FINAL REPORT NASA GRANT NGR 34-012-013

CREATION OF A CERAMICS HANDBOOK

March 1, 1976

Principal Investigator

William J. Craft

Department of Mechanical Engineering

School of Engineering

North Carolina A & T State University

312 N. Dudley Street

Greensboro, N. C. 27411

REPRODUCED
BY
NATIONAL TECHNICAL

INFORMATION SERVICE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OFCOMMERCE

SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161

(NASA-CB-14 6 5 7 5 )
CREATION OF A CERAMICS N6-20274
HANDBOOK
Final Report (North Carolina
Agricultural and Technical)
, Unclas
__G3/27 21485 _

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHA;WE

 Final Report NASA Grant NGR 34-012-013

Creation of a Ceramics Handbook

Principal Investigator

William J. Craft

Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering

North Carolina A&T State University

312 N. Dudley Street

Greensboro, N. C. 27411

(919) - 379-7620

Graduate Assistants

Mr. Kwan Lok Lee

M.S. Candidate in Engineering

Mr. Fred B. Goodnight

-M.B.A. Candidate (U.N.C.-G.)

Mr. Samuel A. Byers

M.S. Candidate in Engineering

I
 Abstract

The purpose of this research has been to characterize a group

of common ceramic materials, alumina, magnesium oxide, silicon nitride,

and silicon carbide through literature searches on physical properties of

these materials. The files used were the NASA file, DDC/GRA File, Engineering

Index File and standard library searches. The results of these searches,

given by this report, are arranged by material properties including mechanical,

electrical, electromagnetic, where applicable, and fracture; and the entries

are arranged in chronological order by candidate. To bolster this approach

and to make possible additional entries on similar topics, a list, by author,

follows where tabular information including charts and figures of results is

given along with a brief statement of the results and conclusions. In both

cases, information on the independent variables along with their range is

given. These variables are frequently temperature and material density.

Following this presentation are the results of an extensive

industry survey asking for names of other candidates on which information is

lacking and also what type of service, if any, is desired in keeping a

current information file on general ceramic materials. Included in this

survey is a list of research personnel and ceramics suppliers and users and

governmental interest groups involved in general ceramics technology.

 iii

Acknowledgements

The principal investigator would like to acknowledge Dr. Juri G. Filatovs,

of the Mechanical Department at A & T State University, for his helpful

- suggestions and comments as well as Mr. Philip I. Moynihan, project technical

consultant. He would also like to acknowledge the several graduate and under­
graduate students who spent many dedicated hours on library and computer search

material which included viewing hundreds of sheets of microfiche in addition to

printed copy material.

They are: Mr. Samuel A. Byers, Mr. Fred B. Goodnight,

and Mr. Kwan Lok Lee. Secretarial work was supplied by Ms. Mary M. Thomas and

typing and reproduction work was contracted by Earle Secretarial Centers of

Greensboro, N. C. Above all,

the writer wishes to acknowledge and express

appreciation to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for it support

of this survey and investigation.

 iv

Table of Contents

PAGE

ABSTRACT .................... ..............................

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................................
iii

INTRODUCTION .............................................

CANDIDATE MATERIAL PROPERTY LISTING ...................... 6

MATERIAL PROPERTY REFERENCE CHART ................... 7

ALUMINA .............................................
8

MAGNESIUM OXIDE .....................................

30

SILICON NITRIDE .....................................

43

SILICON CARBIDE .....................................

UNABRIDGED AUTHOR REFERENCE LIST .........................

60

MATERIAL PROPERTY QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY RESULTS

INCLUDING SURVEY LISTING AND STATISTICS ................. 261

CERAMICS INDUSTRY AND RESEARCHER LISTING ............ 267

 Introduction

Tabulated data for the selection of ceramics in advanced engineering

is a necessity where an accurate appraisal of structureal applicability is

required. Accurate data, in a primary sense,-influences the continuum mechan­

ics solutions for all materials, as well as providing a basis for selection

through fracture and failure theory. Thus, in order that analytical techniques

can be applied adroitly to ceramics to determine their environmental limitations,

this study was undertaken. Primary properties required for analytically based

elasticity solutions are:

Youngs Modulus

Bulk Modulus (Modulus of Compression)

Poissons Ratio

Modulus of Rigidity

Coefficient of Linear Expansion.

Primary properties required for a corresponding thermodynamic analysis are:

Specific heat

Thermal Conductivity

Emissivity.

Primary properties required for a corresponding electrical evaluation are:

dielectric constant

loss tangent.

Secondary properties required to determine the survival of the material are:

uniaxial tensile strength

uniaxial compressive strength

hardness

flexural strength and Modulus of Rupture

fracture energy and surface stresses

fracture probability and Weibull Parameters.

There are some properties required less frequently which could be of use

in certain conditions which were omitted. There are also instances where

some duplication is present as with the Modulus of Rupture and flexural

strength which may be regarded as equivalent for brittle ceramics at most

temperatures, and with the modulus of rigidity which can be simply determined

from Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio for isotropic materials. Incertain

instances some of the indicated properties either could not be referenced or

do not apply, e.g., the dielectric constant for opaque ceramics.

The area of greatest controversy in-these tabulated lists of papers is

probably that of 'survival parameters' which includes the discrete and prob­
abilistic failure models. Despite the great amount of information available,

the large dispersion in thedata and a lack of a meaningful mechanism to

connect the results will necessarily generate a problem when a margin of safety

or similar measure of satisfaction is assigned to the continuum mechanics

results. If the probabilistic approach is ignored then the tension and com­
pressive strengths may be viewed as special cases of biaxial fracture results

which could form the basis of several failure strength theories.

The results as described above have been compiled for four ceramic

materials, alumina, magnesium oxide, silicon nitride, and silicon carbide,

which have found wide use in varied environments. Data in these tables was

compiled beginning January 1974 with the final searches being made in April

1975. Manual searches were undertaken as well as computer abstract and keyword

searches. In cases of computer searches, first keyword lists were used to

generate abridged abstracts then the lists were reviewed and full abstracts

were selected. From these, the full article was-inspected and a decision was

then reached to include or reject the entry. Three major files were searched

at least in part by computer; the first is the NASA file, comprised of

general technical interest articles, aerospace applications being stressed,

from Journals and Government sponsored reports. This file is made up in part

of two former files, International Aerospace Abstracts (A prefixes) and Scien­

tific and Technical Aerospace Reports ('N' prefixes). The A accession numbers

generally refer to journal publications and are available from that source

while the N accession numbers refer to report literature. This literature is

generally available from the National Technical Informatinn Service (NTIS)

*P.O. Box 1553

Springfield, Va. 22151.

The second file is the DDC/GRA file, now called Government Reports Announce­

ments, and articles from this source carry prefixes of 'AD'. These documents

are also available from NTIS. As with 'N' numbers, the 'AD' numbers -are gener­

ally the result of government sponsored research. Finally, the Engineering

Index file was searched which is generally composed of bibliographical infor­

mation of Journal publications. Reprints of this material as with the 'A'

accession number articles must be obtained from that journal and are not

generally available through NTIS. In all items of this report either the 'N'

or 'AD' numbers are given or the Journal itself is referenced for convenience.

In some cases, several combinations will appear, in any event, the article

can be traced easily.

Arrangement of Material Property Data

The report is divided into three sections exclusive of the introduction

and a brief material property vs. candidate table where page numbers are

referenced. The sections are: 1) candidates material property listing,

2) unabridged reference list by authors, and 3) a material property question­

naire survey with results and a list of persons or companies with a significant

interest in ceramics.

The candidate ceramic material listing contains material property data

literature by specific property for each material. -Under each property,

arranged with the most recent reference first, are listed the publications

along with the independent variables and their ranges used in the publication.

Most primary property data is a function of both material sample density and

temperature. Further information on the general article can be found by consult­

ing the unabridged reference list by authors where the NTIS accession number or

journal is given along with a list of tables, graphs, and a summary of the report.

.Inmany cases, the article is cited in more than one ceramic material or property.
The unabridged reference list, section 2, also serves as a vehicle for listing
information in research which does not precisely fall into the property cate­
gories as listed but which might otherwise be useful as in the case of certain
alloyed ceramics or ceramic films or whiskers. As is seen, sedtion 2 contains
a larger set of information than is covered by the property lists of section I.
Finally, to test the significance of the work in this report, and to find
out what was already known about former research and how well this past work
was known, and to view what directions future work should take, a simple
questionnaire was designed and distributed to the ceramics industry, users, and
researchers. The results of the responses to this questionnaire and a list of

those people or companies polled is included. About 31% of those polled returned

the completed questionnaires. A complete listing of companies, researchers, and

institutions polled totaling about 380 is given as well as the response results

in the last section. Only about 350 of those on the survey list were polled

because the remaining were foreign universities. The 350 polled consisted of all

domestic organizations or persons which were found to have a ceramics interest.

At one time this list was significantly larger but was reduced by removing those

companies and individuals for which the survey questionnaires were undeliverable.

Undelivered mail ran about 18% of that which was originally posted.

At the end of each question of the questionnaire, a conclusion is given

based on the responses along with the statistical breakdown.

One obvious fact throughout this compilation is that the data which was

actually compiled is frequently incomplete and in some cases partially contra­

dictory due to the scatter in the property data.

In advanced structural applications, the very wide sbatter frequently

encountered leads to a need for more batch testing of samples and sophisticated

analysis of the results. In many cases fracture parameters, not directly

measureable, are presented without mention of methods applied to their extrac­

tion. For instance, changes in the method of data reduction in the Weibull

parameters, in particular can. produce a 100% change in the parameters from the

same experimental results as was evidenced in one report.

There is a need for more widespread use of the same test methods and data

reduction methods in the determination of ceramics propetties as well as a

need to maintain data banks on the more common of the ceramics. These data

banks should contain the common property data, how it-was arrived at, the

experimental raw data, and experimental testing details as well as an assey

of the candidate and fabrication details. Further a standardized name should

be assigned which fits the candidate when asseyed and processed within a

specified tolerance.

Candidate Material Property Listing

40

Material Prnnertv Reference Chart

Candidate Material Page Numbers

Property Alumina Magnesium Oxide Silicon Nitride Silicon Carbide

Poissons ratio 8 43 54

Youngs Modulus 9 30 43 54

Tensile/compressive 11 31 44 55

strength 44

Flexural strength 14 33 46

Modulus of 18 34 48
56

Rupture

Bulk Modulus 34

Shear Modulus .35

Fracture Energy/ 20 35 49

Fracture Stress

Modulus of 23

Riqidity

Fracture Probability/ 24 36 57

Weibull Parameters

Hardness 36

Thermal 25 37 50 57

Conductivity

Linear Thermal 26 38 51 58

Expansion

Specific. Heat 26 39 52 59

Emittance 27 40 53

Thermal Diffusivity 41

Dielectric Constant 28 41 53

Loss Tangent 29 42 53

ALUMINA

POISSONS RATIO

.Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Published

Sines, G. An Experimental (N00019-72-C-0159) Young's Modulus 1/1972

Adams, M. Study on the Com- AD754-826

pressive Biaxial

Strength of Ceramics
Neuber, Mechanics of Brittle (AFML-TR-7-70) Grainsize 4/1971
H. Materials under AD725761 Pm(17-24)
Wimmer, Linear Temperature
A. Increases
Sedlacek, Investigation of (AF33(615)-5047) Tensile Stress 2/1967
R. Elasticity and psi (3740-27040)
Strength of Ceramics El (69-498)
Subjected to Tensile E2 (15-111)
and Compressive Loads
AD850929 :ompressive Stress
)si (817000-346000)
_2i -(1520-6600)
(140-1720)

Christian, Evaluation of Thermal (AF33(657)-9407) emperature 0 R 4/1965

W. J. Protective Systems for (500-3500)
et al Advanced Aerospace AD627140
Vehicles, Vol. II:
Appendices

YOUNGS MODULUS E

Sines, G. An Experimental (N00019-72-C-0159) General 11/1972

Adams, M. Study on the Com- nrnnprtipg

pressive Biaxial

Strength of Ceramics

Petch, The Brittle Fracture (DAJA37-71-C-2760) Temp °C(O-800) 2/1972

N. J. of Alloyed Alumina AD748110 wt. % Chromium

et al .0005-1(%)

YOUNGS MODULUS E
Journal Vol. Description Date
Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Publist
Author
Porosity (0-40%) 9/1971
Nagarojan, Ultrasonic Study of Journal of
A. Elasticity-Porosity Applied Physics,,
Relationship in Poly- Vol. 42, No. 10
crystalline Alumina
Surface 4/1971
Neuber, Mechanics of Brittle (AF60(052)-875)
Materials under AD725-761 conditions
H. Porosity (%)0-20
Wimmer, Linear Temperature
A. Increases
(AMMRC-TR-70-35) Poisson's ratio 12/1970
Stiglich, Characteristics of
Hot-Pressed Alumina AD722-239 0.23-0.30
J. J.
et al with A Mo-Dispersed
Phase
Journal of The Ameri- Temp. 77OF 12/1970
Broutman, Effect of Combined
L.J. Stresses on Fracture can Ceramic Society,
et al of Alumina and Vol. 53, No. 12
Graphite
Area (p)2 0-80 1970
Mehan, Mechanical Properties "Whisker

R. L. of Whiskers Technology." -1 (mm-1)055

Herzog, A71-14946 )

J. A.

(AF33(615)-5047) Stress (3500-

2/1969

Sedlacek, Investigation of
Elasticity and A0850-929 2800) psi

R. Axial strain (66-

Strength of Ceramics

Subjected to Tensile
500) Lateral

and Compressive Loads

strain (13-110)

Buessem, Anisotropy and (Nr-656(27)) Density gm/cm 2 2/1969

Strength of Ceramic AD684-717 3.80-4.00

W. R.
McKinstry, Bodies

H. A.

(Ocean Engineering, General 1969

Mackenzie, Ceramics in Ocean

Engineering
Vol. 1, pp. 55-571) properties

J. D.
A0696-825

(AF33(615)2335) Temp. DC
4/1968

Rudnick, The Evaluation and

Interpretation of AD670-190 (0-1200)

A.
et al Mechanical Properties

of Brittle Materials

REPRODUCIBILITY- OF THE

1UGINAL PAGE IS POOR

 10

YOUNGS MODULUS E

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Publishei
Poulos, Ceramic Systems for (W-63-0143) Al 0 Content(%) 10/1966
N.E. Missile Structural AD811146 23
et al Applications 0-100
Cristobalite
Cbnstant(v/c) 8.0­
9.5. Grinding
time(hr.) 24-96
Neuber, Experimental Investi- (AF61(052)-875) Porosity(%)2-10 9/1966
H. gation of the Behavior N68-26125 Grain~ize(1)5-50
Wimmer, of Brittle Materials Temp. C(-200-200)
A. at Various Ranges of Diameter(mm) 2-8
Temperature
Naohiro Simplified Method for (AF33(615)1700) Porosity (%) 11/1965
Soga Calculating Elastic AD638280 0-5
Anderson, Moduli of Ceramic
0. L. Powder from Compressi­
bility and Debye
.Temperature Data
Christian, Evaluation of Thermal (AF33(657)-9407) Temp. 0F 4/1965
W. J. Protective Systems for (0-2200)
et al Advanced Aerospace AD627140 Grainsize
Vehicles Vol. II,
Appendices

Davies, A Study of High Modu- (W64-01766) Density 3.1 10/1964

L. G. lus, High Strength AD611757 3
et al Filament Materials Tenstie strength
by Deposition 3
Techniques 24x103 psi

Eliason, A Survey of High Tem- (ML-TDRS4-296) Temp. OF 9/1964

L. K. perature Ceramic Mate- AD607619 (200-2800)
Zellner, rials for Radomes % Main Constituent
G. C. (84-99.9)
Sedlacek, Tensile Strength of (AF33(675)-10600) Loading rate 3/1964
R. Brittle Materials N64-25341 psi/sec 50-4000
(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American Temp. 0F 1964
Hague, for Aerospace: A Ceramic Society (0-2500)
J. R. Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio
et al Handbook
 TENSILE and COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH //

