KHILAFAT MOVEMENT IN

MALABAR

Mohamed. T.A. “Muslim politics in Kerala (1921-1 967)” Thesis. Department

of History, University of Calicut, 2001
 CHAPTER I
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT IN MALABAR

THE KHILAFAT

The Arabic word Khalifah means a successor, a lieutenant, a vicegerent,

or a deputy.' After the demise of Prophet Muhammad, in 632 AD, when Abu

Baker was elected as the new ruler of the Islamic State he gave orders that he

should be described by the modest title of Khilafat Rasul Allah (Successor of the

Apostle of God). Umar Farook, who succeeded Abu Baker in 634, called

himself Khalifah a1 Khalifah a1 Xasul Allah (successor of the Apostle of God). Since

this designation was found to be too long and clumsy, he decided to be called

himself with the title Khalifah (vicegerent) or Amir a1 M~iminin(Leader of the

~elievers).~
So, from the period of Umar onwards this simple title began to

attain more significance. The first four successors of Prophet Muhammad are

known as Khilafatur Rashida (Pious Caliphate 632-661). After them the Islamic

world was ruled by the Umayyad rulers (661-750), the Abbasids (750-1258)

and the Ottomans (1518-1924). They were the temporal and spiritual heads of

the Islamic world. Exception to it was the period of Mamluks of Egypt. The

Mamluk Sultan though they had delegated the spiritual powers to the

descendents of the Abbasids, the temporal powers were held by them. This

order continued till 1517, when the Ottoman ruler Salim I defeated the Mamluks

1. Thomas Patrick Hughes, Dictionary of Islam, p263.

2. Thomas W. Arnold, The Caliphate, p30.
 34

and seized the holy cities, Mecca and Madina. The nominal Abbasid Caliph,

A1 Mutawakkil surrendered all his spiritual authorities to Salim I, and he

declared himself the Caliph of the Islamic world in 1518. That was how the

Khilafat rule reached the Turkish hands. Till 1924, this most revered seat was

held by them. Generally speaking the protectors and the custodians of the two

holy cities, Mecca and Madina, are regarded as the Caliph of Islam. It is to be

noted that the Shiah sect among Muslims did not accept the rule of Caliphs,

instead they upheld the concept of Imamate. According to this belief Prophet

Muhammad had nominated Ali as his successor and Imam and with the Prophet,

the Prophet hood came to an end and after him people would be guided by

Imams who are to be the descendants of Ali.

MUSLIMS' CONCERN OVER TURKEY

Since the exalted office of the Khilafat was with the Turks, the Indian

Muslims were watchful of the happenings in Turkey. The Muslim news

papers published in India had given more coverage to the news on ~ u r k e ~ . ~

The wars which broke out in the later part of lgthcentury4and early part of 2ot"

century5 in which Turkey was a party, made the Indian Muslims more

3. In 1909, Makti Tangal published an evening paper from Cochin called Ttlrki
Samacharam. It contained news about the political and religious issues related
to Turkey. Due to financial crisis the paper did not last long. Prabhodhanam
Special, April, 1998, p108.
4. The Crimean war (1853-1856).
5. The Balkan wars (1912-1913).
 35
anxious. Special prayers were held in mosques for the success of Turkey.6 The

Muslim press like the Zamindar published from Lahore, by Zafar Ali Khan, the

Comrade, published from Calcutta by Moulana Muhammad Ali, the Aligark

Institute Gazette published from Aligarh by Sayyid Ahamed Khan, the Muslim

Gazette published from Lucknow by Moulavi Wahiduddin Salim, etc. had

expressed great concern of the events in Turkey. As these happenings created

unrest among the Muslims of India, especially north Indian Muslims, Mr. Petrie,

who was the then Assistant Director of the Intelligence Bureau, made some

enquiries in the Punjab. What he understood was that a strong rumour was

spreading among Muslims that the Christian powers including Britain had

entered into a secret alliance with an aim to attack Turkey and to destroy

slam.^ The rumour had been strengthened by the abrogation of the partition
of Bengal in 1911, which was viewed with dismay by Bengali Muslims who

regarded it as a breach of faith on the part of the Government.

As a gesture of sympathy towards Turkish people during the Balkan

wars in 1912 a medical mission went to Turkey led by Dr. Asnsari. In 1913, a

scheme was promulgated by Mushir Hasan Kidwai of the United Provinces

for the formation of a society called the Anjuman-I-Khuddam-I-Kaaba, aimed at

maintaining the honour and safety of the Kaaba and the defence of the holy

6. HFM file No.94, G.O.No.2040(Conf.), 9 December 1912 (Judical Dept.)

7. P.C. Bamford, Histories of the Non-cooperation and Khilafat movenzents, p110.
 3(i
places from non-Muslim aggres~ion.~
Muslim leaders like Moulana Muhammad

Ali, Shoukath Ali, Moulana Azad, Abdul Bari, et al. supported his view.

FORMATION OF KHILAFAT COMMITTEE

When first world war (1914-1918)broke out, Turkey joined the war on

the side of Germany, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria (Central Powers). Great

Britain joined war with the countries like France, Russia, Italy, Rumania, Greece,

Belgium, Portugal, Japan and China (Allied Powers). At a later stage America

also joined them. These developments put the Indian Muslims in a more

perplexed and bewildered situation. Since they are the subjects of the British,

it will be considered treason if they take sides with the Turks against the

British, and it will be considered a sacrilegious act if they fight against the

Caliph by siding with the British.

Meanwhile the British Government issued a proclamation to its

Muslim subjects in which it assured that the Muslim holy places in Arabia and

Mesopotamia and the port of Jeddah would not be attacked, and there would

be no interference with the haj pilgrimage? Again, on 5 January, 1918, the

British Prime Minister Lloyd George declared in the Parliament that the

Ottoman Empire would not be deprived of Constantinople, nor of "the rich

8. Ibid.,pll3.
9. Gail Minault, The Kl~ilafatMovement - Religious Syinbolism and Political
Mobilization in India, p52.
 :-l7
and renowned lands of Asia Minor and Thrace which are predominantly

Turkish in race".1°

Coming back to India, the educated Muslims, as well as the

theologians began to show more interest in the national movement. After

signing the pact between the Congress and the Muslim League at Lucknow

(1916),known as Lucknow Pact, the Hindus and Muslims began to come closer.

As a symbolic action for this, Swami Shradhanand, a staunch Arya Samaj leader

was asked by the Muslims to preach from the pulpit of the Jama Masjid at

Delhi while Dr. Kitchlu, a Muslim leader, was given the keys of the Golden

Temple at Amritsar.

