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Effect of feeding rate on growth, survival and cannibalism in striped snakehead,

Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) fingerlings

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 J. Exp. Zool. India Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 205-210, 2018 www.connectjournals.com/jez ISSN 0972-0030

EFFECT OF FEEDING RATE ON GROWTH, SURVIVAL AND CANNIBALISM

IN STRIPED SNAKEHEAD, CHANNA STRIATA (BLOCH, 1793) FINGERLINGS
Sangeeta Kumari1, V. K. Tiwari1, A. M. Babitha Rani1, Rajesh Kumar2* and Satya Praksah1
1
ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education Deemed University (ICAR), Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai - 400 061, India.
2
ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar - 751 002, India.
*e-mail: [email protected]
(Accepted 30 August 2017)

ABSTRACT : A 45 days experiment was conducted to assess the growth, survival and cannibalism at different feeding rate in
striped snakehead, Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) fingerlings. In this experiment, four hundred fifty striped murrel fingerlings
of average weight 1.41±0.12g were randomly distributed in 15 tanks of 250 L water capacity. Fishes were fed pelleted diet having
44.1% protein with different feeding rate 2% (T1), 4% (T2), 6% (T3), 8% (T4) and 10% (T5) of fish biomass. The weight
gain, percentage weigh gain and specific growth rate was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T3 and T4 in comparison to T1and T2
groups. The cannibalism rate was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T1 (2%) group in comparison to T3, T4 and T5. Cannibalism
rate was gradually reduced with increase in feeding rate and significantly higher cannibalism (12.22±1.94) was observed at
2% of feeding rate (T1) in comparison to the other treatment groups. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerosomatic index
(VSI) was significantly higher in T5 group in comparison to other treatment groups. This study indicated that feeding rate at
6% of biomass of striped snakehead fingerlings is optimum for better growth and survival and to minimize the cannibalism.
Key words : Striped snakehead, Channa striata, cannibalism, growth, survival, feeding rate.