Journal Vol.
Description Date
Author Title
or Series
(Ind. Variables) Publishei
Kirchner, Fracture Mirror
Ceramic Finishing
Distance from 3/1973
H. P. in Alumina
Co., Box 498,
the rod axis
Gruver, Ceramics
State College,

R. M.
PA 16801

Sines, An Experimental
(N00019-72-C-0159)
Density 11/1972

G. Study on the Compres-

AD754-826
3.85 gm/cc

Adams, sive Biaxial Strength

Grainsize

M. of Ceramics
(20-30) microns

Lange, Healing of Surface

The Science of
Heat treatment 5/1972

F. F. Cracks in Ceramics Ceramic Machining

and Surface Finishing

p. 233-236, N72-29511

Starrett, The Influence of

The Science of
Surface condi- 5/1972

H. S. Material Removal on
Ceramic Machining
tions

the Strength and

and Surface Fini-
Tensile volume

Surface of an Alumina
shing, p. 377-387
in3 10-4_10)

N72-29526
i

Sedlacek, The Effect of Grinding

(NOW-66-0383-d)
Gritsize 30-1200 5/1972

R. Variables on the
(N72-29527
Type of grinding,

et al .Strength and Surface

different surfaces

Finish of Alumina

Simpson, Measurement of Work

(AECL-3677)
Different ceramic 2/1972

L..A. of Fracture in High

(N73-12944
materials

Wasyly- Strength Brittle

shyn, A. Materials

Petch, The Brittle Fracture

(DAJA-37-71-C-2760)
Testing temp. 'C 2/1972

N. J. of Alloyed Alumina
AD748-110
(-265-1000)

et al

Buessem, Computation of Resi-

Journal of The Ameri- Distance from 1/1972

W. R. dual Stress in can Ceramic Society rod axis in.

Gruver, Quenched Alumina Vol. 55, No. 2 (-0.06-0.06)

R. M.

Ainsworth,-Theoretical Approach
Journal of Material Volume fraction 1972

J. H. to the Fracture of
Science (1972) of alumina

Jinno, H. Two-phase Glass-

p. 973-982 (0.05-0.5)

Crystal Composites

Gupta, Strength Degradation

Journal of The Ameri- lemp. difference 12/1971

T. K. and Crack Propagation

can Ceramic Society, of thermal shock

in Thermally Shocked
Vol. 55, No. 5 0 C(0-1000)
Single

Alumina
crystal sapphire

grainsize (microns)

85, 40, 34, 10

 12

IurrKMvMz3IV
TENSILL dIu ziRENGTH
Journal Vol. Description Date

Author
Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Published

(DA-ARO-D-31) Testing time 11/1971

Krohn, Static and Cyclic

D. A. . Fatigue Behavior Journal of The Ameri-to failure

Hasselman, of a Polycrystal- can Ceramic Society, log (.i-5) Sec

D. P. H. line Alumina Vol.55, No.4, April

1972 p. 208-211

Sedlacek, Processing of Cera- (N000019-70-C-0179) Grainsize (11.0 9/1971

R. mics-Surface Finishing AD730-766

-420) micron

Grinding technique,

Jurgensen, Studies
test conditions

P. J.

Kirchner, Strenthening Alumina

Journal of Applied Refired tempera- 9/1971

H. P. by Quenching in Physics, Vol.

42, ture to 1500 C

et al Various Media
No. 16 and quenched in

silicone oil or

still air

Platts, Comparing Tensile and

Journal of Mate- Different heat 3/1971

D. R. Flexural Strength of rials, JMLSA, treatment

Kirchner, a Brittle Material

Vol. 6, No. I relative area

(1-100)

H. P.
(AMMRC-TR-70-35) Grainsize
12/1970
Stiglich, Characterization of (1-50) microns
J. J. Hot-Pressed Alumina AD722239
et al with a Mo-Dispersed

Phase

temp. 3/1970.

Hasselman, Strength Behavior of

Journal of The Ameri-Quenching
differenc
D. P. H. Polycrystalline
can Ceramic Society 8

Alumina Subjected
Vol. 53, No. 9 (0-800) C

to Thermal Shock

(N00019-69-C-0229) Stress rate

3/1970

Sedlacek, Processing of Cera- psi/sec(30-3000)

R. mics-Surface Finishing AD870158

Studies

Mechanical Properties "Whisker Techno- Area (12 )0-80 1970

Mehan,

R. L. of Whiskers logy"
.(mm-I)0.55

Herzog, eA71-14946
e

J. A.

Flame polished
9/1969

Wieder- Fracture of Sapphire

The American Cera-
horn,
mic Society, Basic

S. M.
Science Division,

No. 12, B-68

Ainsworth, Fracture Behavior of

Journal of The Ameri-Temperat~re dif- 8/1969

J. H. Thermally Shocked
can Ceramic Society, ference C(100-

Aluminum Oxide
Vol. 52, No. 11 500)

Moore,
R. E.

 13

TENSILE and COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Published

Reardon, Exploratory Tests (NSRD C-3013) Stress rate 4/1969

E. F. of Alumina Spheres AD852947 psi/sec

under External Pressure (10-2105)

Sedlacek, Processing of Cera- (N0009-69-C-0288) Post grinding 3/1969

R. mics-Surface Finishing AD854140 treatment (from

Studies 0-6) on different

sample

Sedlacek, Investigation of (AF33(615)5047) Magnitude (psi) .2/1969

R. Elasticity and AD850929 0-336,000

Strength of Ceramics No. of cycles 0-80

Subjected to Tensile Ellipticity(%)0-5

and Compressive Loads Stress rate (psi/sec)

10,000

Stress rate (psi/sec)

100-300

Christian, Evaluation of Thermal (AF33(657)-9407) Testieg tempera- 4/1965

W. J. Protective Systems for ture F

et al Advanced Aerospace AD627140 (0-2200)

-Vehicles, Vol. II:

Appendices

Davis, A Study of High Modu- (W-64-01766) Density 3.1 gm/cc 11/1964

L. G. lus, High Strength AD611757

et al Filament Materials by

Deposition Technique

Eliason, A Survey of High Tem- (MLTDR64296) Testing tempera- 9/1964

L. K. perature Ceramic Mate- AD607619 ture F (200-

Zellner, rials for Radomes 2800) % Main

G. C. Constitutent

(94.0-99.9)

Slonim, Proceedings of the (AF33(615)1081) % of Alumina 6/1964

A. I. OSU-RTD Symposium AD605391 (97.5-99.5)

on Electromagnetic Testing tSmpera-

Windows (7th) 2-4 ture 1000 F

June, 1964, Vol. III,

Section B

Salkind, Candidate Materials (WVTRR-6411) Strength/density 5/1964

M. 3. for Whisker Composites AD602132 as a function of

volume % fiber

(0-100)

 14

TENSILE and COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Journal Vol. Description Date
Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Published
Loser, Thermophysical Proper- (ML-TDR-64-5) Temperature OR 4/1964
J. B. ties of Thermal AD601535 (400-2400)
et al Insulating Materials
Sedlacek, Tensile Strength of (AF33(657-10600)) Loading rate 3/1964
R. Brittle Materials N64-25341 psi/sec (70-4000)
Testing tempe~a­
ture (0-1800) C
(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American Testing tempe 6a- 1964
Hague, for Aerospace: A Ceramic Society ture (0-2500) F
J. R. Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio
et al Handbook

FLEXURAL STRENGTH

Kirchner, Fracture Mirrors in Ceramic Finishing Mirror radius 3/1973

J. P. Alumina Ceramics Co., Box 498, MX104 (1-30)
Gruver, State College, Testing tsmp.
R. M. PA 16801 (25-1400) F

Sines, An Experimental Study (NO0019-72-C-0159) Density 3.85 1/1972

G. on the Compressive AD754826 gm/cc
Adams, Biaxial Strength Grainsize
Marc of Ceramics (20-30) microns

Kirchner, Strength Effects The Science of 96% alumina, 5/1972

H. P. Resulting from Ceramic Machining Testing time
et al Simple Surface and Surface sec.(1-100,000),
Treatments Finishing Refiring temp.
p. 353-363 F(600-1800)
N72-29524 Axial scratch
Average flexural
strength psi
(4500-60000),
Kg/m 2 x106(31-42);
Scratch width (20-30)
Load on diamond point
gm(O-800); Flow depth
in inches(0-O.005)
(96% alumina rods
scored to various
depths), Different
treatmsnt condition,
Temp. C 1500 and
time is 1 hr.
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH

Journal Vol.
Description Date

Author Title
or Series
(Ind. Variables) Published

Lange, Healing of
The Science of
Strength as 5/1972

F. F. Surface Cracks in
Ceramic Mach-
cut 35800 1

Ceramics
ining and-
3% (2408)psi

Surface Finish-
(thermal

ing p. 233-236
shocked speci­
N72-29511
mens). Strength

in % change

through heat

treatment

1100°C;

different

shapes (des­
cription)

Starrett, The Influences of

The Scienceof
Minimum fired 5/1972

H. S. Material Removal
Ceramic Machining
thickness

on the Strength and

and Surface
inches (0-2);

Surface of an
Finishing
Surface condi­
Alumina
p. 377-387
tion; Tensile

N72-29526
Volume V.-in 3

(6.1 xlO- 4 -6.1 x

10-1)

Petch, The Brittle Fracture

(DAJA-37-71-C-
Testing Tempera- 2/1972

N. J. of Alloyed Alumina
2760)
ture 700C, 300 0 C,

et. al.
AD748110
6000 C.

Grainsize microns

(0-1)

Rhodes, Microstructure
(N00019-70-C-
Testing Tempera- 2/1972

W. H. Studies of Refrac-
0171)
ture °C

Cannon, tory Poly-

AD727-618
(0-1600)

R.- M. crystalline Oxides

Rhodes, Microstructure
.000019 771-C-0325)
Different 1/1972

W. H. Studies of
AD740"828
specimens

et. al. Refractory Poly­

crystalline Oxides

Buessem, Computation of
Journal of
Quenching in 1/1972

W. R. Residual Stresses
the American
air 75.9(Ksi),

Gruver, in Quenched
Ceramic Society
in silicone oil

R. M. A1203
Vol. 55, No. 2
(88-106)Ksi

Temperature °C

(1600-20)

Miyata, Theoretical
Journal of
Volume fraction 1972

N. Approach to the
Material
of alumina

Jinno, Fracture of Two

Science 7
(0-6.5)

H. Phase Glass
(1972) 393­
Crystal Composites
982

 16

FLEXURAL STRENGTH

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variable) Publishe

Gupta, Strength Degrada- (AF33(615)2669) Quenching 12/1971

T. K. tion and Crack Pro- The Journal of Temperature oC
pagation in Thermally American Ceramic (25-800);
Shocked Alumina Society Vol. 55 Thermal shock
No. 5, (1971) obs. (6.2-24),
Calc. (4.3-22.0)

Kirchner, Strengthening Journal of Quenching temp- 9/1971

H. P. Alumina Applied Physics erature 'C (1500­
by Quenching in Vol. 42, No. 10 1600), Liquid
Various Media media silicone oil,
motor oil, kerosene,
etc.

Sedlacek, Processing of (N00019-70-C- Grainsize microns 9/1971

R. Ceramics-Surface 0179) (10-50)
Jorgensen, Finishing Studies AD730-766
P. J.

Kirchner, Delayed Fracture of Ceramic Finishing Flexural stress- 6/1971

H. P. Alumina Ceramics Co., Box 498, State psi in 1000
Walker, with Compressive College (0-120); Time
R. E. Surface Layers PA 16801 sec. (1-100,000)

Katso- Effect of the Translated Specific Vol. 6/1971

bashvili,- Chemical Composition from Khimiyai m2 /g. (0-100);
Y. R. of Alumina Oxide Telchonologiya pore cm3/g.
et. al. Catalysts on the Toplivinlasel, (0-0.4)
Stability of the No. 6 pp. 1-5,
Structural June, 1971*
Mechanical Pro­
perties During
Heat Treatment

Platts, Comparing Tensile Journal of Different 3/1971

D. R. and Flexural Materials treatment of
Kirchner, Strength of a JMLSA Vol. 6 96% .
H. P. Brittle Material No. 1,3/'71, alumina
p. 48-59

Degty- Selecting Alumina Ukrainian Open porosity 7/1970

areua, Grades for Making Scientific- %(23.0-33.0)
E. V. Densely Sintered Research Apparent density
et. al. Alumina Ceramics Institute of gm/cc 2.6-2.9
Refractories
Translated from
Ognenpory No. 7
pp. 39-45, 1970**
 17

FLEXURAL STRENGTH

Journal Vol. Descriptioti Date

Author Title or Serieg (Ind. Variable) Publishe

Sedlacek, Investigation of (AF33(615)5047) Stress rate 2/1969

R. Elasticity and AD850-929 3000 psi/se;
Strength of (Al-995 alumina)
Ceramics Subjected
to Tensile and
Compressive Loads
Hassel-:- Crack Growth and Journal of The Ameri-Quenching tempera- 3/1970
man, . Creep in Brittle can.Ceramic Society ture difference
D.P.H. Ceramics Vol. 55, No. 12 oc (0-800)
Mehan, Mechanical Proper. "Whisker Area (microns)2 1970
R. L. tips of Whikers Technology" 0.1-10,000; Test
Herzog, temp. OC (0-1800)
J. A. A71-14946 Coating on strength
of a-A1203 Whiskers
(0.1-10,000) Cross
section a&ea
(microns)6(0-40)
Cannon, Deformation (NASW-1914) Grain growth in 12/1969
R. M. Processes in N70-24348 successive test
Rhodes, Forging Ceramics cycles at 1450 0C,
W. H. (progress report) Cycle (0-6), An­
nealing temperature
1500 °C
Bakunov Creep in a Poly- ranslated Grainsize microns 10/1969
V. S. crystalline rom Ogneupory (30-200)
et. al Alumina Ceramic ). 10 pp. 45-49. Relative density
:t. 1969* %(95-99.3), MgO
additive wt.% 0.3
Wieder- Fracture of ieAmerican Flame-polished 9/1969
horn, Sapphire ramic rods
S. M. )ciety, Basic
-zience Div.
No. 12B-68
Sarkar, Fatigue Behavior Trans British Cycle to fail 3/1969
B. K. or High Alumina Society V69, N.5 (1-108)
Glinn, Ceramics Sep. 1970, P. 199-203
T.G.J.
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH
-g
Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Publishf

Heuer, Microstructure (NOW-66-0506) Temperature 0 C 4/1967

A. H. Studies of Poly- AD653483 (23-1400)

et al crystalline Grainsize microns

Refractory Oxides (1-100)

Christian, Evaluation of (AFML-TOR-64- Temperature 0 R 4/1965

W. J. Thermal Protective 204-Vol. 2) (500-3500)

et al Systems for Advanced AD627140 Grainsize microns

Aeropace Vehicles. (1-2)

Vol. II: Appendices

Eliason, A Survey of High Tem- (MLTDR-64-296) Temperature 0F 9/1964

L. K. perature Ceramic AD607619 (200-2800).

Zellner, Materials for Radomes % Main consti-

G. C. tuent (94-99.9)

Emrick, Technology of New (MLTDR-64-203) Temperature 0F 9/1964

B. P. Devitrified Ceramics AD608217 (0-2600)

A Literature Review

Slbnim,. Proceedings of OSU- (AF33-(615)1081) Temperature 0F 6/1964

A. I. RTD Symposium on AD605391 (100-1600)

Electromagnetic

Windows (7th); 2-4

June, 1964. Vol.III,

Session V.

Vasilos, Microstructure (NOW-62-0648c) Grainsize 11/1952

T. Studies of Poly- . N63-16176 (microns)

et aT crystalline 1-1000

Refractory Oxides

* Consultants Bureau, A Division of Plenum Publishing Corp., 227 West 17th St.,
New York, NY 10011.

MODULUS OF RUPTURE

Becher, Flame Polishing of The Science-of Surface finish 5/1972

P. F. Flat Oxide Bars Ceramic Machining

Rice, and Surface Fin-

R. W. ishing P379-387

N72-29512

Bakker, Permeable Alumina Journal of the Modulus of rupture 2/1970

W. T. Refractories American Ceramic of coarse-grained

Society Vol. 49, permeable retrac-

No. 7 tory at 1000 to

1500 C

 19

MODULUS OF RUPTURE

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables). Publish(

Palfreymans, Hot Strength of Journal of The Testing temp. 0C 1/1971

M, High-Alumina American Ceramic (0-1400)

Refractories Society, Vol. 49, Firing time 10 hr.

