International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2018; 6(4): 545-550

E-ISSN: 2347-5129
P-ISSN: 2394-0506
(ICV-Poland) Impact Value: 5.62 Composite fish farming: A review on economic
(GIF) Impact Factor: 0.549
IJFAS 2018; 6(4): 545-550 enterprise for rural empowerment and livelihood
© 2018 IJFAS
www.fisheriesjournal.com generation
Received: 15-05-2018
Accepted: 16-06-2018
Bhanu Prakash CH, Sachin Onkar Khairnar, Amit Mandal, Anil Kumar
Bhanu Prakash CH
Farm Science Centre, Tarn Taran
and Balwinder Kumar
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and
Animal Sciences University, Abstract
Ludhiana, Punjab, India Composite farming is poly-species farming at any scale, which is found to be highly profitable because
of the low input costs. But no longer continues, as the cost of basic inputs like cow dung, poultry manure,
Sachin Onkar Khairnar ground nut oil cake, mustard oil cake, rice bran and land costs has increased by many folds while the gate
Department of Aquaculture
value of the fish remained almost constant. Quality of water, fish seed, feed and health management is
College of Fisheries, Guru Angad
essential prerequisite for optimizing production and productivity from inland fisheries and aquaculture in
Dev Veterinary and Animal
Sciences University, Ludhiana, the country. Composite fish farming in pond culture system consists of Indian major carps (IMC) (Catla
Punjab, India catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala) and exotic major carps (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix,
Ctenopharyngodon idella and Cyprinus carpio). This system is a practical alteration of the original three
Amit Mandal species IMC polyculture so as to fulfill the vacant niches in a pond ecosystem for optimizing internal
Department of Aquaculture resource utilization and thereby a means of increasing productivity. Polyculture of compatible fish
College of Fisheries, Guru Angad species is the most ecologically sound fish culture practice which facilitates efficient utilization of all
Dev Veterinary and Animal ecological zones within the pond environment enhancing the maximum standing crop and the
Sciences University, Ludhiana, empowerment for rural youth, which in turn will enhance food and nutritional security.
Punjab, India
Keywords: Composite culture, species composition, fish production, sustainable development, food
Anil Kumar security, livelihood generation
Farm Science Centre, Tarn Taran
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and
Animal Sciences University, 1. Introduction
Ludhiana, Punjab, India Indian fisheries and aquaculture is an important sector of food production, providing
nutritional security to the food basket, contributing to the agricultural exports and engaging
Balwinder Kumar about fourteen million people in different activities. It ranks second in the world in fish
Farm Science Centre, Tarn Taran
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and
production which increased from 0.7 metric tonnes in 1951 to 10.79 metric tonnes in 2015-16
Animal Sciences University, where, aquaculture contributed 78% of the country's total fish production [1]. Constituting
Ludhiana, Punjab, India about 6.3% of the global fish production, the sector contributes to 1.1% of the total GDP and
5.15% of the agricultural GDP with annual export earnings of 33, 441.61 crore rupees for the
year 2016-17 [2]. Besides, 14 million people are employed in fisheries related auxiliary
activities. Paradigm shifts in terms of increasing contributions from inland sector and further
from aquaculture are significations over the years. In 1957, the first successful induced
breeding on major carps was done by Dr. Hiralal Chaudhuri, father of blue revolution on
Cirrhinus mrigala, C. reba and Labeo rohita, which ultimately triggered the growth of inland
aquaculture sector of the country. Even though hatchery bred seed was available, farming of
major carps primarily continued as IMC polyculture with combinations of three to four species
incorporating with minor carps.
India offers a huge potential for freshwater aquaculture development as it is blessed with
extensive river and canal system of about 195.210 km, consisting of 14 major rivers, 44
medium rivers and numerous small rivers and streams. In addition, pond and tank resources
are estimated at 2.36 mha [3, 4]. Aquaculture development is closely related to the development
Correspondence of the ability of the farmer’s understanding and adoption of new technology and they should
Bhanu Prakash Ch be supplied with recent, useful and practical information on the subject [5]. Aquaculture
Farm Science Centre, Tarn Taran production models are highly dynamic, unless we assess the economics and understand the
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and scale of economy of any given activity, system not sustains [6].
Animal Sciences University,
Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies

