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Chapter 2: Introduction to C++

Topics
2.1 The Parts of a C++ Program
Starting Out with C++ 2.2 The cout Object
Early Objects
2.3 The #include Directive
Eighth Edition
2.4 Standard and Prestandard C++
by Tony Gaddis, Judy Walters, 2.5 Variables, Literals, and the Assignment
and Godfrey Muganda Statement
2.6 Identifiers
2.7 Integer Data Types
2.8 Floating-Point Data Types
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Topics (continued) 2.1 The Parts of a C++ Program

2.9 The char Data Type
2.10 The C++ string Class // sample C++ program comment

2.11 The bool Data Type #include <iostream> preprocessor directive

2.12 Determining the Size of a Data Type using namespace std; which namespace to use

2.13 More on Variable Assignments and int main() beginning of function named main

Initialization { beginning of block for main

cout << "Hello, there!"; output statement

2.14 Scope
return 0; send 0 back to operating system

2.15 Arithmetic Operators } end of block for main

2.16 Comments
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Special Characters
2.1 The Parts of a C++ Program
Statement Purpose
Character Name Description
// sample C++ program comment
// Double Slash Begins a comment
#include <iostream> preprocessor directive
using namespace std; which namespace to use # Pound Sign Begins preprocessor directive
int main() beginning of function named main < > Open, Close Brackets Encloses filename used in
{ beginning of block for main #include directive
cout << "Hello, there!"; output statement ( ) Open, Close Parentheses Used when naming function
return 0; send 0 back to the operating system
} end of block for main { } Open, Close Braces Encloses a group of statements
" " Open, Close Quote Marks Encloses string of characters

; Semicolon Ends a programming statement

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Important Details 2.2 The cout Object

• C++ is case-sensitive. Uppercase and

lowercase characters are different • Displays information on computer screen
characters. ‘Main’ is not the same as • Use << to send information to cout
‘main’. cout << "Hello, there!";
• Can use << to send multiple items to cout
• Every { must have a corresponding }, and
cout << "Hello, " << "there!";
vice-versa.
Or
cout << "Hello, ";
cout << "there!";

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Escape Sequences – More Control Over

Starting a New Line Output

• To get multiple lines of output on screen

- Use endl
cout << "Hello, there!" << endl;
- Use \n in an output string
cout << "Hello, there!\n";

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2.3 The #include Directive 2.4 Standard and Prestandard C++

• Inserts the contents of another file into the Prestandard (Older-style) C++ programs
program • Use .h at end of header files
• Is a preprocessor directive #include <iostream.h>
– Not part of the C++ language • Do not use using namespace convention
– Not seen by compiler No ; goes
here • May not use return 0; at the end of function
• Example: main
#include <iostream> • May not compile with a standard C++ compiler

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2.5 Variables, Literals, and the

Assignment Statement Variables
• Variable – If a new value is stored in the variable, it
– Has a name and a type of data it can hold replaces the previous value
variable – The previous value is overwritten and can no
data type name
char letter; longer be retrieved
int age;
– Is used to reference a location in memory where a
value can be stored age = 17; // age is 17
cout << age; // Displays 17
– Must be defined before it can be used
age = 18; // Now age is 18
– The value that is stored can be changed, i.e., it can cout << age; // Displays 18
“vary”

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Assignment Statement Constants

• Uses the = operator Literal
• Has a single variable on the left side and a – Data item whose value does not change
value on the right side during program execution
• Copies the value on the right into the – Is also called a constant
variable on the left 'A' // character constant
item = 12; "Hello" // string literal
12 // integer constant
3.14 // floating-point constant

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2.6 Identifiers Multi-word Variable Names

• Programmer-chosen names to represent parts of the • Descriptive variable names may include multiple words
program, such as variables • Two conventions to use in naming variables:
• Name should indicate the use of the identifier – Capitalize all but first letter of first word. Run words together:
quantityOnOrder
• Cannot use C++ key words as identifiers totalSales
• Must begin with alphabetic character or _, followed – Use the underscore _ character as a space:
by alphabetic, numeric, or _ . Alphabetic characters quantity_on_order
may be upper- or lowercase total_sales

• Use one convention consistently throughout program

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Valid and Invalid Identifiers 2.7 Integer Data Types

IDENTIFIER VALID? REASON IF INVALID • Designed to hold whole (non-decimal)

totalSales Yes numbers
total_Sales Yes • Can be signed or unsigned
total.Sales
12 -6 +3
No Cannot contain period
• Available in different sizes (i.e., number of
4thQtrSales No Cannot begin with digit
bytes): short, int, and long
totalSale$ No Cannot contain $ • Size of short ≤ size of int ≤ size of long

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Signed vs. Unsigned Integers Defining Variables

• Variables of the same type can be defined

• C++ allocates one bit for the sign of the
- In separate statements
number. The rest of the bits are for data.
int length;
• If your program will never need negative int width;
numbers, you can declare variables to be - In the same statement
unsigned. All bits in unsigned numbers int length,
are used for data. width;
• A variable is signed unless the unsigned • Variables of different types must be defined
keyword is used. in separate statements
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Integral Constants 2.8 Floating-Point Data Types

