 qif;wkawmfudk ½kyf<utkwfcGufyHkawmf? a&T? aiG? ausmuf?
ysLacwf qif;wkawmf yHo k P²mefrsm;udk avhvm&mwGif ysLESihf aMu;? &THUESifht*Faw ponfrsm;jzifh jyKvkyfcJhMuaMumif; avhvm
acwfNydKif jrefrmha&S;a[mif; NrdKUa[mif;rsm;&Sd Ak'¨qif;wkawmf Ekdifayonf/ tdE´d, [efyefrsdK; uif;í ysLwdkY\ udk,fydkif[ef
enf;ynmonf tqifhjrifhaMumif; awGU&SdEkdifayonf/
yHkoP²mefrsm;tm; avhvmjcif;jzifh &cdkif? rGefESifh xm;0,f
Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;udk oJausmufjzifh trsm;qHk; xkvkyf
1/ OD;oef;aqG? xm;0,fNrdKUa[mif; avhvmcsufpmwrf; ylaZmfcJhNyD; tkwfcGufbk&m;rsm;wGif "r®puúrkj'm trsm;qHk;awGU&Sd
52 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) ysLrdacwf
acwfo kif;tajAkc'jy¨qAkif';wk
¨qaifwmf
;wkraswmf
m; rsm; 53
&onf/ arSmfZmjywdkufwGif ysLacwf oJausmuf qif;wkawmf
rsm;udk awGU&SdEkdifygonf/ ysLacwfwGif opfom;jzifh xkvkyfaom
qif;wkawmfrsm;udk ,cktcsdeftxd rawGU&ao;onfrSmvnf;
xl;jcm;vSonf/
odkYjzpfí ysLacwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf yHkrsm;\ xl;jcm;aom
a,bk,s yHkoP²mefrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; cGJjcm;avhvmygu tE¨ul qif;wkawmf
vG,fulpGm od&SdEkdifygonf/ (&cdkifjynfe,f
ajrmufOD;rS &&Sdonf/)
ysLacwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;\ a,bk,s yHkoP²mefrsm;

1/ OPS d o (rS e f u if ; awmf )