No. 7 Firing temp. C

(1600-1700)

(99% pure alumina

& 10pm grainsize)

Gruszka, Effect of Various

Journal of The Treatment time in 2/1970

R. F. Surface Treatments American Ceramic fused Borox,

et al on the Band Society, Vol. 49, Anneal strength

Strengtn of High No. 6 specimens

Alumina Substrates

Jones, Chemical Strength- (F33(615)68-C-1034) Refiningosample 11/1969

J. T. ning of Alumina AD-708-707 temp. C

Frasier,
(1300-1750)
0. T.

Whitney, New and Improved (AF33(615)3250) Grain size (1-6) 3/1969

E. D. Cutting Tool AD-853-733 microns; Relative

Yorihiro, Materials
density % (99.5-
100); Bulk density

g/cc (3.7-3.96)

(99.2-99.5)

Passmore, Effect of Thermal AVSSD-0441-67 Geometry 1.75 x 11/1967"

E. M. Conditioning and PR .25 x 0.05 - 1.75

et al Strain on The AD-663-835 x .25 x . 2 inches

Microstructure and

Mechanical Properties

of Alumina

Poulos, Ceramic Systems for (W-63-0143) Wit. ratio of alumina 10/1966

N. E. Missile Structural AD-811-146 to fused silica

et al Applications (0:1-3:1-1:0)

%(i-100)
Cristobalite con­
stant (v/c) 8.0-9.5
Grinding time (hr.)
,24-96

Rhodes, Microstructure (NOW-65-0316-f) Test temperature 0C 3/1966

W. H. Studies of Poly- N66-27434 (200-20)

et al crystalline

Refractory Oxides

Everhart, Strength of Struc- (DA-ARO(D)-31- Diameter (0.2-0.5)in.10/1954

J. 0. tural Ceramics under 124-G480) % of alumina (85-100)

Muttart, Impact Loading AD-646-879 Sp. gravity (2.3-3.8)

L. E.

 20

MODULUS OF RUPTURE

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Published

Davies, A Study of High (W-64-01766) Density .143 lb/in 3 10/1964

L. G. Modulus, High AD611757

et al Strength Filament

Materials by Depo­
sition Techniques

Emich, Technology of New (ML-TDR-64-203) Grainsize (microns) 9/1964

B. R. Devitrified Ceramics- AD608217 1-208

A Literature Review Temp. F (0-2400)

FRACTURE ENERGY AND FRACTURE STRESS

Kirchner, Fracture Mirrors in Ceramic Finish- (Mirror radius) 2 3/1973

H.R. Alumina Ceramics Co., Box 498, rm (0-100)

Gruver, State College, Distance from od.

R.'M. PA 16801 axis (0-10)mm.

Simpson, Effect of Microstruc- The American - intering temp. 1/1973

L. A. ture on.Measurements Ceramic Society, C (1400-2000)

of Fracturf.Energy Paper 44-BN-71P Notch ratio d/2
of A1203 - Vol. 56, p.7-11 . (0-1.0)
1/1973. % theoretical den­
(A-73-21842) sity (90-98)
Grainsize microns

(10-30).

Turner, Fracture Toughness Material Science Fracture area; 7/1972

C. E. and Specific Frac- and Engineering, Notch/width ratio,

ture Energy: A Re- 11(1973)275-282. fracture resistance

analysis of Results Imperial College,

London, England.

Starrett, The Influences of The Science of Normalized stress 5/1972

H. S. Material Removal on Ceramic Machining (0-2.0)

the Strength and and Surface Fini-

Surface of an Alum shing, May 1972.

mina p377-387;

N72-29526

Rhodes, Microstructure (N00019-71-C- Different specimens 1/1972

W. H. Studies of Refrac- 0325) at certain condi-

Berneburg, tory Polycrystalline AD740-828 tions (at room temp.)

P. L. Oxides

 Z2

FRACTURE ENERGY AND FRACTURE STRESS

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author
Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Publis

Kirchner, Delayed Fracture of Material Science

Flexural strength 6/1971

H. P. Alumina Ceramics Engineering, 3

Walker, with Compressive Vol. 8, No. 6, (0-100) X lO psi

R. E. Surface Layers Dec. 1971, P.301-9

Neuber, Mechanics of Brittle (AFML-TR-71-70) Surface conditions 4/1971

H. Materials under AD725-761

Wimmer, Linear Temperature

A. Increases

Platts, Comparing Tensile Journal of

Strength psi 3/1971

0. R. and Flexural Materials, 3

Kirchner, Strength of Brittle JMLSA, Vol. 6, (0-60) x 10 psi

H. P. Materials No. 1, 3/71,

%pp.
48-59

Stiglich, Characteristics of (AMMRC-TR-70-35) Density gm/cm 3 12/1970

J. J. Hot-Pressed Alumina AD722-239

(3.9-4.4)

et al with a Mo-dispersed

Phase

Gruszka, Effect on Various

Journal of The Treatment time 2/1970

R. F. Surface Treatments American Ceramic

min. (1-30)

et al on the Bend Strength Society, Vol. 49,

of High Alumina No. 6.

Substrates

Crouch, The Effect of Stress Proceedings of the Temperature 0C 1/1970

A. G. Rate on the Rupture British Ceramic (0-1400)

Jollife, Strength of Alumina Society, N 15, Loading rate psi/min

K. H. and Mullite Refrac- Jan. 1970; 4

tories

Gutshail, Observations and Engineering Frac- Average grain size 1969

P. L. Mechanisms of Frac- ture Mechanics microns (0-50)oat

Gross, ture in Polycrystal- 1969, Vol. 1, temperature 25 C

G. E. line Alumina p. 463-471.

Wiederhorn, Fracture of Sapphire The American

Different conditions 1969

S. M.
Ceramic Society, (room temperature)

Basic Science Div.

'No. 12-B-68

 22

FRACTURE ENERGY AND FRACTURE STRESS

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Published

Journal of The Temperature 0C 3/1969

Hasselman, Unified Theory of
D. P. H. Thermal Shock Frac- American Cera- (0-1000)
ture Initiation mic Society,
and Crack Propaga- Vol. 52, No. 11
tion in Brittle
Ceramics
Sarkar, Fatigue Behavior of Trans. British Cycle to failure 3/1969
B. K. High-A1 203 Ceramics Ceramic Society 100107
Glinn, Vol. 69, No. 5,
T. G. J. Sep. 1970, p.199­
203
Wilshaw, Measurement of (AFOSR-68-1497) Stress rate (psi/sec) 2/1968
T. R. Tensile Strength AD672-428 2 x 103
of Ceramics
Passmore, Effect of Thermal (AUSSD-0441-67- Grainsize microns 11/1967
E. M. Conditioning and PR) (1.2-1.3)
et al Strain on the Micro- AD663835 Fract 8re tempera­
structure and ture C (0-1500)
Mechanical Properties Plastic prestrain
of Alumina % (0-1.6)

Heuer, Microstructure (NOW-66-0506) Temperature 0C 4/1967

A. H. Studies of Polycrys- AD653483 (1400-1500)
et al talline Refractory
Oxides
Neuber, Experimental Inves- Scientific Annual Porosity (2-20) % 9/1966
H. tigations of the Report, Apr. 1, Grainsize (5-50)
Behavior of Brittle 1965-Sep. 30, microns, 0
Materials at Various 1966 (West Temperature C
Ranges of Tempera- Germany) (-200-200)
tures (AF61(052)-875) Length (22-360)mm
Rhodes, Nicrostructure (NOW-65-0316-f) Room temperature 3/1966
W. H. Studies of Polycrys- N66-27434 annegled 16 hrs. at
et al talline Refractory 1300 C, Heat treat­
Oxides ment and abraded;
surface treatment.
Soltis, Anistropic Mechanical (NAEC-ANL-1831) Geometry of cross- 4/1964

P. J. Behavior in Sapphire AD601447 section,

(A1203 ) Whiskers Dimension and area

of cross-section

 23

MODULUS OF RIGIDITY

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title
or Series (Ind. 'Variables) Published

Christian, Evaluation of Thermal

(AFML-TOR-64-204)- Sesting temperature 4/1965

W. J. Protective Systems
AD627140 R (500-3500)

et al for Advanced Aero­

space Vehicles.

Vol.ll: Appendices

Davis, A Study of High

(W64-01766) Density lb/in 3 10/1964

L. G. Modulus, High
AD611757 (.143)

et al Strength Filament

Materials by Deposi­
tion Techniques

Eliason, A Survey of High

(ML-TDR-64-296) Testing temperature 4/1965

L. K. Temperature Ceramic
AD60719

Zellner, Materials for

G. C. Radomes

(Editor) Refractory Ceramics

The American esting temperature 1964

Hague, for Aerospace: A

Ceramic Society, F (0-2500)

J. R. Materials Selection
Columbus, Ohio

et al Handbook

 24

FRACTURE PROBABILITY AND WEIBULL PARAMETERS

Journal Vol.
Description Date
Author Title* or Series
(Ind. Variables) Published
Starrett, The Influences of The Science of
Probability of 5/1972­
H. S. Material Removal Ceramic Machi--
fracture (0-1)
on the Strength ning and Surface
vs normalized
and Surface of an Finishing, May
stress for the
Alumina 1972, p.377-387
macrotensile
(N72-29256)
A1203 specimens
Kirchner, Strength Effects The Science of
Probability of 5/1972
H. P. Resulting from Ceramic Machi-
fracture (0-1) vs
et al Simple Surface ning and Surface
flexural strength
Treatments Finishing, May

1972,

.353-in
Kg/m 2 n
1972, p.353-
millions(O-40)
p.363

(N72-29524)

Harris, Ceramic Systems for (N00017-70-C-

Fracture stress 11/1971

J. N. Missile Structural 4438)

_1-i04p

et al Applications AD745-744
Ln(1/1-s)(peibul

plot of hydrostatic

ring test data).

Neuber, Mechanics of Brittle (AT-61-(052)-

1/m (0-'W)vs pore- 4/1971

H. Materials under 815)

sity % (0-15)

Wimmer, Linear Temperature AD725761

and grain sizes

A. Increases
Carniglia, Working Model for Journal of The
a /d (0.9-0) vs 4/1971

S. C. Porosity Effects on American Ceramic

p~roity volume

the Uniaxial Society, Vol. 55, fraction 0-0.4

Strength of Ceramics No. 12
Ceramic Processing (DA-49-083-OSA- Tensile stress vs 1968
(Chapter 5) 3131) the probability of
N69-28815 fracture

Stofel, E. Brittle Fracture (AF-04(695)-269) Fracture probabi- 5/1964

Conrad, H. of Ceramics N64-17614 lity vs stress
(1031-04) psi
 2b

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Seri2s (Ind. Variables) Published

Weshsler, Development of High (AF33(615)2874), Temperature 0F 11/1966

A. F. Temperature Thermal AD657024 (200-2800)
Conductivity
Standards

Christian, Evaluation of (AFML-TDR-64-204 Temperature 0 R 4/1965

W. J. Thermal Protective Vol. 2) (400-4000)
et al Systems for Advanced AD627140
Aerospace Vehicles,
Vol. II: Appendices

Christian, Evaluation of (AFML-TDR-64-204 Composition of 4/1965

W. J. Thermal Protective Vol. 1) Alumina-Nickel
et al Systems for Advanced AD627139 coating
Aerospace Vehicles
Vol. I

Temperature 0C 2/1965
Brown, Evaluation of (Nonr 421-300X)
D. A. Thermal Stress A0613009 (0-1200)
Resistance in
Potential Radome
Materials

Eliason, A Survey of High (ML-TDR-64-296) Temperature OF 9/1964

L. K. Temperature AD607619 (200-2800),
Zellner, Ceramic Materials -% Main constitu­
G. C. for Radomes ent (99-99.9);
Temp. F
(200-2000)

Loser, Thermophysical (ML-TDR-64-5) Temperature °C 4/1964

J. B. Properties of AD601535 (0-1500)
et al Thermal Insulating
Materials

(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American Mechanical propertiei 1964

Hague, for Aerospace:, A Ceramic Society,
J. R. Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio
et al Handbook
 PRODUCIBIL'TY OF T 26

ORIGV~i PAGE IS POOP

LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title
or Series (Ind. Variables) Published

Christian, Evaluation of
(AFML-TOR-64-204 Temperature OR 4/1965

W. J. Thermal Protective
Vol. 2)
(500-3500)

et al Systems for Advanced

AD627140

Aerospace Vehicles,

Vol. II: Appendides

Eliason, A Survey of High

(ML-TDR-647 296)
Temperature OF 9/1964

L. K. Temperature Ceramic
AD607619
(200-2800)

Zellner, Materials for

G.. C. Radomes

(Editor) Proceedings of the (AF-33(615)1081

Temperature OF 6/1964

Slonim, . OSU,-RTD Symposium on AD605391

(100-1600)

A. I. Electromagnetic

Windows. 2-4 June,

1964,-Vol. III.

Section V-Fabrication

and Testing of Air

Borne Radomes.

Section VI-Hypersonic

Equipment

Loser, Thermophysical Pro-

(ML-TDR-64-5)
Temperature 0R 4/1964

J. B. perties of Thermal
AD601535
(400-2400)

et al Insulating Materials

(Editor) Refractory Ceramics

The American
Temperature OF 1964

Hague, for Aerospace: A

Ceramic Society,
(0-4000)

J. R: Materials Selection
Columbus, Ohio

et al

SPECIFIC HEAT

Christian Evaluation of Thermal (AFML-TOR-64-204 Temperature OR 4/1965

W. J. Protective Systems Vol. 2) (500-3500)
et al for Advanced Aero- AD607140
space Vehicles,
Vol. II: Appendices

Eliason, A Survey of High (ML-TDR-64- 296) Temperature OF 9/1964

L. K. Temperature Ceramic AD607619 *(200-2800)
Zellner, Materials for Radomes
G. C.
 27

SPECIFIC HEAT

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title orSeries (Ind. Variables) 'ublished
Loser, Thermophysical (AF-33 657-10478) Temperature 0 R /1964
J. B. Properties of AD601535 (400-2400)
et al Thermal Insulating
Materials
(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American Temperature OF 964
Hague, for Aerospace: A Ceramic Society, (0-4000)
J. R. Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio
et al Handbook

EMITTANCE (TOTAL NORMAL & SPECTRAL)

Richmond, Thermal Radiation (Mechanical and Temperature OK 5/1969

J. C. Properties of Thermal Properties (300-1000)
Ceramic Materials- of Ceramics, May
1969, p.125-138)
N69-28431
Christian, Evaluation of Ther- (AFML-TDR-64-204 Temperature OR 4/1965
W. J. mal Protective Vol. 2) (100-400)
et al Systems for Advanced AD627140
Aerospace Vehicles,
Vol. II: Appendices
Eliason, A Survey of High (ML-TDR-64-296) Temp.°F(200-2800) 9/1964
L. K. Temperature Cera- AD607619 % alumina-.{94-­
Zellner, mic Materials for 96),(94-100);
G. C. for Radomes Trade designation
Folweiler, Thermal Radiation (AF33-657-11280). Wavelength (microns) 6/1964
R. C. Characteristics of AD607742 0-15
et al Transparent Semi- Temperature C
transparent and (500-1100)
Translucent Materials
under Non-Isothermal
Conditions
Loser, Thermophysical Pro- (AF33-657-10478) Temperature 0C 4/1964
J. B. perties of Thermal AD601535 (0-1500)
et al Insulating Materials
Mitek, Aluminum Oxide (AF33(615)-1235) Under different 3/1964
J. T. (Data Sheets) N64-18384 conditions
(at room tempera­
ture)
 28

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Published

Degtyareva, Selecting Alumina Ukrainian Sci- Apparent density 7/1970

E. V. Grades for Making entific-Research gm/cm 3 (3.7-3.9)

et al Densely Sintered Institute of

Alumina Ceramics Refractories.