Fish is the cheapest and most easily digestible animal protein recent years in the development of agriculture and human
and was obtained from natural sources from time immemorial health. The study concluded that the increased application of
for consumption by human beings. This significant growth in technological tools could certainly revolutionize country’s
fish consumption has enhanced people’s diets around the fish farming besides its roles in biodiversity conservation.
world through diversified and nutritious food [7]. The quality Farmers and entrepreneurs tend to go under great loss by
of fish protein is high because it contains amino acids in the investing in aquaculture activities without understanding the
amount and proportions required for good nutrition and economics of fish farming in ideal condition. Many of the
provides a good source of vitamins, minerals and iodine [8]. research results are lacking the critical evaluation from the
However, due to over exploitation and pollution, the economic edge and do not find a place in the field.
availability of fish in natural waters has declined considerably
forcing scientists to adopt various methods to increase its 1.2 Fish species for composite fish culture
production. Fish farming in controlled or under artificial Depending on the compatibility and type of feeding habit of
conditions has become the easier way of increasing the fish the fishes, the following Indian as well as Exotic carp species
production and its availability for consumption. Farmers can has been recommended for culture in the composite fish
easily take up fish culture in village ponds, tanks or any new culture technology (Table-1) [12]. Both catla and silver carps
water body and can improve their financial position are surface feeder. Catla feeds on zooplankton while silver
substantially. It also creates gainful employment for skilled carp mainly prefers phytoplankton [13] and it has ecological
and unskilled youths. and socio-economic potential advantages with having a strong
impact on the pond ecology because it is a fast growing and
1.1 Composite fish farming very efficient filter-feeder [14, 15]. Grass carp consume low
The technology developed for fish culture in which value vegetative waste and increase natural food production in
compatible and non-competing fishes are cultured the pond by nutrient recycling and faecal production [16].
simultaneously through the utilization of different feeding Mrigal is bottom feeder and considered to monitor culture and
zones (all the natural niches) from a pond so as to increase the health status in farm condition [17]. Common carp has more
total production from unit area of water is known as rapid growth and known as bioturbator [18]. However, it not
composite fish farming and it is the most popular culture only increases food availability but also changes feeding
technique in the country. Any perennial fresh water pond behavior and food intake of Rohu [19].
retaining water depth of 2 m can be used for fish culture
purpose. However, the minimum level should not fall below 1 Table 1: List of fishes for composite carp culture with their feeding
m. Even seasonal ponds can also be utilized for short duration habits and feeding zones
fish culture [9]. Species Feeding habit Feeding zone
Carp composite culture where compatible carp species, Indian Indian Major Carps (IMCs)
major carps (catla, Catla catla; rohu, Labeo rohita; mrigal, Catla Zooplankton feeder Surface feeder
Cirrhinus mrigala) and exotic carps (grass carp, Rohu Omnivorous Column feeder
Ctenopharyngodon idella; silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys Mrigal Detritivorous Bottom feeder
molitrix; common carp, Cyprinus carpio) are reared together Exotic carps (ECs)
in the same pond was introduced by the Central Inland Silver carp Phytoplankton feeder Surface feeder
Fisheries Research Institute during the 1970s [10]. Three Grass carp Herbivorous
Surface, column
strategies can be followed in composite carp fish farming as and marginal areas
the first one is the low input or fertilizer based system, Common carp Detritivorous/Omnivorous Bottom feeder
practiced mostly in small community ponds, with multiple
uses and open access. It requires only low levels of 1.3 Potential
investment. The level of adaption and impact are also low The inland fisheries sector in India is endowed with rich
since aquaculture is practiced mostly in community village aquatic and fishery resources. The sector offers ample scope
ponds with multiple uses. These are utilized as common pool for fisheries and aquaculture development. But there is wide
resources and it is difficult to adopt all culture practices gap between actual fish production and potential as open
recommended in the technology. Further, privatization of water bodies are not utilized to the optimum. The potential
aquaculture activity in general and the returns from it in fishery resources and areas are untapped. Generally, culture
particular is constrained by management and property regimes practices are highly eco sustainable and compatible with other
for these water bodies. The second strategy is to medium farming systems. Therefore there is scope for intensification
input or fertilizer and feed based system which is prevalent in and diversification of aquaculture practices for optimal
medium sized to large sized private ponds with moderate to utilization of aquatic resources. The area under tanks and
high investments. The levels of adoption and impact are high, ponds available for warm fresh water aquaculture including
despite problems of scarcity of quality input, limited access to swamps, beels etc, and low lying water logged area not good
infrastructures and low remuneration. The last strategy for agriculture as also any land where there is copious water
prevalent in composite carp farming is a high input or supply can be converted for fish farming. Out of the total
intensive feed and aeration based system. This practice is inland fish production of 10.79 lakh tonnes around 65% is
generally followed in medium sized private ponds with high contributed by the aquaculture sector. More than 5
investments and risk bearing ability. In this practice, generally tonnes/ha/yr fish production is achieved from the average
inputs use is higher than recommended levels, and therefore, pond size of 0.6 to 1 ha [20]. This shows the tremendous scope
the adoption level is very high. It leads to high risk, low for fish culture in the country. Only 15 % of the potential area
ecological sustainability and low benefit cost ratios. The of tanks and ponds available is developed so far, showing
impact in this case is moderate. Lakra and Ayyappan [11] immense possibilities for horizontal expansion of composite
revealed that the subject has assumed greater importance in fish culture [21].