During this period of political consciousness, the Muslims heard the

alarming news that, at the end of the war all the pledges given by Britain and

its allies were being violated, the Ottoman Empire had been partitioned by the

victorious countries and Thrace had been taken away from Turkey. The Mus-

lims felt that the system of Khilafat also would be undermined. Even the Shias,

who did not recognize the Caliph, shared their anxiety over the decline of

Muslim's power and the uncertain condition of the holy places. At this

juncture a Khilafat committee was formed under the leadership of Moulana

Muhammad Ali, Shoukath Ali, Moulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Hasrat

Mohani and others (1919). At the end of April 1919, the Ali brothers wrote a

10. Ibid.
 ;K3
letter to the Viceroy in which it was demanded that all the territories included

in the Turkish Empire must remain as hithertofore under independent Muslim

occupation and control.

A deputation consisted of thirty five leaders including Ali brothers,

Azad, Abdul Bari, Gandhiji and Swami Shradhanand met the Viceroy on 1 9 ~ ~

January, 1920 to appraise him of the feelings of Indian Muslims with regard to

the Khilafat question and future of Turkish ~ m p i r e . 'They

~ also requested him

to convey their views to the Peace Conference at Paris.

On February, 1920 another delegation of Indian Muslims consisting of

Moulana Muhammad Ali, Sayyid Hussain, editor of the Independent, Sayyid

Sulaiman Nadwi et al. went to England. But they failed to make any headway

in their effort with the British Government. At last on March 17,1920, British

Prime Minister Lloyd George informed them that Turkey could not be treated

on principles different from those applied to other countries and that though

she would be allowed to exercise temporal sway over Turkish lands, she could

not be permitted to retain lands which were not ~ u r k i s h . ' ~

Since all constitutional efforts had failed to secure the demands,

Muslims now resorted to other measures. On 19"' March, 1920 another 'Khilafat

11. PC Barnford, op.cit. p148.

12. Ibid.
 30

D ~ Y was
" ~ observed with special prayers, hartal and an appeal to the Viceroy

to reconsider their desire. The Central Khilafat Committee met on llthApril,

1920 at Bombay and resolved to sever all connections with the Government,

including resignation from legislative councils, and civil and military service,

withdrawal of Muslims from the army, refusal to pay taxes, relinquishment of

all titles and honours conferred by the Government etc.14 To ratify the

decisions of the Central Khilafat Committee in favour of non-co-operation, an

All India Khilafat Conference was convened on lStof June at Allahabad. The

Congress leaders also attended the meeting. But due to differences of opinion

among the leaders of the Congress on the question of non-co-operation

movement, they decided to call a special session of Congress in September,

1920 at Calcutta.

The special session of the Congress met at Calcutta, supported Gandhi's

plan for non-co-operation with the Government till the Punjab and Khilafat

wrongs were removed and swaraj established. The people were asked to

boycott Government educational institutions, law courts, and legislatures.

KHILAFAT AGITATION IN MALABAR

The Khilafat Movement was brought to the attention of the Mappilas

through the Conference of the Malabar District Congress held at Manjeri on

13. A Khilafat day had been observed earlier on 17 October, 1919. See HFM file
No.81, p100, TNA.
14. PC Barnford, op. cit., p152.
 40

and 2gthApril 1920. It was attended by a large number of Mappilas.15

Kasthuri Ranga Ayyankar, the then editor of 'the Hindu' presided over the

conference. Besides him, Annie Besant, K.P. Kesava Menon, Manjeri Ramayyar,

M.P. Narayana Menon, K Madhavan Nair, Abdul Khader, Ponmadath Moideen

Koya, and others also took part. The chieftains like Cheriyettan raja of Calicut,

Ilaya raja of Nilambur and Mankada Udayavarmaraja also participated in the

conference, as delegates.16

On the first day itself, after the presidential address, the 'Khilafat

issue' came up for discussion. A Ranga Swami Ayyankar and Moideen Koya

made a speech on the topic. On the second day heated exchanges of views

were made on the resolutions relating to constitutional reforms, Khilafat issue

and tenancy problem. Due to strong request from a section of the delegates,

resolution on Khilafat was taken up for consideration first. The resolution on

Khilafat was read by Komu Menon in which he requested the British

Government to take a decision on the Khilafat issue as desired by the Indian

Muslims and as per the promise done by the authorities to them. If not, as

decided by the Conference,to Muslims as well as Hindus would adopt a policy

of non-cooperation with the Government. At that time Annie Besant came

forward with an amendment to it, by saying that it would be adventurous to

15. The first Political Conference of Malabar was held at Palghat in 1916. Thcn
annually Political Conferences were held at Calicut, Tellicherry, Badagara and
lastly at Manjeri.
16. AK Pillai, Co~igressand Kerala (Mal.),p33.
 41

urge the people to observe non-cooperation. Some people like Shanmugha

Muthaliar supported this view. Some of the delegates like Abdul Khadar,

Moideen Koya and K Madhavan Nair spoke on the occasion opposing the views

expressed by Mrs. Besant. At last the resolution was adopted with a thumping

majority.17

An important point to be noted here is that, the Manjeri conference

had adopted the non-cooperation resolution, months before it was being

accepted by the Congress as its programme.18

The Manjeri political conference discussed the tenancy issue also. A

resolution demanding legislation for the protection of tenants of Malabar was

moved by K.P. Raman Menon and was seconded by PA Krishna Menon .

Chieftains and the landlords who attended the session opposed the resolution

and a dissenting note signed by them was submitted to the Chairman.

However, majority of the delegates voted in favour of reforms and the

resolution was adopted. As a result many landlords resigned from the party.19

Another resolution demanding the abrogation of the Mappila Outrages Act

was also accepted.

17. Ibid., p37.

18. S. Ramachandran, 'Manjeri Conference'. Contours of Change - Moidu Moulavi
Smaranika, p21.
19. Perunna KN Nair, Congress Movement of Kerala(Ma1.) p22.
 4%