ysLacwfqif;wkawmfrsm;wGif rSefuif;awmfukd rawGU
&Sd&ay/
2/ rPdawmf
rPdawmfrSm ygonfqdk½HkrQom jzpfEkdifonf/ OD;acgif;
awmf wnfhwnfhwGif rPdawmf ao;ao;oG,foG,f 4/ OPÖ v H k a wmf
cyfedrfhedrfh yg&Sdonf/ qHawmfrSm c½kacG yHkoP²mef ysLacwfwGif OPÖvHkarG;awmf ryg&Sdacs/
qHawmf yg&Sdonf/ 5/ em;&G u f a wmf
3/ oif ; uspf a wmf em;&Gufawmf txufydkif; tenf;i,f um;onf/
oif;uspaf wmf r&Sad cs/ a&SUxH;k qHawmftwef;onf yif em;aygufus,fonf/ em;&Gufawmfonf ycHk;okdY rxd
oif;uspfawmfoP²mefjzpfonf[k,lqMuonf/ ay/
54 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) ysysLrdLacwf
acwfo kif;tajAkAkc''jy¨q
acwf ¨qAkifif';;wk
¨qaaifwmf
wk ;wkrarswmf
wmf msm;; rsm; 55
6/ rsuf E S m awmf 11/ vuftaetxm; (rkj'm)
rsufESmawmfonf vHk;vHk;oG,foG,fjzpfNyD; ar;awmf vufawmfrSm w&m;OD;a[m[ef ("r®puúrkj'm)? psmef
0dkif;vsuf&Sdonf/ tcsdKU tenf;i,f cGsefonf/ 0ifpm;[ef (psmerkj'm)? nmvuf0g;jzefYNyD; a&SUvSnfh
7/ rsufvHk;awmf xm;[ef (tb,rk j 'm)? tcsd K U qif ; wk a wmf r S m
vuf0g;ESpfzufvHk; a&SUodkY vSnfhxm;onfvnf; awGU&Sd
rsufvHk;awmfonf a&SUodkY pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf Munfhae[ef
&onf / nmbuf a ygif a y:wG i f nmvuf a wmf
&Sdonf/ tcsdKU atmufodkY pkdufvsuf Munfhae[ef
atmufodkY csxm;[ef? b,fwifnmcs[ef (blrdzó
&Sdonf/
rkj'm)? vufawmfrSm yuwd vlom;wdkY\ vufawmf
8/ yg;pyfawmf
uJhodkY twdkt&Snf&Sdonf/ wcsKdU ajymif;jyef nmwif
yg;pyfawmfrSm atmufEIwfcrf; tenf;i,f xlNyD; b,fcs (blrdzórkj'm) vnf; &Sdonf/
ar;tzsm; tenf;i,fcRefonf/
12/ ajcawmftaetxm; (tmoe)
9/ udk,fvHk;awmf
b,fajc tay:wGif nmajc xyfwif xm;&Sdonfh
&ifbwfawmf NzdK;armufjcif; r&Sd? &ifbwfrS cg;txd ajcxyf taetxm;udk trsm;qHk; awGU&Sd&onf/
ajzmifhwef;eD;yg;&Sdonf/ udk,fvHk;awmf tcsdK;tpm; b,fajctay:wGif nmajcxyfwifxm;jcif;? b,f ajc
&Snfarsmarsm&Sdonf/ tenf;i,f tjyifodkY xdk;xGufaejcif;ESifh ajcrsufpd
ay:vGifxif&Sm;jcif;udk avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/
10/ ouF e f ; awmf
13/ yv’ i f a wmf
ouFef;awmfukd yg;yg;om xkvkyfonf/ ouFef; tpGef; yv’iaf wmfrmS ½d;k ½k;d yv’iaf wmf trsm;qH;k awGU&S&d onf/
tem;wdkYonf odom½Hkom&Sdonf/ oif;ydkift&mudk tcsdKU yv’ifawmfrSm MumarSmuf Mumvef oP²mef
xif&Sm;pGm azmfjyxkvkyfxm;onf/ tenf;i,f azmfjyxm;&Sdonf/
56 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfo
ysLrdacwf
kif;tajAkc'jy¨qifAk;'wk¨qaifwmf
;wkraswmf
m; rsm;
14/ toH k ; jyKypö n f ;
a&T? aiG? aMu;? ausmuf? ajrwdkYESifh jyKvkyfxm;onfudk
awGU&Sd&NyD; opfom;jzifh xkvkyfaom qif;wkawmf
rsm;udk rawGU&Sd&ay/
15/ xl;jcm;csuf «4»
ud,k v
f ;kH awmfrmS cg;ao;í &ifarmufNy;D &Snaf rsm arsm
yHkoP²mef &Sdonf/ OPSdoonf yg&Sd½Hkom&Sdonf/ yk*Hacwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;
rPdawmfü c½kyHkyg&Sdonf/ b,fajcay:wGif nmajc
wifxm;jcif;? b,fajc tenf;i,f tjyifoYdk xk;d xGujf cif; yk*Hacwftm; taemf&xmrif; eef;wufESpf 1044 ckESpf
&Sdonf/ ajcrsufpd ay:vGifpGm xkvkyfxm;onfrSm rSpí 1366 ckESpftxd (at'D 11 &mpkrS 13 &mpk) ydkif;jcm;í
ysLacwfA'k q¨ if;wkawmfrsm;\ xl;jcm;csuyf ifjzpfonf/ avhvmwifjyoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ xkdYjyif at'D 11 &mpkrwdkifcif
at'D 11 &mpk acwfOD;ydkif;? at'D 12 &mpk acwfv,fydkif;?
at'D 13 &mpk acwfaESmif;ydkif;[lí oHk;rsdK; xyfrHcGJjcm; avhvm
Ek d i f y gao;onf / xk d Y j yif yk * H a cwf A k ' ¨ q if ; wk a wmf xk v k y f
udk;uG,f&mwGif rif;pOftqufvdkufí tEkvuf&m ig;rsdK;tm;
cGJjcm; avhvmEkdifygonf/
1/ taemf&xmrif;vufxuf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf vuf&mrsm;
(at'D 11 &mpk tapmykdif;umv)?
2/ apmvl ; rif ; vuf x uf Ak ' ¨ q if ; wk a wmf v uf & mrsm;
(at'D 11 &mpkESifh 12 &mpk tapmykdif;umv)?
57
 58 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfyko*rdHakicwf
f;tajAkc'jy¨qifAk;'wk¨qaifwmf
;wkrasmwmf
; rsm; 59
3/ usefppfom;rif; vufxuf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfvuf&mrsm; vnfwkdif&Snfonf/ ar;½kd; cRefonf/ vuf½kH;BuD;xGm; &iftkyf
(at'D 11 &mpkESifh 12 &mpk tapmykdif;umv)? um;onf/ cg;ao;onf/ em;&Gu?f vufnK§d ;? vufacsmif;rsm;onf
4/ tavmif;pnfolrif;rS e&ywdpnfolrif; vufxuf yuwdvlom;\ t*Fg&yfrsm;twdkif; jzpfonf/ ouFef;rsm;
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf vuf&mrsm; (at'D 12 &mpkESifh 12 rSmvnf; yg;vTmí tacGtvdyf? txyf? twGefY tvGefenf;yg;
&mpk taESmif;ykdif;umv)? onfudk awGU&Sd&onf/ ygvvuf&m bk&m;ykHwlrsm; yk*Ha'oü
r&Sdoavmuf &Sm;aomfvnf; ykHawmfrsm;rSm ygvacwf tajccH
5/ 13 &mpkumv yk*Hacwf (xD;vkdrif;vkdrif;vufxufrS
jzpfaMumif; a'gufwmoef;xGef;u ,lqcJhonf/ acwfv,fykdif;
apmrGefepfrif;xd) umv Ak'¨qif;wkawmfvuf&mrsm;
wGif rsufESmawmf? udk,fvkH;awmf yg;yg;ESihf ESmacgif;awmfrmS cReí f
[lí cGJjcm;avhvmwifjyrnf jzpfygonf/
ar;awmfcGsefonf/ vufykHawmfrSm ao;oG,foG,fjzpfonf/
yk * H a cwf O D ; yk d i f ; vuf & mrsm;onf a,bk , stm;jzif h acwf a ES m if ; yk d i f ; vuf & mrsm;onf yk H o P² m ef u G J j ym;vmí
tk w f c G u f b k & m;rsm;wG i f awG U &aom rsuf E S m awmf 0 k d i f ; í jrefrmqefvmaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ acwfjrefrmqif;wkawmf
BuHhckdifaom cE¨mukd,fawmfrsm;jzpfí tdEd́,[efESihf wlnDonf[k rsm;\ a&SUajy;ykHawmf[k qkdEkdifygonf/
cefYrSef;cJhMuonf/ yk*HacwfOD;wGif Ak'¨qif;wkawmf ykHoP²mef yk*Hacwf qif;wkawmfrsm;wGif trsm;qkH;awGU&aom rkj'm
opfrsm; &SdvmcJhonf/ taemf&xmrif;vufxufrS tpjyKí rsm;rSm -
oxk H & mrnwd k i f ; awmif y d k i f ; a'orsm;rS ax&0g'Ak ' ¨ (1) blrdzórkj'm?
omoemawmf o nf yk * H o d k Y a&muf & S d c sd e f r S p í Ak ' ¨ b mom (2) "r®puúrkj'm?
,Ofaus;rIordkif;onf rGef jrefrm[ef ykHpHvuf&mrsm;jzifh Ak'¨ (3) 0&'rkj'm?
,Ofaus;rI tEkynmudk rGrf;rHjyifqifí u@opf zGifhvSpfEkdifcJh (4) r[mu½kPdumrkj'm?
ygonf/ yk*Hvuf&m tEkynmonf ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif (5) tb,rkj'm?
wpfrlxl;jcm;um 0ifh<um;&yfwnfEdkifcJhygonf/ yk*HacwfOD; (6) pd0&[w¬rkj'm?
½kyfyGm;rsm;onf rsufESmay:vGifonf/ ESma,mifcRefonf/ (7) ywårkj'm?
 60 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfyko*rdHakicwf
f;tajAkc'jy¨qifAk;'wk¨qaifwmf
;wkrasmwmf
; rsm; 61
(8) *Z[w¬rkj'm? oJausmufjzifh xkvkyfxm;aom Ak'¨qif;wkawmf &SpfqlcefYom
(9) 0dwuúrkj'm? usef&SdaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
(10) wdP[w¬rkj'm? (1) a&TqHawmfapwDawmfwGif qif;wkawmf 2 ql
(11) Bwdy#u[w¬rkj'm? (2) "r®&mZuapwDawmfwGif qif;wkawmf 2 ql
(12) 'ge[w¬rkj'm? (3) "r®&HBuD;apwDawmfwGif qif;wkawmf 1 ql
(13) Asmcsmerkj'm? (4) wmrPDtkwfausmif;wGifqif;wkawmf 1 ql
(14) psmerkj'm (5) avmueE´mapwDawmfwGifqif;wkawmf 1 ql
[efrsm;ukd trsm;tjym; xkvkyfukd;uG,fcJhMuygonf/ &yfawmfrl (6) a&Teef;&ifawmftkwfausmif; 1 ql
qif;wkawmfrsm;ukdvnf; xkvkyfukd;uG,fcJhMuNyD; tb,rkj'mESifh wkdYukd avhvmawGU&SdEkdifygonf/
xkvyk af vh &SMd uygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh blrzd órkj'm? wifysOaf cG
,ck t cg txuf y gbk & m; &S p f q l t euf yk * H a 'owG i f
qif;wkrsdK;ukdom awGU&Sdzl;ajrmf&onf/
jynfhig;jynfh[k xif&Sm;aeaom taemf&xmrif;BuD;ukd,fwkdif
xkdYjyif at'D 11 &mpkvuf&m Ak'¨ajcawmf&m ykHawmftm;
ylaZmfcJhonfh bk&m;ig;qlwGif qkawmif;qk,lrIrsm; jyKvkyfvsuf
avmueE´mbk&m;teD;wGif awGU&Sd&NyD; ,cktcg yk*Ha&S;a[mif;
&SMd uonf/ xkjd ynfih g;jynfh bk&m;ig;ql\ xl;jcm;csurf sm;rSm bk&m;
jywk d u f w G i f xm;&S d y gonf / ok d Y j zpf í yk * H a cwf w G i f Ak ' ¨
qif;wkawmfrsm;\ ajcz0g;awmfESifh vufz0g;awmfay:rS pMum
ajcawmf&mtm; xkvkyfukd;uG,faeNyD[k ,lqEkdifygonf/
trSww f q
H yd rf sm;jzifh ylaZmfxm;&Sjd cif; jzpfonf/ vltrsm;rS qDr;D ?
yk*aH cwf Ak'q¨ if;wkawmfrsm;udk yÍöavm[m? a&T? aiG? aMu;?
yef;? a&csrf; uyfvSLonfhtjyif a&TcsMunfndKcJhMuojzifh pMum
cJ? csdwf? opfom;? oH? ajrrD;zkwf? &THU? tkwf? t*Faw? pOfh?
trSwftom;rsm; aysmufuG,faecJhNyD; jzpfygonf/ okdYjzpfí
pusifausmuf? oJausmufESifh eH&Haq;a&; yef;csDrsm;jzifh ylaZmf
jyKvkyfavh &Sdygonf/ a*gyutzGJU0ifrsm;rS a&Trcs&ef w&m;0ifpmjzifh wm;jrpfcJhonhf
taemf&xmrif; vufxufwGif Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;ukd twGuf a&TqHawmfESifh avmueE´mapwD&Sd qif;wkawmf\
oJ a usmuf t rsd K ;tpm;jzif h xk v k y f a vh & S d N yD ; yk * H a 'owG i f vufz0g;wGif a&;a&;rQ awGUjrifEkdifygawmhonf/
 62 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfyko*rdHakicwf
f;tajAkc'jy¨qifAk;'wk¨qaifwmf
;wkrasmwmf
; rsm; 63
taemf&xmrif;BuD; ylaZmfcJhaom jynfhig;jynfhqif;wkawmf
rsm;rSm -
(1) a&TqHawmfapwDta&SUbufwGif qkawmif;jynfhbk&m;
uE¨uk#dwkdufjzifh oD;jcm;pHy,fvsuf&Sdonf/
(2) "r®&mZuapwDtwGif; qkawmif;jynfh ESpfql&Sd&m at'D 11 &mpk
aiGqif;wkawmf
ta&SUbufrkcfwGif wpfqlESifh awmifbufrkcfwGif
(yk*Hbk&m;trSwf 1515
wpfql &Sdygonf/ rS &&Sdonf/)
(3) avmueE´m pG,af wmfapwDawmf\ ta&SUbuf tm½kcH H
wefaqmif;twGif; qkawmif;jynfh bk&m;wpfql&Sdí
vuf z 0g;awmf a y:wG i f pMumwH q d y f a&;a&;om
zl;awGUEkdifygonf/
(4) yk*HNrdKUopfta&SU wmrPDtkwfausmif;\ awmifbuf
cE¨mukd,fonf ajyjypfacsmarGUí BuHUckdifoefpGrf;rI&Sdjcif;? cg;odrf
bk&m;twGif;ü qkawmif;jynfh bk&m;wpfql&Sdonf/
jcif;? yg;pyfawmfao;NyD; EIwfcrf;yg;jcif;? ouFef;wpfzufpukd
bk&m;a&SUwGif ausmufom;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom ig;&HU
b,f y ck H ; rS c sjcif ; ? Mumyv’ i f c H & S d j cif ; ? wmrPD b k & m;rS v G J í
tzkt d r ESpaf umif? opfom;jzifh xkvyk x
f m;aom ig;&HU
usef½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;wGif pu©Ka`E´csxm;jcif;rsm;ukd avhvm
tzkdtr ESpfaumif &Sdygonf/
Ekdifrnfjzpfygonf/
jynfhig;jynfh qif;wkawmfrsm;onf psmerkj'mrsm;jzpfaMumif;
jynfhig;jynfhbk&m;rsm;onf rkd;acgifonfha'ookdYyifhí
awGU&Sd&onf/ vufz0g;awmfay:wGif pMumwHqdyfyg&Sdjcif;?
ylaZmfvQif rkd;BuD;onf;xefpGm &GmoGef;apjcif;? &mxl;XmeEÅ&
wifysOfacGxkdifí ajcz0g; txufvSefxm;jcif;? ajcacsmif;wkdif;
wkd;wufapjcif;? pD;yGm;csrf;om wkd;wufapjcif;? a&m*gb,
c½kywfacG&Sdí ajcqpfrsm;&Sdjcif;? ajcz0g;ay:wGif MumyGifhrsm;
uif;í usef;rmapjcif; ponfhqkvmbfrsm;ukd &&Sdapjcif;
&Sjd cif;? rsucf ;Hk awmfrmS ESma,mifMum;rS tay:okYd ck;H wufomG ;jcif;?
 64 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfyko*rdHakicwf
f;tajAkc'jy¨qifAk;'wk¨qaifwmf
;wkrasmwmf
; rsm; 65
tusdK;rsm; &&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfMuí qkawmif;qk,l jyKvkyf owåXme paom Ak'¨0ifaMumif;qdkif&m ½kyfykHrsm; yg0ifonf/
Muvsuf&Sdonf/ yk*HjywdkufwGif Ak'¨0if&Spfcef;ESifh owåXme tkwfcGufykHpHwpfckudk
taemf & xmrif ; \ uk o k d v f a wmf avmueE´ m apwD ? jyoxm;onfudk awGU&Sd&onf/ ynm&Sifrsm;u yk*Hacwf (at'D
a&TqHawmf apwD? "r®&mZuapwDESifh wmrPDbk&m;rsm;wGif 12-13 &mpk) twGif; jzpfEdkifonf[k owfrSwfcsufjyKcJhMu
taemf&xmrif;vufxuf ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;ukd avhvm ygonf/1
Ekdifygonf/ Ak ' ¨ 0 if & S p f c ef ; ES i f h owå X meyg0if a om tE¨ * l ½ k y f < u\
taemf&xmrif;vufxufü jyKvkyfcJhaom tkwfcGufbk&m; zGJUpnf;ykHukd atmufygtwkdif; avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/ tE¨*l
rsm;ESihf Ak'q¨ if;wkawmfrsm;onf tEkynmvuf&m yko H P²mefrsm; ausmufjzihf xkvyk x f m;aom qif;wkawmf½yk cf syrf sm;rSm cs;D rGr;f í
tenf;i,f uGmjcm;rI&adS Mumif; avhvm&ygonf/ taemf&xmrif; rukefEdkifatmif aumif;rGefvSonf/
vufxuf rukd#faqmif; Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukdvnf; awGU&Sd&yg xlyg y&dedAÁmefjyKcef;
onf/ rudk#faqmif; Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmf yg0ifaom tkwfcGufudk emVm*D&dqif tedrdoowå [ aAm"dyifESifh &wepuFrowå[ wm0wðomrS
yxrOD;qkH; oa&acwå&m? arSmfZm? awmifvkH;ndK&Gm awmifbuf atmifjrifcef; 'kwd,ywf a&Tyv’if wwd,ywf qif;awmfrlcef;
v,fuGufwGif ysLtkwfcGufbk&m;tm; awGU&Sd&onf/1 'kwd, "r®pMum &weC&owå [ atmifjrifcef; tZygvowå[ wefckd;jym#d[m
tBudrftjzpf rudk#faqmif; Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfyg aMu;cGufykHpH a[mawmfrlcef; pwkw¬ywf okdYr[kwf yOörywf jyawmfrlcef;
wpfckukd yk*HNrdKU OD;jrodef;u 0ufBuD;tif; *lajymufBuD;bk&m;\ zGm;jrifawmf &mZ,weowå[ yv’ u F owå[ rkvdE´owå [ ygvdav,sawm
awmifbuf v,fuiG ;f xJwiG f awGU&Scd o hJ nf/ tvsm; 8 pifwrD w D m? rlcef; owårywf yxrywf q|rywf wGif pHawmfrlcef;
tjrifh 12 pifwDrDwmESifh xk 1 pifwDrDwmcefY &Sdonf/ aMu;
e&ywdpnfolrif; (1165-1211) vufxufwGif jyKvkyf
ykpH cH u
G f aemufausmwGif &GjJ ym;ay:ü zdEydS yf o
Hk iG ;f &ef vufuikd Ef iS hf
aMu;zkvkH; yg&Sdonf/ aMu;cGufykHpHwGif yg0ifaom ½kyfykHrSm aom ajrykHbk&m;wGif Ak'¨0ifudk;cef;udk awGU&Sd&onf/2 yk*Hacwfü
rudk#faqmif; Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmf (rif;0wfbk&m;) Ak'¨0if&Spfcef;ESifh 1/ a'gufwmoef;xGef;? &Sm&SmazGazG jrefrmhordkif;? pm-62
1/ OD;jr? a&S;a[mif;tkwfcGwfbk&m; qif;wkawmfrsm; ('k-wGJ) 2/ OD;jr? a&S;a[mif;tkwfcGwfbk&m; qif;wkawmfrsm; (y-wGJ)
 66 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfyko*rdHakicwf
f;tajAkc'jy¨qifAk;'wk¨qaifwmf
;wkrasmwmf
; rsm; 67
Ak'¨0if&Spfcef;ykH xkvkyfylaZmfvmonfukd avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/
Ak'¨0if&Spfcef;rSm -
(1) aAm"dyifESifh a&Tyv’if atmifawmfrlcef;
tkwfcGufbk&m;rsm; tv,fü aAm"danmifESifh blrd
zó rkj'mykH Ak'¨qif;wkawmf yg&Sdonf/ at'D 12-13 &mpk
(2) "r®pMumw&m;OD; a[mawmfrlcef; Ak'¨0if&Spfcef; tE¨ul
nmvuftay:rS b,fvuftwGif;yHk/ qif;wkawmf
(3) wefckd;jym#d[mjyawmfrlcef; (uefYulqHausmufjym;)
Ak'q
¨ if;wkawmf\ b,fbuftay:? nmvufatmufyHk (yk*aH &S;a[mif;okawoejywdu k )f
xkvkyfxm;onf/
(4) wm0wðomewfjynfrS qif;oufawmfrlcef;
jA[®m? ewfrsm;rS jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; xD;rkd;xm;&SdykHESifh
avSum;ykHyg&Sdonf/ (8) y&dedAÁmef pHaeawmfrlcef;
(5) ygvdav,s awmxGufcef; OD;acgif;rSm acgif;tkH;ESifhxdí avsmif;awmfrlykH xkvkyf
qif okdYr[kwf arsmufrS opfoD;rsm; jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; onf/
uyfae[efykH/ apmvl;rif;ESifh usefppfom;rif;BuD; vufxuf at'D 11
(6) eVm*D&dqif qkH;rcef; &mpkrS 12 &mpk apmapmykdif;umvwGif xkvkyfudk;uG,fcJhaom
qif½kyf 0yfae[efESihf jrwfpGmbk&m;ykHyg&Sdonf/ Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;\ t&G,ftpm; rnfrQyif jcm;em;apumrl
(7) zGm;awmfrlcef; rsuEf mS awmfEiS hf cE¨muk,
d f tcsK;d tpm; toGio f P²mefonf at'D
r,fawmfrm,mykH yg&Sdí ewf? jA[®m txufpHae[ef 11 &mpkEiS hf 12 &mpk apmapmykid ;f umv[k ajymprSwjf yKEidk af tmif
yg&Sdonf/ wlnaD eonft h jyif jrefrmEkid if H qif;wkawmforkid ;f wGif tcsKd ;tpm;
 68 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfyko*rdHakicwf
f;tajAkc'jy¨qifAk;'wk¨qaifwmf
;wkrasmwmf
; rsm; 69
tuseqk;H ? vuf&mtaumif;qk;H ? MunfnKd z, G &f m taumif;qk;H [k qif;wkawmfrsm;wGif rPdawmfü qHacGrsm; t&pft&pfjzihf
q&mOD;Akdau\ yk*Hokawoe vrf;nTefpmtkyfwGif rSwfcsufjyKcJh azmif;<uaeykH? rsufESmawmfoG,fí ar;awmfcRefum ESmwH
onf/ ay:vGifykHESihf vnf&pfrsm; xif&Sm;ykHwdkYrSm yk*Hacwf[efrsm;jzpf
yk*Ha'o&Sd ausmufpum;BuD;? e*g;½kH? ty,f&wem? ykxkd; onf/ urÇmhtqihfrDaom jrefrmhtEkynmrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf/
om;rsm;? jrif;uyg *lajymufBuD;? ausmuf*lOrifESifh tmeE´m yk*HtmeE´mapwDtwGif;rS opfom;jzifh xkvkyfxm;aom
*lbk&m;wdkYwGif avhvmMunfndKEkdifrnf jzpfygonf/ Mumyv’ifay:&Sd rwf&yfAk'¨qif;wkawmf ykHoP²mefESifh ,SOfxkd;
usefppfom;rif;vufxuf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;\ xl;jcm; avhvmMunfhygu rwf&yfawmfav;qlvkH;rSm yk*Hacwfvuf&m
csufrSm vnfyif;wGif vnfa&;okH;qifhukd xif&Sm;pGm awGUjrif r[kwfrSef; avhvmEkdifygonf/ yv’iftjrifhrSm &Spfay&Sdí rwf&yf
Ekdifonf/ yckH;awmf us,fjyefYí &iftkyfawmf zGifhxm;NyD; cg;awmf twkdif;twmrSm 31 aypD &Sdonf/ rwf&yfukd,fawmfBuD; av;ql
rSm odrfí Akdufom;awmfESifh csufawmfudk ay:vGifpGm awGUjrifEkdif teuf awmifbufESifh ajrmufbuf&Sd qif;wkawmfESpfqlrSm
ygonf/ a&pdkaeaom ouFef;uJhokYd yg;yg;vsm;vsm; xkvkyfxm; yk*Hacwfvuf&mrsm;jzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
ojzifhvnf; ukd,fcE¨mtcsdK;tpm;udk ay:vGifpGm zl;awGU&jcif; ok Y d a omf ajrmuf b uf & S d qif ; wk a wmf r S m yk * H a cwf E S i f h
jzpfonf/ xkjYd yif vufawmf? ajcz0g;awmfrsm;rS vufacsmif;awmf? ukef;abmifacwfvuf&m a&maESmjyKjyifxm;aMumif; awGU&Sd
ajcacsmif;awmfrsm;rSm yuwdvlom;rsm;uJhodkY twkdt&Snf &rnf jzpfygonf/ ezl;oif;uspfawmfukd ausmufrsm;pDxm;jcif;?
&Sdonfhtjyif tom;ta& jynfhNzdK;pGmjzifh MunfndKzG,f zl;jrif qif;wkawmf\ vuftaetxm;onf uke;f abmifacwfvuf&m
Ekdifygonf/ rsm;jzpfonfukd awGU&Sd&rnfjzpfygonf/
usefppfom;rif;\ aumif;rIawmf tmeE´mapwDtwGif; Ak'¨ ta&SUbufEiS hf taemufbuf rwf&yfqif;wkawmfBu;D rsm;\
qif;wkawmfrsm;ukd avhvmEkdifygonf/ tmeE´mbk&m; twGif;&Sd ykHoP²mefawmfwkdYonf yk*Hacwfvuf&mESifh uGJjym;vsuf&SdNyD;
Ak'¨0if½kyf<uausmufcsyfrsm;ESihf ausmufqif;wkawmfrsm;\ ukef;abmifacwfaESmif;ykdif; ykHoP²mefrsm;jzpfaMumif; zl;awGU
vuf&mrSm *kywåacwfESihf ¤if;rS qufET,fvmaom ygvacwf &rnfjzpfygonf/ qif;wkawmfBuD; rD;avmifysufpD;cJhí xyfrH
vuf & mrsm;ES i h f quf p yf a eaMumif ; awG U &S d & onf / Ak ' ¨ wnfxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k od&Sd&onf/
 70 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfyko*rdHakicwf
f;tajAkc'jy¨qifAk;'wk¨qaifwmf
;wkrasmwmf
; rsm; 71
tavmif;pnfolrif; vufxuf xkvkyfylaZmfcJhaom o&u©H
Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;awmf ig;qlonf xif&mS ;ausmMf um;aom qif;wkawmfrsm;
jzpfygonf/ o&u©H Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd ylaZmfzl;jrif&olwdkY
onf touf t k d ; td r f p nf ; pd r f O pö m twG u f pd k ; &d r f a Mumif h M u
uif;apjcif;ESihf Zmwmpef;v*fxjcif;ukd jzpfaponf[k ,kMH unfpmG
ukd;uG,fylaZmfMuonf/ at'D 12 &mpk
tavmif;pnfolrif;BuD; vufxufü OD;acgif;awmfonf rwf&yf
ajymifacsmxkvkyfavh&SdNyD; rPdawmfESifh auwkrmvm yg&Sdum opfom;qif;wkawmf
(yk*H tmeE´mbk&m;
a&SUokdY tenf;i,f pkdufaeonf/ rsufESmawmfonf jrefrmqef
awmifbufrkcf)
vmygonf/ oif;ykid af wmfrS Aku d o f m;awmft&pfonf ]y} apmufyHk
uJhokdY ajyjypfvmjcif;ESifh &iftkyfawmfarmufrI enf;vmjcif;
ponfh vu©Pmrsm; zl;awGUEkdifygonf/ rEÅav;NrdKU a&TusD;jrif
bk&m;twGif; ÓPfawmf wpfawmif ESpfrkduf av;opf&Sd ]]&SifjzL
bk&m;}} ½kyfyGm;awmfonf 12 &mpk tavmif;pnfolrif;aumif;rI
jzpfí avhvmEkdifygonf/
2009 ckESpfwGif ausmufqnfNrdKUe,f apmf&J&Gm&Sd wrk'f
&Sifyifa&T*lapwD bk&m;ysufudk wl;azmf&mwGif apwD\vdkPf*l &ifbwfwiG ;f rsuEf mS awmfukd zl;awGU&onf/ 'kw, d qif;wkawmf
twGif; yk*Hacwf oHk;xyfAk'¨½kyfyGm;awmftm; tHhMozG,f zl;awGU BuD;tm; wwd, qif;wkawmfrS wpf0ufikHxm;í yv’ifyg Ak'¨
cJh&onf/ þuJhodkY Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfudk ,cifu rawGUrjrifbl;cJh qif;wkawmftm; xl;jcm;pGm zl;awGU&onf/
Muay/ qif;wkawmf oHk;qlvHk;rSm blrdzórkj'm yHkoP²mefjzpf rPdawmf&dS qHawmfrmS ydEq Jé ;l oP²mef &So
d nf/ &ifbwfawmf
onf/ yxr Ak'¨qif;wkawmfudkiHkí 'kwd, Ak'¨qif;wkawmf twGif;&Sd qif;wkawmf\ rPdawmfrSm cyfyg;yg;om&Sdí 11
 72 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfyko*rdHakicwf
f;tajAkc'jy¨qifAk;'wk¨qaifwmf
;wkrasmwmf
; rsm; 73
&mpk[ef Ak'q ¨ if;wkawmfjzpfí taemf&xmrif; aumif;rIawmf[k atmufEIwfcrf;wdkYrSm txltyg; wlnDvsuf&SdMuNyD; EIwfcrf;
,lqonf/ 'kwd, iHkxm;aom qif;wkawmfrSm 12 &mpk acwfOD; ESpcf wk iG f jrefrmtu©&m ]y} yko H P²mef rsO;f wpfaMumif; yg0ifjcif;?
ygvacwf vuf&m[efvTrf;aom yHkoP²mef&Sdonf/ tay:qHk; yck;H rS usvmaom ouFe;f ppGe;f onf tjcm;acwfuo hJ Ydk r[kwb
f J
Ak'q ¨ if;wkawmf\ rPdawmf&q dS aH wmfrmS ydEqéJ ;l oP²mef awGU&S&d ouFe;f wGerYf sm;onf ig;Muif;Nr;D ykpH H rsO;f wpfaMumif;ESihf tay:&pf
ojzifh 12 &mpk aESmif;ydkif; qif;wkawmfyHkoP²mefjzpfaMumif; ESp f& pfy g0if jcif; ? vufr ? ajczrkd; wkd Yr SvGJ í usefv ufa wmf
,lq&onf/ av;acsmif;ESifh usefajcacsmif; av;acsmif;wdkY\ tvsm;onf
þuJhodkY oHk;xyfqif;wkawmfjzpf&jcif;rSm taemf&xmrif; wlnrD eI ;D yg;&Sjd cif;? qHpawmfrS rsuaf rSmifawmf wpfjyef? rsuaf rSmif
wnfxm;cJhaomapwDtm; e&ywdpnfolrS uGrf;awmfayguf awmfrS ESmoD;awmfwpfjyefESifh ESmoD;awmfrS ar;aphawmfwpfjyef
ESpfxyf*lbk&m; wnfxm;jyKjyifcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf OZemrif;u wkdYonf wlnDrIr&Sdjcif;? 11 &mpkESifh 12 &mpk yk*HacwfwkdYuJhodkY
xyfrHí *lbk&m;udkiHkí pnf;cHkyHkapwDawmf wnfxm;cJhonf/ r[kwfbJ Adkufom;awmf\ rsufESmjyifrSm tjym;tcsyf xkvkyf
ESpaf ygif;Mumaomtcg NrKd Uysucf &hJ m 2009 ckEpS wf iG f tkwu
f ek ;f tm; xm;jcif;ESifh aemufaphawmfrS qHpawmfonf ar;aphawmf
&Sif;vif;&mrS ay:xGufcJhjcif;jzpfaMumif; avhvmod&Sd&ygonf/ txufwiG f &Sjd cif;onf 13 &mpk Ak'q ¨ if;wkawmfrsm;\ vu©Pm
1
yk*HacwfaESmif;ykdif; at'D 13 &mpk qif;wkawmfrsm;rSm rsm;yifjzpfonf/
yk*Ha'owpf0kduf txl;ojzihf rif;eef;olESifh zGm;apmwdkYwGif at'D 13 &mpkwGif wnfxm;ukd;uG,fcJhaom orÇLv?
tawGU&rsm;onf/ yk*HacwfaESmif;ykdif; 13 &mpkwGif xkvkyfaom apmvS 0 ef ; ES i f h yk * H N rd K Ua[mif ; &S d EG m ;jy*l (EG m ;rsm;o*F , m)?
qif;wkawmfrsm;wGif OD;acgif;awmf tenf;i,fBu;D vmNy;D pu©Ka`E´ *lawmfopf tp&Sdonfh *lrsm;twGif;&Sd qif;wkawmfrsm;ukd pHxm;
rsufvTmcsvsuf rsufESmawmfykHrsm;ukd trsm;qkH; awGU&onf/ avhvmEkdifygonf/ xl;jcm;rIwpf&yfrSm at'D 13 &mpk orÇLv
xl;jcm;csufrSm qHawmfukd ajymifacsmatmif xkvkyfavh bk&m;\ y"meqif;wkawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh eH&HtwGif; a&;qGJxm;
&SdNyD; rPdawmf yg&Sdaomfvnf; auwkrmvm ryg&Sday/ ezl;jyif aom eH&Haq;a&;vuf&m ykH[efrsm;rSm wlnDaeonfukd zl;awGU
txuf&Sd oif;uspfawmfonf jrefrmtu©&m ],} ykHoP²mef Ekdifygonf/
okdYr[kwf vIdif;wGefYykHoP²mef jyKvkyfavh&SdNyD; tay:EIwfcrf;ESifh 1/ ,Ofaus;rIr*¾Zif;? 2006
 74 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfyko*rdHakicwf
f;tajAkc'jy¨qifAk;'wk¨qaifwmf
;wkrasmwmf
; rsm; 75
yk*HacwfwGif tkyfcsKyfolrif;rsm;ESifh jynfoltaygif;wdkY
wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhaom omoedu taqmufttHk ta&
twGufrSm ]vSnf;0if½kd;oH wnHnH yk*Hbk&m;aygif;} [lí ta&
twGuf jyKcJhonf/ tif;0acwf rdk;n§if;rif;w&m;BuD; (1426-
1439) vufxuf yk*Ha'o&Sd bk&m;ykxdk;apwDrsm;udk pm&if;
at'D 12 &mpk aumuf,lNyD; oauFwtjzpf ]0if;0if;xdefvQH yk*Hbk&m;aygif;}
blrdzórkj'm [lí rSwfom;cJh&m ta&twGufrSm 4474 ql jzpfygonf/
aMu;qif;wkawmf uke;f abmifacwfwiG f ]jrwfb&k m;qla& jzLa&Tv0kd if; yk*jH ynf
(yk*H oAÁnKbk&m;rS
b,fwkdif;XmeDESifh pHrrD vGefxif&Sm; apmrkedrsm;} [lí uAsm
&&Sdonf/)
pyfqdkxm;csuft& ta&twGufrSm 4445 ql jzpfonf/
vuf&SdrSwfwrf;rsm;t& aumuf,lNyD;pm&if;rSm -
1/ *l? apwD? ykxdk; 1745 ql
2/ tkwfausmif; 431 ausmif;
3/ tjcm; (Orif^odrf) 54 ck
yk*HacwfwGif ESpfusdyf&Spfql ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;udkvnf; xkvkyf 4/ a&S;bk&m;tkwfukef;rsm; 892 jzpfí
avh&SdNyDjzpf&m bk&m;&Sifrsm;\ yGifhawmfrl&m opfyifrsm;udk pkpkaygif; 3122 OD;a& &Sdygonf/ 1