Translated from

Ogneupory, No. 7

pp.39-45, 1971

Rice- Research on Aniso- (W65-0440) Testing temperature 5/1966

D. H. tropy in Polycrys- AD538450 OF (200-2800)

Stowe, talline Dielectric % alumina

R. W. Materials (94-99.9)

Tallan, Interfacial Polari-' (ASD-TDR-62-719- Pretreatment, 12/1964

N. M. zation and Electri- ft-3) reducing oxidizing

Graham, cal Conductivity AD630-345 doped alumina

H. C. in Sapphire single crystal

Eliason, A Survey of High (MLTDR64296) Temperature OF 9/1964

L. K. Temperature Ceramic AD60719 % alumina

Zellner, Materials for (85-99.9)

G. C. Radomes

Slonim, Proceedings of the (AF33(615)1081) Temperature OF 6/1964

A. I. OSU-RTD Symposium AD605391 (100-1600) a

(Editor). on Electromagnetic 9.375 G.C.

Windows. 2-4 June,

1964, Vol. III.

Session V-Fabrication

and Testing of Air­

borne Radomes

.Riley, Measurement of the (Nord-16498) Total attenuation 8/1962

R. M. Dielectric Constant AD651005 at cut off speci­

of Aluminum Oxide mens.

* Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corp., 227 West 17th Street,
New York, NY 10011.
 .29

LOSS TANGENT

Journal Vol.
Description Date

Author Title or Series

(Ind. Variables) Published

Degtyareva, Selecting Alumina Ogneupory n7

Apparent density 7/1970

E. V. Grades for Making July 1970,

g/c 3 ( -

et al Densely Sintered p.39-45

Alumina Ceramics

Sarkar, Fatigue Behavior Trans-Brittain

Dwell time at T °C 3/1969

B. K. of High A1203 Ceramics Society

(170-250) 2

Glinn, Ceramics Vol. 69, n5,

Time min (4-9);

T. G. J. Sept. 1970,
Quenching bath

p.199-203
at 18 C

Iglesias, Supplementary Di- (NONR 1841(10),

Temperature 0 C 1/1967

J. -electric-Constant AF33(61)2199)
(0-700)

Westphal, and Loss Measure- AD650230

Density gm/cc

W. B. ments on High
(3.23-3.84)

Temperature
% of alumina

Materials
(99-99.999)

Tallan, Interfacial Polari- (Rept. No. ARL-65-

Pretreatment:- 12/1964

N. M. zation and Electri- 262)

reducing or

Graham, cal Conductivity in AD630345

oxidizing

H. C. Sapphire

Snow, Dielectic Loss in (Non 128806)

Room temperature 11/1964

G. S. Magnesium Oxide AD609617

of different

Cutler, and Sapphire

specimens

I. B.

Eliason, A Survey of High (ML-TDR64-296)

Temperature OF 9/1964

L. K. Temperature Ceramic AD607619

(200-2800)

Zellner, Materials for

% of alumina

G. C. Radomes
(99.85-99.9)

Slonim, Proceedings of the (AF33(615)1081)

Temperature 0C 6/1964

A. I. OSU-RTD Symposium AD605391

(100-1600)

on Electromagnetic
at 9.375 Gc.

Windows. (7th) 2-4

June, 1964. Vol.111:

Session V.

Mitek, Aluminum Oxide (AF33(615)1235)

Under different 3/1964

J. T. (Data Sheets) N64-18384

conditions (room

temperature)

 30

MAGNESIUM OXIDE

YOUNGS MODULUS

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Published

Rudick, The Evaluation and (AF33(615)-2335) Temperature 0 C 1959

Alfred Interpretation of AD-670-140 (0-1200)

et al Mechanical Properties

of Brittle Materials

Lynch, Engineering Proper- (AF33(615)-2316) Temperature °C 1956

J. F. ties of Ceramics,' AD-803-765 (0-4000)

et al Databook to Guide Density %

Materials Selection (0-100)

for Structural

Applications

Naohiro Simplified Method for (AF33(615)-1700) Porosity % 1955

Soga Calculating Elastic AD-638-280 (0-6)

Anderson, Moduli of Ceramic

0. L. Powder from Compresi­

bility and Debye

Temperature Data

Christian, Evaluation of Thermal (AF33(675)-9507) Temperature 0R 1955

W. J. Protective Systems for AD-627-140 (0-5000)

et al Advanced Aerospace Grain size

Vehicles

Neuber, Experimental Investi- (AF61(052)-875) Temperature °C 1965

H. gations of the Behavior N68-26125 (-200-1400)

Wimmer, of Brittle Materials Porosity

A. at Various Ranges of

Temperature

(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American Cera-Temperature 0F 1964

Hague, for Aerospace: A mic Society, Inc. (0-3500)

J. R. Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio

et al Handbook

Stokes, Microstructure and (NONR-4075(00)) 'Porosity %

1963

E.J. Mechanical Properties N64-17441 (0-28)

of Ceramics

 31

R1PROIDUIB]IITh OF THB
O Bx _tPs G IS pOOR
TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Publisl
Stokes, Microstructure and (NONR-4076(00)) Surface disloca- 1973
R. J. Mechanical Properties N64-17441 tions
of Ceramics- Heat treatment
Rice, Machining, Surface ourna of the Porosity 1973
R. W. Work Hardening, and American Ceramic Machining methods
Strength of MgO Society, Vol. 56. Grainsize 1m
(0-1000)
Malyshkin, High Temperature Translated from Temperature DC 1972
Y. K. Fatigue of Magnesia Ogneupory, No.8, (100-1000)
Bas'yas Refractories August
I.P.
Rhodes, Microstructure (NO0019-70-C0171) Test environment 1971
W. H. Studies of Refrac- AD-727-618
Cannon, tory Polycrystalline
R. M. Oxides
Rice, The Compressive A72-22388 Tables 1971
R. W. Strength of- Proceedings, Sixth
Ceramics Univ. Conf. on
Ceramic Science-,
NCSU, Raleigh, N.C.,
Dec. 7-9, 1970,
p.195-227.
Langdon, Effect of Microstruc- Journal of the Temperature 0 C 1971
T. G. ture on Deformation American Ceramic. (-200-1600).
Pask, of Polycrystalline Society, Vol. 54, Strain
J. A. MgO No.5, pp.240-246.
Pask, Nature, Status, and N-67-27041 Strain 1971
J. A. Selection of Ceramic Advisory Group for
Materials Aerospace Research
and Development,
Lecture Series No.51..
Stokes, Effects of Surface (N00014-69-C-0123 Grainsize 1970
R. J. Finishing on N71-21221
Mechanical and Other
Physical Properties
of Ceramics
Davidge, The Strength of A71-11601 Grainsize Pm 1970
R. W. Ceramics Materials Science (10-500) 0
Evans, and Engineering, Termperature C
A. G. Vol. 6, Nov. 1970, (0-1800)
p.281-298.
 32

TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Journal, Vol. Description Date

Author Title. or Series (Ind. Variables) Publish

Wiederhorn, Fracture of Ceramics N69-28436 Test en~ironment 1969

S. M. Mechanical and Grainsize

Thermal Properties

of Ceramics, May.

1969, p.217-292.

Neuber, Experimental Investi- (AF61(052)875) Temperature 0C 1968

.H. gations of the N68-26125 (-200-14000)

Wimmer, Behavior of Brittle Porosity

A. Materials at Various

Ranges of Temperature

Rudnick, The Evaluation and (AF33(615)2335) Grain Diameter 1968

A. Interpretation of AD-670-190 Strain

*et al Mechanical Properties

of, Brittle Materials

Leipold, The Effect of Grain (NAS7-100) Microstructure 1967

"M. H. Boundaries on N68-11944

et al Mechanical Behavior

in Polycrystalline

Ceramics

Rice, Identifying Optimum (NAS7-276) Grainsize p 1967

R. W. Parameters of fot N67-27371 (2-400)

Hunt, Extrusions Firing temp.eF

J. G. (2000-2800)

Temperature OF

(2000-2900)

Lynch, Engineering Proper- (AF33(615)2316) Temperature OF 1966

J. F. ties of Ceramics, AD-803-765 (0-4000)

et al Databook to Guide Grain size p

Materials Selection (0-200)

for Structural Appli­

cations

Lange, Intrinsic Brittle (NONR-656(27)) Tables 1966

F. F. Strength of Magnesia AD-643-078

Bicrystals

Rhodes, Microstructure (NOW-65-0316)F) Tables 1966

W. H. Studies of Poly- 166-27434

et al crystalline

Refractory Oxides

Christian, Evaluation of Thermal (AF33(675)59407) Temperature OR 1965

W. J. Protective Systems AD-627-140 (0-5000)
et al for Advanced Aero­
soace Vehicles
 33

TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Journal Vol. Description

Author Title
or Series (Ind. Variables) PublsihE

Burte, The Investigation of N65-27965 Temperature 0 C 1965

H. M. Microstructure in The American Cera- (0-1500)

Jacobsen, Structural Ceramics mic Society, Grain size p

L. A. April, 1964 (0-200)

Stokes, Dislocation .of (NONR-4076-O0) Strain 1964

R. J. Configurations and AD-601-863

Li, the Initiation of

C. H. Yielding in Magnesium

Oxide

(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American Cera- Temperature 0F 1964

Hague, for Aerospace: A mic Society, Inc., (0-2500)

et al Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio

Handbook

Parker, Mechanical Behavior N63-19993

%Elongation 1963

E. R. of Solids Proceedings, The (0-6)

American Ceramic

Society, N.Y.

April, 1962

Snyder, InVestigation of (AF33(616)-7733) Mfg. process 1962

M. J. Sinterable MgO N63-12406 (Table)

-et al Powders and Ceramics

Made from Them

FLEXURAL STRENGTH

Koernet,
A New Pressing Ceramic Bulletin, Theoretical 1973

R. M. Method: Triaxial Vol. 52, No.7, density

Compaction pp.566-569. %(30-50)

Rice, Machining, Surface Journal of The Porosity 1973

R. W. Work Hardening, and American Ceramic Grain size Pm

Strength of MgO Society, Vol. 56 (0-1000)

Wiederhorn, Fracture of Ceramics N69-28436

Grain size 1969

S. M.
Mechanical and Test environment

Thermal Properties

of Ceramics,

May, 1969.

Lynch, Engineering Proper- (AF33(615)2316) Temperature OF 1966

J. F. ties of Ceramics, AD-803-765 (0-4000)

et al Databook to Guide
Grain size 11

- Materials Selection (0-200)

for Structural

Applications

 34

FLEXURAL STRENGTH

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Pubiished

Rhodes, Microstructure (NOW-65-O316-F) Tables 1966

W. H. Studies of Poly- N66-27434

et al crystalline

Refractory Oxides

Christian, Evaluation of Thermal (AF33(675)-9407) Temperature °k 1965

W. J. Protective Systems AD-627-140 (0-5000)

et al for Advanced Aero- Grain size

space Vehicles

Vasilos, Microstructure (NOW-62-0648-C) Grain size 1, 1962

T. Studies of Poly- N63-16176 (1-1000)

et al crystalline

Refractory Oxides

MODULUS OF RUPTURE

Kessler, Tne Effects of (NO0014-68-A-0146) Firing temp. OF 1973

J. B. Microstructure on AD-768-840 (2000-3200)

et al the Fracture Energy

of Hot Pressed MgO

Rice, Identifying Optimum. (NAS7-276) Tables 1967

R. W. Parameters of Hot N67-27371 Grain size P

Hunt, Extrusions (2-400)

J. G. Temperature

Snyder, Investigation of (AF33-616-7733) Tensile strength 1962

M. J. Sinterable MgO N63-12406

et al Powders and Ceramics (0-24 x 10) psi

Made from Them

BULK MODULUS

Speteler, Discrepancies in Journal of The Temperature OK 1971

H. A. Elastic Constant American Ceramic (0-1200)

Anderson, Data for MgO Poly- Society, Vol. 54,

D. L. crystals and Single No. 10,pp.520-525,

Crystals Oct., 1971.

Neuberger, Magnesium Oxide (F33615-68-C-1225) Table

1969

M. AD-698-343

Carter,

D. B.

Schreiber, Revised Data on (AF49-638-1355) Table

1968

E. Polycrystalline AD-671-472

Anderson, 1agnesiumtflxdde

0. L.

 SHEAR MODULUS
15

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Publish(

Koerner, A New Pressing Ceramic Bulletin, Density %

1973

R. M. Method: Triaxial Vol. 52, No. 7, (45-70)

Compaction pp.566-569.

Stokes, Nicrostructure and (NONR-4076(O0)) Porosity %

1973

R. J. Mechanical'Properties N64-17441 (0-28)

of Ceramics

Neuberger, Magnesium Oxide (F33615-68-C-1225) Table 1969

4. AD-698-343

Carter,

D. B.

Lynch, Engineering Proper- (AF33(615)-2316) Temperature OF 1966

J. F. ties of Ceramics, AD-863-765 (0-4000)

et al Databook to Guide

Materials Selection

for Structural

Applications

Christian, Evaluation of Thermal (AF33(675)-9607) Temperature 0R 1965

W. J. Protective Systems AD-627-140 (0-5000)

et al for Advanced Aero­

space Vehicles

(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American Cera- Temperature 0F 1964

Hague, for Aerospace: A mic Society, Inc., (0-2500)

J. R.. Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio

Handbook

Naohiro Simplified Method (AF33(615)-1700) Porosity % 1963

Soga for Calculating AD-638-280 (0-6)

Anderson, Elastic Moduli of

0. L. Ceramic Powder from

Compressibility and

Debye Temperature

Data

FRACTURE ENERGY

Kessler, The Effects of (NO0014-68-A-0146) Grain size pm

1973

J. B. Microstructure on AD-768-840 (0-20)

et al the Fracture Energy Anneal temp. C

of Hot Pressed MgO (100-1200)

% Cross sectional

area (0-50)

Stokes, Effects of Surface (N00014-69-C0123) Grain size

1970

R. J. Finishing on Mechani- N71-21221

cal and Other Physical

Properties of Ceramics

 FRACTURE ENERGY

Journal Vol.
Description Date

Author Title or Series

(Ind. Variables) Publishec

Davidge, The Strength of A71-11601

Grain size.pm 1970

R. W. Ceramics Materials Science

(0-500) c

Evans, and Engineering,

Temperature C

A. G. Vol.6, Nov.1970,
(0-1800)

p. 281-298

Rudnick, The Evaluation and

(AF33(615)-2335)
Graindiameter 1968

A. Interpretation of
AD-670-190

et al Mechanical Properties

of Brittle Materials

Leipold, The Effect of Grain

(NAS7-100)
Grain size 1967

M. H. Boundaries on
N68-11944

et al Mechanical Behavior
in Polycrystalline -
Ceramics
Christian, Evaluation of
(AF33(657)-9407)
Grain size 1965

W. J. Thermal Protective
AD-627-140

et al Systems for Advanced

Aerospace Vehicles

WEIBULL PARAMETERS

Schneider, The Science of Cera- National Bureau of Particle radius 1972

S. J. mic Machining and Standards, Special exponent a and
Rice, Surface Finishing Publication 348, velocity exponent
R. W. Washington, D.C., b vs. Weibull Para­
(Editors) May, 1972. meter m

HARDNESS (KNOOP & VICKERS)

Rice, The Compressive A72-22388 Table 1971

R. W. Strength of Ceramics (From Proceedings

of Sixth University
Conference on Cera­
mic Science, Plenum
Press, New York,
pp. 195-227)
Neuberger, Magnesium Oxide (F33615-68-C-1225) Table 1969
M. AD-698-343
Carter,
D. B.

Groves, The Mechanical (NONR-760-28) Annealing time 1966

G. W. Properties of AD-628-396
et al :eramic Alloys
 37

HARDNESS (KNOOP & VICKERS)

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Published

de Lai, Synthesis of New (AF19(628)-2943) Temperature °C

1966

A. J. Solid-state Materials N467-17660 (0-1109)

.et al by Ultrahigh Pressure Grain size o

Techniques (0-2000 A)

Kendall, Non-metallic Mate- (AF04-695-264) Table 1964

E. G. rials for High AD-603-239

McClellandTemperature Structu­
ral Applications

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Neuberger, Magnesium Oxide (F33(615)-68-C-1225)Temperature 0K 1969

M. AD-698-343 (5-500)

Carter,

D. B.
Flynn, Thermal Conductivity 1469-28430 Temperature OK 1969

D. R. of Ceramics Mechanical and (300-2100)

Thermal Properties

of Ceramics, May,

1969, 0.63-123.