With the Manjeri political Conference, the series of 'Malabar District

Conferences' came to an end. The Manjeri Conference was described as a

turning point in the history of Malabar politics, because unlike the earlier

conferences, a large number of people especially Mappilas had attended the

conference. Hectic discussions were held especially on topics related to

Mappilas, for example, the Khilafat issue, the tenancy problem, and repeal of

Mappila outrages Act. In spite of opposition from a section of delegates, these

issues were favourably discussed at the conference. In short it generated a

nationalist spirit and anti-imperialist consciousness among the people

especially among the Mappilas who were the majority community at Manjeri

area. Hence after this conference, several public meetings were organized in

many parts of Ernad and Walluvanad Taluks like Kondotty, Tirurangadi,

Malappuram and other places by the leaders of Khilafat and Tenancy

~ o v e m e n.20
t

VISIT OF GANDHIJI AND SHAUKAT ALI

With the aim of carrying the message of the Non-co-operation and

Khilafat Movement, as decided at the Allahabad Session of the Khilafat

Conference (June, 1920), Gandhiji and Shaukat Ali visited Calicut on

August, 1920. They were given a rousing reception by the Congress - Khilafat

20. Saumyendranath Tagore, Peasant Revolt in Malabar, 1921, (Mal.) Tr. by KKN
Kurup, p8.
 43
workers. Shaukat Ali in his speech described the idea of Non-co-operation as a

notion based on Islamic principles; but if it proved unfruitful, more rigorous

methods would be adopted. Gandhiji in his speech said that : 'If the Muslims

offer non-co-operation to the Government in order to secure justice in the

matter of Khilafat, it is the duty of Hindus to help them as long as their means

are

The visit of the national leaders like Gandhiji and Shaukat Ali

generated new enthusiasm among the people especially among the Mappilas,

which resulted in the formation of Congress - Khilafat committees in various

places of Malabar. At Calicut a Khilafat committee was formed with

M. Kunhikoya Tangal (President), Hassan Koya Molla, Melekandy Moidu and

U. Gopala Menon (Secretaries). E Moidu Moulavi and P Moideen Koya were

appointed as organizers.22 Due to their effort more and more people were

attracted to the Khilafat movement. Chekku Molla was a prominent organizer

of the movement who had struggled hard to spread the message of the

movement in Kondotty and other interior places.23 Tirurangadi, which had

been a great center of Muslims due to the presence of the revered Mampuram

Tangals, became a strong-hold of Khilafat-Congress Movements. A Khilafat

committee was formed there with PM Pookoya Tangal (President),Ali Musaliar

21. The collected works of Mahatma Gandhi, XVII (July - November, 1920),Delhi, pp177-
80 cited in Miller, Mappila Muslims of Kerala, pp132-133.
22. K.Koyatti Moulavi, Malabar Riot of 1921 (Mal) p5.
23. Ibid.
 44
and KM Moulavi (Vice Presidents), K.P. Kunhi Pocker Haji and Pottayil

Kunhahammed (Secretaries).24

Tanur was another center of Congress-Khilafat activities where a

Khilafat committee came into existence at a fairly early date. The following

were the important leaders of the Tanur Khilafat committee :Cheru Koya Tangal

(President),Pareekutty Musaliar (Secretary),Urnmayyathantakath Puthenveettil

Kunhi Khadar and T.K. Kutty Hassan Kutty (Joint ~ e c r e t a r i e s ) . ~ ~

Like wise Khilafat committees were formed at Pukkottur, Tirur,

Ponnani, Nellikuth, Kalpakancherry and other places under the leadership of

energetic and enthusiastic leaders like Kunhi Tangal of Malappuram, Vadakke

Veettil Mammad, Variamkunnath Kunhamad Haji, Sayyid Hydrose Imbichi

Koya Tangal, Odayappuram Chekutty and others.

In line with the decision taken by the Central Khilafat committee

volunteer corps were also constituted under the auspices of the regional Khilafat

committees. Fez cap with crescent mark, Kaki shirt and pant was the uniform

of the Khilafat volunteers.

During this period some books and periodicals also appeared on the

scene related with the Khilafat issue. In 1920 A Muhammed Kunhu started a

24. Ibid.,p6.
25. CM Kutty, ' A Martyr of 1921' (Mal) in Kerala State Muslim Leaglie Sotivenir,
1959, p38.
 45
journal called Khilafat Patrika from Varkala. It made valuable contribution for

the national movement in Kerala. But it could bring out only six issues; after

that it ceased to exist." Another journal by name Khilafat was published from

A n j e n g ~ . *Some
~ of the Pamphlets published during this period were

proscribed by the British government. For example, Pareekutty Musliar, the

Secretary of the Khilafat Committee of Tanur, had published a pamphlet titled

Muhimmathul Mu'minin, in which he urged the people by quoting the

scriptures that Muslims should not co-operate with the British, who were

fighting with the Islamic Caliph and it is their bounden duty to oppose them

by all means. As per the Madras Government Gazette issued in 1921, this booklet

was not only banned but also those who possessed it were sentenced to five

years imprisonment without trial. Those scholars who had put their signature

and written statements ratifying it at the end of the book, like Cherusseri Ahmad

Kutty Moulavi, P. Abdurahiman Musaliar, Bava Musliar, cf. al. were seriously

warned by the police. The author of the booklet, Pareekutty Musliar went un-

derground and later escaped to ~ e c c a . ~ ~

In the latter half of 1920 several massive Khilafat meetings were

conducted at places like Calicut, Tirurangadi, Tirur. Tanur, Vengara, Kottakkal,

26. Abu Majida, 'Kerala Muslims and Journalism' (Mal)in Prabhodhanam Special
issue, April, 1998, p109.
27. PA Syed Muhammad (ed.), Kerala Muslim Directo y (Mal.),p621.
28. CN Ahmed Moulavi and KKM Abdul Kareem, Gloripus Mappila Literary
Heritage (Mal.),pp71-72.
 4 Ii

Malappuram, Manjeri, Ponnani and other places. One of the features of these

meetings was that all these meetings were arranged in places where Mappilas

were in majority and the chief organizers of the meetings were also ~ a p p i l a s . ~ ~

The district authorities viewed these developments with alarm. The

District Magistrate E.F. Thomas, on 5thFebruary, 1921, issued an order under

section 144 of Cr.P.C prohibiting the Khilafat leaders like K. Madhavan Nair,

U. Gopala Menon, Variamkunnath Kunhamad Haji and others from

convening or speaking at any public meeting in Ernad Taluk. On lothFebruary

the prohibitory order was extended to some of the villages of Walluvanad Taluk

also by the Joint Magistrate of Malappuram. On 1 2 February,

~ ~ Collector

Thomas requested the Government of Madras to issue orders prohibiting

meetings throughout the District of Malabar, but the Government was not in

favour of general prohibition and told the District Magistrate to use his powers

under section 144 Cr.P.C. to prevent meetings or processions.30

ARREST OF YAQUB HASSAN

The Congress-Khilafat leaders of Malabar invited Yaqub Hasan, a

prominent leader of the Khilafat Movement of Madras, to address two public

meetings on 15'~and 16'~February at Tanur and Calicut respectively. As soon

as Yaqub Hasan arrived at Calicut on 15" February, he was served with a

29. M. Gangadhara Menon, Malabar Rebel1ion (1921-1922),p85.

30. Ibid., p97-98.
 47
prohibitory order under section 144 Cr.P.C. However, Yaqub Hasan decided

to violate the order and address the meeting. District Magistrate decided to

take action against Yaqub Hassan and the local congress-Khilafat leaders -

Madhavan Nair, Gopala Menon and P. Moideen Koya. They were sentenced

to six months imprisonment when they refused to give security to keep peace

or even to give a written undertaking that they would not speak at the meeting

arranged on 16 ~ e b r u a r ~ . ~ '

As a protest against this action of the district authorities, 1 7 ' ~February

was observed as a day of hartal in Calicut.