Munfhí cGJjcm;Edkifygonf/ ½kyfyGm;awmfaemufü aAm"dyifyg&SdvQif

odkYjzpfí yk*HacwfwGif Ak'¨qif;wkawmf yHkoP²mefrsm;\
a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;jzpfí a0óbljrwfpGmbk&m; yGifhawmfrl xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk o½kyfcGJavhvmMunfhygu atmufygtwdkif;
csdefü tifMuif;yif? uukóef jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a&ozef;yif? awGU&Sd&ygonf/
uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;onf jynfanmifyif ponfjzifh toD;oD;
1/ ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme? jrefrmha&S;a[mif;ordkif; taxmuftxm;
yGifhawmfrlcJhMuygonf/ pmwrf;
 76 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfyko*rdHakicwf
f;tajAkc'jy¨qifAk;'wk¨qaifwmf
;wkrasmwmf
; rsm; 77
yk*Hacwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;\ a,bk,syHkoP²mefrsm; (5) em;&Gufawmf
(1) OPSdo (rSefuif;awmf) yk*aH cwf em;&Guaf wmfonf ysLacwfEiS hf wlnaD Mumif; awGU&Sd
OPS d o (rS e f u if ; awmf ) onf ysLacwf w G i f rawG U &S d & &onf/ t&Snf &SpfvufopfcefY &Sdonf/ rsufcHk;awmfxdyfrS
aomfvnf; yk*HacwfwGif awGU&Sd&onf/ rPdawmftxufü ar;aphawmftxdom&SdNyD; ycHk;odkYrxday/ tcsdKU ykcHk;odkYxdonfudk
oAÁnKwÓPfawmf\ txdr;f trSwjf zpfaom rSeu f if;awmf yg&Sd awGU&onf/ em;&Gufawmf&Sd em;aygufonf ysLacwfavmuf
onf/ rSefuif;awmfonf a&SUaemufjym;í MumyHk? anmif&Guf rus,fay/ em;awmf wpfqufwnf; &Sdonf/ em;awmfxdyfonf
yHjk zifh xdyüf tenf;i,f aemufoaYkd &mufonf/ tcsKd Uqif;wkawmf tenf;i,f ta&SUodkY 0dkufaeonf/
rsm;wGif rSefuif;awmfü tcsdKifhxGif;í tzdk;wef ausmuf? oH?
ywåjrm;wdkYudk xnfhjr§Kyfum ylaZmfMuonf/ (6) ESmacgif;awmf