Duderov, Heat Conductivity AD-694-833 Temperature PC 1969

I. D. of Pure Oxide Edited Trans. of (300-900)

Poluboya- Ceramics Heavy Duty Refrac­

rinov, tory Materials,

0. N. Moscow, 1966.

Van Vlack, Introduction: (NONR-1224(47)) Fraction of NgO 1968

L. H. Ceramic Micro- AD-679-846 content

structures (0-1.0)

Lynch, Engineering Proper- (AF33(615)-2316) Temeprature 0F 1966

J. F. ties of Ceramics, AD-803-765 (0-4000)

et al Databook to Guide

Materials Selection.

for Structural

Applications

Pusto- Thermal Conducti- (HSF-C-466) Pressure 1966

valov, vity of Refractory N71-15034 4 1 33

V. V. Materials (10'4-103)mm Hg

Christian, Evaluation of (AF33(675)-9407) Temperature OR 1965

W. J. Thermal Protective AD-627-140 (0-5000)

et al Systems for Advanced

Aerospace Vehicles

 .0

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Journal Vol.
Description Date

Author Title or Series

(Ind. Variables) Publishi

Brown, Evaluation OT (AF33(675)-9407)

Temperature °C 1965

D. A. Thermal Stress AD-613-009

(0-1200)

Resistance in
Potential Radome
Materials
Evans, A Feasibility Study International
Temperature °C 1965

J. L. on the use of Research and

(0-1200)

Powders as Heat Development Co.,

Transfer Media in LTD., Newcastle,

Irradiation Capsules England.

Loser, Thermophysical' (AF33(657)-10478) Temperature OR 1964

J. B. Properties of AD-601-535 (0-4800)

et al Thermal Insulating
Mterials
(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American Cera- Temperature OF 1964

Hague, for Aerospace: A mic Society, Inc., (0-4000)

J..R. Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio.

et al Handbook
COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION

Shakhtin, Study of the Thermal

AD-714-741 Temperature -C 1970
D. M. Expansion of Refrac-
Edited Trans. (1000-2400)
et al tory Oxides at High
of Ukranskii Nauchno-
Temperatures
Issledovatelskii
Institut Ogeneuporov
0
Schaake, The Study of Thermal
(AF19(628)-5663) Temperature K 1969
H. F. and Mechanical Pro- AD-699-579 (0-300)
perties of Selected

Solids from 4 Degrees

to the Melting Point

Neuberger, Magnesium Oxide

(F33(615)-68-C-1225)Temperature oK 1969
M.
AD-698-343 (20-1200)
Carter,

D. B.

Kirby, Thermal Expansion

N69-28429 Temperature 0K 1968
R. K. of Ceramics
Mechanical and (0-1000)
Thermal Properties of
Ceramics, National.
Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D. C.

Sardi, Re-evaluation of the (AF-33(557)891) Temperature 0C 1967

Otto Crystal Structure of AD-817-638 (0-1200)
Selected Oxide
Compounds
 39

COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Publishe

Lynch, Engineering Proper- (AF33(615)-2316 Temperature 0F

1966

J. F. ties of Ceramics, AD-803-765 (0-4000)

et al Databook to Guide

Materials Selection

for Structural

Applications

Christian, Evaluation of (AF33(675)-9407) Temperature OR 1965

W. J. Thermal Protective AD-627-140 (0-5000)

et al Systems for Advanced

- Aerospace Vehicles

Loser, Thermophysical Pro- (AF33(657)-10478) Temperature OR 1964

J. B. perties of Thermal AD-601-535 (0-4800)

et al Insulating Materials

(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American Cera- Temperature 0F 1964-

Hague, for Aerospace: A mic Society,Inc., (0-4000)

J. R. Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio

et al Handbook

Note: Some data is in terms of linear strain.

SPECIFIC HEAT

Duderov, Heat Conductivity of AD 694-833 Temperature °C 1969

I. G. Pure Oxide Ceramics Edited Trans. of (350-1000)

Poluboya- Heavy Duty Refrac­

rinov, tory Materials

D. N. (1968)

Lynch, Engineering Proper- (AF33(615)-2316) Temperature 0F 1966

J. F. ties of Ceramics, AD-803-765 (0-4000)

et al Databook to Guide

Materials Selection

for Structural

Applications

Christian, Evaluation of (AF33(657)-9407) Temperature 0K 1965

W. J. Thermal Protective AD-627-140 (0-5000)

et al Systems for Advanced

Aerospace Vehicles

Kendall, Non-metallic Mate- (AF04-695-269) Tables

1964

E. G. rials for High AV-603-239

McClelland,Temperature Struc-

J. D. tural Applications

 40

SPECIFIC HEAT

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) PublishE

(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American Cera- Temperature OF 1964

Hague, for Aerospace: A mic Society, Inc., (0-5000)

J. R. Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio.

Handbook

Loser, Thermophysical Pro- (AF33(657)-10478) Temperature OR 1964

J. B., perties of Thermal AD-601-535 (0-4800)

et al Insulating Materials

EMITTANCE (TOTAL & SPECTRAL)

Neuberger, Magnesium Oxide (F33615-68-C-1225) Temperature OK 1969

M. AD-698-343 (0-2400)

Carter, Wave length 1-

D. B. (0-50)

Richmond, Thermal Radiation N69-28431 Temperature OK 1969

J. C. Properties of Mechanical and (400-1000)

Ceramic Materials Thermal Properties Wave length p

of Ceramics, May (0-15)

1969, pp. 125-138

Flynn, Thermal Conducti- N69-28430 - Porosity 1969

D. R. vity of Ceramics Mechanical and (0-.12)

Thermal Properties

of Ceramics, May

1969, p. 125-138

Christian, Evaluation of the (AF33(657)-9407) Temperature OK 1965

W. J. Thermal Protective AD-627-140 (0-5000)

et al Systems for Advanced

Aerospace Vehicles

Folweiler, Thermal Radiation (AF33(657)-11280) Wave length p 1964

R. C. Characteristics of AD-607-742 (0-14)

Mallio, Transparent, Semi-

W. J. transparent and

Translucent Materials

under Non-isothermal

Conditions

Loser, Thermophysical (AF33(657)-10478) Temperature OR 1964

J. B., Properties of Thermal AD-601-535 (0-4800)

et al Insulating Materials

 41

THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Publishe

Litov~kii, Determination of the Translated from Temperature 0C 1969

E. Ya. Thermal Diffusivity Ogneupory, No. 10, (200-8100)
Landa, Coefficient of Hag- pp. 12-15, October,
Ya. A. nesia and Magnesio- 1969
spinel Refractories
Loser, Thermophysical Pro- (AF33(657)-10478) Temperature OR 1964
J. B., perties of Thermal AD-601-535 (0-4800)
et a] Insulating Materials

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

Osburn, -Electrical Properties Journal of The Temperature °C 1971

C. M. of Single Crystals, American Ceramic (600-1600)

Vest, Bicrystals and Society, Vol. 54- Frequency

R. W. Polycrystals of MgO Sept. 1971. (.1-100) KHZ

Neuberger, Magnesium Oxide (F33615-68-C-1225) Temperature 1969

M. AD-698-343 - (90OK-7000 c)
Carter, Frequency
D. B.

(0-4.0 x 1012 )HZ

Akawie, Dielectric Constants (F33615-68-C-1225) Tables 1969

R. I. of Rubbers, Plastics, AD-735-628

Milek, and Ceramics

J. T.

Guile, Semiconducting Mate- (NONR-1503(01)) Temperature °C 1965

D. L. rials. Part III: An N65-25980 (0-500)

Investigation of the Frequency

Dielectric Properties (10-100,000)HZ

of Single Crystal Versus

Polycrystalline Materials

 42

LOSS TANGENT

Journal Vol. Description- Date

Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Publish
Author

Neuberger, Magnesium Oxide (F33615-68-C-1225) Temperature 0C 1969

M. AD-698-343 (0-700)
Carter, Frequency
D. B, (1-100)KHZ
Guile, Semiconducting Mate- (NONR-1503(01)) Temperature °C 1965
D. L. rials. Part III: An (N65-25980 (0-700)
Investigation of The Frequency
Dielectric Properties (IO-I00,000)HZ
of Single Crystal Versus
Polycrystalline Materials
Snow, Dielectric Loss in (NONR-128806) Frequency 196
G. S. MgO and Sapphire AD-609-617 (.2-20)KHZ
Cutler, Temperature
I. B. Time
 SILICON NITRIDE

POISSONS RATIO

Journal Vol.
Description Date
Author Title
or Series
(Ind. Variables) Published
McLean, Brittle Materials
AMMRC-CTR-72-19
Temperature 0C 9/1972
A. F. Design, High Tempera-
(0-1400)
et al ture Gas Turbine

Lange, Dense Silicon Nitride

ASME Paper
Boom Temperature, 1/t972

F. F. and Silicon Carbide:

72-GT-56
F (0-2600)

Some Critical Proper­

ties for Gas Turbine

Application

Walton, The State of Techno-

International
At different0 1972

J. D., logy of Ceramic

Conference on
temperature F

Jr. Radomes, Their Use

Electromagnetic
(0-2500)

and Possibilities
Windows; 2nd

for the Future

Paris, France

Sep. 8-10, 1971

Proceedings. Vol. 2

A73-25286

YOUNGS
MODULUS

McLean, Brittle Materials

AMMRC-CTR-74-26
remperature OF 4/1974
A. F. Design, High Tempera- ** Elastic strain
et al ture Gas Turbine rate/min
(0.01-0.0001)

McLean, Brittle Materials

AMMRC-CTR-73-32
Temperature 0F 9/1973
A. F. Design, High Tempera- (0-4000)
et al ture Gas Turbine

Caw, Silicon Nitride

ASME Paper
General Proper- 4/1973

R. B. Materials for Gas 73-G7-47

ties (Table form)

et al Turbine Components (A73-33508)

McLean, Brittle Materials

AMMRC-CTR-73-!
Temperature 0F 3/1973

A. F. Design, High Tempera- ** (80-800)

et al ture Gas Turbine Si3 N4

%(0-100)

** Army a-erials and Mechanical Research Center, Watertown, Mass. 02172

 44

YOUNGS
MODULUS

Journal Vol.
Description Date
Author
Title
or Series
(Ind. Variables) Publishe(
McLean,
Brittle Materials
AMMRC-CTR-72-19
Temperature 0 F 9/1972
A. F. Design, High Tempera-
(200-2800)
et al ture Gas Turbine

Lange, Dense Si3 4 and SiC:

Lage.eneF.
ASME Paper

72-GT-56

Room temperature 3/1972

F. F. Some Critical Proper­
ties for Gas Turbine

Application

Walton,
The.State of Techno-
International
Temperatue 1972
J. D.,
logy of Ceramic
Conference on
(0-2500) F
Jr.
Radomes, Their Use
Electromagnetic

and Possibilities
Windows; 2nd

for the Future

Paris, France

Sep. 8-10, 1971***

A7325286

Slonim,
Proceedings of the
(AF33(615)1081)
(Table form) 6/1964
A. I.
OSU-RTD Symposium
AD605390
General proper­
on Electromagnetic
ties
Windows. 2-4 Jun 64.

Vol. I. Session I-

Objectives and New

Techniques. Session II-

Materials for High Tem­

perature Applications.

(Editor)
Refractory Ceramics
The American
Mechanical 1964
Hague,
for Aerospace: A
Ceramic Soctety
properties
J. R.
Materials Selection
Columbus, Ohio

et al
Handbook

TENSILE and COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

McLean,
Brittle Materials AtNRC7CTR-74-26 m(4.07-10.99) 4/1974
A. F.
Design, High Tempera- ** Strain 10-3
et al
ture Gas Turbine (0-4) Burst
speed R.P.M.
(96000-91700)
Effective volume
under stress KV
in3 (10- 4-100 )

** Army Materials and Mechanical Research Center, Watertown, Mass. .02172

*** Proceedings V.2.
 45

TENSILE and COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Journal Vol.
Description Date
Author
Title
or Series
(Ind. Variables) Publishe(
McLean,
Brittle Materials
AMMRC-CTR-73-32
Log Kv (ind) 9/1973
A. F.
Design, High Tem-
t150)
Stri r1
0
et al
perature Gas Turbine

Strain rate in/in

(0.000-0.01),
Temp. F
(500-4000)
Lange,
Fabrication and
(N0019-72-C-0278)
Time of Loading 4/1973
F. F.
Properties of Silicon
AD764639
min (0-24)
Terwil-
Compounds

liger,

G. R.

McLean,
Brittle Materials - AHMRC-CTR-73-9
Strain rate in/in 3/1973

A. F.
Design, High Tem- ** /min (.0001-0.01)

et al
perature Gas Turbine
McLean,
Brittle Materials
AMMRC-CTR-72-19
Testing tempera- 9/1972

A. F.
Design, High Tem-
** ture F (200­
et al
perature Gas Turbine
2400) Strain

rate in/in/

min (10-47-10)

Lange,
Dense Silicon Nitride
ASME Paper
Testing tempea- 3/1972

F. F.
and Silicon Carbide:
72-GT-56
ture (0-2600) F

Some Critical Proper­

ties for Gas Turbine

Application

Walton,
The State of Techno-
International
Testing of the 1972

J. D.,
logy of Ceramic
Conference on
strength at

Jr.
Radomes, Their Use
Electromagnetic
different cond6­
and Possibilities ­ Windows. 2nd;
tions (0-2500) F

for the Future

Paris, France.

Sep. 8-10, 1971 *

A73-25286

Lange,
Fabrication and
(N00019-71-C-0107)
Density gm/cc 12/1971

F. F.;
Properties of Silicon
AD738-865
(3.01-3.25)

Terwil-
Compounds

liger,

G. R.

** Army Materials and Mechanical Research Center, Watertown, Mass. 02172

*** Proceedings V.2.
 46

TENSILE and COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Journal Vol. Description Date
Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Publishe(
Lindley, Silicon.Nitride Ministry of Mid-span 1/1971
M. L. Ceramic Composites Defense/Navy/ deflection
Godfrey, with High Toughness Admiralty Mate- mm (0-0.5)
D. J. rials Labs, Poole,
Dorset, England.
Vol. 229

Mehan, Mechanical Proper- "Whisker Techno- Area -12 1970

R. L. ties of Whiskers logy" (0.1-10.0)
Herzog, A71-149a6
J. A.

(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American Room .and dif-. 1964

Hague, for Aerospace: A Ceramic Society ferent testing
J. R. Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio temperatu6e
et al Handbook (0-2500) F

FLEXURAL STRENGTH

McLean, Brittle Materials AMMRC-CTR-74-26 Density gm/cc 4/1974

A. F. Design, High Tem- (3.20-3.25)
et al perature Gas Turbine Average strength
(psi)(14200-16200).
% of hydrogen (0-85)
Oxygen content wt %.
Volume solid % (60-62)
Material standard
microns (-20-40)
McLean, Brittle Materials AMRC-CTR-73-32 Log Kv i0 ­5­ 9/193
A. F. Design, High Tem- ** 100Density ge/cc
et al perature Gas Turbine 3.3-3.4 Temp F
(0-2800) Stress
rate psi/min
(100-2.3 1 105)
Corrosi 8 n Time
at 2000 F
hr. (90-250)

Lange, Fabrication and (M00019-72-C-0278) Load Kym. (0-350) 4/1973

F. F.; Properties of Silicon AD764639 Normalized in­
Terwil- Compounds dentor load
liger, 0-50 Kgm.
G. R.
** Army Materials and Mechanical Research center, Watertown, Mass. 02172

-P.RRODUCIBILITYOF THR

MGINAL PAGE IS POOR

FLEXURAL STRENGTH

Journal Vol.
Description Date
Author Title
or Series
(Ind. Variables) Published
Koerner, A New Pressing
Materials and
At t8 mperature 3/1973
R. M. Method: Triaxial
Equipment
1200 C, Time
Compaction
Division
in hours (0:1-100)

No. 22-M-72

McLean, Brittle Materials

AMMRC-CTR-73-9
emperature 3/1973

A. F.. Design, High Tem- ** F (0-3200)

et al perature Gas Turbine (Ca+Na+K) wt

% (0.01-1.0)
McLean, Brittle Materials
AMMRC-CTR-72-19
Density gm/cc 9/1972

A. F. Design, High Tem- ** 2.6-3.24 of

et al perature Gas Turbine T.D. (84-99.5)

Grainsize (micr8 ns)

(1.1-1.6) Temp. F

(200-2800) Loading

ratio in terms of

cross head speed

(in/min)(0.0002­
0.002)

Lange, Dense Si3 N4 and SiC:

ASME Paper
Temperature OF 3/1972

F. F. Some Critical Proper- 72GT56 (0-2600)

ties for Gas Turbine

Application.