MAJLISUL ULAMA

On the model of the 'All India Jamiyyathul Ulama' of Delhi, an Ulama

association was formed at Trichinopoly as a forum for the Ulama to work in the

political field.32 A special conference of it was held at Erode on 2ndand 3rdof

April, 1921. Some of the ulama of Kerala who were inclined to the Congress

politics also attended the meeting. Vakkom Abdul Khadir Moulavi was

instructed to propagate the ideas of Majlisul Ulama in Kerala. At the Congress

Conference, which was held at Ottappalam from 23rd to 26thof April 1921, a

Kerala unit of the Majlisul ulama was formed. The following were elected as

office bearers. PM Sayyid Alavi Thangal (President), Vakkom Abdul Khadir

31. AK Pillai, op.cit, pp44-46.

32. E. Moidu Moulavi, Reflections OH History(Mal.),p29.
 48
Moulavi and Hamadani Tangal (Vice-Presidents),E Moidu Moulavi (General

Secretary) Kattilasseri Muhammed Musliar, KM Moulavi and Arabi Shamnad

(Joint Se~retaries).~~

The Kerala Ulama Conference held on 25thApril, 1921, in the Congress

conferencepanda1 at Ottappalam under the chairmanship of Sayyid Murthaza

Sahib had adopted the following resol~tions:~~

1) As the European Powers are trying to destroy the Khilafat, all Muslims in

Kerala should set apart a portion of their Zakat for the Khilafat and Smyrna

funds.

2) All the Muslims of Kerala should resort to non-violent non-co-operation

with the Government.

3) All Muslims of Kerala (both male and female) who have attained

twenty-one years of age should become members of the Indian National

Congress, in order that India may obtain Swaraj through the efforts of the

Congress and set aright the Khilafat affair.

Names of forty one important Moulavis who had attended the meet-

ing were given in the conference records, which included the names of

Kattilasseri Muhammad Musliar, Pareekutty Musliar, Hamadani Tangal,

Vakkam Abdul Khadir Moulavi, KM Moulavi and Moulavi Arabi Shamnad.35

33. Ibid., p30.

34. File of Public Dept. G.O.No.491 dated 3 August 1921, TNA.
35. Ibid.
 49
A committee was constituted to conduct the business of the ulama conference

till its next general meeting. They are : Sayyid Murthaza Sahib (President)

Vakkom Moulavi, Hamadani Tangal and P Kunhahamed Moulavi (Vice- Presi-

dents), E Moidu Moulavi (General Secretary), Kattilasseri Musliar, Arabi

Shamnad, E.K. Kunhahamad Kutty Moulavi, Ahamed Kunhu Moulavi,

U. Kunhahamad Moulavi and TM Ahamed Kutty Moulavi (Assistant Secretar-

ies) and PS Bappan Koya ( T r e a ~ u r e r ) . ~ ~

It was resolved to hold the next general meeting at Tellicherry. But it

did not take place perhaps due to the rebellion, which broke out in the latter

half of August, 1921.

The proceedings of the ulama conference including the speech made

by its secretary was later published in a booklet form. T Hassan Koya Molla

was its printer. The government proscribed it and its author and the printer

were given 2'/, years' rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 300 on the

secretary and Rs. 1000 on the printer was also levied.)' The fine imposed on

Hassan Koya Molla was paid by his business partner C. Kunhu Moosa. So,

Hassan Koya Molla had undergone only two years imprisonment.

Later when the pro-British ulama published a booklet titled 'Mahakul

Khilafathi, Fismil Khilafa, criticizing the Khilafat agitation, E Moidu Moulavi,

36. Ibid.
37. E. Moidu Moulavi, Motrlaviyude Atmokotlza (Mal.), Appendix I , p202.
 50
secretary of the Majlisul ulama, published another booklet named 'Dawathul

Haq' as a rejoinder to it. This booklet was also banned by the G ~ v e r n m e n t . ~ ~

The 'Kerala Majlisul Ulama', which is said to be the first association of

the Islamic scholars of Kerala, did not live long. When the rebellion broke out

some of its leaders were arrested and imprisoned while some others made an

escape to Kodungallur or other places in order to avoid arrest. Since most of

the ulama with progressive outlook were staying at Kodungallur at that time,

it caused for the formation of a new association for the Muslims called the

'Kerala Muslim Aikya Samgham' (1922) and an association of the ulama called

the 'Kerala Jamiyyatul ulama' (1924). On account of its progressive views, the

orthodox section left the 'Kerala Jamiyyatul ulama' and formed another

organization called the 'Samasta Kerala Jamiyyatul Ulama' in 1925. Due to the

rise of these two ulama organizations the 'Kerala Majlisul trlamn' slowly

disappeared from the scene.

THE OTTAPPALAM CONFERENCE

The first All Kerala Provincial Congress Committee meeting was held

at Ottappalam from 23 to 26 April, 1921. A large number of Mappilas attended

the conference. As part of the conference, a Tenants' conference, a Khilafat

conference and a students' conference were also held.

38. Ibid.
 61
On 25thmorning the Tenants' conference was conducted presided over

by K.P. Raman Menon and on the same day evening a Khilafat session was

held presided over by Sayyid Murthaza of Trichy. The Mappilas attended both

these conferences with great interest. At the end of the Khilafat session Paliyat

Cheriya Kunhunni Achan made a short speech in which he asked the audience

to give some donations to the movement. Within a short time a sum of Rupees

one hundred was collected from the audience.39

The authorities were stunned by the great enthusiasm shown by the

public in the conference and they were more worried about the growing sense

of fraternity between the Hindus and the Muslims. Hence, without any

provocation, the police harassed the Khilafat volunteers. P Ramunni Menon,

Secretary of the Reception Committee and Hameed Khan, Secretary of the

Madras Khilafat Committee who went to the market to pacify the people, were

assaulted by the police.40 Even those who stood in the vicinity of the

conference hall were also attacked by the police.

It was in the Ottappalam conference that Muhammad Abdurahiman

had made his maiden appearance in the political arena of Kerala. At that time

he was studying at Jamia Millia and Moulana Muhammad Ali directed him to

go to Malabar to propagate the message of the Khilafat and the Congress

39. AK Pillai, op.cit, p56.

40. Ibid., pp56-57.
 5%
movements. He was well received by the leaders at Ottappalam. After the

Ottappalam conference, when the Malabar District Khilafat Committee was

reconstituted, Abdurahiman was appointed as its General secretary. With the

arrival of Abdurahiman the activities of the Congress-KhilafatCommittees were

intensified.