(2) rPdawmf (qHawmf) ESmacgif;awmf&Sd ESmoD;awmfxdyfonf ESmtdk;awmfatmuf

edrfhí pdkufusonf/ ESmacgif;cRefí ESmwHaumufonf/
rPdawmf (qHawmf)onf ao;oG,fNyD; tenf;i,f jrifhvm
ygonf/ &GvJ ;kH wef;rsm; pDxm;aom qHawmf&o
dS nf/ tmeE´mbk&m; (7) rsufvHk;awmf
twGif;&Sd rwf&yfqif;wkawmfwGif qHawmftm; ydEéJql;oP²mef
rsufvHk;awmfonf pu©Ka`E´ csxm;[ef toGifoP²mef&Sd
awGU&Sd&onf/
onf/ rsufckH;awmfonf ESma,mifMum;u tay:okdY ckH;wuf
(3) oif;uspfawmf oGm;onf/
oif;uspfawmftm; oD;jcm;rawGU&Sd&bJ a&SUxHk;qHawmf
twef;onfyif oif;uspfawmf oP²mefjzpfonf/ (8) EIwfcrf;awmf
(4) OPÖvHk arG;&Sifawmf yg;pyfawmfao;í EIwfcrf;yg;apmifrsm; yDyDjyifjyif &Sdvm
ygonf/ tay:EIwfcrf;awmfyg;í tvsm;&Snfonf/ 11 &mpk
OPÖxvHk arG;&Sifawmf xnfhoGif;xkvkyfxm;onf/
 78 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfyko*rdHakicwf
f;tajAkc'jy¨qifAk;'wk¨qaifwmf
;wkrasmwmf
; rsm; 79
yk*Hacwfaemufydkif; 13 &mpkwGif ar;awmftkyf0dkif;NyD; rdkYarmuf xkvkyfxm;onf/ (usefppfom;rif;vufxufwGif qif;wkawmf
aom yHkoP²mef&Sdonf/ rsm;rSm rsufESmawmfwnfMunfí NyHK;a,miforf;rIenf;NyD; cg;wH
tenf;i,f&Snfonf/)
(9) vnfyif;awmf
vnfyif;awmfwGif vnfa&;oHk;qifhtm; xif&Sm;pGm xkvkyf (11) ouFef;awmf
xm;onf/ ouFef;awmftm; cyfyg;yg; taetxm;jzifh xkvkyfxm;
onf/ a&pdkaeaom ouFef;uJhodkY csufawmfESifh Adkufom;awmfwdkY
(10) udk,fvHk;awmf
udk ay:vGifpGm awGUjrifEkdifonf/ ycHk;ay:wGif wifxm;aom
ycHk;awmfus,fjyefYí &iftkyfawmfum;NyD; cg;rSmodrfonf/ ouFef;awmfrSm ta&;taMumif;rQomjzpfí pGefNrD;? ig;Muif;NrD;
Adu
k of m;ESichf suaf wmfwu Ykd kd xif&mS ;pGmawGUjrifEidk o
f nf/ cg;ao;í uJo
h Ykd ESpcf &G o
dS nf/ tzsm;ESpcf o
G nf &iftt
kH xufü uyfaeonf/
&ifBuD;onf/ cE¨mudk,ftcsdK;tpm; userIudk ay:vGifpGm xkvkyf tem;twGefYacgufrQom yg&Sdonf/ oif;ykdif0wfxm;yHk ay:vGif
xm;onf/ rwfwwf&yfu, kd af wmfrmS wifyg;awmfum;Ny;D aygifwrH S onf/
wpfqifh 'l;awmf? ajcovHk;awmfrsm;udk oG,fwef;í udk,fae
xm;[efrmS aysmah ysmif;[ef&o dS nf/ a,mufsm;jrwfw\ Ykd vu©Pm (12) vufawmf (rkj'm)
yHok P²mefEiS hf jynfph akH om[ef&o dS nf/ vufarmif;awmf? vufzs½H ;kd trsm;qHk;awGU&onfh rkj'm (vuf[eftaetxm;) rSm blrd
awmfrsm;rSm cE¨mudk,ftcsdK;tpm;ESifh vdkufzufnDpGm xkvkyfxm; zórkj'm? "r®puúrkj'm? psmerkj'm? r[mu*kPfurkj'mwdkY
Muonf/ txl;ojzifh vufacsmif;awmfESifh ajcz0g;awmf&Sd jzpfonf/ vufawmfrsm;onf yuwdvrl sm;uJo h Ykd twdt
k &Snjf zifh
ajcacsmif;awmfwdkYtm; wlnDpGm xkvkyfxm;jcif;rsKd; r&Sday/ xkvyk x
f m;onf/ vufrawmfrmS vufnKd§ ;ESirhf xdbJ ab;um;vsuf
obm0vufacsmif;ESifh ajcacsmif;rsm;\ twdkt&Snf toGif &So
d nf/ yk*aH cwf tapmydik ;f wGif vufz0g;rsm;wGif pufvu©Pm
oP²mef&SdNyD; tom;ta& rdkYrdkYazmif;azmif;<u<ujzifh xkvkyfxm;
yg&So
d nf/ pufvu©Pmyg&Sad om qif;wkawmfrsm;udk jynfih g;jynfh
onf/ cg;ü csufay:onf/ oif;ydkif0wfxm;yHk ay:vGifpGm
bk&m;[k ac:qdkMuonf/
 80 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfyko*rdHakicwf
f;tajAkc'jy¨qifAk;'wk¨qaifwmf
;wkrasmwmf
; rsm; 81
(13) ajcawmftaetxm; (tmoe) em;&GufawmfyHkoP²mef wlnDjcif;jzpfonf/ yk*HacwfwGif Ak'¨
wifyv’ifcsdwf taetxm;jzifh xkvkyfxm;onf/ tcsdKU qif;wkawmfrsm;tjyif Ak'¨ajcawmf&mrsm;ukdyg xnfhoGif;xkvkyf
ajcz0g;awmf ESpfzufvHk; vSefxm;onf/ ajcz0g; txufvSef ylaZmfvmcJhonfukd awGU&Sd&onf/ udk,ftaetxm;rSm cg;ao;?
jcif;rSm tdEd´,[efjzpfonf/ yk*Hacwftapmydkif;wGif ajcz0g; &ifcsDaom yHkoP²mef&Sdjcif;? ouFef;awmf&ifbwf b,fbufwGif
ig;Muif ; NrD ; yH k o P² m ef ay:vG i f j cif ; ? cg;awmf w G i f oif ; yd k i f
rsm;wGif pufvu©Pm yg&Sdonf/
0wfxm;rI ouFef;&m ay:vGifxif&Sm;jcif;? blrdzórkj'm?
(14) yv’ifawmf "r®pMumrkj'm? r[mu½kPmrkj'mwdkYwGif yuwdvlrsm;uJhodkY
yv’ifawmfrSm MumarSmufMumvSef ESpfxyfjzifh jyKvkyfxm; vufawmfonf twdkt&SnfrnDbJ &Sdjcif;ESifh yv’ifawmfrSm
onf/ Mumzwftvsm;ESifh teHwdkYonf wlnDonfudk trsm; MumarSmufMumvSef ESpfxyfjzifh jyKvkyfylaZmfonfudk yk*Hacwf
xl;jcm;csufrsm;tjzpf avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/
tm;jzifh awGU&onf/ y'kr®mMumyHkjzpfí MumtppfyHk aysmufuG,f
ysLacwfESifh yk*Hacwf qif;wkawmfrsm;wGif wlnDonfh
cJhonf/
tcsufrSm em;&Gufawmf ycHk;odkY rxdjcif;ESifh em;&GufawmfwGif
(15) toHk;jyKypönf; em;ayguf yg&Sdjcif;udk awGU&Sd&onf/ 13 &mpkwGif jrefrm[ef
yk*Hacwf qif;wkawmfrsm;udk a&T? aiG? aMu;? yÍöavm[m? rsm;pGmawGU&Sí d acwfjrefrmqif;wkawmfrsm;\ a&SUajy;qif;wkawmf
ausmuf? ajr? t*FawESifh opfom;wdkYjzifh jyKvkyfxm;onf/ ykHoP²mefrsm; ajymif;vJcJhonf/

(16) xl;jcm;csuf
OPSdo 0dkif;onf/ cE¨mudk,f tcsdK;rus? ouFef;tenf;i,f
xlvmonf/ ajcawmftm; wifysOfacGcsdwfyHk xkvkyfvmonf/
MumarSmufMumvSef &Snfvmonf/ csufawmf ay:vGifonf/
ysLacwf E S i f h yk * H a cwf wl n D c suf r S m em;ayguf a wmf & S d j cif ; ?
 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) yifo;,acwf
acwf rdkif;tajcAkjy'¨qAkif';¨q
wkifa;wmf
wkarwmf
sm; rsm; 83
yk*HacwfaESmif;ydkif; at'D 13 &mpk qif;wkrsm;ESifh wlnD
onf qkdaomfvnf; &Srf;ESifh rGefvuf&m ykdíqefvmygonf/
jrifpkdif;? yif;,? ppfukdif;rif;qufrsm;onf &Srf; (xkdif;)? ,Gef;
(xkdif;) ,Ofaus;rI tm;aumif;aom acwftcgrsm; jzpfMuonf/
okdYjzpfí jrefrmh½kd;&m y#drm½kyfoGifrsm;onf yk*HykHpHrS &Srf;? ,Gef;?
w½kwf? wdAufykHokdY ,kdifvmonfukd awGUvm&ygonf/ rsufESm
«5» jym;í 0kdif;vmonf/ ESma&mifcsdKifhí edrfhvmonf/ rsufvkH;?
rsufawmif ao;i,fusOf;ajrmif;vmonf/ t&yftarmif; edrfhí
yif;,acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; ar;aph0ef; 0dkif;vmonf/ ar;½kd;oG,fvsonf/ rukd#fOD;aoQmif
wkdYonfvnf; yGwfvkH;ykH? ESpfqihfyGwfcHykH? BuHqpfyHk? rD;vQHykH? pdef
yk*HacwfNyD;aemuf oD[ol&rif;onf ouú&mZf 1312 ckESpf zl;awmfykH? rkd;BudK;oGm;vufeufykH? yef;rukd#fykH? ydEéJql;ykH? z½kHn§m
wGif yif;,NrdKUudk wnfaxmifum pdk;pHcJhonf/ yif;,acwf rD;vQHykH? rPda&mifjyefykH? wrmoD;ykH? iSufaysmzl;ykH? Mumzl;ykH
rif;ajcmufquf pdk;pHcJhNyD; ouú&mZf 1363 ckESpfwGif yif;,NrdKU ponfjzifh &Srf;,Gef;qefqef ykHyef;vu©Pmrsm;jzifh awGU&Sdvm&
ysufcJhonf/ yif;,acwfonf oufwrf; 52 ESpf MumjrifhcJhonf/ onf/
yif;,acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf vuf&mrsm;onf yk*Hacwf xkdifckHyv’if tmoersm;ESifh pD;awmf,mOf? 0g[e,mersm;
aESmif;ydkif; 13 &mpkESifh wlnDí uGmjcm;rI r&SdcJhay/ yif;,NrdKU wGiv f nf; qifjzL qifrnf; wpfp;D ? ESppf ;D ? ok;H pD;rSpí qifrsm;pGmukd
ajrmufbuf *loHk;vHk;\ qif;wkawmfrsm;udk avhvmvQif yk*H&Sd toHk;jyKvmMuonf/ *Zmoe? *Z0g[eykHrsm; jzpfonf/
qifjzL&Sifausmif;wdkuf&Sd qif;wkawmfESifh vuf&mrsm; wlnD
onfudk avhvmEkdifygonf/ qif;wkawmfrsm;udk tkwft*Faw
jzifhom jyKvkyfylaZmfcJhMuonf/ tdE´d,[efESifh uGJjym;aeonfudk
awGU&Sdzl;ajrmf&onf/
82
 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) tif
acwfo;rd0acwf
kif;tajcAkjy'¨qAkif';¨q
wkifa;wmf
wkarwmf
sm; rsm; 85