INTRODUCTION strength, particularly for those recuperating from a

Aquaculture is the world’s fastest growing food serious illness (Ling, 1977).
production sector and plays a crucial role in food and Striped murrelis a commercially important fish for
nutritional security by the farming of aquatic animals. In aquaculture in Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia and
Indian aquaculture industry transformation had occurred Vietnam (Wee, 1982) and makes up 13% of the
from highly traditional activity to well-developed marketable fishes in India (Chakarbarty, 2006; Aliyu-paiko
technology. Considering the growing demand of fish for et al, 2010). High market value, growth, tolerance of high
growing population of India, the emerging regional stocking rates, and utilization of atmosphere oxygen for
preferences for various fish varieties; it is the need of respiration in oxygen depleted water are the
the hour to focus efforts for species diversification in characteristics of this striped snakehead that make it a
freshwater aquaculture (Kumar et al, 2011). Snakehead’s desirable cultivar (Sampath, 1984). The growth and
popularly known as murrels or snakeheads are a peculiar survival rate of larval fish in hatchery conditions are mainly
group of freshwater fishes having accessory respiratory dependent upon quality of food supply. Mass mortality of
organ to utilize atmospheric air for respiration that enables larval and juvenile fish might occur if the food supply is
them to thrive in oxygen depleted waters (Kumar et al, inadequate (Houde, 1978). The preliminary study on
2012 and 2013). The striped murrel, C. striata belong to growth and survival of larval snakehead fish fed with
the family Channidae and it is a commercially important Artemianauplii and formulated feed has been reported
species for inland fisheries. It is a valuable food fish (Wee, (Qin and Fast, 1997; Qin et al, 1997b).In commercial
1982; Sahu et al, 2012a and 2012b). Snakehead can culture, snakehead mostly depends on capture of wild
survive in adverse environments with low dissolved fry, which are further trained to accept formulated feed
oxygen and high ammonia (Ng and Lim, 1990; Mollah et consisting of fish paste and rice bran or wheat flour (Diana
al, 2009 and Qin et al, 1997a). This fish is known for its et al, 1985). In Thailand, farmer feed the snakehead with
taste, high nutrient and pharmaceutical values (Khanna, trash fish along with wheat flour, rice bran vitamin and
1978). In Malaysia, it is known as “Haruan” and a well- minerals (Boonyaratpalin et al, 1985).
known remedy for wound healing. The white, boneless In some carnivorous fishes, cannibalism is usually
flesh of snakehead is believed to have rejuvenating
206 Sangeeta Kumari et al
associated with some variables like heterogeneous size equally in to 15 tanks each containing 30 fingerlings. Five
variation, limited food availability, high population densities, treatment groups were taken in triplicated, following a
limited refuge areas and light conditions (Hecht and completely randomized design. Total volume of the water
Pienaar, 1993). Among these variables, size variation and in each tank was maintained at 150 L throughout the
limited food availability are the primary reason of experimental period. The aeration pipe in each tank was
cannibalism (Hecht and Appelbaum, 1988; Katavic et al, furnished with an air stone and a plastic regulator to check
1989). In culture of striped snakehead, poor survival rate the air pressure uniformly in all the tanks and to maintain
is the main problem in the initial period due to cannibalism water temperature, water heater was used. Fish was fed
and the huge size variation during grow out culture (Wee, with different feeding rate such as 2% of their body mass
1982; Diana et al, 1985). Snakehead easily swallows the (T1), 4% of their body mass (T2), 6% of their body mass
fish approximately half of their length and high levels of (T3), 8% of their body mass (T4) and10% of their body
cannibalism occur with juveniles (Wee, 1982; Diana et mass (T5).The daily ration was equally divided and fed
al, 1985; Ng and Lim, 1990). at 9.00 am and 5.00 pm.
Qin and fast (1996) reported that low levels of food Experimental site
supply might induce cannibalism and showed that when The experiments was conducted over a period of 45
food supply increases cannibalism was reduced from 86% days at the Air-breathing fish breeding and culture unit
to 36%. Further they also reported that food supply alone (AFBC) of Aquaculture Production and Environment
could not completely stop cannibalism. Qin and Fast Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater
(1997) reported that initial size differences can lead to Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Fish used for
cannibalism between individuals. Therefore, there is an experimental purpose was early striped snakehead,
urgent need to minimize the cannibalism and increase Channa striata fingerling of average weight
the survival of striped snakehead seed during its nursery (1.41±0.12g), which was obtained from AFBC unit,
rearing. ICAR-CIFA. The fingerlings obtained were produced at
Since, feeding rates vary across the species and at this institute through captive breeding and indoor nursery
each developmental stage of fish and successful culture rearing. They were acclimatized for a period of one week.
of fish requires development of appropriate feeds and Formulation and preparation of experimental diets
feeding rate. The over-feeding and feed wastage
Practical ingredients such as fish meal, soy flour,
detoriate the water quality (Ng et al, 2000); while
wheat flour, corn flour, sunflower oil, cod liver oil, carboxy
inadequate food supply has direct influence on
methyl cellulose, vitamin and mineral mixture, were taken
cannibalism. There are several factors which influence
for feed formulation (Table 1). All the ingredients were