PONNANI ULAMA CONFERENCE

The pro-British ulama had convened a meeting at Ponnani on 24thJuly,

1921 with a view to convince the public that the activities of the Khilafat-

Congress Movements are against the teachings of Islam. To counter it E Moidu

Moulavi, Secretary of the 'Kerala Majlisul ulama' ,convened another meeting of

the ulama on the same place and on the same date."

In this situation, fearing breach of peace the authorities issued order

prohibiting all processions in the town. The Congress-Khilafat leaders also

had taken care and posted volunteers to see that people are not proceeding in

procession. While Ali Musliar and his followers arrived at Ponnani at about 11

a.m. they were stopped by the police near Ponnani Bridge, which resulted in a

minor collision between the two parties. Immediately the Congress-Khilafat

leaders like Muhammad Abdurahiman and K Kelappan rushed to the scene

and pacified Ali Musliar and others. Later they were taken to Puthu Ponnani,

41. Public Department File, G.0, No.514 dated 15 August, 1921, TNA.
 53
the venue of the 'Majlisul ularna' conference. Where as the 'loyalist ulama'

conducted their meeting near Pomani wharf. According to Moidu Moulavi

the meeting of the 'loyalist ulama' was a great flop. For, in spite of the rigorous

campaign made by the authorities for the success of the meeting they could

get only two scholars (Puthiyakath Bava Musliar of Ponnani and Kuttiamu

Musliar of Veliankot) who were already known for their anti-Khilafat attitude.42

THE PUKKOTTUR INCIDENT

Pukkottur was a strong center of the Khilafat activities and Vadakke

Veettil Mammad was a staunch activist and unit secretary of the Khilafat

Movement. Probably due to his association with it he was dismissed from the

post of Manager of the Nilambur Kovilakam by the Tirumulpad. Mammad

then approached the Tirumulpad and demanded salary arrears amounting to

about Rs. 350/-. Tirumulpad at last yielded but took revenge by filing a case,

against Mammad on the charge of the theft of a gun. Inspector M. Narayana

Menon who was enquiring into the case asked Mammad to appear before him

at a house belonging to the Nilambur Kovilakam at ~ u k k o t t u r . ~ ~

Mammad went to meet the Inspector by taking about 2,000 volunteers

with him. Finding his condition unsafe, the Inspector escaped from the scene

without taking any action against Mammad. But he prepared a long, highly

42. E. Moidu Moulavi, Reflections on History(Mal.),p32. -

43. Brahmadattan Namboodiripad, Klzilafat Me~norits(Mal.),p31.
 54

exaggerated report of the situation and sent it to the Collector. On the basis of

this Collector Thomas wrote to the Governor requesting him to send a full

battalion to Calicut. What the Inspector wanted was to teach the Mappilas a

lesson for the insult which was meted out on him on 1'' August, 1921 at

~ u k k o t t u r .However,
~ the whole of Malabar had paid an immense price for

the impudence of an Inspector.

KHILAFAT MEETING

In the first week of August, 1921, a Khilafat meeting was conducted at

Tirurangadi. In the meeting K.P. Kesava Menon presided and local Khilafat

leaders like Ali Musliar, Kunhalavi, Lavakutty and others were also present on

the days.45

The atrocities committed by the police on the Khilafat volunteers of

Ponnani and Pukkottur were the subject of discussion at the meeting. Many

spoke on the occasion criticizing the authorities.

To counter the brutalities, the Khilafat volunteers had started to collect

and make weapons. Keeping these developments in mind K.P. Kesava Menon

exhorted the people to be restrained and non-violent in their reactions and not

get provoked by the actions of the police.46

p--

44. Ibid., p32.

45. Ibid.
46. Ibid., p33.
 55

Meanwhile on 1 5 ' ~August, 1921 Congress-Khilafat leaders like

K. Madhavan Nair, U. Gopala Menon and P Moideen Koya were released from

jail after their completion of six months' i m p r i ~ o n m e n t .A~ ~

grand reception

was given to them on 1 5 August

~ at Cannanore and on 16'~at Tellicherry. On

17'~a rousing reception was accorded to them at Calicut. The crowd was in a

jubilant mood and they paraded the leaders through the streets.

The success of Calicut meeting and the cordial relation that existed

between the two major communities alarmed the District authorities. They

unleashed a policy of repression against the Congress-Khilafat activists. Ex-

aggerated reports were sent to the Government to the effect that the Mappilas

were preparing for a bloody war against the Government by collecting arms

and manufacturing weapons. The Collector requested the Government to re-

inforce the force stationed at ~ a l i c u tMadras

. ~ ~ Government sent AR Knapp, a

member of the Governor's executive council to assess the situation. Knapp

found the Collector nervous and the action contemplated by him unrealistic

and unwarranted by the prevailing situation in Malabar.

THE REBELLION

On 1 9 August,
~ ~ 1921, District Magistrate Thomas proceeded to

Tirurangadi with a contingent of army and police to arrest eighteen Khilafat

47. Yqub Hasan, who had been arrested along with these leaders had been
transferred to Trichy Jail and he was released from there,
48. Brahmadattan Namboodiripad, op.cit., p34.
 56
activists of Tirurangadi including Ali Musliar. On the early hours of 2oth

August they reached Tirurangadi and searched the Kizhakkepalli. But they

found that Ali Musliar and the other wanted men were not present in the mosque

and no weapons were kept there. The police and the soldiers then made a

search in the Khilafat office which resulted in the virtual destruction of the

office." Later taking three Khilafat volunteers into custody, the police party

retired to the cutchery.

Meanwhile a rumour had spread widely in the neighbouring villages

that the Mampuram Mosque, one of the most important and revered centers of

Mappilas, had been fired at and destroyed by the British force. On hearing the

news Mappilas from the neighbouring places like Parappanangadi, Tanur,

Kottakkal etc. rushed to Tirurangadi. To the large number of people who

assembled near Kizhakkepalli, TV Muhammad, and KM Moulavi, two Khilafat

leaders, made short speeches and exhorted them to keep patience and to get

dispersed. The people obeyed them.50

The happenings at Tirurangadi reverberated in Tanur also. By beating

drums people were gathered and Kunhi Kadar, a Khilafat leader of Tanur, in

his address asked the people to rise to the occasion to help their brethren at

Tirurangadi and get ready for a fight against the British army. He had also

49. KM Moulavi, Khilafat Memoirs,p85.

50. Ibid., pp86-87.
 67
said that the time had come to topple the British raj and set up the Khilafat

51

At about 9 a.m. Kunhi Kadar and his followers numbering about 3000

men started from Tanur towards Tirurangadi. At 11a.m. when they reached a

place half a mile away from Tirurangadi, a police party led by Main Waring

(Dy. Inspector General of Police), Hitchcock (District Superintendent of Police)

and E.V. Amoo Sahib (Dy. Superintendent of Police) also reached there. The

police ordered them to stop and to get dispersed, but the Mappilas continued

to advance and the police fired upon them which resulted in the death of nine

~ a ~ ~ i lKhilafat
a s . ~leader
~ Kunhi Kadar and 39 others were arrested by the

police.53

Even after this incident people remained calm till 2 p.m. In the

afternoon representatives of the Mappilas under the leadership of Ali Musliar

went to see the British officers to request to get the arrested leaders released.