«6»
at'D 14 &mpk
tif;0acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; tif;0acwfvuf&m
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
tif;0acwfukd owdk;rif;zsm;onf ouú&mZf 725 ck?
waygif;vqef; 6 &uf t*FgaeY (at'D 1364 ckESpf azazmf0g&D
7 &uf) wGif pwifwnfaxmifcNhJ y;D rif;qufaygif; wpfq,fo h ;kH yg;
pkd;pHcJhonf/ aemufqkH;rif; a&Teef;aMumh&Sif e&ywdrif;vufxuf
ouú&mZf 888 (at'D 1526 ckESpf) xd ESpfaygif; 162 ESpf yv’ifawmfwpfckatmufü tykdyg&Sdvmygonf/ xl;jcm;csufrSm
MumjrifhcJhNyD; tif;0acwf ukefqkH;cJhonf/ cg;ao;&ifBuD;í &ifbwf b,fbufouFef;rsm;onf ig;Muif;NrD;
tif;0acwf qif;wkawmfrsm;onf yk*Hacwfqif;wkawmf oP²mef ykdíay:vGifonf/ obm0vl\ vuftaetxm;
½kyyf mG ;awmfrsm;ESihf jcm;em;jcif; odyrf &Sad y/ tdE,
d´ [ef yko H P²mef twkid ;f xkvyk x
f m;onf/ vufrESihf vufnKd§ ; uGmonft h aetxm;
vTrf;rdk;aom yk*Hacwf[ef ykHoP²mefukd jrefrmqefpGm xkvkyf twkdif; xkvkyfxm;onfrSm rnfonfhacwfwGifrS rawGU&Sd&ay/
jyifqifxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ okdYjzpfí tif;0acwf vuf&mrsm; MumarSmufMumvef ESpx f yf&ydS v’irf sm;ESihf Ak'0¨ ifcef;rsm; trsm;qk;H
onf yk*aH cwfaESmif;ykid ;f qif;wkawmfrsm;[k xifrw S rf mS ;Ekid o
f nf/ xkvkyfavh&SdNyD; rsm;aomtm;jzifh blrdzórkj'mtoGif awGU&
tif;0acwfO;D ykid ;f qif;wkawmfrsm;&Sd MumyGww f o Ydk nf cyfjym;jym; onf/
jzpfNyD; rkd;BudK;oGm;? pdefawmifrsm;yg&Sdaom 0ZD&moe av;axmihf
84
86 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) tif
acwfo;rd0acwf
kif;tajcAkjy'¨qAkif';¨q
wkifa;wmf
wkarwmf
sm; rsm; 87
tif;0acwfwGif ,kd;',m;uEkwfyef;rsm;? oZifacGrsm;?
rD;vQHrsm;? pdefawmif? rkd;BudK;oGm;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKvmMuygonf/
yk*Ha'owGif tif;0acwfvuf&mrsm;udk awGU&SdEkdifygonf/
a&Tpnf;ckHbk&m;\ taemufbuf rkd;n§if;ausmif;wkduftwGif;&Sd
at'D 15 &mpk wufE, G af usmif; (c) jrawmifausmif;onf tif;0acwf vuf&m
tif;0acwfvuf&m rsm; jzpfayonf/ ausmif;wkduftwGif; &Sm;yg;onfh tif;0acwf
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf eH&Hyef;csDrsm;ukd awGUjrifEkdifygonf/
tif;0acwf Ak'¨qi;wk
0acw ;f wkaw
wmmfrsm;\ a,bk,sykHoP²mefrsm;
tif;0acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;onf yk*Hacwf qif;wk
awmf ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;\ vuf&mESifh jcm;em;jcif; odyfr&Sday/
tdE´d,[ef ykHoP²mef vTrf;rkd;aom yk*Hacwf[ef ykHoP²mefukd
jrefrmqefpGm jyKjyifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
tif;0acwf vuf&mrsm;tjzpf tif;0NrddKU\ta&SUajrmuf? (1) OPSdó (rSefuif;awmf)
{&m0wDjrpf\ ta&SUbufurf;&Sd a&TMuuf,ufapwDawmfwGif
OPSdó (rSefuif;awmf) onf Mumzl;ykH? anmif&GufykH&Sdí
we*FaEGrif; ylaZmfxm;&Sdaom Zdermefatmif? avmurmef
tenf;i,fjym;í axmifhrsm;yg&Sdonf/ OD;acgif;awmf\ tv,f
atmif? &wemrmefatmif Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd zl;awGU&rnf
xdyfwnfhwnfhwGif xkvkyfxm;ygonf/ rSefuif;awmfrSm yk*H
jzpfonf/ 'kórmefatmif ½kyfyGm;awmf &SdcJhonf[k qkdaomf
acwfxuf ykdíjrifhonf/
vnf; ,cktcg rawGU&Sdawmhay/ ppfukdif; rdaygufBuD;bk&m;
twGif;&Sd qif;wkawmftcsdKUonf tjzLa&mifausmufjzifhxkí (2) rPdawmf (qHawmf)
aq;jc,fxm;&Sdonfukd awGU&Sd&onf/ rPdawmfonf yk*Hacwfxuf ykdBuD;NyD; qHawmf&GJwef;rsm;
ao;i,fonf/
 88 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) tif
acwfo;rd0acwf
kif;tajcAkjy'¨qAkif';¨q
wkifa;wmf
wkarwmf
sm; rsm; 89
(3) oif;uspfawmf jzpfonf/ yk*Hacwf rsufckH;awmfrsm;uJhokdY twGif;pkdufNyD; tjyif
oif;uspfawmfonf ao;i,fí qHawmfESifh rsufvkH;awmf okdY aumhwufraebJ vjcrf;ykHoP²mef&Sdonf/ anmif&rf;acwf
ukd ykdif;jcm;xm;aom ao;i,fvSonfh rsOf;wpfaMumif;om a&SUajy;ykHoP²mefjzpfonf/
jzpfonf/
(8) uk d , f v k H ; awmf
(4) OPSvkH arG;&Sifawmf
tif;0acwf ukd,fvkH;awmfonf yk*Hacwfavmuf ukd,fvkH;
qif;wkawmf jyKvkyfxkvkyf&mwGif OPSvHkarG;&Sifawmfudk
awmf tcsdK;tqpf rusjcif;jzpfonf/ yk*HacwfwGif cg;ao;?
oD;jcm;xkvyk x
f m;jcif; r&Sad y/ wpfcgwpf&H aq;jzifh a&;jc,favh
&Sdonf/ &ifcsDykHjzpfonf/

(5) rsufESmawmf (9) ouFef;awmf

rsuEf mS awmfwpfcv
k ;Hk wGif jAuftus,q
f ;Hk taetxm;wGif 'ku#fouFef;awmfrSm twGefYrsm; tenf;i,f xif&Sm;yg
xkvkyfxm;onf/ ezl;awmfum;í jym;onf/ onf/ ouFef;awmfrSm ta&;taMumif;jzifhom azmfjyNyD; pGefNrD;
ESpfcGonf twGefYrsm; ryg&SdbJ rsOf;ajzmifhjzifhom tqkH;owf
(6) em;&Gufawmf
xm;avh&o dS nf/ yk*aH cwf ouFe;f awmfxuf yk&d n
S Nf y;D &ifbwfawmf
em;&GufawmfrSm rsufckH;awmfrS yckH;awmfokdY rxday/ tcsdKU
tenf;i,f xdpyfaeonf/ em;&GufawmfwGif tydkif;oHk;ykdif; cGJEkdif atmufoadYk &mufonfh tem;ywfaMumif; cg;awmftxd yg&So d nf/
onf/ txufykdif; jAufus,fNyD; atmufykdif; jAuftenf;i,f (10) vufawmf
ao;onf/ tv,fykdif;wGif jAuftao;qkH;jzpfonf/
tif ; 0acwf qif ; wk a wmf r sm;ü vuf r rS v G J í usef
(7) rsufvkH;? rsufckH;awmf av;acsmif;onf twkdt&Snf wlnDonf/ vufzrkd;awmfjAufESifh
rsufvkH;awmfonf pu©Ka`E´csxm;onf/ rsufvkH;? rsufckH;? vufacsmif;awmfjAufwkdY wlnDonf/ blrdzórkj'mudk trsm;qkH;
ESmacgif;awmfwkdYonf jrefrmqefvmaom yk*Hacwfvuf&mrsm; xkvkyfavh&Sdonf/ rkj'mig;rsdK;om trsm;qkH; xkvkyfonf/
90 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) tif
acwfo;;rd0acwf
tif kif;tajcAkAkjy''¨q
0acwf ¨qAkif'if;¨q
;wk
wkifaa;wmf
wmfarrwmf
wk ssmm;; rsm; 91
(11) ajcawmf csufawmf ay:onf/ oif;ykdif ay:vGifonf/ obm0vl\
wifysOfacGcsdwf qif;wkawmfrsm;ukdom xkvkyfavh&Sdonf/ yuwd vuftaetxm;twkdif; xkvkyfxm;onf/ vufrESihf
vufn§dK; uGmaeonfukd rnfonhfacwfwGifrQ rawGU&Sd&ay/
(12) yv’ifawmf
MumarSmufMumvef ESpfxyfyg&Sdonf/ Ak'¨0ifcef;rsm;udk trsm;
yv’ifawmfwGif MumarSmufMumvefwdkY\ tvsm;onf qkH; xkvkyfonfukd awGU&onf/ tif;0acwfwGif trsm;qkH;
teHxuf ykdí&Snfonf/ aMu;qif;wkawmfrsm;rSm yv’ifawmf xkvkyfaom qif;wkawmfrSm blrdzórkj'm[efjzpfonf/
wGif uEkwfyef;oabmrsdK; taygufazmufxm;avh&Sdonf/
MumarSmufMumvef ESpfxyf&Sdonf/ ysLacwfwGif wpfxyfom
&Sdonf/ tEkpdwfvuf&mü yk*Hacwfukd rrDawmhay/
(13) tokH;jyKypönf;
aMu;0g? oJausmuf? t*Faw? opfom;? a&Tcstxnfrsm;
tjyif Xmyem&eftwGuf tenf;i,fyGaom tjzLa&mif ausmuf
wpfrsdK;udk xkvkyfí aq;a&mifjc,fxm;onf/ (Oyrm ppfukdif;
rD;aygufBuD;bk&m;twGif;)? a&T? aiG? aMu;? yÍöavm[m tokH;jyK
onf/ ysLacwfwGif opfom;jzihfxkvkyfaom qif;wkukd rawGU&Sd
ao;ay/
(14) xl;jcm;csuf
ukd,fcE¨mrSm cg;ao;? &ifBuD;onf/ &ifbwf b,fbuf
ouFef;rsm;&Sd tpGef;onf ig;Muif;NrD;oP²mef ay:vGifonf/
 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) anmif
acwford&kirff;taj
acwfcjyAk'Ak¨q if;ifwk;wk
'¨q awmfrsmr;sm;
awmf 93
vmMuonf/ rkj'm? tmoe vuf[efajc[ef? xdkifykH? udk,f[ef
taetxm;rsm;rS m vnf ; ,d k ; ',m;yH k ? rG e f - crmyH k qef q ef
ao;oG,fEGJUaESmif; aysmhaysmif;ajyjypfí oHk;qpfcsdK;? Bwdb*F
[efrlrsm;udk rsm;pGmawGU&Sd avhvm&ayonf/ rsufESmawmfyHk
«7» tuste ar;½dk;? yg;jyif? ezl;? vnfwdkif ponfwdkYrSmvnf;
,dk;',m;? rGef-crmyHk qefvmonfudk awGU&ygonf/
anmif&rf;acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 17 &mpk rHbk&m;wpfqltm; avhvm&mwGif qif;wkawmf
anmif&rf;rif;w&m;BuD;onf ouú&mZf 959 ckESpf (at'D rsm;\ ouFef;0wfxm;yHkrSm xl;jcm;onfudk awGU&Sd&onf/
1599) wGif 'kwd,tif;0[kac:aom &wemyl& aejynfawmf ouFef;tm; twGefYtvdyfrsm;jzifh azmfjyjcif;rjyKbJ rsOf;NydKifrsm;
BuD;udk wnfaxmifcJhojzihf xkdacwfukd anmif&rf;acwf[k ESifh azmfjyxm;onfudkvnf; awGU&ygonf/ ouFef;rSmvnf;
ac:qkdcJhonf/ rif;quf 11 quf&Sdí aemufqkH;rif;rSm r[m cyfavsmhavsmhr[kwfbJ udk,fvHk;awmfü uyfaeí csyfcsyf&yf&yf
"r®&mZm"dywd jzpfonf/ ouú&mZf 1113 ck (at'D 1752) &Sdygonf/ nmbufycHk;udk ouFef;pESifh zHk;tkyfxm;[efrSm
ckESpfwGif anmif&rf;rif;quf ukefqkH;cJhonf/ ta&SUbuf &Srf;? ,Gef;wdkY\ yHkoP²mef[k ,lqEdkifygonf/
anmif & rf ; acwf w G i f Ak ' ¨ q if ; wk a wmf r sm;onf rG e f y H k ? we*FaEGrif; aumif;rIawmf ppfukdif;av;uGsef;rmefatmif
,dk;',m;yHkawmfrsm;? oD[dkVfyHkawmfrsm;udk rsm;pGmavhvmawGU&Sd ESifh tif;0avmuo&zl&Sd pusifausmufom; qif;wkawmfBuD;rSm
vm&ygonf/ EdkifiH&yfjcm; wdkif;wpfyg;wdkYESifh ul;vl;qufqHEdkifNyD anmif&rf;acwf\ xl;jcm;BuD;rm;aom vuf&mrsm;yif jzpfonf/
jzpfaomaMumifh y#drmody\ HÜ toGiv f u©Pmrsm;vnf; qef;jym; ycef;BuD; a&TOrifausmif; odrfbk&m;wGif ausmufom;jzihf
vmygonf/ yv’if? wHuJ? b,ufwefqm? 'Gg'&mrsm;wGif xkvkyfxm;aom anmif&rf;acwf rif;0wfbk&m; (ZrÁLywd) ukd
[oFmiSuf? rmuef;? rdausmif;? ig;Muif;? e*g;? jcL;yef; jcL;EG,f? zl;awGUEkdifygonf/ ausmufovif;[kac:aom pusifausmuf
oZifacG? rD;vQH? pdefawmifyHkrsm;udk trsm;tjym; toHk;jyK (xkH;ausmufjzL) jzifh Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;ukd anmif&rf;acwfwGif
92
 94 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) anmif
acwford&kirff;taj
acwfcjyAk'Ak¨q if;ifwk;wk
'¨q awmfrsmr;sm;
awmf 95
pwifxkvkyfylaZmfaMumif; awGU&Sd&NyD;jzpfonf[k avhvm&yg
onf/
jrefrmEkdifiH Ak'¨omoemawmfESifh pusifausmuf ½kyfyGm;
qif;wkawmf xkvkyfonfhorkdif;wGif we*FaEGrif;vufxufrS
pwifxkvkyfjcif;jzpfí xl;jcm;onfukd avhvm&ygrnf/ we*FaEG
rif ; onf pusif a wmif r S wpf q ,f h a jcmuf awmif & S d a om
at'D 17 &mpk
ausmufjzLBuD;udk azmifjzifho,f,lEkdifcJhygonf/ Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmf anmif&rf;acwfvuf&m
xkvkyfí ppfukdif;bufwGif yxrqkH;tBudrf tBuD;qkH;aom Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
pusifausmufjzL ½kyfyGm;awmfBuD;udk wnfxm;ylaZmfEkdifcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/ yuwd bk&m;ocif\ t&G,fawmfukd &nfrSef;ylaZmf
Ekid cf NhJ y;D ]av;uGse;f rmefatmif}[k bGUJ awmfqufuyfvLS 'gef;cJo
h nf/
we*FaEGrif;onf xyfrHí pusifawmifajcwGif wa&GUa&GU
ay:xG u f v maom pusif a usmuf j zLBuD ; tm; avmuo&zl
bGJUrnfjzifh wpfq,fhESpfawmiftjrifh&Sd Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfukd xkvkyf
ylaZmfcJhonf/ yv’ifawmfrSm ajcmufawmiftjrifh&Sdí pkpkaygif; anmif&rf;acwf qif;wkawmfrsm;onf yk*aH cwf qif;wkawmf
tjrifh wpfq,fh&Spfawmif&SdNyD; tav;csdef 490 'or 36 wef rsm;ES i f h v nf ; aumif ; ? tif ; 0acwf qif ; wk a wmf r sm;ES i f h
&SdaMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/ avmuo&zlbk&m;ukd tif;0NrdKUa[mif; vnf;aumif; uGJjym;jcm;em;vmonf/ rsufESmawmfESifh ar;awmf
qifusHK;&yfwGif zl;awGUEkdifygonf/ anmif&rf;rif;w&m;BuD; 0dik ;f í rsucf ;Hk awmfEiS hf rsuv
f ;Hk awmf a0;uGmjcif;rSm anmif&rf;acwf
wnfaxmifcJhaom 'kwd, tif;0aejynfawmfBuD;onf bk&m; xl;jcm;aom ukd,fydkif[efjzpfaMumif; avhvm awGU&Sd&ygonf/
ausmif;uefrsm;jzifh om,mpnfyifcJhygonf/
 96 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) anmif
acwford&kirff;taj
acwfcjyAk'Ak¨q if;ifwk;wk
'¨q awmfrsmr;sm;
awmf 97
anm
anmiif& &r f ; ac
f &r acwwf Ak ' ¨ q if ; wk a w
wmm f r sm;\ a,bk , s (5) OPÖ v H k a wmf
yHkoP²mefrsm; (at'D 17-18 &mpk) OPÖvHkarG;&Sifawmfudk xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;rsdK; rawGU&aomf
vnf; tcsdKU qif;wkawmfrsm;wGif aq;jzifha&;jc,fxm;onf/
(1) OPSdó (rSefuif;awmf)
OPSdó rSefuif;awmfonf Mumzl;uJhodkY vHk;0ef;aom (6) em;&Gufawmf
yHkoP²mef&Sdonf/ acgif;awmf xdyfwnfhwnfhwGif wnf&Sdonf/ em;&GufawmfrSm rsufcHk;awmfrS ar;awmfxuf ydk&SnfNyD;
tif;0acwf OPSdóESifh rwlnDay/ ycH;k awmfoYkd xdonf/ anmif&rf;acwfO;D ü em;awmfukd txufyikd ;f
ESifhatmufydkif; cGJxm;[ef&Sdonf/ txufydkif;onf jAufBuD;NyD;
(2) rPdawmf (qHawmf) ab;um;onf / atmuf y d k i f ; onf tenf ; i,f jAuf a o;í
rPdawmfonf yk*Hacwf qif;wkawmfxuf ydkBuD;onf/ em;awmftv,fydkif;wGif jAuftao;qHk;jzpfonf/
rPdawmfESifh OPSdoawmftjrifhonf qwlcefY&Sdonf/ qHawmf
(7) ESmacgif;awmf
&GJwef;rsm; ao;i,fonf/
toD;awmfxdyfESifh ESmtdk;awmfwdkYonf rsOf;wpfajy;wnf;
(3) ezl;awmf &Sdavonf/ ESmacgif;awmfudk ab;wdkufrSMunfhaomf jym;NyD;
ezl ; awmf us,f v mNyD ; em;xif a wmf jAuf t us,f q H k ; xkr&Sday/
jzpfonf/
(8) rsufvHk;awmf
(4) oif;uspfawmf rsufvHk;awmfonf pu©KajE´ cs[ef&Sdonf/
oif;uspfawmfonf qHawmfESifh ezl;awmfwdkY ydkif;jcm;xm; (9) EIwfcrf;awmf
aom ao;i,fvSonfh rsOf;wpfaMumif;om jzpfonf/ tif;0 EIwcf rf;awmfyg;Ny;D tvsm;&Sno
f nf/ EIwcf rf;awmf NyKH ;a&mif
acwfESifh wlnDonf/ oef;onf/
 98 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) anmif
acwford&kirff;taj
acwfcjyAk'Ak¨q if;ifwk;wk
'¨q awmfrsmr;sm;
awmf 99
(10) ar;awmf (16) yv’ifawmf
ar;awmfonf vHk;0ef;NyD; a&SUodkYrxGufay/ ausmufqif;wkawmfwGif yv’ifawmf edrfhedrfhjzpfNyD; opfom;
ES i f h aMu;qif ; wk a wmf r sm;\ yv’ i f a wmf j rif h o nf / tcsd K U
(11) vnfyif;awmf
vnfyif;awmfonf vnfa&;oHk;qifh&Sdonf/ rsufESmawmf qif;wkawmf\ yv’ifawmfonf qif;wkawmf\ ÓPfawmfESifh
ESifh EdIif;pmvQif ao;í &Snfonf/ trQ &SdMuonf/