Walton, The State of Techno-

International
Temperature 0F 1972

J. D., logy of Ceramic

Conference on
(0-2500)

Jr. Radomes, Their Use

Electromagnetic

and Possibilities
Windows. 2nd;

for the Future

Paris, France.

Sep. 8-10, 1971***

Lange, Fabrication and

(N00019-71-C-0107)
Milling time 12/1971

F. F. Properties of Silicon
AD738-865
hr.(0-72)

Terwil- Compounds

liger,

G. R.
Lindley, Silicon Nitride
Ministry of
Mid-span 1/1971

M. W. Ceramic Compsites
Defense/Navy/
deflection

Godfrey, with High Toughness

Admiralty Mate-
(mm)(0-0.5)

D. J.
rials Labs, Poole,

Dorset, England,

Vol. 229

** Army Materials and Mechanical Research Center, Watertown, Mass. 02172

* Proceedings, Vol. 2, p.279-308.

 48

FLEXURAL STRENGTH

Journal Vol.
Description Date
Author Title or Series
(Ind. Variables) Publishei

(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American

Mechanical 1964
Hague, for Aerospace: A Ceramic Society
properties
J. R. Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio

et al Handbook

MODULUS of RUPTURE

McLean, Brittle Materials AMMRC-CTR-74-26

Life hr.(10- 4 _ 4/1974
A. F. Design, High Tem- ** 10-1)
et al perature Gas Turbine Stress 1000 psi
Time hrs. (4-20)

Caws, Silicon Nitride ASME Paper

Testiog tempera- 4/1973
R. B. Materials for Gas 73-GT-47
ture C (0-2000)
et al Turbine Components (A73-33508)

McLean, Brittle Materials AMMRC-CTR-73-9

Testing density 3/1973
A. F. Design, High Tem- ** gm/cc (3.16-3.20) -
et al perature Gas Turbine

McLean, Brittle Materials AMMRC-CTR-72-19

Testigg tempera- 1/1972
A. F. Design, High Tem-
ture F (2300­
et al perature Gas Turbine
2500)
Stress 1000 psi
Time hrs.(O.8­
600)

Lange, Fabrication and (NOOOI9-71-C-0107)

Density gm/cc 12/1971
F. F. Properties of AD764639
(3.01-3.25)
Terwil­
liger,

G. R.

Coe, Special Ceramics 5 British Ceramic

Total pressing 7/1970
R. R. (Some Properties and Research Asso-
time sec (50­
et al Applications of ciation. Penkhull,
150), Time above
Silicon Nitride) Stoke-on-Tye.
90% full density
sec.(20-120),
Hardness at 500
g load (VPN)
(2200-2900)

** Army Materials and Mechanical Research Center, Watertown, Mass. 02172

 49

MODULUS of RUPTURE

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Publishec

(Compiler) Proceedings of the (AF33(615)1081)' At different 6/1964

Slonim, OSU--RTD Symposium AD605390 testing

A.I. on Electromagnetic conditions

Windows. 2-4 June,

'64, Vol I.

FRACTURE ENERGY and FRACTURE STRESS

McLean, Brittle Materials AMMRC-CTR-74-26 % Blade Ht 0-100 4/1974

A. F. Design, High Tem- * Time (sec)(0-50)
et al perature Gas Turbine Burst speed RPM
90000-96000
Caws, Silicon Nitride ASME Paper Temperature °C 4/1973
R. B. Materials for Gas 73-GT-47 (0-2000)
et al Turbine Components (A73-33508)
McLean, Brittle Materials AMMRC-CTR-73-9 Temperature °C 3/1973
A. F. Design, High Tem- (0-1400)
et al perature Gas Turbine
McLean, Brittle Materials AMMRC-CTR-72-19 Temperature 0F 9/1972
A. F. Design, High Tem- ** (2300-2500)
et al perature Gas Turbine Stress 100 psi
(10-15)
Ceipold, Mechanical Behavior (NASA-CR-129671) Typical proper- 9/1972
M. H. of Polycrystalline ties of silicon
et al Ceramics: Brittle N73-14585 nitride (room
Fracture of SiC-Si 3 N4 temperature)
Materials
Coppola, Fracture Energy of The American Density (gm/cc) 5/1972

J. A. Silicon Nitrides Ceramic Society 2.17-3.24

et al (Basic science Grainsize (microns)

division No. 20B71) 0.5-1.5

Temperature

(-200-1400)'C

Lange, :Fabrication and (N00019-71-C-0107) Density gm/cc 12/1971

F. F. Properties of AD738865 (3.01-3.25)

Terwil- Silicon Compounds

liger,

G. R.

S- Army Materials and Mechanical Research Center, Watertown, Mass. 02172

 FRACTURE ENERGY and FRACTURE STRESS

Journal Vol.
Description Date
Author Title or Series
(Ind. Variables) - Publishe
Mehan, Mechanical Proper- "Whisker Techno-
Area (micron)2 1970
R. L. ties of Whiskers logy"
(0.1-100)
Herzog, A71-14946

J. A.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

McLean, Brittle Materials AMMRC-CTR-73-32 Temperature °C 9/1973

A. F. Design, High Tem- ** (0-1800)
et al perature Gas Turbine
Caws, Silicon Nitride ASME Paper
At different 4/1973
R. B. Materials for Gas 73-GT-47 temperatures
et al Turbine Components (A-73-33508) (and room temp.)

McLean, Brittle Materials . AMMRC-CTR-73-9 Temperature °C 3/1973

A. F. Design, High Tem- ** (0-1800)
et al perature Gas Turbine
McLean, Brittle Materials AAMRC-CTR-72-19
Temperature 0C 9/1972
A. F. Design, High Tem- ** (0-1400)
et al perature Gas Turbine
Ceipold, Mechanical Behavior (NASA-CR-129671)
Maximum use in 9/1972
M. H. of Polycrystalline N73-14585
temperature
et al Ceramics: Brittle
(OC)
Fracture of Silicon

Nitride and Silicon

Carbide Materials

Lange, Dense Silicon Nitride ASME Paper

Temperature OF 3/1972
F. F. and Silicon Carbide: 72-GT-56
(0-2600)
Some Critical Proper­
ties for Gas Turbine

Application

Walton, The State of Techno- International

At different 1972
J. D., logy of Ceramic Conference on
conditons,
Jr. Radomes, Their Use Electromagnetic
temp. F
and Possibilities for Windows; 2nd
(0-2500)
the Future Paris, France

Sep. 8-10, 1971"**

A73-25286

Loser, Thermophysical (AF33-657-10478)

Temperature °C 4/1965

J. B. Properties of Thermal AD601535

(0-1500)

et al Insulating Materials

**. Army Na:erials and Mechanical Research Center, Watertown, Mass. 02172
*** Proceecings, Vol. 2.
 51

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Journal Vol. Description Date
Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Published

(Com- Proceedings of the (AF33(615)108 Temperature F 6/1964

piler) OSU-RTD Symposium AD605390 (0-2400)
Slonim, on Electromagnetic
A. I. Windows. 2-4 June,
1964, Vol. I.
(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American Temperature OF 1964
Hague, for Aerospace: A Ceramic Society (0-2400)
J. R. Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio
et al Handbook

LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION

McLean, -Brittle Material AMMRC-CTR-73-9 Temperature OF 3/1973

A. F. Design, High Tem- ** (80-2500)
et al perature Gas Turbine
Ceipold, Mechanical Behavior (NASA-CR-129671) Maximum use ic 9/1972
M. H. of Polycrystalline N73-14585 temperature ('C)
et al Ceramics: Brittle-
Fracture of Silicon
Nitride and Silicon
.Carbide Materials.
Lange, Dense Silicon Nitride ASME Paper Temperature OF 3/1972
F. F. and Silicon Carbide: 72-GT-56 (75-2200)
Some CriticalProper­
ties for Gas Turbine
Application

Walton, The State of Techno- International At different 1972

J. D. logy of Ceramic Conference on conditions
Jr. Radomes, Their Use Electromagnetic temp. F
and Possibilities Windows; 2nd, (0-2500)
for the Future Paris, France
Sep. 8-10, 1971**t
A72-25286
(Com- Proceedings of the (AF33(615)1081) Temperature 0F 6/1964
piler) OSU-RTD Symposium AD605390 (0-2400)
Slonim, on Electromagnetic
A. I. Windows. 2-4 June
1964, Vol. II.
** Army Materials and Mechanical Research Center, Watertown, Mass. 02172

*** Proceedings, Vol. 2.

 52

LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION

Journal Vol. Description Date
Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Published

Loser, Thermophysical (AT-33-657-10478) Temperature 0C 4/1964

J. B. Properties of AD601535 (0-1500)
et al Thermal Insulating
Materials
(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American Temperature OF 1964
Hague, for Aerospace: A Ceramic Society (75-3270)
J. R. Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio
et al Handbook

SPECIFIC HEAT

McLean, Brittle Materials AMMRC-CTR-73-32 Temperature °C 9/1973

A. F. Design, High Tem- ** (0-2800)
et al perature Gas Turbine
Caws, Silicon Nitride ASME Paper Temperature °C 4/1973
R. B. Materials for Gas 73-GT-47 (0-1000)
et al Turbine Components (A73-33508)
McLean, Brittle Materials- AMMRC-CTR-73-9 Temperature F 3/1973
A. F. Design, High Tem- ** (80-2500)
et al perature Gas Turbine
Lange, Dense Silicon Nitride ASME Paper Temperature OF 3/1972
F. F. and Silicon Carbide: 72-GT-56 (0-2600)
Some Critical Proper­
ties for Gas Turbine
Application
Walton, The State of Techno- International At different 1972
J. D. logy of Ceramic Conference on conditions
Jr. Radomes, Their Use Electromagnetic Temperature F
and Possibilities Windows; 2nd, (0-2500)
for the Future Paris, France
Sep. 8-10, 1971***
A73-25285

Loser, Thermophysical (AF33-657-10478) Temperature °C 4/1964

J. B. Properties of AD601-535 (0-1500)
et al Thermal Insulating
Materials

** Army Materials and Mechanical Research Center, Watertown, Mass. 02172

*** Proceedings, Vol. 2.
 53

.SPECIFIC HEAT
Journal Vol. Description Date
Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Published
(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American Temperature OF 1964
Hague, for Aerospace:. A Ceramic Society (75-3270)
J. R. Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio
et al Handbook

TOTAL NORMAL EMITTANCE

Loser, Thermophysical (AF33(657)10478) Temperature °C 4/1964
J. B. Properties of AD601535 (0-1500)
et al Thermal Insulating

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

Walton, The State of Techno- International Typical proper- 1972

J. D. logy of Ceramic Conference on ties
Jr. Radomes, Their Use Electromagetic Temperature F
and Possibilities Windows; 2nd,- (0-2500)
for the Future Paris, France
Sep. 8-10, 1971-**

LOSS TANGENT

Walton, The State of Techno- International Typical proper- 1972

J. D. logy of Ceramic Conference on ties (at room
Jr. Radomes, Their Use Electromagetic tempeprtip
and Possibilities Windows; 2nd,
Paris, France
Sep 8-10, 1971"**

*** Proceedings, Vol. 2, p. 279-308.

 54

'REPRODUCIBILITYOF THE

ORTGIIMA PAGE IS POOR

SILICON CARBIDE

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title or Series (ind. Variables) Published

POISSONS RATIO

McLean, Brittle Materials (AMMRC-CTR-72-19) Temperature 0C 6/1972

A. F. Design, High Tem- (0-1400)

et al perature Gas Turbine Density gm/cc

(3.08-3.15)

Sonic velocity cm/sec

5)

(10

YOUNGS MODULUS

McLean, Brittle Materials (AMMRC-CTR-74-26) Temperature 0F 12/1973

A. F. Designs, High Tem- ** (1000-2500)

et al perature Gas Turbine

McLean, Brittle Materials (ANMRC-CTR-73-9) Temperature 0C 12/1972

A. F. Design, High Tem- ** (500-1000)

et al perature Gas Turbine

Crane, An Investigation of (AFML-TR-72-180) Temperature 0C )/1972

R. L. the Mechanical Pro- AD753-711 (0-800)

perties of Silicon

Carbide and Sapphire

Filaments

McLean, Brittle Material (AMMRC-CTR-72-19) Temperature OF 6/1972

A. F. Design, High Tem- ** (0-1400)

et al perature Gas Turbine

Lange, Dense Si3 N4 and SiC: ASME Paper Room temperature, 5/1972

FF.
F.F. Some Critical Proper- 72-GT-56 Poisson ratio

(0.168-0.17)

ties for Gas Turbine

Application

Coppola, Measurement of Presented 73rd Room temperature 3/1972

J. A. Fracture Surface Annual Meeting-

Bradt, Energy of SiC The American

R. C. Ceramic Society

Clougherty, Research and Deve- (AF33(615)-3671) Density gms/cc 1/1970

E. V. lopment of Refractory AD866-558 (4.6-6.2)

et al Oxidation-Resistant

Diborides

** Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, Mass. 02172

 55

YOUNGS MODULUS
Journal Vol. Description Date
Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Published

Mehan, Mechanical Properties "Whisker Area w2 (0-40) 1970

R. L. of Whiskers Technology"
Herzog, A71-14946
J. A.
Gulden, Mechanical Properties Journal of The Temperature 0C 11/1969
T. D. of Polycrystalline American Ceramic (25-1400)
B-SiC Society, Vol.52, Grain diameter
No. 1 (0-.5)um
Clougherty, Research and Develop- (AFML-TR-68-190) Mechanical 11/1969
E. V. ment of Refractory AD873-010 properties
Anthony, Oxidation Resistant
F. M. Diborjdes

Rudnick, The Evaluation and (AFML-TR-67-31-6) Temperature °C 1/1968

A. Interpretation of AD670-190 (0-1200)
et al Mechanical Properties
of Brittle Materials

Salkind, Candidate Materials (WVT-RR-6411) Density, melting 5/1964

M. J. for Whiskers Composi- AD602-132 point, etc.
ties

(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American Cera- Temperature OF 1964

Hague, for Aerospace: A mic Society, (0-2500)
J. R_ Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio
et al Handbook

TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

McLean, Brittle Material (AMMRC-CTR-74-26) Specimen sizes, 12/1973

A. F. Design, High Tem- ** effective volume
et al perature Gas Turbine under stress KV
in 3 (10-4_100)

Crane, An Investigation of (AFML-TR-72-180) Temperature C 9/1972

R. L. the Mechanical Pro- A0753-711 (0-1400)
perties of Silicon
Carbide and Sapphire
Filaments
 56

TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Journal Vol. Description Date
Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Publishe

Demin, Influence of Silicon (FTD-MT-24-1594-71) Change in the 5/1972

A. V. on the Structure and AD747-601 strength of

et al Properties of Carbonic samples during

Material-During Heat and heat and thermo-

Thermomechanical Treatment chemical treatment

Mehan, -Mechanical properties "Whisker Cross sectional 1970

R. L. of Whiskers Technology" a 2

Herzog, A71-14946 area (10-100)

J. A.
Cleavage or eutec-

tic solification

:iougherty, Research and Develop- (AF33(615)367) At different thermal 11/1969

E. V. ment of Refractory AD873-010 stress for 11,100

Xnthony, Oxidation-Resistant and 7000 second

F. M. Diborides. Part II. trajectory

Vol. VII

Davies, A Study of High Modu- (NOW-640-17-6-C) Density of coating 1/1965

_. G. lus, High Strength AD611-757 gm/cc (1.5-3.5)

2t al Filaments Materials

by Deposition

Techniques

MODULUS OF RUPTURE

McLean, Brittle Materials (AMMRC-CTR-73-9). Density gm/cc 12/1972

A. F. Design, High'Tem- ** (3.31-3.28)

et al perature Gas Turbine
McLean, Brittle Materials (AMMRC-CTR-72-19) Specimen width in. 6/1972

A. F. Design, High Tem- ** (.21-.27)

et al perature Gas Turbine Specimen thickness
in.(1.1-1.8)
Breaking loads lbs.

