Object Oriented Programming

Reference Document for Python Syntax

 CONTENTS

CONTENTS ..............................................................................................................................................................................ii
1. Classes and Objects ...........................................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Declaring a Class ............................................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Creating an object of a Class ..........................................................................................................................................1
1.3. Constructor .....................................................................................................................................................................1
1.4. Initializing and accessing instance variable ....................................................................................................................1
1.5. Parameterized Constructor ..............................................................................................................................................1
1.6. Declaring and invoking method ......................................................................................................................................2
1.7. Access Specifier: Declaring and accessing of public and private variables ....................................................................2
1.8. Example ..........................................................................................................................................................................2
2. Static variables and methods ..............................................................................................................................................3
2.1. Declaring static variable and method ..............................................................................................................................3
2.2. Example ..........................................................................................................................................................................3
3. Aggregation .......................................................................................................................................................................3
3.1. Syntax .............................................................................................................................................................................3
3.2. Example ..........................................................................................................................................................................4
4. Composition .......................................................................................................................................................................4
4.1. Syntax .............................................................................................................................................................................4
4.2. Example ..........................................................................................................................................................................5
5. Association ........................................................................................................................................................................5
5.1. Syntax .............................................................................................................................................................................5
5.2. Example ..........................................................................................................................................................................6
6. Inheritance .........................................................................................................................................................................6
6.1. Syntax .............................................................................................................................................................................6
6.2. Using super() ..................................................................................................................................................................6
6.3. Method Overriding .........................................................................................................................................................7
6.4. Example ..........................................................................................................................................................................7
6.5. Multiple Inheritance - Syntax .........................................................................................................................................8
7. Abstract Class and Method ................................................................................................................................................8
7.1. Syntax .............................................................................................................................................................................8
7.2. Example ..........................................................................................................................................................................9
 Python Syntax

1. Classes and Objects

1.1. Declaring a Class

class ClassName:
#block of statements

1.2. Creating an object of a Class

object_name =ClassName()

1.3. Constructor

class ClassName:
def __init__(self):
#block of statements

1.4. Initializing and accessing instance variable

class ClassName:
def __init__(self):
self.instance_variable_name1=None
self.instance_variable_name2=None

object_name=ClassName()
object_name.instance_variable_name1=value
object_name.instance_variable_name2=value

1.5. Parameterized Constructor

class ClassName:
def __init__(self, variable):
self.instance_variable=variable

object_name=ClassName(variable_value)
print(object_name.instance_variable )

Version No: 1.0 Page 1 of 10

 Python Syntax

1.6. Declaring and invoking method

class ClassName:
def method_name(self,argument1):
#block of statements
object_name=ClassName()
object_name.method_name(value1)

1.7. Access Specifier: Declaring and accessing of public and private

variables

class ClassName:
def __init__(self):
self.public_instance_variable=None
self.__private_instance_variable=None
def get_private_instance_variable(self):
return self. private_instance_variable

object_name=ClassName()
print(object_name.public_instance_variable)
print(object_name.get_private_instance_variable()

1.8. Example

class Employee:
def __init__(self,emp_name):
self.emp_name= None
self.__salary=emp_name

def display(self):
print("Employee name:",self.emp_name,"salary: ",self.__salary)

employee=Employee(20000)
employee.emp_name= "john"
employee.display()

Version No: 1.0 Page 2 of 10

 Python Syntax

2. Static variables and methods

2.1. Declaring static variable and method

class ClassName:
__static_variable_name=value

@staticmethod
def static_method_name():
#block of statements

2.2. Example

class Demo:
__static_variable_name=100

@staticmethod
def display():
print(Demo.__static_variable_name)

Demo.display()

3. Aggregation
3.1. Syntax

class ClassName1:
def __init__(self,variable):
self.__instance_variable= variable

class ClassName2:
def __init__(self,object):
self.__instance_variable==object

object1=ClassName1(value)
object2=ClassName2(object1)

Version No: 1.0 Page 3 of 10

 Python Syntax

3.2. Example

class Employee:
def __init__(self,emp_no,emp_name):
self.__emp_no=emp_no
self.__emp_name=emp_name
def get_emp_no(self):
return self.__emp_no
def get_emp_name(self):
return self.__emp_name

class Department:
def __init__(self,dept_name,employee):
self.__dept_name=dept_name
self.__employee=employee
def display(self):
print("Department Name : ", self.__dept_name)
print("Employee Number :", self.__employee.get_emp_no())
print("Employee Name :",self.__employee.get_emp_name())

employee=Employee(1001,"John")
department=Department("ETA",employee)
department.display()

4. Composition
4.1. Syntax

class ClassName1:
def __init__(self,variable):
self.__instance_variable=variable
def method_name(self):
#block of statements

class ClassName2:
def __init__(self,variable1,variable2):
self.__instance_variable=variable1
self.__object=ClassName1(variable2)

def method_name(self):
self.__object.method_name()

object= ClassName2(value1,value2)
object.method_name()

Version No: 1.0 Page 4 of 10

 Python Syntax

4.2. Example

class University:
def __init__(self,university_name,dept_name):
self.__university_name= university_name
self.__department=Department(dept_name)

def display_details(self):
print("University Name: ", self.__university_name)
self.__department.display()

class Department:
def __init__(self,dept_name):
self.__dept_name=dept_name

def display(self):
print("Department Name: ", self.__dept_name)

university=University("VTU", "Computer Science")

university.display_details()