(12) ud k , f v H k ; awmf (17) toHk;jyKypönf;

tif;0acwf yHkoP²mef[efjzifh xkvkyfavh&Sdonf/ aMu;0g? t*Faw? opfom;? a&Tcs? rHudk,fawmf (om;½kd;
acgif;yG)? pusifausmuf (xHk;ausmufjzL) wdkYjzpfonf/ pusif
(13) ouFef;awmf
ausmufEiS hf a&Tcsru
H ,
dk af wmfukd pwifxv
k yk f ud;k uG,af omacwf
ouFe;f awmf ydrk akd y:vGiv
f monf/ ycH;k ay:wGif ouFe;f awmf
jzpfonf/
ESpfxyf xkvkyfxm;onf/

(14) vufawmf (18) xl;jcm;csuf

vufarmif;awmfESihf vufacsmif;awmfwdkYonf ao;oG,f 'l;tpGef;ESpfzuf tuGmta0;onf 'l;rS ar;awmf tuGm
&S n f v sm;NyD ; tcsd K U qif ; wk a wmf r sm;rS m vuf a csmif ; awmf ta0;xuf rausmfvGefyg/ anmif&rf;acwfü xl;jcm;aom
av;acsmif;onf tvsm;a&m vHk;ywfyg wlnDonf/ blrdzó qif;wkawmf yHkpHtopf ay:xGef;vmonf/ yk*HacwfESifh vHk;0
rkj'm trsm;qHk; xkvkyfonf/ jcm;em;cJhonf/ pusifausmufudk toHk;jyKcJhonf/ OPSdóonf
(15) ajcawmf vHk;0dkif;NyD; &Snfonf/ (tif;0acwfESifh rwl) ouFef;onf
ajcawmfonf wifysOfacGcsdwf taetxm;wGif xkvkyf (tif;0acwfESifhwl)? vufawmfonf tif;0acwfESifh wlonf/
xm;onf/ ajcawmfonf wifysOaf cGcswd f yHo
k P²mef&o
dS nf/ em;&Guaf wmfonf
100 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) anmif
acwford&kirff;taj
acwfcjyAk'Ak¨q if;ifwk;wk
'¨q awmfrsmr;sm;
awmf
ycH;k awmfx&d n
S íf xkvyk x
f m;onfrmS tif;0acwfEiS hf wlno
D nf/
tif;0acwfESifh anmif&rf;acwfudk qHk;jzwf&mwGif OPSdo\
xl;jcm;csufESifh pusifausmufESifh a&TcsrHudk,fawmf pwifxkvkyf
udk;uG,fjcif;udk avhvmqHk;jzwfEdkifygonf/
«8»