the feeding rate in culture system like fish size, species
weighed properly on electronic balance as per the
and rearing systems (Cho et al, 2003). Feeding rate is
formulation. All the dry ingredients except vitamin and
also influenced by the presence of the nutrients in the
mineral mixture were mixed manually to form
feed (Mihelakakis et al, 2002). By optimizing the feeding
homogenous mixture. Ingredients were then mixed with
rates, farmers can successfully reduce cost; maximize
the addition of the necessary quantity of water to form
growth while managing other factors such as individual
consistent dough. The dough was then wrapped in a wet
size variation and water quality which are important in
cloth and transferred to an aluminum container, which
rearing of fish (FAO, 1999).Therefore, this study has been
was then placed in a pressure cooker for 20 minutes for
conducted to assess the effect of different feeding rate
steaming. The steamed dough was taken out and cooled
on growth, survival and cannibalism of striped snakehead
and vitamins and minerals along with cod liver oil and
fingerlings.
sunflower oil in equal proportion were added and mixed
MATERIAL AND METHODS thoroughly. After this the dough was pressed through a
Experimental design hand pelletizer to get uniform sized pellets, which were
The experimental setup was consisted of 15 spread on a sheet of paper and were initially fan dried.
rectangular FRP tanks (250 L capacity) covered with After that the feed was transferred to trays and were
nylon mesh mosquito net. The tanks were initially washed kept in a hot air oven overnight for complete drying at
with potassium permanganate solution and left overnight 450C. After drying, the pellets were packed in polythene
for drying. The very next day tanks were thoroughly bags and were sealed airtight and were labelled according
washed and filled with clean water. Four hundred fifty to the treatments.
striped murrel fingerlings were randomly distributed
 Feeding rate on growth, survival and cannibalism in striped snakehead 207
Table 1 : Formulation of the experimental diet for striped murrel crude protein content of the diet was 44.10% and crude
fingerlings. lipid 10.10%. The feed was formulated based on the
Ingredients Diet composition (%) protein requirement specified by Boonyaratpalin (1980)
Fish Meal 55 for this species. While Samantaray and Mohanty (1997)
Soy Flour 20 have reported 450 g/kg protein with dietary energy 18.42
Wheat Flour 10 KJ and lipid 130 g/kg levels provided maximum growth
Corn Flour 7
in this species. However, Boonyaratpalin (1980) observed
Sunflower oil 3
60 g/kg lipid, provided maximum growth, survival and feed
Cod liver oil 3
conversion efficiencies. Ash content in diet was 14.7%
CMC 0.5
and total carbohydrate 26.9%. Arockiaraj et al (1999)
Vit. & Min mix 1.5
Total 100
reported 12% dietary carbohydrate proved optimal without
any adverse effect on growth and survival. Although no
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION negative effects of high dietary carbohydrate levels on
Physico-Chemical parameters of water the growth and survival was observed in the present study.
Water quality plays a crucial role as they have direct Growth parameters
impact on the general health status of the cultured animal. During the present experiment, the weight gain
Temperature plays a significant role in the metabolic increased with increase in feeding rate up to 6% body
activity hence; optimum temperature is required for weight and leveled off at 8% and then decreased with
regulating the metabolism in fishes. Temperature recorded further increase. Indicating 6% is optimum feeding rate
during the whole experimental period was ranged from and beyond, which it is not utilized for growth. As fishes
22.10C to 25.20C. The pH value ranged from 7.5-8.5 in consume feed to satisfy nutrient and energy demand
the present study and remained in alkaline range which may have met at 6% body weight, which is in
throughout the experimental period. Dissolved oxygen accordance with Lee and Putnam (1973); Vivas et al
(DO) was within the range of 6.2 to 7.1 mg/l during the (2006). Feeding rate after its optimum level is not utilized
entire study as continuous aeration was provided. Free for growth. Similar findings are reported in several fishes
carbon dioxide was found to be negligible due to (Dwyer et al, 2002; Rahman et al, 2014).
continuous aeration. Alkalinity was observed to be 149-
Specific growth rate (SGR) was found to be higher
168 mg/l while Total Ammonia-N, Nitrate-N and Nitrite-
in fishes fed @ 8% body weight but the result was
N varied from 0.06-0.12 mg/l, 0.1-0.4 mg/l and 0.02-0.05
comparable (P>0.05) with treatment group fed @ 6 %
mg/l respectively (APHA, 1998). All the physico-
body weight. The lowest SGR was recorded with
chemical parameters of the rearing water were found to
treatment group fed @ 2% body weight. The lowest
be in the optimum range required for aquaculture practice
growth rate in this group may be due to the insufficient
in the freshwater aquaculture by Boyd (1982).
protein and energy content from the diet to meet their
Proximate composition of experimental diet metabolic demand. This present result is in accordance
The proximate analysis of feed was done by with the results of Marimuthu (2011) for African catfish
prescribed method (AOAC, 1995). In the present study, fingerlings, where the growth was parallel with increase
Table 2 : Physico-chemical parameters of water experimental tanks.
Treatments Temperature (ºC) pH DO (mgl-1) Alkalinity (mgl-1) NH3-N(mgl-1) NO3-N(mgl -1) NO2 -N(mgl-1)
T1 22.1-24.3 7.1-8.2 6.8-7.7 152-162 0.06-0.08 0.2-0.3 0.02-0.05
T2 23.4-25.1 7.5-8.1 6.7-7.5 149-157 0.06-0.09 0.2-0.4 0.03-0.04
T3 22.5-25.2 7.4-8.0 6.4-7.2 153-162 0.08-0.10 0.1-0.3 0.03-0.05
T4 22.8-25.0 7.8-8.5 6.3-7.0 156-166 0.07-0.11 0.2-0.4 0.04-0.05
T5 22.3-24.8 7.5-8.1 6.2-7.3 159-168 0.09-0.12 0.3-0.4 0.03-0.04

