Wellbore Surveying
Survey Tools
Types of Tools
• Single shot
– Magnetic • Steering tools
– Gyro – Magnetic
• Multi shot – Gyro
– Magnetic • MWD
– Gyro – Magnetic
– Gyro
Totco
• Mechanical
• Gravitational
• Paper output
• Disc needs 2 pin holes
• Recoverable
• Trips
• Wireline
Mechanical Inclination
• Teledrift
(Anderdrift)
• Inclination only
+/- ½ degree
accuracy
Single-shot
• MSS
– Mechanical
– Film record
– Timing
– Exposure
– Developing
– Reading
Multi-shot
• MMS
– Mechanical
– Strip film record
– Timing on connections
– Exposure
– Developing
– Reading
Steering Tool
Electronic Multi Shot
• The EMS instrument provides the same
information as the magnetic multi-shot.
• It is using a system of magnetometers
and accelerometers very similar to the
one of the steering tool but is battery
operated.
• The tool is programmed on surface, shots
are taken are programmed time intervals
and stored in memory, data are dumped
from the memory and processed when
the tool is back on surface after the run.
Gyro Surveying Tool
• Gyroscopic systems are not affected by magnetic
interference. Mainly used to survey inside casings
or to kick-off wells when magnetic interference is
too high.
• Free Gyros (film based) and Rate Gyros (fully
electronic) are the two main types of gyro systems.
• Gyro Principle
– Balanced spinning mass, free to rotate on one or more
axis
– Is resistant to external forces and will tend to maintain
his heading throughout survey interval.
– In a nutshell “a Gyro is lazy”.
Free Gyro Surveying Tool
• Uses a similar photographic
instrument as the MSS or
MMS.
• Powered by battery and run
on slick line or wire line.
• Once accurately aligned to
a reference point before use
will maintain this heading
throughout survey interval.
• Corrections for changes in
heading can be applied later
Surface Recorded Gyro
• A down-hole electronics package replaces
camera angle-unit and timer.
• A wire line supplies power and connects the
probe with a surface computer that monitors
probe performance and prints survey data as
it is gathered.
• Accelerometers instead of Angle-Units are
used to measure hole inclination.
• Problems with battery powered mechanical
cameras are eliminated and survey data is
supplied in real time.
• The surface computer can monitor probe
performance, therefore time wasted by mis-
runs is reduced.
Survey Tools
• Totco • Gyrodata(RGS)
• Single-shot
•
• GMS
Multi-shot
• Teledrift (Anderdrift) • Inertial Guidance
• Gyro MWD Systems(IGS)
• EMS • Tuning Fork gyro
• Photo-mechanical Gyro • Magnetic Steering
• RIGS
Tool
• North seeking rate gyro
• SRG
• Optical
• GEMS
Survey Calculation
Frequency
Pattern Drilling Practices
• The direction of the error is dependent on where
the stationary surveys are taken relation to the
slide/rotate sequences.
Pattern Drilling Practices
When stationary surveys are taken at the beginning
of each slide sections, results in the maximum
POSITIVE TVD error (shallow)
Pattern Drilling Practices
Pattern Drilling Practices
Pattern Drilling Practices
When stationary surveys are taken at the beginning
of each rotate sections, results in the maximum
NEGATIVE TVD error (Deeper)
Pattern Drilling Practices
Pattern Drilling Practices
Slide/Rotate Spacing
Slide then Rotate
Calculation is deep
Slide
Rotate Actual
Calculated
Slide/Rotate Spacing
Rotate then Slide
Calculation is shallow
Rotate
Calculated
Slide
Actual
Slide/Rotate Spacing
Rotate – Slide – Rotate
Calculation is on Depth
Rotate
Slide Actual
Rotate Calculated
Static vs. MCT Surveys
Static vs MCT Inclination
DMAG Static Incl
1.0
90.0 MCT Incl
Delta TVD
85.0 0.0
80.0
-1.0
75.0
-2.0
70.0
65.0 -3.0
Inclination (Deg)
60.0
Delta TVD (ft)
-4.0
55.0
-5.0
50.0
45.0 -6.0
40.0
-7.0
35.0
-8.0
30.0
-9.0
25.0
20.0
3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500
MD (ft)
Static vs. MCT TVD Static vs MCT TVD
0
DMAG Static TVD
1.0
MCT TVD
Delta TVD
200
0.0
400
-1.0
600
800 -2.0
1000
-3.0
1200
Delta TVD (ft)
-4.0
TVD (ft)
1400
-5.0
1600
1800 -6.0
2000
-7.0
2200
-8.0
2400
-9.0
2600
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600
Along Hole Departure (ft)
Static vs. MCT TVD Static vs MCT TVD
-7.20
2100 DMAG Static TVD
MCT TVD
Delta TVD
-7.40
2150
-7.60
2200
-7.80
2250
-8.00
2300
-8.20
2350
-8.40
Delta TVD (ft)
2400
TVD (ft)
-8.60
2450
-8.80
2500
-9.00
2550
-9.20
2600
-9.40
2650
-9.60
2700
-9.80
2750
2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650
Along Hole Departure (ft)
Practical
• Build a horizontal well with a continuous build
of 3deg/30m to 90 deg from 0m MD.
• Record the TVD at TD.
Then, Follow instructions from Instructor!!!
• Survey Frequency Scenarios per 30m
Slide – Rotate – Slide
Slide – Slide – Rotate
Rotate – Slide – Slide
Rotate – Rotate – Slide
Slide – Rotate – Rotate
Rotate – Slide – Rotate
End of Module
