Introduction to orthodontics

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-The word orthodontic, is derived from Greek words :

1-orthos meaning correct.

2-odontos meaning teeth.

-Definition of orthodontic :

Firstly, definition by British society for the study of orthodontics: " is the specialty that includes:

1-study of growth and development of the jaws , face particularly ,and the body generally as
influencing the position of teeth.

2-study of actions and reaction of internal and external influences on the development ,prevention
and correction of arrested and perverted development.

:‫توضيح‬

.‫طبعا علم تقويم األسنان علم يهتم بدراسة التطور والنمو حق الفكين والوجه والجسم‬

.‫باإلضافة الى دراسة العوامل التي ممكن تؤثر على النمو والوقاية والعالج‬

‫ف‬
Secondly , definition by American board for orthodontics" is the study and supervision of
growth and development of dentition and its related anatomical structures, from birth to dental
maturity ,including :all preventive and corrective procedures of dental irregularities requiring
repositioning of teeth by: functional or mechanical means to establish normal occlusion and
pleasing facial contour"

study and dentition&

supervision of its related from birth to dental
growth and anatomical maturity
deveolpment of: structures

dental irregularities including :

functional or
requiring all preventive and
mechanical means
repositioning of corrective
to establish
teeth by: procedures of

normal occlusion
and pleasing facial
contour.

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-Brief history of orthodontics:

‫ فقط سنذكر المؤسس لهذا العلم‬, ‫أكيد لن نذكر كل تاريخ تطور علم تقويم األسنان ألنه تاريخ طويل جدا‬
.‫وأهم انجازاته‬

Edward H. Angle(1855-1930):

is considered as the father of orthodontics, Why?

Answer :

for his numerous contributions to this specialty, like:

1- he established orthodontics as separated specialty.

2- classifications of malocclusions and orthodontic appliances.

-Why do we need orthodontic treatment?

in order to avoid :

1- poor facial appearance.

2- risks of caries.

3- predisposition to periodontal diseases.

4- pyschological disturbances.

5- risk of trauma.

6- abnormalities of function.

7- temperomandibular joint problems.

1-poor facial appearance :

crowding of teeth adversely affects

the facial appearance and smile of
individual. Thus majority of people
seeking orthodontic treatment do so
to improve their smile and
appearance.

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2-risk of caries:

Malalignment of teeth makes oral hygiene

maintenance difficult task ,thereby increasing the risk
of caries .

3-predisposition to periodontal disease:

irregular teeth and crowding makes oral hygiene

maintenance difficult and predispose to
periodontal tissue inflammation.

4-psychological disturbances:

unsightly appearance of teeth makes a person highly self-conscious and turns him into an
introvert. Thus treatment of malocclusion helps in improving the mental well-being and
confidence.

:‫توضيح‬

‫الشخص الذي تكون أسنانه ملخبطة وغير منتظمة أكيد بيكون غير راضي عن شكله وبيكون‬
.‫محرج وغير سعيد‬

‫لذلك عند تصحيح مشكله المريض بواسطة طبيب تقويم األسنان أكيد ستزداد ثقه المريض بنفسه‬
.‫وبيكون أكثر سعادة‬

5-risk of trauma:

teeth that are severely proclined are at a high risk of

a-injury especially during play or by an

accidental fall.

b-traumatic bite.

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 :‫توضيح‬

‫مثال طفل أسنانه األمامية بارزه وقام يجري وال سمح هللا وقع على األرض أكيد األسنان بتكون أكثر عرضه ل‬
.(trauma(

‫والشخص الذي أسنانه غير منتظمة بيكون أكثر عرضه لعمل عض للخد او الشفتين مما يسبب مشاكل‬
.‫للمريض‬

.‫باإلضافة الى دراسة العوامل التي ممكن تؤثر على النمو والوقاية والعالج‬
6-abnormalities of function:
‫ف‬
many malocclusions causes abnormalities in the functioning of stomatognathic system, such as:
improper mastication, defects in speech ,etc…..

7-TMJ problems :

malocclusions are associated with TMJ problems such as pain and dysfunction.

:‫توضيح‬

‫ بالشكل المطلوب ضروري أن تكون األسنان على اإلطباق‬TMJ ‫معروف انه لكي يعمل‬
.‫لكن في حالة سوء اإلطباق هذا يسبب مشاكل لهذا المفصل‬, ‫السليم‬

-Aims of orthodontic:

the goal of orthodontic is not cosmetic only, as orthodontic treatment reflects patient's desire to
improve their social acceptability & eliminate
discrimination based on appearance which
can affect the quality of life generally.

there are three main objectives of

orthodontic treatment :

1-functional efficiency.

2-structural balance

3-esthetic harmony.

the orthodontist should strive to achieve the

three main objectives of treatment.

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1-Functional efficiency :

many malocclusions affect normal function, such as mastication, speech,…

Thus when orthodontic treatment is done ,the correct relationship of teeth to each other &their
orientation to skull as a whole permit a satisfactory functioning of orofacial region.

2-Structural balance:

stable orthodontic treatment is best achieved by maintaining a balance between :

a-dentoalveolar system( teeth & alveolar bone )

b-skeletal tissue( e.g. :maxilla ,mandible, nasal bone,..)

c-soft tissue including muscles.

3-Esthetic harmony :

unsightly facial appearance as result of crowding of teeth can affect individual's self-image
,wellbeing and success in society .Thus the orthodontic treatment should aim at improving the
esthetic of individual.

Note: It is a matter of proportion in shape ,size & orientation of dental organs as a whole in their
relation to other facial factors.

:‫توضيح‬

.‫طبعا عند عمل تقويم لألسنان أكيد الطبيب ضروري يركز على التغيرات التي ممكن تحدث للوجه عند تحريك األسنان‬

‫فربما الطبيب يعيد ترتيب األسنان لكن ممكن يجعل أنف المريض طويله وبشكل غير‬, ‫فمثال ال يصلح األسنان على حساب بقية الوجه‬
.‫مقبول‬

.‫لذلك من الضروري الحصول على شكل متناغم بين األسنان وبقية أجزاء الوجه‬

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-the scope of orthodontic treatment :

How orthodontic treatment is done ?

is done by :

1-alteration in 2-alteration in 3-alteration in

tooth position. skeletal pattern. soft tissue

1- Alteration in tooth position :

orthodontic treatment is made possible by the fact that teeth can be moved through the bone to ideal
locations by applying appropriate force on them.

2 - alteration in skeletal pattern :

malocclusion may be associated with skeletal disharmony involving the jaw bones. It is within the scope
of orthodontist to apply appropriate orthopedic force that are capable of normalization of growth of
skeletal system.

3 - alteration in soft tissue pattern :

the soft tissues that envelop the dentition are greatly influenced by the placement of dentition. It is
possible to bring about favorable changes in soft tissue pattern by orthodontic treatment.

:‫توضيح‬

( ‫فيمكن جعل العضالت مثال في طور‬.‫معروف أن الفك محاط بمجموعة من العضالت‬

.‫( لفترات طويلة حتى يتسنى لنا تحريك األسنان‬function

(functional appliance( ‫وهذه فكره عمل‬

functional appliance :

is an orthodontic appliance that guide the tooth movement indirectly

,by activation of muscles.

Functional appliance

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 :‫مالحظة هامة‬

:‫المرجع المقرر من الدكتور حسام هو‬

Contemporary of orthodontics by Proffit

:‫لكن هذه المحاضره الدكتور شرحها من كتاب‬

Art and science of orthodontics by S.I.Bhalajhi