Table 3 : Proximate composition of the experimental diet. in feeding rate.

Nutrient Composition Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was highest in the
Moisture 4.20% treatment group fed at 10% body weight while lowest
Crude protein 44.10% was registered in treatment group fed at 2% body weight.
Ether Extract 10.10% The increase in feeding rate has led to the mounting up
Ash 14.70% of the FCR. At 10% feeding rate feed was found to be
Total carbohydrate 26.90% wasted, leading to further increase in FCR. While, the
208 Sangeeta Kumari et al
Table 4 : Effect of different feeding rate on growth parameters of C. striata fingerlings.
Treatments Weight gain PWG SGR FCR FER PER
T1 0.54d±0.01 37.46d±0.76 0.71d±0.01 2.10c±0.06 0.48a±0.01 1.08a±0.03
T2 1.02c±0.10 71.03c±0.76 1.19c±0.09 2.30b±0.24 0.44a±0.05 1.01a±0.10
T3 1.32a±0.04 92.11a±2.93 1.45a±0.10 2.77ab±0.14 0.36b±0.02 0.82a±0.04
T4 1.38a±0.11 96.26a±7.78 1.49a±0.09 2.93a±0.11 0.34b±0.01 1.16a±0.41
T5 1.08bc±0.09 74.99bc±6.07 1.24bc±0.08 3.11a±0.20 0.32b±0.02 0.74a±0.05
Data expressed as Mean ± SE n=3; Mean values in the same column with different superscript differ
significantly (P<0.05)
PWG – Percentage Weight Gain, SGR – Specific Growth Rate, FCR – Feed Conversion Ratio, FER – Feed
Efficiency Ratio, PER – Protein Efficiency Ratio

Table 5 : Effect of different feeding rate on cannibalism and survival Table 6 : HSI and VSI of different experimental groups fed different
of C. striata fingerlings. experimental diets at the end of the experiment.
Treatments Survival rate (%) Cannibalism rate (%) Treatments HSI (%) VSI (%)
T1 81.11a±2.94 12.22a±1.94 T1 1.36ab±0.10 4.48b±0.34
T2 87.78a±1.11 6.67b±1.92 T2 1.60a±0.19 4.10b±0.40
T3 90.00a±1.92 4.44b±1.11 T3 1.32ab±0.22 4.77b±0.53
T4 88.89a±2.94 3.31b±1.90 T4 1.12b±0.17 4.39b±0.13
T5 91.11a±4.84 3.23b±1.92 T5 1.68a±0.12 5.89a±0.45
Data expressed as Mean ± SE n=3; Mean values in the same column Data expressed as Mean ± SE n=3; Mean values in the same column
with different superscript differ significantly (P<0.05). with different superscript differ significantly (P<0.05).
HSI– Hepatosomatic Index, VSI– Viscerosomatic Index
Table 7 : Proximate composition of the whole body of Channa striata fingerlings in different experimental
groups fed with different feeding rate.
Treatments Moisture (%) CP (%) EE (%) Ash (%) TC (%)
T1 75.13a±0.40 14.94b±0.06 3.66b±0.11 5.29a±0.03 0.98a±0.44
T2 75.08a±0.53 15.04b±0.14 3.70b±0.12 5.28a±0.12 0.90a±0.52
T3 74.07a±0.09 15.93a±0.20 3.97a±0.07 5.10a±0.09 0.92a±0.15
T4 74.20a±0.32 15.91a±0.15 3.93a±0.02 5.09a±0.06 0.83a±0.23
T5 74.08a±0.19 15.85a±0.15 3.97a±0.01 4.62b±0.15 1.48a±0.35
Data expressed as Mean ± SE n=3; Mean values in the same column with different superscript differ significantly
(P<0.05). CP- crude protein; EE- ether extract; TC- total carbohydrate.

feed efficiency ratio deteriorated with increment in the Though the survival rate was not different
feeding rate and better feed utilization was observed in significantly but the highest survival was recorded in T5,
the treatment group T1 and T2. Protein efficiency ratio fishes fed with 10% of their body mass, followed by T3,
(PER) did not vary significantly among the treatment T 4, T 2 and T1. This indicates that feeding rate not
groups as single level of protein was maintained in the affecting the survival of striped murrel fingerlings
diets. Though similar between treatments, numerically significantly.
higher values was found in T4, suggesting maximum Body indices : Hepatosomatic Index (HSI) and
utilization of protein for synthesis of body tissue at that Viscerosomatic Index (VSI)
particular feeding rate.
No specific trend was exhibit by HSI although highest
Cannibalism and survival value was recorded in T5 (1.689+0.12) and the lowest in
Cannibalism was found to be highest in the T1 groups T4 (1.12b+ 0.17). Higher HSI values indicate fat/glycogen
fed @ 2% body weight. Cannibalism reduced with storage in the liver as liver is the main depot for reserve
increase in the feeding rate. The inverse relationship energy. Many authors have reported HSI is negatively
between the feeding rate and cannibalism is also reported related to dietary levels in other species (Yang et al, 2002),
in Gadus morhua (Folkvord, 1991). Cannibalism cannot which is not in agreement with the present study. VSI
be controlled completely; adoption of the suitable size was similar among all the dietary treatment groups and
grading measure can help to reduce cannibalism to a varied significantly in T5. Although, GSI was found to be
minimal level. independent with the feeding level, a positive correlation
 Feeding rate on growth, survival and cannibalism in striped snakehead 209
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