5. Association
5.1. Syntax

class ClassName1:
def __init__(self,variable):
self.instance_variable=variable
def method_name(self):
#block of statements

cass ClassName2:
def __init__(self):
#block of statements

def method_name(self,object):
object.method_name()
print(object. instance_variable)
#block of statements

object1=ClassName1(value)
object2=ClassName2()
object2.method_name(object1)

Version No: 1.0 Page 5 of 10

 Python Syntax

5.2. Example

class Cycle:
def __init__(self,color):
self.__color=color
def display(self):
print(self.__color)

class Employee:
def __init__(self,emp_name):
self.__emp_name=emp_name
def display(self,cycle):
print(self.__emp_name)
cycle.display()

emp=Employee("John")
cycle=Cycle("Red")
emp.display(cycle)

6. Inheritance
6.1. Syntax

class Parent:
def method_name1(self):
#block of statements # Block of statements

class Child(Parent):
def method_name2(self):
#block of statements # Block of statements

child=Child()
child.method_name2()

parent=Parent()
parent.method_name1()

6.2. Using super()

class Parent:
def __init__(self,variable1):
self.__parent_instance_variable=variable1
def get_parent_instance_variable(self):
return self.__parent_instance_variable

Version No: 1.0 Page 6 of 10

 Python Syntax

class Child(Parent):
def __init__(self,variable1,variable2):
super().__init__(variable1)
self.child_instance_variable=variable2
def display(self):
print(self.child_instance_variable)
print(self.get_parent_instance_variable())

child=Child(value1,value2)
child.display()

6.3. Method Overriding

class Parent:
def method_name(self):
print("Parent method")

class Child(Parent):
def method_name(self):
super().method_name()
print("Child method")

child=Child()
child.method_name()

6.4. Example

class Employee:
def __init__(self,emp_id,emp_name):
self.__emp_id=emp_id
self.__emp_name=emp_name
def display(self):
print("Employee Id : ", self.__emp_id)
print("Employee Name : ", self.__emp_name)

class PermanentEmployee(Employee):
def
__init__(self,emp_id,emp_name,salary,bonus):
super().__init__(emp_id,emp_name)
self.__salary=salary
self.__bonus=bonus
def display(self):
super().display()
print("Employee salary : ", self.__salary+self.__bonus)

class TemperoryEmployee(Employee):
def __init__(self,emp_id,emp_name,daily_wages,number_of_days):
super().__init__(emp_id,emp_name)

Version No: 1.0 Page 7 of 10

 Python Syntax

self.__daily_wages=daily_wages
self.__number_of_days=number_of_days
def display(self):
super().display()
print("Employee salary : ", self.__daily_wages * self.__number_of_days)

emp1=PermanentEmployee(1000,"John",50000,12000)
emp1.display()
emp2=TemperoryEmployee("T101","James",1200,20)
emp2.display()

6.5. Multiple Inheritance - Syntax

class BaseClass1:
def method_name1(self):
#block of statements # Block of Statement
class BaseClass2:
def method_name2(self):
#block of statements # Block of Statement
class DerivedClass(BaseClass1, BaseClass2):
def method_name3(self):
#block of statements

object=DerivedClass()
object.method_name1()
object.method_name2()
object.method_name3()

7. Abstract Class and Method

7.1. Syntax

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

class BaseClass(metaclass=ABCMeta):
@abstractmethod
def method_name(self):
pass

class DerivedClass(BaseClass):
def __init__(self):
pass
# block of statements
def method_name(self): #overriding abstract method
pass

# Block of statements

Version No: 1.0 Page 8 of 10

 Python Syntax

object=DerivedClass()
object.method_name()

7.2. Example

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

class Employee(metaclass=ABCMeta):
def __init__(self,emp_id,emp_name):
self.__emp_id=emp_id
self.__emp_name=emp_name
self.__salary=None

@abstractmethod
def calculate_salary(self):
pass

def set_salary(self,salary):
self.__salary=salary
def get_salary(self):
return self.__salary
def display(self):
print("Employee Id : ", self.__emp_id)
print("Employee Name : ", self.__emp_name)

class PermanentEmployee(Employee):
def __init__(self,emp_id,emp_name,basic_salary,bonus):
super().__init__(emp_id,emp_name)
self.__basic_salary=basic_salary
self.__bonus=bonus

def calculate_salary(self):
salary=self.__basic_salary+self.__bonus
self.set_salary(salary)

def display(self):
super().display()
print("Employee salary : ", self.get_salary())

class TemperoryEmployee(Employee):
def __init__(self,emp_id,emp_name,daily_wages,number_of_days):
super().__init__(emp_id,emp_name)
self.__daily_wages=daily_wages
self.__number_of_days=number_of_days

def calculate_salary(self):
salary=self.__daily_wages*self.__number_of_days
self.set_salary(salary)

def display(self):
super().display()
print("Employee salary : ", self.get_salary())

Version No: 1.0 Page 9 of 10

 Python Syntax

emp1=PermanentEmployee(1000,"John",50000,12000)
emp1.calculate_salary()
emp1.display()
emp2=TemperoryEmployee("T101","James",1200,20)
emp2.calculate_salary()
emp2.display()

Version No: 1.0 Page 10 of 10