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2. Pond management protocols with increase in pond depth from 5 to 9 feet [31]. Weed fishes
The main criteria to be kept in mind while selecting the pond (e.g. Puntius sp., Oxygaster sp., Ambassis sp.,
is that the soil should be water retentive, adequate quality Amblypharyngodon mola, Colisa sp., Rasbora sp., etc.) are
water supply is available and that the pond is not in a flood those which compete with the culturable species of fishes for
prone area. Derelict, semi derelict or swampy ponds can be food, space and oxygen and causing serious problem to fish
renovated for fish culture by dewatering, desilting, repair of culture [32]. Removal of unwanted fish through physical
the embankments and provision of inlet and outlet. The pond methods like dewatering and de-silting of ponds, repeated
may be owned by the individual or taken on lease. Technical netting operations, hooks and lines with baits are found to be
parameters of composite fish culture which includes site incomplete and uneconomical [36]. In practical field farmers
selection, pre-stocking, stocking and post stocking operations. use pesticides viz. Nuvan (Dichlorvos or 2, 2-dichlorovinyl
Pond Management plays a very important role in fish farming dimethyl phosphate), Ustaad (Cypermethrin) etc [32].
before and after the stocking of fish seed. Management
protocols adopted in composite fish culture can be divided 2.1.3 Liming
into pre-stocking management, stock management and post- Lime is used to bring the pH to the desired level. In addition,
stocking management. lime also acts as buffer and avoids fluctuations of pH,
increases the resistance of soil to parasites, its toxic effect
2.1 Pre-stocking management kills the parasites; and it accelerates organic decomposition.
The popular English proverb “prevention is better than cure” Lime application has many benefits in culture pond system
teaches us to follow preventive methods is perfectly viz. (i) neutralization of acidity (ii) increase in pH of bottom
applicable in aquaculture, therefore proper management soil and thereby enhancing the availability of phosphorus
starting from the pond preparation is very essential. added in fertilizer, (iii) accelerating the microbial activity and
thereby diminishing the accumulation of organic matter in
2.1.1 Eradication of aquatic insects and weeds pond bottoms and favouring recycling of nutrients, (iv)
The major pond preparation phase starts with removal of maintaining the alkalinity and other physico-chemical
aquatic insect and weed clearance by manual/mechanical characteristics of soil which in turn helps in enhancing
effort or by chemical means, as aquatic weeds hamper fish/shrimp production, and, (v) improving the hygienic
primary productivity and prevents normal penetration of sun condition of pond bottom [30]. The normal doses of the lime
light at the pond bottom and reduce the disturbance of water ranges from 200 to 250 Kg/ha. However, the actual dose has
surface due to wind action upsetting the oxygen balance, to be calculated based on pH of the soil and water is given in
creates obstruction for fishes and during netting operations. (Table-2):
However noval and different methods must be employed to
control aquatic insects. Spraying oil to kill the insects, which Table 2: Lime doses with respect to soil pH
come up to the surface to respire, is a well-known principle Soil pH 4.5-5.0 5.1-6.5 6.6-7.5 7.6-8.5 8.6-9.5
and a routine practice in malaria control. It is well known that Lime (kg/ha) 2,000 1,000 500 200 Nil
aquatic insects and other predators cause considerable damage
to the carp fry in the nursery ponds and there are several The pond is required to be filled with rain water or water from
methods to control them [21-25]. A successful method for other sources viz., canal, tube well etc. after liming in case it
control of predatory insects to be applied 12 to 24 hours is a new pond.
before stocking, developed at CIFRI’s Cuttack centre,
consists of spraying, on a still day, an emulsion of mustard or 2.1.4 Fertilization/Manuring
coconut oil and cheap washing soap in the ratio 56:18 kg per Fertilization of the pond is an important means for
ha [26]. The back swimmers (Notoneclidae) are killed within intensifying fish culture by increasing the natural productivity
half an hour. Higher doses, however, kill water boatman of the pond and as a means of increasing fish production is
(Family: Corixidae) beetle larvae and bugs. Teepol B-300 (a well accepted [31]. The fertilization schedule has to be
detergent synthesized by Burmah Shell) in the emulsion is prepared after studying the quality of the pond soil. A
substitution of soap [27]. It is a neutral amber-coloured liquid, combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers may be
readily soluble in water, unaffected by hard or brackish water used for best results. The fertilizer schedule has to be suitably
and is easy to mix with oil. The commended dose of Teepol is modified depending on the growth of the fish, available food
560 ml, emulsified with 56 kg of mustard oil. reserve in the pond, physic-chemical conditions of the pond
and climatic conditions. Organic manure to be applied after a
2.1.2 Eradication of predatory and weed fish gap of three days from the date of liming. Cowdung @ 5000
It is done by repeated netting or by using mahua oil cake @ kg/ha or any other organic manure in equivalent manurial
2500 kg/ha or by sun drying the pond bed, maintenance of value is also used for aquaculture ponds. Inorganic
physico-chemical quality of water, manuring by using cow fertilization to be undertaken after 15 days of organic
dung, poultry droppings etc. and liming with quick lime for manuring. Requirement of nitrogenous and phosphate
regulating pH of pond water [28]. Depth of the pond is fertilizers would vary as per the nature of the soil fertility
considered as one of the most important factors in indicated below (Table-3). However any one of the nitrogen
productivity [29]. In general, productivity declines with and phosphate fertilizers could be used as per given rate.
increase in pond size [30], while production level decline’s