At the Kutchery, the deputationists were asked to sit down and when they did

so, order was given to open fire. Nearly twenty people died on the spot and

many were wounded. On receipt of the news, the people turned violent. That

was how the Rebellion started and it soon spread to other parts of Ernad Taluk.

51. Hitchcock, A History of the Malabar Rebellion, 1921, Appendix 111, p208.
52. Ibid., p206.
53. Later Kunhi Kadar was hanged on 26 February, 1922 at Camanore Central Jail
on the charge of waging war against the King and his properties were
confiscated by the Government. Ibid., p210.
 58

Later rebellion spread to Walluvanad, Ponnani and some parts of Kozhikode

Taluks also. The excited crowd attacked the symbols of British authority, namely

treasuries, kutcheries, police stations, etc.

Insurrections took place in sequential order in places like Tanur,

Parappanangadi and Pukkottur on the 2oth August, at Manjeri, Kalikavu,

Karuvarakundu, Chembrasseri and Pandikkad on the 2lSt,at Perinthalmanna

and Mannarghat on the 2znd,and at Cherplasseri on the 24thand so on?' In all

these places the government offices were destroyed, records were burnt,

treasuries were looted, roads were blocked and communication system was

disrupted. In short everything went out of control in Ernad, Walluvanad and

Ponnani Taluks.

Though from the very beginning of the disturbances the

Congress - Khilafat leaders like Abdurahiman Sahib, Moidu Moulavi,

P. Moideen Koya, K.P. Kesava Menon, K. Madhavan Nair and others tried to

keep the people restrained, the actions of the police and the military sabotaged

all their efforts. The leaders lost their control over the people and the local

Khilafat leaders. Then everything in the disturbed areas was controlled by the

rebel leaders like Ali Musliar, Variamkunnath Kunhamad Haji, Chembrassery

Tangal, Sithi Koya Tangal, Konnara Tangal and others. They declared

themselves as rulers in their respective areas.

54. KN Panikkar, Against Lord and State, p147.

 6$1
Meanwhile the authorities decided to deal with the situation with an

iron hand. Martial law was proclaimed over Ernad, Walluvanad, Ponnani,

Kozhikode, Kurumbranad and Wynad Taluks on 2gth August, 1921." A

special Tribunal Ordinance was issued to try martial law cases relating to the

rebellion and it started functioning on 23rdSeptember, 1921.

As far as possible the Mappilas avoided direct combat with the Brit-

ish forces and used guerilla tactics. So, the British employed the Gurkhas and

Burmese troops, who were well - accustomed to jungle and guerilla warfare.

The Mappilas who were not organized and following obsolete form of war-

fare could not withstand the British, Gurkha and Burmese forces. The 'Melmuri

incident' in which 246 mappilas were killed by the British Dorset forces56and

the 'Train Tragedy' incident in which 67 Mappilas were suffocated to death

etc had an adverse and grave effect on the Mappila psyche. By the end of

February, 1922 all the important leaders of the rebellion were captured and

were given death sentences on the charge of waging war against the

Slowly to a considerable extent normal life was restored and on 25" February,

1922, the martial law was lifted.

55. HFM-X, N0.94, TNA.

56. Hitchcock, op.cit. p138.
57. The dates in which the rebel leaders were executed are as follows :
Chembrassery Tangal (5 January 1922), Seethi Koya Tangal (9 January, 1922),
Kunhamad Haji (20 January, 1922),Ali Musliar (17 February 1922),and Kunhi
Kadar (26 February, 1922).
AFTERMATH OF THE REBELLION

--
The Malabar Rebellion of 1921, which lasted for about six months, had

affected far-reaching consequences in the social and political structure of

Malabar. Unlike the Mappila outbreaks of 1 9 century,

~ ~ which were limited in

scope and extent, the Rebellion of 1921 was more intense and widespread. It

had embraced almost the whole of the erstwhile Malabar District. The impact

of the Rebellion was also tremendous.

The Rebellion, which was widespread in 220 Muslim majority villages

of Ernad, Walluvanad, Ponnani and Kozhikode Taluks, adversely affected the

Muslims much. According to the official estimate 2,337 Mappilas were killed,

1652 were wounded and 45,404 were captured.58 A total of 252 mappilas were

executed by court martial, while 502 were sentenced to life imprisonment. There

were 8,796 Mappilas in jails convicted in connection with the ~ e b e l l i o n . ~ ~

According to Koyatti Moulavi, about 10,000 Mappilas were killed and 14,000

were imprisoned.60 Among the Mappila prisoners 1170 people died in jail due

to contagious diseases like cholera, small pox, malaria, etc.61 In certain cases,

prison sentences were commuted to fines in order to relieve the pressure on

58. Home PO..1923, F.No.1929. p.lV, National Archives, New Delhi, cited in AR
Desai (ed.) Peasant Struggles in India, p.624, and Dr. N. Dhanagare, Peasant
Movements in India, p81.
59. Proceedings of the Madras Legislative Council, Vol.XVI, 1924, p30.
60. K.Koyatti Moulavi, op.cit, p106.
61. Proceedings of the Madras Legislative Council, Vol.XVI,1924, p33.
 (il

the prisons and to obtain funds. A sum of Rs. 3,63,468 was collected as fines

from about 5000 ~ a p ~ i l aDuring

s . ~ ~the Rebellion period almost all the central

prisons were over-crowded with Mappila prisoners. Hence, additional

temporary accommodation facilities were provided in five central jails.

Besides four temporary sub jails were opened in the Malabar District (one each

at Calicut and Malappuram and two at C a n n a n ~ r e ) .Till

~ ~ the middle of

October, 1923, there were 1219 Mappila prisoners in Andaman Islands,

convicted in cases related with the ~ e b e l l i o n . ~ ~

ANDAMAN SCHEME

In September, 1924, the Government introduced a scheme of

deportation and resettlement of Mappila life prisoners to the Andaman Islands.