ukef;abmifacwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;
ukef;abmifcwfonf ouú&mZf 1114 ckESpfrS 1247 ckESpf
(at'D 1752 ckESpfrS 1885 ckESpf) txd umvtm; orkdif;
q&mrsm;rS ac:qk d c J h M uygonf / tavmif ; rif ; w&m;BuD ;
OD;atmifaZ,s eef;wufESpfrS oDaygrif; eef;usESpfumvtm;
owfrSwfjcif;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨qif;wkawmf vuf&mykHpH[efrsm;udk-
(1) ukef;abmifacwfOD;?
(2) tr&yl&acwfESifh
(3) &wemykHacwf
[lí cGJjcm;avhvmvQif uGJjym;jcm;em;vmaom Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
vuf&mrsm;udk avhvm&mü ykdívG,fulpGm odjrifEkdifrnf jzpfyg
onf/
101
102 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) ukef;o
acwf abmif acwf
rdkif;tajcjyAk'Ak¨q
'¨qif;ifwk;wkawmf
awmfrsrm;sm; 103
uk e f ; abmif a cwf O D ; Ak ' ¨ q if ; wk a wmf vuf & mrsm; aMu;? oH? pusifausmufjzifh xkvkyfylaZmfaom qif;wkrsm;
ukef;abmifacwfOD;onf tavmif;rif;w&m; eef;wufESpf tjyifanmif&rf;acwfü pwifylaZmfvmcJhaom rHukd,fawmf
ouú&mZf 1114 (at'D 1752) rS pOfu h ;l rif;vufxuf ouú&mZf (om;½k;d acgif;yGqif;wk) rSm rsm;pGmxkvyk f uk;d uG,cf NhJ y;D jrefrmEkid if H
1143 (at'D 1781) xd jzpfygonf/ NrdKUawmfrSmvnf; a&Tbkd? ae&mtESHYtjym;wGif zl;awGUEkdifygonf/
ppfukdif;? tif;0wkdYokdY ajymif;a&TUeef;pHcJhMu&ojzifh ukef;abmif &S r f ; jynf e ,f w G i f ÓPf a wmf w pf a wmif ? wpf a wmif
acwfOD; Ak'¨qif;wkawmf trsm;tjym; xkda'orsm;wGif awGU&Sd avsmah vsm&h adS om rHb&k m;rsm;ukd ylaZmfol ykí d rsm;onfudk awGU&Sd
&rnfjzpfygonf/ anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI\ vTrf;rkd;jcif; &onf/ tcsdKUrHbk&m;rsm;\ yv’ifatmufajcwGif aumif;rI&Sif
cH&ojzifh ukef;abmifacwfOD; bk&m;qif;wkawmfrsm;\ vuf&m wkdY\ trnf? ae&yfESifh vSL'gef;aom ouú&mZfukd a&;xkd;xm;í
onf anmif&rf;acwfaESmif;ykdif; vuf&mrsm;twkdif; wlnDMu avhvmolrsm;tzkdY ckdifrmpGm okawoejyKEkdifMuygonf/1
onfukd avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/ yk*Ha'o&Sd tmeE´mapwDawmf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf\ tcsKdU½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;wGif ouFef;awmf
twGif; taemufbuf rwf&yfqif;wk½kyfyGm;awmfjrwfBuD;rSm twGefYtacgufrsm;udk MumyGifh? Mumcsyf? uEkwfyef;rsm; ouFef;
ukef;abmifacwfOD;ykdif;[efESifh ykHoP²meftjzpf zl;jrifavhvm xk x G i f ; avh & S d N yD ; nmbuf y ck H ; xuf ü vnf ; ouF e f ; jzif h
Ekdifygonf/ vufarmif;awmftm; tenf;i,fz;Hk tkyí f xm;&S&d m MunfnKd z, G f
toGifaqmifEkdifcJhonfhtjyif qif;wkawmf vuf&mrsm;rSmvnf;
tr&yl & acwf Ak ' ¨ q if ; wk a wmf r sm; tEkynmtoGif aqmifvmcJhonf/
tr&yl&acwfonf bkd;awmfrif;w&m; tr&yl&NrdKUopfokdY bkd;awmfrif;w&m;onf rif;uGef;eef;awmfuGsef;wGif pE´m
ajymif;a&TUeef;pHaomESpf ouú&mZf 1144 ckESpf (at'D 1782) rked ½kyyf mG ;awmftm; oGe;f vkyyf al Zmfco hJ nf/ oHyó
d mcsed f 11ç368
rS yk*Hrif;vufxuf ouú&mZf 1215 ckESpf (at'D 1853)xd &Sd ½kyyf mG ;awmfjrwfjzpfonf/ ,cktcg rEÅav;NrKd UwGif pHjref;vsuf
71 ESpf MumjrifhcJhonf/ bkd;awmfrif;w&m; tr&yl&NrdKUopfü &Sd&m tr&yl&acwfvuf&mtm; avhvmEkdifygonf/ xkdYjyif
eef;pHNyD;onfh aemufykdif;wGif qif;wkawmf[ef ykHoP²mef bBuD;awmfrif; wnfxm;cJhaom r[mousoD[ ½kyfyGm;awmfukd
ajymif;vJvmcJhonf/ tr&yl&acwfü opfom;a&Tcs? t*Faw? 1/ a'gufwmoef;xGef;? e,fvSnfh&mZ0if
 104 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) ukef;o
acwf abmif acwf
rdkif;tajcjyAk'Ak¨q
'¨qif;ifwk;wkawmf
awmfrsrm;sm; 105
tr&yl&acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfykHpHESifh[efukd avhvmEkdifygonf/
aMu;eD? oH? aMu;pif ydóm 16ç000? aiGtojym 10000
(ydóm 100)? a&Ttojym 1000 (10 ydóm)? yÍöavm[m
csdef0ef? ydóm 16ç000 jzifh oGef;vkyfcJh\/
½kyfyGm;awmfjrwfrSm tjrifhawmf 9 awmif2 rkduf? xuf0,f
at'D 18 &mpk
zGJU tcsif;yrmPawmf 7 awmif 1 rkduf 4 opf? "r®cPfae&m
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
awmf tcsif; 8 awmif 1 rkduf 4 opf? tjrifh 2 rkduf 4 opf? (tr&yl&acwf)
vufarmif;awmf vkH;ywf 3 awmif 2 rkduf 4 opf jzpfonf/ (Ak'¨jywdkuf?
yk*Hrif;vufxuf tr&yl&okdY yifhaqmifukd;uG,fí oDaygrif; urÇmat;? &efukef)
vufxufwGif rEÅav;odkY yifhaqmifcJhí zl;awGUMunfndKEkdifrnf
jzpfygonf/
xkdYjyif yk*Hrif;\ aumif;rIawmf tr&yl&NrdKU awmiforef
wGif r[mous&HoD ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m; ½kyfyGm;awmfukd
tr&yl&acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfvuf&mtjzpf zl;ajrmfavhvm ouFef;awmftm; twGefYtacgufrsm;udk tcsdKU MumyGifh?
Ekdifygonf/ ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m;onf xuf0,fzGJUacG aeawmf Mumcsyf? uEkwfyef;rsm;oP²mef xkxGif;avh&SdNyD; nmbufyckH;
rlaom blrdzórkj'm[ef ½kyfyGm;awmfjzpfonf/ xufüvnf; ouFef;pjzifh vufarmif;awmftm; tenf;i,f
tr&yl&acwf xl;jcm;aom vu©Pmwpf&yfrmS MumouFe;f tkyí f wifxm;&m MunfnKd z,G t
f oGif aqmifEidk cf yhJ gonf/ tcsKd U
(y'krpd0&) ukd xnfhoGif;xkvkyfjcif;yif jzpfonf/ tvGef rHb&k m;rsm;\ atmufajcwGif aumif;rI&iS w
f \
Ydk trnf? ae&yfEiS hf
ao;i,fonhf qif;wkt&G,ftpm;rS tvGefBuD;rm;onfh rwf&yf vSL'gef;aom ouú&mZfukd a&;xkd;xm;í avhvmolrsm;tzkdY
qif;wkawmfBuD;rsm;txd xkvkyfylaZmfcJhonf/ okdYaomfvnf; ckdifrmpGm okawoejyKEkdifMuonf/1
ykyH ef;oP²mef vu©Pmrsm;rSm wlnpD mG yif xkvyk yf al ZmfEidk cf o
hJ nf/ 1/ &Sm&SmazGazG jrefrmhordkif;
 106 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) ukef;o
acwf abmif acwf
rdkif;tajcjyAk'Ak¨q
'¨qif;ifwk;wkawmf
awmfrsrm;sm; 107
tcsdKU rHukd,fawmfrsm;wGif qHawmftm; ydEéJql;oP²mef ESpfxyfuRef;om;? yef;? oHk;xyfyef;? ig;xyfyef;rsm;omru
(o½kd;qHawmf) rsm; yg&Sdonf/ rsufvkH;awmf? vufonf;awmf qif½dk;qifpG,f? yef;ykazmufyef;rsm;ukdyif vuf&majrmuf tHhcsD;
rsm;ukd a<upi,frsm;ukdaoG;í xnfhoGif;xkvkyfwwfMuao; rukefEdkifavmufatmif ynmpGrf;jyvmEdkifMuygonf/
onf/ rHu, dk af wmfrsm;onf ayghyg;í tr&yl&acwf rHu, dk af wmf
tr&yl & acwf Ak ' ¨ q if ; wk a wmf r sm;\ a,bk , s
qif;wkawmfrsm;ukd jrefrmEkid if t H ESYH zl;awGU&ygonf/ txl;ojzifh
yk H o P² m ef r sm;
&Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f rHu, kd af wmfrsm;ukd ykíd ylaZmfMuonfudk avhvm
awGU&Sd&onf/ (1) OPSdó (rSefuif;awmf)
tif;0acwfrSpí tarGqufcHcJhaom ,dk;',m;uEkwfyef; OPSód (rSeu
f if;awmf) onf ykí d &Snvf mNy;D Mumzl;oP²mef
rsm;? oZifacGrsm;? rD;vQHrsm;? pdefawmif? rdk;BudK;oGm;rsm;udk omru tcsKd Uaom uk, d af wmfww Ydk iG f opfom;ukd yGwvf ;Hk xk;d í
txl;wvnf toHk;jyKvmcJhMuonfudk awGU&Sd&ygonf/ rGefcrm tckH;tcGuf? tcsdKifhtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh vSypGm wefqmqifxm;avh
&So
d nf/ OPSó
d onf uke;f abmifacwfwiG f anmif&rf;acwfxuf
,Ofaus;rIvuf&mrsm;rSm [oFmyHk? u&0dufiSufyHk? yef;cuf?
ykdí&Snfonf/
yef;EG,frsm;udk wGifus,fpGm toHk;jyKvmwwfMuayonf/
txl;ojzifh aq;a&;yef;csDum;rsm;wGif yk*HtvSudk jrefrmrI (2) rPdawmf (qHawmf)
acwfqefqef jyKjyifvdkufaom ukef;abmifacwf aq;a&; rPdawmfonf edrfhNyD; jAufykdBuD;onf/ &JGvkH;wef;rsm;
aumufaMumif;qGyJ ef;csD ponfww Ykd iG f Edik if jH cm;tEkynm oabm pDxm;aom qHawmf&Sdonf/ tcsdKUukd,fawmfrsm;wGif cGsefxuf
w&m;rsm; tenf;i,f t&dyftaiGUjzwfoef; wdk;0ifvmonfukd aom o½kd;qHawmf (ydEéJql;) rsm; yg&Sdvmonf/
awGU&ygonf/ ½kyfyGm;qif;wkrsm;onfvnf; tcsdK; tqpf use (3) oif;uspfawmf
ajyjypf v mum rEk ó cE¨ m aA'pepf ay:vG i f w d u srS e f u ef
oif;uspfawmf xif&Sm;pGm yg&SdvmNyD; oif;uspfawmfukd
vmonfukd awGU&Sd&onf/ txyftwGefY? tacguftvdyf ydkrdk
axmifvu
kd t
f pif;rsm;? Mumzwfrsm;? tyGiw
hf ef;rsm;jzifh oyÜm,fpmG
rsm;jym;vmatmif vufpGrf;jyvmMuygonf/
wefqmqifxm;avh&Sdonf/
 108 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) ukef;o
acwf abmif acwf
rdkif;tajcjyAk'Ak¨q
'¨qif;ifwk;wkawmf
awmfrsrm;sm; 109
(4) OPÖvkH arG;&Sifawmf (8) EIwfcrf;awmf
OPÖvkHarG;&Sifawmfukd xnfhoGif;xkvkyfavh r&SdaMumif; tay:EI w f c rf ; awmf rxl r yg;&S d N yD ; tzsm;aumh o nf /
awGU&Sd&onf/ atmufEIwfcrf;awmf tvsm; tenf;i,fwdkNyD; xloa,mif
&Sdonf/
(5) em;&Gufawmf
(9) ar;awmf
em;&G u f a wmf o nf ycH k ; ES i f h r xd a omf v nf ; wpf z uf r S m ar;awmf tenf;i,f cRefonf/
ouFef;ESifh xdvsuf&Sdonf/ txufydkif;? atmufydkif;[lí rcGJ
(10) vnfyif;awmf
jcm;bJ wpfqufwnf;omjzpfNy;D em;&Guaf wmf&o dS nf/ rum;vGe;f ?
ruyfvGef;aom taeawmfom&Sdonf/ odkYaomf em;&if;awmfukd vnfyif;awmf tenf;i,f wdkonf/ vnfa&; oHk;qifh
&Sdaomfvnf; ta&;taMumif;rQom xnfhxm;onf/
aocsmMunfhvQif tenf;i,fum;onf/
(11) ouFef;awmf
(6) rsufcHk;? rsufvHk;awmf
ouFef;awmfonf twGefYrsm; yg&Sdonf/
rsufcHk;awmfESifh rsufvHk;awmfwdkYonf uefYvefYrsOf;twdkif;
(12) toHk;jyKaomypönf;rsm;
&Sdonf/ xl;jcm;csuftjzpf rsufvHk;awmfonf pyg;aphoP²mef
&Sdonf/ aMu;? a&T? aiG? pusiaf usmuf? t*Faw? rHu,
kd af wmf? opfom;
a&Tcsí xkvkyfylaZmfMuonf/
(7) ESmoD;awmf (13) xl;jcm;csuf
ESmoD;awmf jAuftenf;i,fus,fNyD; ESmoD;awmfxdyfonf ukef;abmifacwf tr&yl& vuf&mrsm;onf OPSdó
cRefí&Snfonf/ &Snfvsm;onf/ &wemyHkacwfü OPSdóonf edrfhí rPdawmf
 110 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) ukef;o
acwf abmif acwf
rdkif;tajcjyAk'Ak¨q
'¨qif;ifwk;wkawmf
awmfrsrm;sm; 111
edrfhonfh yHkoP²mef&Sdonf/ udk,fvHk;awmfonf anmif&rf;acwf
ESifh tr&yl&acwf wlnDonfudk awGU&Sd&onf/
&wemyk H a cwf Ak ' ¨ q if ; wk a wmf r sm;
&wemyHkacwfonf rif;wkef;rif;vufxufrS oDaygrif;
eef;usESpftxd (1853 rS 1885 ckESpf) umvukd ac:qdkjcif;
jzpfonf/ rEÅav;&wemyHkacwf\ qif;wkawmfrsm;ü auwk at'D 19 &mpk
rmvm rSefuif;awmftm; xnfhoGif;írxm;bJ xkvkyfylaZmfcJh bdvyfjyef
Muonf / xuf a 0zG J U acG pH a wmf r l [ ef qif ; wk r sm;tjyif eef;OD; aMu;oGef;bk&m;
avsmif;awmfr[ l efrsm;udyk g ylaZmfu;kd uG,cf MhJ uonf/ ouFe;f awmf (&wemykHacwf)
udk twGefYtvdyfrsm; OD;pm;ay;í o½dk;ESifh rSefpi,frsm;udk pDjc,f
xm;avh&Sdvmygonf/ qif;wkawmfrsm;udk yv’ifawmfESifhwGJí
wpfygwnf; rxkvkyfawmhbJ oD;jcm;yv’if xkvkyfvmcJhonf/
&wemyHkacwfwGif qif;wkawmfyHkoP²mefonf vHk;0jcm;em;
oGm;ayonf/
OD;acgif;awmfwGif rSefuif;awmf ryg&Sdawmhay/ oif;uspf jzpf o nf / ausmuf a wmf B uD ; bk & m;rS m r[mousrm&Zd e f [ k
awmfjrwfBu;D tm; zef? rSeEf iS hf &wemrsm; pDjc,fxm;onf/ yef;cuf bGUJ awmf&o dS nf/ pusiaf wmifrS &aomausmufjzifh xuf0,fzUJG acG
tvStyrsm;jzifh ylaZmfxkvkyfcJhMuonf/ qHawmf &GJvHk;wef; yH k o P² m ef xk v k y f y l a Zmf x m;&S d o nf u d k avh v mEd k i f y gonf /
jzpfonf/ ezl;usOf;onf/ rPdawmf ydkBuD;í OD;acgif;awmf ½kyfyGm;awmf t&G,fyrmPrSm xuf0,fawmftjyefY 12 awmif?
a&SUodkYa&mufonfudk avhvm&ygonf/ t0ef; 28 awmif 2 udkuf 4 opf? cg;awmft0ef; 10 awmif
rEÅav;NrKd U rif;wke;f rif;Bu;D \ukov kd af wmf ausmufawmfBu;D 2 udkuf 4 opf? &ifzGifhawmf ycHk;pGef; 0J,mtus,f 8 awmif?
bk&m;onf &wemyHak cwfwiG f xif&mS ;aom qif;wkawmfvuf&m t0ef; tawmif 20? OD;acgif;awmft0ef; 13 awmif? pr®cPfrS
 112 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) ukef;o
acwf abmif acwf
rdkif;tajcjyAk'Ak¨q
'¨qif;ifwk;wkawmf
awmfrsrm;sm; 113
a&mifvQHawmftzsm;txd ÓPfawmftjrifh 17 awmif 1 udkuf (5) em;&Gufawmf
4 opf&Sdí BuD;rm;aom ½kyfyGm;awmfjrwfwpfqltjzpf zl;awGU em;&Gufawmfonf ycHk;ESifh tcsKdU rxdaomfvnf; tcsKdUxdí
&ygrnf/ wpfzufrSm ouFef;ESifh xdpyfaeonf/ em;cGufawmf yg&Sdonf/
em;&GufawmfuJhokdY tay:ydkif;? atmufydkif;rcGJjcm;bJ wpfquf
&wemyk H a cwf Ak ' ¨ q if ; wk a wmf r sm;\ a,bk , s
wnf;omjzpfNyD; em;&Gufawmft&if;rSm tenf;i,fum;onf/
yk H o P² m ef r sm;
(6) rsufcHk;? rsufvHk;awmf
(1) OPSdó (rSefuif;awmf) rsufcHk;awmfESifh rsufvHk;awmfwdkYonf uefYvefYrsOf;twdkif;
OPSdó (rSefuif;awmf) vHk;0ryg&SdawmhaMumif; awGU&Sd &Sdonf/ tjyifydkif; tenf;i,f ½SL;oGm;onf/
&onf/ (7) ESmoD;awmf
(2) rPdawmf ESmoD;awmfxdyfonf cRefí&Snfonf/ ESmwH tenf;i,f
pif;onf/
rPdawmfydkBuD;í qHawmfrSm ao;i,faom &GJvHk;wef;rsm;
yg&Sdonf/ (8) ar;awmf
ar;awmf tenf;i,f cRef½Hkom&Sdí 0dkif;ouJhodkY&Sdonf/
(3) oif;uspfawmf
oif;uspfawmfrSm jAufydkBuD;vmonf/ vSywifhw,frI (9) vnfyif;awmf
&Sdap&ef yef;cuf? yef;EG,foP²mef wefqmqifxm;onf/ vnfyif;awmf tenf;i,f wdkonf/ vnfa&;oHk;qifh
ta&;taMumif;rQom&Sdonf/
(4) OPÖvHk arG;&Sifawmf
OPÖvHkarG;&Sifawmfudk xkvkyfpOfwGif xnfhoGif;jcif;r&SdbJ (10) ouFef;awmf
aq;jzifo
h m a&;jc,fMuonf/ yHok P²mefrmS tñGeyYf gaom c½kacG ouFef;awmf twGefYrsm;yg&Sdonf/ ouFef;awmf b,fbuf
oP²mef jzpfygonf/ onf jrifhwufaeonf/
 114 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;
(11) ud k , f v H k ; awmf
udk,fvHk;awmf wpfajzmifhwnf;&Sdonf/
(12) ajcawmf
xuf0,fzGJUacGxdkifaomyHkawmfwGif ajcz0g;ESpfzufcsdwfí ed*;Hk
ajcz0g;ay:ae[ef xkvkyfylaZmfrI&Sdonf/
(13) toHk;jyKaomypönf; Ak'¨jrwfpGm yGifhawmfrrlrDumvwGif jrefrmEdkifiHü rd½dk;zvm
qif;wkawmfrsm;xkvyk &f mwGif aMu;? a&T? aiG? pusiaf usmuf? ewfudk;uG,frIrsm;ESifh [dE´L jA[®P0g'rsm;omvQif xGef;um;
t*Faw? rHudk,fawmf? opfom;a&Tcsí xkvkyfylaZmfMuonf/ cJhaMumif; ynm&Sifrsm;u awGU&SdoHk;oyfcJhMuygonf/ jrwfpGm
bk&m;&Sifonf r[mouú&mZf 103 ckESpf? bDpD 589 ckESpfwGif
(14) xl;jcm;csuf oAÁnKwor®morÁK't ¨ jzpf yGiahf wmfrNl y;D aemuf Ak'o
¨ moemawmf
ukef;abmifacwfü OPSdóonf &Snfvsm;onf/ &wemyHk onf bDpD 6 &mpkESpfumvrS pwifí a&S;acwf jrefrmEdkifiH
acwfü OPSdóonf edrfhí rPdawmf edrfhonf/ twGif;odkY Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIrsm; qufoG,fa&muf&SdvmcsdefrS pcJh
onf/
at'D 1 &mpk aemufydkif; *E¨m&? rxk&? tr&0wD vuf&m
rsm;onf v nf ; a&muf & S d v mum jrwf A k ' ¨ o moemawmf \
,Ofaus;rItEkynm t&yf&yfukd vufc&H &Scd yhJ gonf/ taemf&xm
rif;apm vufxufrt S pjyKí oxH?k &mrnwdik ;f awmifyikd ;f a'o
rsm;rS ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemawmfonf yk*HodkY a&muf&Sdvmum
rGef-jrefrm[efwpfrsdK;jzifh Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI tEkynm&yfudk rGrf;rH
jyifqifEdkifcJhygonf/ ygVdawmfESifh nDñGwfEdkifap&ef r[myk&do
115
 116 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 117
vu©PmawmfBuD; 32 yg;ukd BudK;pm;jyKjyifvmaMumif; awGU&Sd&yg ukef;abmifacwfESifh tr&yl&acwfrsm;wGif ½kyfyGm;qif;wk
onf/ awmfrsm;onf tcsdK;tqpf useajyjypfvmum rEkó cE¨maA'
Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI jrefrmh½dk;&m yHkoP²mef[efonf yk*Hacwf pepf ydkíwdusrSefuefvmonfudk awGU&Sd&NyD; acsmarmaooyf
wGif odomxif&Sm;pGm ay:xGufvmcJhygonf/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmESifh vmygonf/ rsufESmyHkyef; vu©Pmrsm;onf *E¨m&yHk? rxk&myHk?
&[EÅmyHkawmfrsm;omru odMum;? jA[®mwdkY\ yHkrsm;rSmvnf; acgra&mryHkqefqef jzpfvmMuygonf/ 0wfpm;qif,ifykHrsm;
jrefrmyHkpH yk*H[ef jzpfvmygonf/ yef;yk? ½kyfvHk;? ½kyf<u? Adokum rSmvnf; obm0ESifh xyfwlxyfrQjzpfatmif BudK;pm;í yHkwl
trG r f ; tajymuf tEk y nmvuf & mrsm;rS m vnf ; yk * H a cwf xkvkyfaqmif&Gufvmonf/
vuf&mtoGif opfqef;vmcJh&ygonf/ txyf? twGe?Yf tacguf? tvdyf ydrk rkd sm;jym;atmif vufprG ;f
tif;0? anmif&rf;acwfrsm;wGif rGefyHk? ,dk;',m;yHkawmfrsm;? jyvmMuonf/ opfom;rsm;wGif ESpfxyfuRef;opfom; yef;?
oD[dkVfyHkawmfrsm;udk rsm;pGmawGU&Sdvmygonf/ EdkifiH&yfjcm; oHk;xyfyef;? ig;xyfyef;rsm;omru qif½dk;? qifpG,f yef;yk
wdkif;wpfyg;wdkYESifh ul;vl;qufqHEkdifNyDjzpfí EdkifiHjcm; jyifopf yef;rsm;udk vuf&majrmuf tHhcsD;rukefEkdifatmif ynmpGrf;jyvm
vuf&m? ay:wl*Dvuf&m txl;tqef;rsm;vnf; Mum;n§yfyg EdkifcJhNyD; ,Ofaus;rItEkynmordkif; qef;opfEdkifcJhygonf/
vmonfudk awGU&Sd&ygonf/ vlysH? qifysH yHkrsm;vnf; Mum;n§yf rsufarSmufacwfwGifrl ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;udk omrefaAm"d½dk;
toHk;jyKvmMuonfudk awGU&Sd&ygonf/ (xkdifyHk) ykHawmfESifh ZrÁKywdrif;cRwfcef; rif;0wfyHkawmfrsm;
jzifhom tvG,fwul pD&ifudk;uG,fMuonfudk awGUEdkifygonf/
rsufESmyHkawmf tuste ar;½dk;? yg;jyif? ezl;? vnfwdkif
ponfwdkUrSmvnf; ,dk;',m;? rGef-crmyHk qefvmonfudkvnf; odkYjzpfí ysLacwf,Ofaus;rI? yk*Hacwf,Ofaus;rI? tif;0?
awGU&Sd&onf/ yv’if? wHuJ? b,ufwefqm 'Gg&mrsm;wGif anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI? ukef;abmifacwf ,Ofaus;rIrsm;
[oFmiSuf? rum&f;? rdausmif;? ig;Muif;? e*g;? jcL;yef;jcL;EG,f? onf Ak'¨,Ofaus;rItEkynmESifh qufpyfxGef;um;vmcJhonfudk
oZifacG? rD;vQH? pdefawmifyHkrsm;udk wGifus,fpGm toHk;jyKvm awGU&SdEdkifygonf/ acwftqufquf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf yHkoP²mef
MuNyDjzpfygonf/ rsm;tm; avhvmjcif;jzifh jrefrmhtEkynmvuf&mrsm;udkvnf;
118 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;tajcjy Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;
avhvmjcif; rnfygonf/ odkYjzpfí jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIudk jrwfEdk;
xdef;odrf;vdkpdwfESifh Ak'¨omoemudk MunfndKo'¨gw&m; wdk;yGm;
vmaprnf jzpfygonf/

oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif)

usrf;udk;pm&if;
1/ auo&D "r®eE´? a'gufwm/ Ak ' ¨ b mom0if r sm;onf ½k y f w k
udk;uG,folrsm;vm;
sm;vm;/ &efukef? csdKaw;oHpmay? 2008/
2/ uk@v? b'´EÅ/ r[mokw'Dyeusrf;? 'kwGJ/ &efukef? csdKaw;oH
pmay? 2004/
3/ usD;oJav;xyfq&mawmf/ pG , f p H k a usmf x if u srf ; / &efukef?
omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 2001/
4/ ausmfvGif? OD;/ u0dvu©Pm 0dbm0eD/ &efukef? omoema&;
OD;pD;Xme? 1982/
5/ pH0if;? OD;/ wGHaw;NrdKUe,f ay:awmfrl Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmf avhvma&;
c&D ; ? (jrefrmhordik ;f pmapmif)/ &efuek ?f jrefrmhordik ;f tzGUJ ? 2007/
6/ p0fxeG ;f rSw0f if;/ tmoeyv’ifawmfESifh 0g[epD;awmf,mOfrsm;/
&efukef? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1981/
119
 120 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;taj
usrc;f jud
y ;k Akpm&if
'¨qif; ;wkawmfrsm; 121
7/ --------------/ jrefrmh½dk;&m y#drm odyÜHynm rkj'mrsm;/ &efuek ?f 15/ b&Si?f OD;/ AdóEdk;NrdKUa[mif;ESifh ordkif;tjrif/ wuúov
kd f ynm
omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1986/ ya'ompmapmif? 1966/
8/ aZ,sarmif/ vli,frsm;twGuf Ak'¨0if/ &efuek ?f ppfonfawmf 16/ rif;a0? OD;/ bGJUvGefjywdkufynm'Dyvdkrmoifwef; ydkYcscsufrSwfpk/
pmay? 2002/
17/ rHak &G;q&mawmf/ orEÅpu©K'DyeDusrf;/ &efuek ?f yd#u
d AsL[mtzGUJ ?
9/ wdk;vS? a'gufwm/ ajray:ajratmuf ausmufpmrSwfwrf; 2 Budrf? 2006/
rsm;u ajymaom a&S;a[mif; jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;/ &efukef?
oef;pmay? 2004/ 18/ jr? OD;/ a&S;a[mif;tkwfcGuf½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm; (y+'kwGJ)/
&efukef? a&S;a[mif;okawoeXme? 1961/
10/ -------------/ yif;,-tif;0ajrrS ordkif;0ifapwDykxdk;rsm;?
&efukef? a&TOpmay? 2006/ 19/ rif;ok0Pf/ Ak'¨qif;wkawmf avhvmcsuf/ &efuek ?f ,Ofaus;rI
pmapmif? ZGefv? 1955/
11/ wnfawmq&mawmf/ "r®yef;csD (trSwf 4)/ &efuek ?f ,HMk unfcsuf
20/ rsKd ;ñGe/Yf yk*HapwDykxkd;rsm;\ AdokumESifh tEkynmvuf&mrsm;/
pmay? 2 Budrf? 2010/
&efukef? a&S;a[mif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? 1999/
12/ EkjrZH? a':/ bGJUvGef jywdkufynm 'Dyvdkrmoifwef; ydkYcscsuf
21/ ----------/ yk * H a 'o&S d aES m if ; acwf A d o k u mES i f h tEk y nm
rSwfpkrsm;/
vuf&mrsm;/ &efukef? ,HkMunfcsufpmay? 2007/
13/ ynm? udk (tr&yl& )/ awmiforef0ef;usif ordkif;0ifae&mrsm;/ 22/ rsdK;ñGefYatmif (t&dr'´e)/ yk * H a cwf Ak ' ¨ q if ; wk a wmf r sm;/
rEÅav;? ,aeYrEÅav;pmtkyfwdkuf/ 2 Budrf? 2004/ ,Ofaus;rI r*¾Zif;? pufwifbm? 2006/
14/ yk*Hbk&m;ykxdk;rsm; (y+'k wGJ)/ &efuek ?f jyefMum;a&;0efBu;D Xme? 23/ jrifhatmif/ Ak ' ¨ ½ k y f y G m ;awmf jzpf a y:vmjcif ; \ rl v tp/
1996/ ,Ofaus;rI pmapmif? 1961/
 122 oef;xGef; (armfvNrdKif) acwfordkif;taj
usrc;f ud
jy ;k Akpm&if
'¨qif; ;wkawmfrsm; 123
24/ jrefrmha&S;a[mif;NrdKUawmfrsm;/ &efukef? ord k i f ; ok a woe 33/ -------------------------/ e,f v S n f h & mZ0if / &ef u k e f ?
OD;pD;Xme? 2007/ jynfhpkHpmtkyfwkduf? 2004/
25/ jref r mh a &S ; a[mif ; ord k i f ; taxmuf t xm; ok a woe 34/ odef;vGif (jrefrmajr)/ ruk d # f a qmif ; Ak ' ¨ ? Ak ' ¨ 0 if & S p f c ef ; ES i f h
pmwrf;rsm;/ aejynfawmf? ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme? 2010/ owåXme aMu;ykHpHcGuf (&Sm&SmazGazG jrefrmhordkif; 2)/ &efuek ?f
26/ a&Tudkif;om;/ ESpf 600 jynfh tif;0/ &efukef? &mjynfhpmay/ tif;0 pmaywkduf? 1999/
2008/ 35/ atmifaomf? OD;/ a&S;a[mif;jrefrmhNrdKUawmfrsm;/ &efuek ?f &mjynfh
27/ a&TZH? OD;/ a&S;a[mif; &cdkif ordkif;pOfESifh acwftqufquf pmtkyfwkduf? 3 Budrf? 2007/
,Ofaus;rI/ &efukef? ok0PÖoQrfpmay? 2009/ 36/ tJvpfZAufrkd;? a'gufwm/ jref r mEk d i f i H \ a&S ; OD ; umv
28/ a0ykv’? OD;/ evm#"mwfawmfusrf;/ &efuek ?f yd#ur[mAsL[m awmawmif a&ajr ½Icif;rsm;/ uefYowf? 2010/
tzGJU? 1982/ 37/ tHah rmif/ *kPfawmfteEÅ jrwfAk'¨/ &efuek ?f omoema&;OD;pD;Xme?
29/ 0if;armif? wr®0wD/ qif;wkawmf ykHoP²mefrsm;pmwrf;? (rEÅav; 2000/
r[mjrwfrked ½kyf&Sifawmfjrwforkdif;)/ rEÅav;? a&Tjynfwefpmay?
3 Budrf? 2000/
30/ oef;xGe;f ? a'gufwm/ jrefrmhrD;zkwfajrxnfypönf;rsm;/ &efuek ?f
cspfp&mpmay? 2003/
31/ ------------------------/ jrefrmhtEkynmvuf&mypönf;/ &efuek ?f
,kHMunfcsufpmay? 2004/
32/ ------------------------/ jref r mh A k ' ¨ o moed u tEk y nm
vuf & m/ &efukef? ,kHMunfcsufpmay? 2004/