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Table 3: Doses of inorganic fertilizer application (kg/ha/month)

Soil fertility status Nitrogen (mg/100 g soil)

Inorganic fertilizers High (51-75) Medium (26-50) Low (upto 25)
Ammonium sulphate 70 90 140
Urea 30 40 60
Soil fertility status Phosphorus (mg/100 g soil)
Inorganic fertilizers High (7-12) Medium (4-6) Low (upto 3)
Single super phosphate 40 50 70
Triple super phosphate 15 20 30

2.2 Stocking 2.3 Post Stocking

2.2.1 Species selection 2.3.1 Supplementary feeding
Selection of species plays an important role for any culture Fishes need much more food than what is available naturally
practices. In India, suitable and most common combinations in the pond. Fishes can be fed with a mixture of rice bran and
of fish for composite fish culture system used to be are catla, oilcakes in the ratio 4:1, the ratio varies with local availability
rohu, and mrigal along with grass carp, silver carp and of ingredients, price fluctuations and the preferences of
common carp [32]. The pond will be ready for stocking after 15 individual farmers [35]. In Punjab, sinking pellets have gained
days of application of fertilizers. popularity because of the promotional efforts of the feed
companies. Although the growth is not substantially different
2.2.2 Stocking density and ratio to that achieved with the conventional mixture, farmers have
A pond having average water depth of 2.0-3.0 m may be begun to adopt pellets because of their convenience [36]. This
stocked at the rate of 5,000 fingerlings/ha [12]. However, it is not only helps to reduce feed costs, which account for 50−60
advocated 6,000-12,000 fingerlings/ha in pond having an percent of the operating costs in any aquaculture venture, but
average water depth of 2.5 m [33]. In any case the principle also helps to reduce the environmental impacts by minimizing
behind determining the stocking ratio is to fulfill the habitat feed wastage.
and feeding niches operating in the upper, column and bottom Due to the high cost of Ground nut Oil Cake (GOC) farmers
layer of the pond with species combinations in such away to have tried using alternate sources like Cotton seed oil cake
minimize overlap. However, for formation of distinct three which is comparatively cheaper than GOC. GOC and cotton
layers in pond ecology a minimum depth of six feet is seed oil cake can be mixed in equal proportions and fed to the
required. Generally, in six species combination, the upper fish and is reported to give almost the same growth rate as
layer of the pond is stocked with 30% of the total stock, that of GOC. The feed should be placed on a feeding tray or
whereas, the column and bottom layer holds 40% and 30% of in feeding bags and lowered to the pond bottom or it can be
the stocks respectively. Again, in each layer one IMC is co dispersed at the corners of the pond. After some time the
stocked with one exotic carp with non-competing habits e.g. fishes will get used to this type of feeding and aggregate at the
catla with silver carp (upper layer), rohu with grass carp same place at particular time for regular feeding thereby
(column layer) and mrigal with common carp (bottom layer). reducing the feed losses. The recommended feeding rate is 5-
Fish fingerlings of 50- 100 gm size should be used for 6 % of body weight up to 500 gm size of fish and then
stocking @ 10000 nos. per hectare. However, if fingerlings of reduces to 3.5% of body weight from 500-1000 gm size. The
smaller size are used, suitable allowance may be made feeding is generally supplementary in nature.
accounting for mortality. The present model envisages
stocking of advanced fingerlings and rearing for 10-12 2.3.2 Manuring
months. Depending on availability of seed and market Organic manuring can be done in monthly installments @
condition, stocking can be of 3, 4 or 6 species combination in 1000 kg/ha. Inorganic fertilization may be done at monthly
the following ratio (Table-4). intervals alternating with organic manuring. However, the
monthly rate of fertilization will depend on pond productivity
Table 4: Ratio of species combination for composite carp culture and the growth of the fishes. It should be ensured that excess