(50-200.)

Coppola, Measurement of American Ceramic Room temperature 3/1972

J. A. Fracture Surface Society. Basic and density

Bradt, Energy of Silicon Science Division

R. C. Carbide No. 19-B-71

Gulden, Mechanical Properties Journal of The Grain diameter um 11/1969

T. D. of Polycrystalline American Ceramic (1-15)

B-SiC Society, Vol. 52, Density gm/cc

No.1 (2.9-3.3)

Testing temp. °C

(25-1400)

** Army Materials and Mechanical Research Center, Watertown, Mass. 02172

 FRACTURE PROBABILITY & WEIBULL PARAMETER /

Journal Vol.
Description Date
Author Title
or Series
(Ind. Variables) Publishe
McLean, Brittle Materials
(AMMRC-CTR-74-26)
Probability of 4/1974
A. F. Design, High Tem-
** failure vs.
et al perature Gas Turbine
flexural stress
(0-120) x 103psi
for Norton hot­
pressed Sic
Lange, Fabrication and Pro-
(73-9D4-SERAM-R1)
Normalized strength 3/1973
F. F. perties of Silicon
AD764-639
(0.5-1.5) a/cn vs.
Terwilli- Compounds
Normalized indentor
ger, G. R.
(0-0.5) p/po
Harris, Ceramic Systems for
(N00017-70-C-4438)
Flaw density con­
J. N. Missile Structural
AD745-744
stant; Weibull para­
et al Applications
meter of SiC;
Factor of safety, rqd.

for 99% probability of

survival

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Ceipold, Mechanical Behavior (NASA-CR-129671) Temperature 0 C 9/1972

M. H. of Polycrystalline N73-14585 (2000)

et al Ceramics: Brittle
Fracture of Silicon
Nitride Silicon
Carbide Materials
Demin, Influence of Silicon (FTD-MT-24-1594-71) Silicon content 5/1972

A. V. on the Structure and AD747-601

% (0-5)

et al Properties of

Carbonic-Material During Heat

and Thermomechanical Treatment

Lange, Dense Silicon Nitride (ASME Paper

Temperature 0F 5/1972

F. F. and Silicon Carbide: 72-GT-56)

(0-2600)

Some Critical Proper­

ties for Gas Turbine
Application

Christian, Evaluation of Thermal (AFML-TDR-64-204)

Temperature 0 R 4/1965

W. J. Protective Systems AD627-140

(500-4000)

et al for Advanced Aerospace

Vehicles. Vol. II:
Appendices
Loser, Thermophysical Proper- (ML-TDR-64-5)
Temperature 0R 1964

J. B. ties of Thermal AD601-535

(400-2400)

et al insulating Materials

** Army Materials and Mechanical Research Center, Watertown, Mass. 02172

 58

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Journal Vol. Description Date
Author Title or Series (Ind. Variables) Published
(Editor) Refractory Ceramics The American Temperature OF 1964
Hague, for Aerospace: A Ceramic Society, (0-4000)
3. R. Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio
et al Handbook

LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION

McLean, Brittle Materials (AMMRC-CTR-73-32) Temperature °C 9/1973

A. F. Design, High Tem- ** (25-1400)
et al perature Gas Turbine
McLean, Brittle Materials (AMMRC-CTR-73-9) Temperature OF 12/1972
A. F. Design, High Tem- ** (0-2400)
et al perature Gas Turbine
Ceipold, Mechanical Behavior (NASA-CR129671) Temperature °C 9/1972
M. H. of Polycrystalline N73-14585 (2000)
et al Ceramics: Brittle
Fracture of Silicon
Nitride-Silicon
Carbide Materials­
Lange, Dense Silicon Nitride (ASME Paper Temperature OF 5/1972
F. F. and Silicon Carbide- 72-GT-56) (0-2400) -
Some Critical Proper­
ties for Gas Turbine
Application
Christian, Evaluation of Thermal (AFML-TDR-64-204) Temperature OR 4/1965
W. J. Protective Systems AD627-140 (500-4000)
et al for Advanced Aerospace
Vehicles, Vol. II:
Appendices
Gardner, Thermal Expansion of (AF-04-695-469) Time hrs 6 (1-100) 10/1964
W. J. BeO-SiC Composite AD608-653 at 1000 C
Loser, Thermophysical Pro- (ML-TDR-64-5) Temperature 0 R 1964
J. B. perties of Thermal AD601-535 (400-2000)
et al Insulating Materials
(Editor) Refractory Ceramics- The American Temperature OF 1964
Hague, for Aerospace: A Ceramic Society, (0-4000)
J. R. Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio
et al Handbook
** Army Materials and Mechanical Research Center, Watertown, Mass. 02172
 59

SPECIFIC HEAT

Journal Vol. Description Date

Author Title
or Series (Ind. Variables) Published

McLean, Brittle Materials (AMMRC-CTR-73-32) Temperature 0 C 9/1973

A. F. Design, High Tem-

* (0-1600)

et al perature Gas Turbine

Lange, Dense Silicon Nitride (ASME Paper

Temperature 0F
F. F. 5/1972

and Silicon Carbide: 72-GT-56) (0-2600)

Some Critical Proper­

ties for Gas Turbine

Application

Christian, Evaluation of Thermal (AFML-TDR-64-204) T emperature

OR
4/1965

W. J. Protective Systems for AD627-140

(500-4000)

et al Advanced Aerospace

Vehicles, Vol. II:

Appendices

Loser, Thermophysical Pro- ML-TDR-64-5)

Temperature 0 R 1964

J. B.
perties of Thermal AD601-535 (400-2400)

et al Insulating Materials

(Editor) Refractory Ceramics- The American Temperature 0 C

1964

Hague, for Aerospace: A Ceramic Society, (0-1600)

J. R.
Materials Selection Columbus, Ohio

et al Handbook

**
Army Materials and Mechanical Research Center, WaterLtown, Mass. 02172

Unabridged Author Reference List

&p

 61
AD-742-210

STATIC & CYCLIC FATIGUE OF CERAMIC MATERIALS

by S. Acquaviva & R. Chait

This report concerns the static and cyclic fatigue response of two

ceramic materials A1203 and hot-pressed B4C.

Static fatigue tests were conducted in 3-point bending with a dead­

weight load suspended from the center of the specimen. Cyclic fatigue

tests consisted of applying a load at the end of a cantilevered specimen

at the rate of 15 cps.

Table I, page 1, gives the flexual strength, modulus, density and

grain sizes of the two specimens.

Figure 2 is a graph of life in hours versus stress (inpsi) for

static fatigue.

It was found that a stress level of 60% of the reference stress

would produce a life of 72 hours for A1203. (At this stress level,olife

was considered infinite). For B4C, at 75% of the reference strength,

static fatigue life exceeded the arbitrary limit of 72 hours.

The results of the cyclic tests are shown in Figure 3, page 3. It

was found that the threshold level for both A1203 and B4 C was approximately
57% of the reference strength.
Scanning of the fracture surfaces by electron microscopy revealed

that the fracture is both a transgranular and intergranular nature.

Fracture mechanics concepts, based on the Griffith theory, were used to

determine strain energy release rates and critical flaw size for the two

materials.
Material Strain Energy Release Rate Critical Flaw Size
A1203 .270 in-lb/sq.in. 75 I'm
BaC .192 in-lb/sq.in. 40 I'm
 62
AD-720-571

TENSILE TESTING OF INORGANIC WHISKERS

by Iqbal Ahmad

The technique for the measurement of elastic modulus and tensile

strength of the fine filaments and whiskers, using the Marsh machine, has

been evaluated. Influence of heat cycle of diphenyl carbazide, gauge

length of the specimen, and stiffness of the machine on the strain measure­
ment has been determined and discussed. Tensile strength and elastic

modulus data of whisker phase including NiO, W18049 W20058, WO3. CaB 6,

gamma-TaB 2, beta-rhombbhedral boron, and alpha A1203, obtained by this

experiment, has been presented. Problem areas in the characterization of

whiskers have been indicated.

Table I, page 22: Machine stiffness using various torsion bars.

Table II,page 23: Effect of remelting diphenyl carbazide on the

elastic modulus values of nickel wire.

Table III, page 24: Elastic modulus of Ni wire using diphenyl

carbazide and Eastman 910-with a 10mm gauge length.

Table IV: Elastic modulus of tungsten wire measured on the Marsh

machine using different gauge length and correction factors from

Table 4.

Table V, page 26: Gauge length effect on the elastic modulus of

Ni and tungsten wire measured on the Instron machine.

Table VI, pages 27, 28: Stress-strain data on NiO whiskers.

Table VII, page 29: Stress-strain data on W18049, W20058 and W0

whiskers.

Table VIII, page 30: Tensile strength and elastic modulus of

selected CaB 6 whiskers.

Table IX,page 31: Tensile strength and elastic modulus of boron

whiskers.

Table X, page 32: Tensile strength and elastic modulus of selected

gamma TaB whiskers.

 63

Table XI, page 33: Stress-strain data on SnO 2 whisker.

Table XII, page 34: Stress-strain data on Mo0 3 whisker.

Table XIII, page 35: Stress-strain data on alpha A1203 whiskers.

Figure 8, page 45: Stress-strain curves of W1804 9 , W22088 and

W03 whiskers.

Figure 10, page 47: Stress-strain curves for CaB 6 .

Figure 12a and 12b, page 49: Stress-strain curves of boron whiskers.

Figure 14: Stress-strain curves of gama TaB.

Figure 17, page 54: Stress-strain curve of Sn0 2 .

Figure 18, page 55: Stress-strain curve of MoO 3 .

*Figure 19, page 56: Stress-strain curves of alpha A1203 whiskers.

*Figure 22, page 59: Tensile strength of alpha A1203 whiskers as a

function of the cross-section area (Mehan).

FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF THERMALLY SHOCKED Al2 03

by John H. Ainsworth & Robert E. Moore

Strength data is observed after heating high purity A1203 specimens

at temperatures varying from 150 to 500 °C and quenching in ice water.

Figure 1: Bend Strength & Tensile Strength vs. Thermal Shock

Temperature Difference.

Figure 2: Strength Dispersions as a Function'of Thermal Shock

Temperature Difference.

(Journal of The American Ceramic Society, Vol. 52, No. 11, pp. 628-629.)

 64
AD-735-628

DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS OF RUBBERS, PLASTICS

AND CERAMICS, A DESIGN GUIDE

by R. E. Akawie & J. T. Milek

Report contains tables and charts (prepared from tabular data) of

dielectric constants for various plastics, rubber, and ceramics.

Materials are arranged on the bar graphs by ascending value of the

high 6nd of their dielectric constant range. The tables are arranged in

alphabetical order for materials. A table is presented for each class of

material.

AD-697-686

HEAT-RESISTANT INORGANIC COATINGS

(Selected Portion)

by A. A. Appen

ihis book examines formulas, methods of application and properties

of different heat resistant inorganic coatings which are able to protect

structural materials from corrosion and erosion at elevated and high

temperatures. The physicochemical and technological principles of the

formation of inorganic coatings on solid surface from melts are also

presented.

The book is intended for scientific and engineering-technical workers

studying the protection of metal from corrosion and erosion in aggressive

media, and also can serve as an aid for students of corresponding special­
ties. It can be useful for specialists in glass and ceramics.

Figure 5, page 18: Temperature-viscosity dependence of melted sodium

disilicate (Na2 O"2Si02).

Table 1, page 9: Change of activation energy of viscous flow with

temperature.

 65

Table 2, page 20: Viscosity of alkali-silicate melts at 1400 °C.

Table 4, page 34: Viscosity of certain metals at the melting point.

Figure 11, page 40: Effect of additions of oxides of the first group

on surface tension of a sodium-silicate melt 16.7 Ila

2 0 83.3 SiO 2 at

1300 0C.

Figure 12, page 41: Influence of additions of oxides of the second

group on the surface tension of sodium silicate melt 16.7 Na20 83.3 SiO 2.

Table 6, page 44: Surface tension of free melted.

Table 7, page 44: Surface tension of a sodium-lime-silicon melts at

700 in a medium of different gases.

Figure 16, page 60: Typical curves of viscous hysteresis of melting.

Table 13, page 65: Wetting of steel by fused:sodium silicate

(30 Na2070 Si0 2 ) at 910

Table 57, page 142: Averaged partial numerical factors for calcula­
tion of coefficient of expansion and elastic modulus of nitreous

silicates.

(Ceramic Bulletin, Vol. 49, No. 7, (1970), pp. 664-669.)

PERMEABLE ALUMINA REFRACTORIES

by W. T. Bakker & G. E. D. Snyder

The development of permeable high alumina refractories for blowing

gases through molten iron or steel contained in a ladle is.discussed. Also

some data given on MOR vs. temperature.

Figure 3: Airflow & Permeability vs. Inlet Pressure

Figure 4: Effect of forming pressure on density, porosity, and

strength.

Figure 5: Effect of forming pressure on permeability.

Figure 7: MOR vs. Temperature

 66

AD-685-835

A NEW AXIAL TENSION TESTER

'FOR BRITTLE MATERIALS

by Francis I. Baratta & George W. Driscoll

A unique.and accurate device aimed specifically at tension testing

of brittle materials has been devised. This device effectively minimizes

in a simple manner parasitic bending stresses thatusually arise in con­

ventional tension testing. A comparison of the results obtained from this

proposed method of testing to those already in practice is included in

this report.

Sixteen specimens of high grade POCO graphite type AXF-5Q machined

from 16 individual billets of 1 3/4 inches in diameter by six inches long

were used for the investigation.

Table I: Tensile strength and density of each specimen. Pressure

at failure 370-500 psi, density (gm/cc) 1.83-1.89, eccentricity,

e (inch) 0.0001-0.001, tensile strength (psi) 8000-9900 psi.

Table II: Fracture toughness of POCO graphite, grade AXF-5Q.

Table III: Comparison of uniaxial tension test results (material:

POCO graphite AXF-5Q).

Figure E-1: a (stress, psi) 0-500 vs. 200-3000e(X1O- 6/in).

Stress-strain curve of POCO graphite type AXF-5Q.

Figure F-1: Stress concentration factor as a function of axial.

distance ±X. k(0.5-1.1) vs. x(O-1.0)

 67

AD-660-587

GROWTH, PROCESSING AND CHARACTERIZATION

OF BETA-SILICON-CARBIDE SINGLE CRYSTALS

by R. W. Bartlett & R. A. Mueller

A literature survey and design and construction of a versatile vapor

deposition apparatus were completed. Continuously orientated (111)/(111)

a-silicon carbide deposits were obtained by pyrolysis of methlitrichloro­

silicone and, independently, silane/propane mixtures. Oxidation experiments

were conducted on solution grown beta-silicon carbide platelets in dry

oxygen and steam and so on.

Table I: Review of silicon darbide epitaxial vapor growth studie!

Table II: Process conditions for vapor deposition of silicon carbide.

Figure 10: Parabolic rate constants for oxidation of alpha-silicon

carbide, silicon and transport of oxygen through silica.

Figures 11 & 12: Oxide growth for silicon of (111) orientation in

0
oxygen and steam, respectively. Oxide thickness (1000-100,000)A

vs. time sec(10 3-105).

Table III: Summary of beta-silicon carbide oxidation experiments.

Figure 15: C/C (0.95-1.00) vs. V -volts (40-60). Capacitance-voltage

0 0
characteristics of beta-silicon carbide structure X = 3100A.

Figure 16: C/C0(0.95-1.00) vs. V -volts (40-50). Capacitance-voltage

go

characteristic of beta -silicon carbide structure, X0 = 3400A.