From the very inception of the scheme, the Mappila leaders like Uppi Sahib,

Muhammed Schamnad and Abdurahiman Sahib came forward vehemently

criticizing the scheme. They feared that the Government was trying to banish

the possible number of Mappilas from ~ a l a b a r The

. ~ ~committee headed by

Sir Alexander Cardew, appointed to enquire about the condition of prisons by

the Government in 1919 had recommended that the Andaman Island was not

62. Letter from RH Hitchcock to Addl. Dt. Magistrate, cited in AP Ibrahim Kunju,
Mappila Muslims of Kerala, p132.
63. Report on the Administration of the Madras Presidency, 1922-23,pp28-29.
64. Proceedings of the Madras Legislative Council, Vol. XVI, 1924, p159.
65. K. Uppisahib, 'Mappila Prisoners of Andaman Island' in the Mathrubhumi Daily,
13June, 1925.
 (i2

fit for human habitation as it was a place prone to epidemics like Malaria and.

the inhabitants of the Island in those days were great murderers, thieves and

other rogues who were creating all kinds of heinous activities. Due to the wide

gap in the male-female ratio the moral standard of the inhabitantswas also in a

pitiable condit i ~ n . ~ ~

The 'Kerala Political Conference' held at Payyannur on 25" February,

1925 under the Chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru vehemently opposed the

'Andaman Scheme' of the ~ o v e r n m e n tIn

. ~the
~ All-Party Muslim Conference

held at Amritsar in September, 1925 presided over by Sir Abdur Rahim, a

resolution was moved by Muhammad Abdurahiman, urging the Government

to repeal the 'Andaman Scheme'. Though some loyalists stood against the

resolution, at the end it was unanimously passed.68 On 2gthDecember, 1925,

the All India Khilafat Conference also adopted a resolution declaring its re-

sentment against the 'Andaman Scheme'. The resolution was moved by Yaqub

Hasan of ~ a d r a s . ~ ~

As a result of these protests, the Government sent a four member

enquiry committee to Andaman Islands to get the true picture of the situation.

It consisted of Muhammad Schamnad (MLA),Sayyid Murtaza Sahib, Mir Abbas

66. Ibid.
67. VS Keraleeyan, Great Son of Kerala. (Mal),1998, p116. .
68. SK Pottekkat, Muhammad Abdurahiman. (Mal). p183.
69. Sukhbir Choudhary, Moplah Uprising, p65.
 63
Ali Khan and Dr. Musa Sait. In this report submitted to the Government

except Musa Sait all others criticized the 'Andaman ~cheme'.~'But the

Government by accepting the opinion of Musa Sait and ignoring the views of

the other members of the committee and the outside protests, proceeded with

their earlier plans.

ALIENATION

From the very introduction of Islam in Kerala till the arrival of the

European powers especially the Portuguese perfect harmony prevailed among

the various communities of Kerala. The policy followed by the European

powers adversely affected the communal relationship in Kerala, which resulted

in communal conflicts. For the commercial benefit of the Europeans and to

establish their rule here, they thought it necessary to have division between the

various religious groups. When the Khilafat committees were formed in

various parts of Malabar and the Hindus and Muslims came closer for a

common cause, the British viewed it as a dangerous omen.

When rebellion started by the end of August, 1921, the rebel leaders

like Ali Musliar, Kunhamad Haji and Chembrassery Tangal asked their lieu-

tenants to provide protection for the Hindu families. On one occasion

Kunhahamed Haji told the people: Do not kill or fight with Hindus. Do not

70. M. Moideen Kutty Haji, Wagon Tragedy Smaranika (Mal),p100 and M. Rasheed,
'Sahib', Madhyamam Daily, 22 April, 1990.
 (j4

persuade them to accept Islam against their wishes. If we harm the Hindus,

they will join the Government. That will culminate in our defeat.. .. We have

no hate towards Hindus. We will punish those who help or support the

~ o v e r n m e n t . ~EMS
' Namboodiripad says that guards were appointed in his

house during the days of the Rebellion and incidentally they were Mappilas

and there was no problem to them from the side of the ~appilas." Likewise

the Kottakkal Kovilakam was guarded by a group of Muslims led by

Odayappurath Chekutty, a Khilafat leader of ~ a l ~ a k a n c h e r ~

But,
. ' ~he was

captured and was sentenced for long term imprisonment.

According to K.P. Kesava Menon, in the early stage of the rebellion the

rebels never attacked Hindus. Later when the military came and began to hunt

the rebels, situation changed. They asked the Hindus to point out the rebels. If

they disobey the military, they will punish the Hindus. If they go with the

military to show the rebels, the rebels would retaliate on the ~ i n d u s The
.~~

Tuvvur massacre (25September 1921)was an incident which took place in this

manner where 34 Hindus and 2 Mappilas were killed for the support given by

them to the army." Besides this some incidents of forcible conversions of the

71. Sardar Chandroth, 'Kunhamed Haji, Brave Mappila Hero', Charitram, No.4,
1971, p191.
72. EMS Narnboodiripad, Autobiography (Mal),p40.
73. Moidu Moulavi, 'Communal Rebellion? No. Freedom Struggle :' Wagon
Tragedy Smaranika (Mal),p25.
74. KP Kesava Menon, The Past (Mal.),p118.
75. KN Panikkar, op.cit, p179.
 65
Hindus to Islam in some part of the District were also reported. To counter this

the 'Arya Samajists' started shudhi (re conversion) movement. All these events

caused a rift between the two communities and they began to view the mem-

ber of the other community with suspicion.

The communal division was followed in the relief and reconstruction

activities administered after the rebellion also. It appeared that in the relief

activities the Khilafat committee was more concerned with the welfare of the

Muslims while the Congress was concerned with that of the Hindus. In one of

his letters Abdurahiman Sahib had remarked that 'the Congress workers seem

to particularize their relief activities to Hindus alone'.76

Though this was the condition of Malabar just after the rebellion, one

significant point to be noted was that there were no major communal conflicts

in Malabar during the post-rebellion years.