Species 3 species 4 species 6 species fertilization does not take place which may result in
Catla 4.0 3.0 1.5 eutrophication [37].
Rohu 3.0 3.0 2.0
Mrigal 3.0 2.0 1.5 2.3.3 Harvesting
Silver carp - - 1.5 Harvesting is generally done at the end of 1st year, when the
Grass carp - - 1.5 fishes attain average weight of 0.75 to 1.25 kg. With Proper
Common carp - 2.0 2.0 management a production of 4 to 5 tonnes/ha can be obtained
in a year [37]. Fish production obtained by combined culture of
Since the market demand for Indian major carps is very good IMC and exotic carps was 2.06 tonnes/ha/yr [38]. Fish farmers
especially for catla and rohu, Hence author has mentioned produce above 5 tonnes/ha/yr at stocking density above
above the model based on the stocking of Indian major carps. 15,000 nos./ha and with more than one or two stocking
Ahmad [34] revealed that stocking density of grass carp and frequency [39]. Moreover, the original practice of complete
common carp in a stocking ratio of 1:1.5 gave better result harvesting at the end of one year production cycle was mostly
than the rest of fish species selected for composite culture. abandoned with multiple socking and multiple harvesting
The effectiveness is depicted in Chinese saying one grass carp concepts in recent years. Harvesting is done by partial
raises three silver carps. dewatering and repeated netting. In some cases complete
dewatering of ponds is done. Some farmers resort to partial
harvesting also depending on the season and demand for fish.
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3. Vertical expansion of fish culture Fisheries Development Board (NFDB) details of which may
A number of measures are now being employed by the be obtained from concerned Fisheries Departments or from
entrepreneurs to increase the per hectare production of fish. the website of NFDB.
Important measures adopted are stocking of advanced
fingerlings/yearlings by stunning the growth of fish seed 3.2 Eligible Borrowers
during first year, heavy stocking and multiple harvesting after The following categories of borrowers are eligible to avail
the fishes attain a size of 500 g [40]. Multiple stocking and subsidy.
multiple harvesting, use of aerators, integrated fish farming  An Individual.
with animal husbandry activities like dairy, poultry, piggery  A company.
or duckery to get daily organic manuring to the pond thus  A Partnership firm.
increasing its fertility. It is possible to increase the per hectare  A co-operative society.
production of fish to 5-7 tonnes per ha per year by employing  A group of fish farmers.
different methods as indicated above.
Training in fish farming is being provided by the FFDA's to
3.1 Subsidy the eligible borrowers and it is essential that the borrower has
Subsidy is available for various items like renovation/ repair prior knowledge of fish farming before availing the
of ponds, construction of new ponds, first year inputs etc. subsidy/bank loan.
under a centrally sponsored subsidy scheme implemented by
majority of the State Governments through FFDA's for 4. Financial Outlay
different categories of farmers and also from National

Table 5: Economics of one acre fresh water carp fish farming

S. No Items Rate (Rs./unit) Amount (Rs.)
A. Capital cost
1 Excavation of land (4000 m3) 25/m3 1,00,000
2 Construction of sluice gate (inlet/outlet) -- 25,000
2 Fish seed (4000 fingerlings) 3 12,000
3 Liming (200 kg) 15 3,000
4 Fertilizers & Manures 20,000
5 Supplementary feeding (FCR=1:1.5) (6000 kg) 30 1,80,000
6 Regular investments (including labour) 60,000
7 Total investment 4,00,000
8 Total investment (excluding capital investment) 400000-100000 3,00,000
9 Total fish production (Approx. 4500 kg) Rs. 100/kg 4,50000
10 Net income/year 450000-300000 1,50000
11 Benefit cost ratio (B:C) 1:1.37
12 Net Income per month 12,500

5. Conclusion Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi, 2014, (2).

It is well understood that location specific and resource based 5. De HK, Saha GS, Jayasankar P. Twenty five years of
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Fish farming varies from one area to another in terms of Odisha-a review. 2013; 6(3):135-139.
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