• To store an integer constant in a long
memory location, put ‘L’ at the end of the • Designed to hold real numbers
number: 1234L 12.45 -3.8

• Constants that begin with ‘0’ (zero) are • Stored in a form similar to scientific notation
octal, or base 8: 075 • Numbers are all signed
• Constants that begin with ‘0x’ are • Available in different sizes (number of bytes):
float, double, and long double
hexadecimal, or base 16: 0x75A
• Size of float ≤ size of double
≤ size of long double
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Floating-point Constants Assigning Floating-point Values to

Integer Variables
• Can be represented in
- Fixed point (decimal) notation:
If a floating-point value is assigned to an
31.4159 0.0000625
integer variable
- E notation:
– The fractional part will be truncated (i.e.,
3.14159E1 6.25e-5 “chopped off” and discarded)
• Are double by default – The value is not rounded
• Can be forced to be float 3.14159F or int rainfall = 3.88;
long double 0.0000625L cout << rainfall; // Displays 3

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2.9 The char Data Type Character Literal

• Used to hold single characters or very small • A character literal is a single character
integer values
• Usually occupies 1 byte of memory • When referenced in a program, it is
enclosed in single quotation marks:
• A numeric code representing the character
is stored in memory cout << 'Y' << endl;
SOURCE CODE MEMORY

char letter = 'C'; letter

• The quotation marks are not part of the
literal, and are not displayed
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String Literals A character or a string literal?

• A character literal is a single character,
• Can be stored as a series of characters in enclosed in single quotes:
consecutive memory locations 'C'
"Hello" • A string literal is a sequence of characters
• Stored with the null terminator, \0, enclosed in double quotes:
automatically placed at the end "Hello, there!"
H e l l o \0 • A single character in double quotes is a
string literal, not a character literal:
• Is comprised of characters between the " "
"C"

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2.10 The C++ string Class

2.11 The bool Data Type

• Must #include <string> to create and

use string objects • Represents values that are true or false
• Can define string variables in programs • bool values are stored as integers
string name;
• false is represented by 0, true by 1
• Can assign values to string variables with the
assignment operator bool allDone = true; allDone finished

name = "George"; bool finished = false; 1 0

• Can display them with cout

cout << "My name is " << name;

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2.13 More on Variable Assignments and

2.12 Determining the Size of a Data Type Initialization

The sizeof operator gives the size in

Assigning a value to a variable
number of bytes of any data type or variable
– Assigns a value to a previously created variable
double amount; – A single variable name must appear on left side
cout << "A float is stored in " of the = symbol
<< sizeof(float) << " bytes\n"; int size;
cout << "Variable amount is stored in " size = 5; // legal
5 = size; // not legal
<< sizeof(amount) << " bytes\n";

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Variable Assignment vs. Initialization 2.14 Scope

• The scope of a variable is that part of the

Initializing a variable program where the variable may be used
– Gives an initial value to a variable at the time • A variable cannot be used before it is defined
it is created int num1 = 5;
– Can initialize some or all of the variables cout >> num1; // legal
being defined cout >> num2; // illegal
int num2 = 12;
int length = 12;
int width = 7, height = 5, area;

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2.15 Arithmetic Operators Binary Arithmetic Operators

• Used for performing numeric calculations SYMBOL OPERATION EXAMPLE ans

+ addition ans = 7 + 3; 10
• C++ has unary, binary, and ternary
operators - subtraction ans = 7 - 3; 4

– unary (1 operand) -5 * multiplication ans = 7 * 3; 21

– binary (2 operands) 13 - 7 / division ans = 7 / 3; 2
– ternary (3 operands) exp1 ? exp2 : exp3 % modulus ans = 7 % 3; 1

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/ Operator % Operator

• C++ division operator (/)performs integer • C++ modulus operator (%) computes the
division if both operands are integers
remainder resulting from integer division
cout << 13 / 5; // displays 2
cout << 2 / 4; // displays 0 cout << 9 % 2; // displays 1
• If either operand is floating-point, the result • % requires integers for both operands
is floating-point cout << 9 % 2.0; // error
cout << 13 / 5.0; // displays 2.6
cout << 2.0 / 4; // displays 0.5

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2.16 Comments Single-Line Comments

• Are used to document parts of a program • Begin with // and continue to the end of line
• Are written for persons reading the source int length = 12; // length in inches
code of the program int width = 15; // width in inches
– Indicate the purpose of the program int area; // calculated area
– Describe the use of variables
// Calculate rectangle area
– Explain complex sections of code
area = length * width;
• Are ignored by the compiler

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Chapter 2: Introduction to C++

Multi-Line Comments

• Begin with /* and end with */ Starting Out with C++

Early Objects
• Can span multiple lines Eighth Edition
/*----------------------------
Here's a multi-line comment
by Tony Gaddis, Judy Walters,
----------------------------*/ and Godfrey Muganda
• Can also be used as single-line
comments
int area; /* Calculated area */

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