IMPACT ON THE CONGRESS

The rebellion had hit adversely the National Movement activities in

Malabar. During the period of the rebellion and after it till 1927 the Congress

activities came to a stand still. As K.P. Kesava Menon put it: "For a long time

after the rebellion no public activity was possible in Malabar. Enmity towards

the Congress was evident everywhere. The authorities stated that the

76. Pub. Dept. (Conf.)G.O.No.327'2 ~overnb'er,

1921, TNA.
 (i(i

Congressmen had brought down calamity on the country through

participation in the Khilafat agitation. Some Hindu leaders accused

Congressmen with treason for joining the Khilafatists. They even wanted all

the Congressmen in Malabar to be imprisoned. The Muslims complained that

those who had induced them to join the Congress, abandoned them when

oppression by the police and firing by the military started.. .. Many of the

Congress committees became non-existent. Some of the Congress men were

imprisoned. Some others left the

The Muslims felt very sad and depressed over the attitude of some of

the Congress leaders. They felt that they were being betrayed by the

leadership at a crucial stage. The declaration of the Allahabad AICC denying

the responsibility for the events on the part of the Non-co-operation and Khilafat

~ o v e m e n t s 'and
~ the silence kept by the Congress party at the time when

atrocities committed by police and the military upon the Mappila community,

made them very desperate. The Mappilas began to identify the Congress with

the Hindus. Such an impression was created by the attitude and activities of

some of the Congress leaders themselves. A unit of Hindu Mahasabha was

formed in 1929 and a conference was held at Tirunavaya. Out of 43 committee

members many of them were the leaders of the Congress party also such as

U. Gopala Menon, K Madhavan Nair, K Madhava Menon, K.P. Raman

77. KP Kesava Menon, op.cit. p126.

78. B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, History of lndian National Congress, Vol. I, p228.
Menon, et. al. C Gopala Menon, K Madhavan Nair, K Kelappan Nair, Kongattil

Raman Menon and others were associated with the activities of Nair service

society and other associations of the airs.'^ All these developments

eventually helped only to alienate the Mappilas from the nationalist cause.

IMPACT OF THE REBELLION ON NORTH INDIAN PROVINCES

The reports about the sufferingsof Mappilas were received with alarm

by the North Indian Muslims. Several philanthropists like Moulana Abdul

Kadar Kasuri of Lahore came forward to help the afflicted mappilas of Malabar.

The exaggerated tales about the fate of Hindus in Malabar inflamed the

feelings of the Hindus of the Northern provinces. The cry of Hinduism in

danger was raised and movements of Shudhi (re conversion) and Sangathan

(organization) was ~ l a n n e d .The

~ exaggerated reports about the rebellion

which appeared in the north Indian papers as well as the cry for revenge made

by certain leaders resulted in the outbreak of a series of communal riots in the

North like Multan (1922),Saharanpur (1923),Kohat (1924)and Calcutta (1926).~'

79. See for the detailed report about the activities of Kerala Hindu Maha Sabha:
Mathrubhumi Daily 12 March 1929,ll April, 1929,13 April, 1929,4 May 1929,
5 May 1929,23 October, 1929 and 16 January, 1930.
80. Trachand, Histoy of the Freedom Movement in India, Vol.111, p497.
81. M. Ganghadara Menon, op.cit. p482 f.n. and AK Pillai, op.cit. p84.
INFLUENCE ON PEASANT MOVEMENTS

When peasant movement made its appearance in the northern part of

Kerala in the 1930s led by KA Keraleeyan and others, it is a fact that they got

inspiration from the Malabar Rebellion of 1 9 2 1 . ~KA

~ Keraleeyan had toured

the south Malabar region for about six months before the constitution of Karshaka

Sanghoms in North Malabar. In the peasant's meetings they used to sing a song

in which they praised Kunhahamed Haji as a 'hero' of ~ e r a l a . ~ "

REFORMATION OF THE SOCIETY

The intricate and troublesome situation created by the rebellion

impelled the leaders of the Mappila community to take up reform activities for

the revival of the society. The leaders of the community felt that something

must be done to save the community from these types of calamities occurring

again in future." Their wish materialized with the establishment of the Kerala

Muslim Aikya Samghom at Kodungallur in 1922. The leaders of this reformist

organization were Vakkom Abdul Khadir Moulavi, Hamdani Tangal, KM

Moulavi, E.K.Moulavi, Seethi Muhammed Sahib, Manappatt P Kunhi

Muhammad Sahib and others. Every year they conducted conferences at

82. KKN Kurup, 'Malabar Rebellion - An Appraisal' in Nirnvlr '97, 30th

Anniversary Souvenir of Tirurkad Ilahiya College, p152.
83. Ibid.
84. EK Moulavi, 'Kerala Muslim Aykya Samghom and the ~eformationin Kerala
Muslim Directory, pp468-9.
 B!)

different centers of Kerala till 1934, which resulted in the rejuvenation of the

Muslim society.

The Government also realized the fact that something should be done

on their part for the betterment of the Mappila community especially in the

educational field. With this objective they had started some single Teacher

schools. A post of special officer for Mappila Education was also created.B5

TELLICHERRY KHILAFAT CONFERENCE (1923)

The Tellicherry Khilafat conference was held on IS' and 2ndMay, 1923,

under the Chairmanship of Dr. Sayyid Mahmud, a veteran Congress leader

from North India. Bee Amma, mother of Moulana Muhammad Ali was the

other chief guest of the conference. It was the first Muslim conference after the

rebellion and a large number of Muslims from all over Kerala had attended the

meetingB6

The leaders in their speeches exhorted the people of both the

communitiesto stand united and forget and forgive the sad and unhappy events

happened during the period of the Rebellion. The conference resolved to

appoint an enquiry commission to study and report about the causes and events

of the Rebellion so as to avert such happenings in future and in order to bridge

85. E. Moidu Moulavi, Moulavi's Autobiography (Mal.), p90.

86. The Mathrubhumi Daily, 3 May, 1923.
 70

the gap and separation between the two communities that had been created

due to the ~ebellion."

The conference adopted a resolution condemning the act of forceful

conversions, looting, murder and other atrocities committed during the period

of the Rebellion. In another resolution moved by P Moideen Koya the

conference expressed its deep sense of sorrow and horror in the 'Wagon

Tragedy' incident. A committee consisted of Moulana Sha Sulaiman,Dr. Sayyid

Mahrnud, AK Kunhi Mayan Haji, K Kelappan, KM Seethi Sahib, PS Muhammad

and P Moideen Koya was formed to construct a memorial for the martyrs of

the 'wagon Tragedy' incident."

While some of the leaders who came from outside Kerala like Sayyid

Mahmud, Yaqub Sahib and others tried to visit the riot-hit areas in Ernad, on

their way they were checked by the police at Pulikkal and served with a

prohibitory order issued by the District ~ a ~ i s t r a t e They

. ' ~ did not, however,

venture to break the law and they returned.

With this conference, the activities of the Khilafat Movement in Malabar,

almost came to a close. Moreover, when Mustafa Kamal Pasha became the

President of the Turkish Republic, he abolished the age-old institution of Khilafat

87. Ibid, 5 May, 1923.

88. Ibid.
89. lbid.
 7l

on 3 March, 1924. With this, the relevance of the Khilafat agitation became

a1together non-existent.