Figure' 17: Similar to Figure 16, MOS beta-silicon carbide structure

0
X0 = 1400A.

Figure 18: Width of the depletion region as a function of the total

charge induced with silicon at 300°K.

Figure 19: Donor concentration-capacitance curves MOS beta-silicon

carbide structures.

 68

N71-27426

PROPERTIES OF MOLTEN CERAMICS

by.J. L. Bates, et al

This report describes some of the techniques successfully used to

study various properties of molten ceramics. Some charts and tables are

included, also schematics of test apparatus.

Figure 1: Facility for radiographic measurement of liquid density.

Figure 2: (Chart) Radiograph of A1203 showing partial melting and

volume change and density of UO2.

Table I: Surface tension and density of molten ceramics (by various

methods) A1203, MgA] 204, Sm203 . and U02.

Figure 3: Viscosity apparatus and viscosity data for A1203, U02, and

MgAI204-

Figure 4: Ultrasonic velocity measuring apparatus for high tempera­

ture liquid ceramics.

Figure 5: Adiabatic compressibility and ultrasonic velocity for

molten A1203 .

Figure 6: Thermal diffusivity apparatus and chart of temperature

vs. thermal diffusivity for Dresser basalt.

Figure 7: Differential thermal analysis (DTA) apparatus in block

diagram form.

Figure 9: DTA results for Pn203-Sn203 binary system.

 69

N72-29512

FLAME POLISHING OF FLAT OXIDE BARS

by P. F. Becher & R. W. Rice

In this report some of the problems and limitations of flame polishing

flat bars arediscussed. Results are presented for single crystal Al2 03 as

well as MgAl 2 03, TiO 2 , and soda lime glass. The wide variability of strength

is partially related to variations in surface, but twinning also appears to

be important in sapphire and TiO 2.

Table I: Room temperature strengths of ct-Al 2 03 single crystal

bars (mechanically finished and flame polished).

Table II: Strengths of various (MgAl2 03 , Ti0 2, soda.lime glass)

ceramic oxides; page.241.

It was noted that flame polishing treatment of flat bars is not as

effective as on round bars.

Also, there is a "dome" effect on the flat

bars as a result of flame polishing.

AD-658-695

or

N67-39952

ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL TESTING PROCEDURES FOR BRITTLE MATERIALS

by S. A. Bortz & T. B. Wade

The purpose of this research is to provide a guide for investigators

in the performance of mechanical tests and the interpretation of test
results. A review of several philosophies of failure is included.
The research effort consists of investigating mechanical test

procedures and analyzing property data with regard to these test procedures

so that the best practice can be determined. Evaluated information is

organized in three sections:

(1) Test philosphy, techniques, and analytical methods.

(2) Correlation of laboratory tests and recommended procedures.

(3) Tabular presentation of data.

 70

AD-658-695 (cont.)

Materials tested include: (1)graphite, (2)lava, (3)alumina.

Table 3, Page 56: Flexural data on alumina.

Figure 34, Page 59: Load vs. deflection for alumina beam

(4point flex.).

AD-693-501

ACTIVATION OF SINTERING PROCESSES IN MAGNESIUM OXIDE

AND CERTAIN TECHNICAL PRODUCTS ON ITS BASE

by V. A. Bron, et al

Tnis report investigates the effects of varying the manufacturing

process of sintered MgO. The figures-listed below were of particular

interest. Note: This is a translation of the original article.

Table I, Page 2; Porosity and particle size of sintered MgO

specimens obtained from the carbonates and hydrates.

Table II,Page 3:
Effect of heating rate during thermal activatio

of MgO on subsequent sintering at 16000C (material, heating rate,

porosity, density).

Table III, Page 6:

Effect of the temperature of heating of

magnesium carbonate on the crystalline lattice parameters and

the specific gravity of MgO.

 71

Journal of The American Ceramic Society, Vol. 53, No. 12, pp. 649-654.

EFFECTS OF COMBINED STRESSES ON FRACTUR

OF ALUMINA AND GRAPHITE'
by L. J. Broutman, et al

A new, unique method for testing brittle materials is developed

by internal and external pressurization of tubular specimens. Biaxial

tensile strengths of alumina bnd graphite are lower than uniaxial

strengths.

Table I: Mechanical properties at 770 F.

Figure 4: Probability of failure vs. fracture stress for A1

203

and graphite.

Figure 6: Experimental tension-compression stress quadrant for

Al203.

Figure 7: Comparison of experimental and failure criterion for

Al 203.

 72

AD-613-009

Evaluation of Thermal Stress Resistance

in Potential Radome Materials

by D. A. Brown

his paper gives many physical and thermomechanical properties

(especially thermal shock) for five different ceramics. They are:

(1) Pyroceram 9608

(2) Pyrex 7740

(3) MgO (99+% density)

(4) Alumina (AD-99)

(5) Alundum (RA-3360)

A list of charts and graphs of particular interest is as follows:

Figure 3: Thermal conductivity vs. temperature

Figure 5: Time to cracking vs heat flux-alumina RA-3360

Figure 6: Time to cracking vs heat flux-Mgo

Figure 7: Time to cracking vs heat flux-AD-99 alumina

Figure 8: Time to cracking vs heat flux-pyrex 7740

Figure 9(a): Time to cracking vs heat flux-pyroceram 9608

Figure9(b): Time to cracking vs heat flux-pyroceram 9608

Figure 10: Comparison of cracking characteristics vs heat flux

for untouched 3/8 inch wall specimens of each material.

Figure 11: Comparison of cracking characteristics vs heat flux

for untouched 1/4 inch wall specimens of each material.

Figure 12: Comparison of cracking characteristics vs heat flux

for untouched 3/8 inch wall specimens of each material.

Table I: Material thermal stress resistance parameters (p-parameters

Table II: Material constants used in calculated p-parameters.

 73

AD-613-350

Anistropy and Strength of Ceramic Bodie

-by W. R. Buessem, et al

This paper examines the effect of elastic and thermal expansion

anisotropy on the strength of fused silica and aluminum titanate.

Also

on pages 41-52 tables of elastic constant data for a variety of ceramics

are given. Charts and tables given in the report are shown below:

Figure 2: Relative velocity of longitudinal waves vs temperature

(fused silica)

Figure 3: Relative velocity of shear waves vs temperature

(fused silica)

Figure I & 2-page 28 & 33: Thermal expansion vs temperature for

cold-pressed aluminum titanate.

Page 41-52: Compilation of elastic constant data for cubic materials

(using five different methods to obtain constants)

Journal of The American Ceramic Society, Vol. 55, No. 2, Feb. 1972.

Computation of Residual Stresses in Quenched Al203

by Buessem, W. R. & Gruver, R. M.

A method of computing the residual stress profile in quenched alumina

rods was developed. For these calculation certain material parameters must

be determined. The strain rate has measured as a function of stress for 96%

A1203 at 13000 to 15000C, and the heat transfer rates for cylindrical samples

quenched in several media were determined. Using calculated temperature

distributions and measured strain rate, plastic strains were computed for

the entire quenching period, and these strains were used to determine a

profile of residual room temperature stresses. The substantial increases

in flexural strength observed in A1203 after quenching is thought to

originate in the residual compressive surface layers.

 74
QRIINI pAkGE IS FOO'
REpRoDUCIBILITyOF T E

AD-684-717

ANISOTROPY AND STRENGTH OF CERAMIC BODIES

by W. R. Buessem and H. A. McKinstry

Whereas much of the present and past research on the strength of

crystalline solids has concentrated on dislocations and their-movements,

this report concentrates on some of the other factors which determine the

strength of polycrystalline bodies, i.e. the anisotropies. The experimental

and theoretical studies presented include thermal expansion anisotropy,

bulk strength anisotropy, and grain boundary strength anisotropy.

Table I: Pressure deviation of crystalline Al, Cu, and MgO at

different thermodynamic boundary conditions ( ru 300 0 K).

Table II: Comparison of.predicted and experimental isotropic

pressure deviation of polycrystalline elastic modulus of A], Cu,

c-Fe and MgO ( - 3000K).

Table V: Elastic and thermoelastic data for crystalline Al, Cu,

a-Fe and MgO.

Table VI: Acoustic and thermal data for crystalline Al, Cu, a-Fe,
and NgO ( u 3000 K).
Figure 3: Young's modulus (x10 11 dyne/cm )24-30 vs. density (gm/cm
395-425. Young's modulus of polycrystalline TiO 2 (rutile).
3
Figure 4: Shear modulus (x1O11 dyne/cm 2)900-1200 vs. density (gm/cm
395-425. Shear modulus of polycrystalline TiO 2 (rutile).
Table I, Page 2780: Literature value of single crystal elastic
constant of ZnO, TiO (rutile), and a-A1203 .
Figure 5: Young's modulus (x10 1 "dyne/cm 2 )32-42 vs. density (gm/cm 3
380-400 of polycrystalline a-Al0 3 .
Figure 6: Shear modulus (011W dyne/cm 2)13-17 vs. density (gm/cm
370-400 of polycrystalline a-Al 203.
Table Ill:- Comparison of measured polycrystalline elastic moduli
with VRH modulii calculated from the single crystal elastic constants.
Appendix I: Elastic stiffness constants, technical elastic modulii,
and parent elastic anisotropy of cubic crystal.
Table I: Second and third order elastic constants of cubic crystals
at room temperature (in106 dyne/cm2).

 75

N65-27965

or

AD-614-076

THE INVESTIGATION OF MICROSTRUCTURE

IN STRUCTURAL CERAMICS

by H. M. Burte

L. A. Jacobson

This paper discusses the importance of and the need for better

synthesis methods (for specimens) so that microstructure-property

research can be carried on and meaningful results acnieved. Itwas noted

that much of the information available is rot readily identifiable with a

well-characterized material and, therefore, its usefulness is limited.

Figure 6: Oxidation products of Hastelloy X as a function of

time and temperature.

Figure 12, Page 21: Strength-temperature-grain size surface

for dense hot-pressed MgO..

 76

Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 24, No. 190 (Oct. 1971), pp. 829-834.

OBSERVATIONS OF DISLOCATION IN B-SILICON NITRIDE

by E. Butler

Foils of beta-Si 3N4 containing dislocations generated as result of

fracture at room temperature have been examined by transmission electron

microscopy. The dislocations have been shown to lie on(1O1O)and to be

near edge orientation with a Burgers vector C(0001) ..'The application of

visibility criteria to bilocation in beta-Si 3N4 is considered.

N70-24348

DEFORMATION PROCESSES IN FORGING CERAMICS

by R. M. Cannon and W. H..Rhodes

This report (a semi-annual progress report) describes the work done

on an investigation of the deformation processes involved in the forging of

refractory ceramic oxides. The-results given in this report are preliminary,

and are for alumina only. The mechanical results show strong strain hardening

effects and an apparent Bauschinger effect.

Microstructural examination of the specimens revealed extensive evidence

,of grain boundary sliding. The compressive surfaces revealed more deformation

features-than the tensile surfaces; some of the surfaces are suggestive of

dislocation motion. Evidence of strain enhanced grain growth was presented;

this may be responsible for some of the apparent strain hardening.

Stress-strain curves were constructed from results of 4-point bend tests,

a complete analysis was not completed, so results in this report are derived
a = 6M
from the equation:
_2

bh

Figures 1 and Z-pages 3 and 4-Apparent stress vs total strain at

14500C

Table I-page 15-Grain growth in successive test cycles at 1450 0C

 77

Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 55, No. 12, pp. 610-618

WORKING MODEL FOR POROSITY EFFECTS ON

THE UNIAXIAL STREIGTH OF CERAMICS

by S. C. Carniglia

The intent of this paper is to inspect the available data and theories

relating porosity to the low-temperature uniaxial strength of ceramics and

to construct a model which is physically supported and empirically correct.

N73-14585

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYCRYSTALLINE CERAMICS

BRITTLE FRACTURE OF SiC--Si 3N4 MATERIALS

by M. H. Ceipold, et al

This is concentrated on investigating the behavior of materials of

considerable technological importance--siTicon carbide and silicon nitride.

The report is divided into two parts. Part I is about oxide research and

Part 2 is on nitride-carbide, research.

The oxide research has emphasized the role of anion impurities on the

fabrication and the behavior of.magnesium oxide.

Section I. Fabrication - The effort here was designed to determine

the effect of anion impurities on the hot pressing behavior of MgO.

Section II. Grain boundary microhardness--no extra-experiment had

been performed.

Section III. Grain growth. Grain growth studies in MgO has been

furthered by annealing it at 13000C and 15000C and the annealing time ranged

from I hour to 200 hours. Consequently, some further studies of grain growth

in doped MgO specimens with higher as-pressed densities. ( 96% theoretical)

were being conducted. The specimens studied previously were hot pressed to

intermediate -stage densities and hence contain open porosity. This led to

a possibility of further loss of the volatile dopant during the grain growth

anneals carried out in open atmosphere giving a graduate variation in their

concentration for a given specimen at different annealing period. Also, if

concentrations reach neglible levels after a fairly long anneal time, then the

influence of these anions on grain growth kinetics cannot be established.

 78

-N73-14585

In specimens with a higher as-pressed densities (final stage), the

possibility of further loss of these volatile species during grain growth

anneals is considerably lessened and hence the studies of any effect of

anions on kinetics would:be more apparent. A summary of these runs is

given in Table I. Previously OH- doped MgO was studied only at 1500 0 C.

Data is now obtained for temperature of 1300°C as well.

Part 2 , Nitride-Carbide Research

Silicon carbide and silicon nitride are very useful structural material

for high temperature application such as in gas-turbine engines because of

their properties such as very high fracture energy, low thermal expansion

and good thermal conductivity. (See Table 6). Also, they are good in

inherent erosion and abrasion resistance to the gaseous environment and have

high temperature stability. To improve the fracture toughness of these

materials in order to make them more reliable as structural materials, their

fracture mechanism should be clearly understood.

Table 2, page 24, Table 3, page 24, Table 4, page 25, Table 5, Table 6,

page 261, Table 7,8, page 27.

 79

AD627139

EVALUATION OF THERMAL PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS

FOR ADVANCED AEROSPACE VEHICLES (VOL. I)

by W. J. Christian, et al '

This report contains summaries of (a)a survey of literature on

structural and design aspects of thermal protection systems, on compatibility

of refractory meterials, on thermal and mechanical properties of refractory

materials, and on methods for measuring emittance of materials at high

temperatures;

(b)experimental determination of the thermal conductance of plasma

sprayed coatings of alumina-nickel and zirconia-nichromes;

(c)measuring of total emittance of materials in an oxidizing atmos­

phere at temperatures of 1000°F to 4000°F;

(d)experimental investigation of the effects of composition on the

thermal expansion and total normal emittance of magnesia;

(e)analytical and experimental studies of the general characteristics

and weight requirements of transpiration cooled nose caps using porousmaterials.

Table 11: Spray powders used in producing thermal conductance samples.

-Table 12; Spray parameters used in producing thermal conductance samples,
Table 13: Thickness of single layer coatings.
Figure 35: Thermal conductivity of plasma sprayed zirconia-nichrome
coatings.
Figure 36: Effect of composition on thermal conductivity of alumina­
nickel coatings.

Figure 37: Effect of composition on thermal conductivity of zirconia­

nichrome coatings.

Figure 38: Comparison of measured and calculated values of apparent

thermal conductivity of alumina-nickel graded coatings.

Table 14: Nominal thickness of individual layers of alumina-nickel and

zirconia-nichrome graded coatings.

Figure 46: Total normal Emittance 0-1.00 vs termperature 0-3000?F.

Polycrystalline SiO self bonded, working standard.

Figure 45: Total emmittance 0-1.00 vs temperature 0-3000OF. Theoretical

tota emittance of fresnel cavity.

 Figure 51: Total normal emittance of zirconia and chromia-coated do9

zirconia.

Table 17: Total normal emittance of magnesia and zirconia compositions.

Table 18: Total normal emittance of zirconia specimens of differing

grain size and stabilizers.

AD627140

Christian, W. J.

et al

Evaluation of Thermal Protective Systems for

Advanced Aerospace Vehicles (Vol. II - Appendices)

(Continuation of Vol. I)

Evaluation of thermal protective systems for advanced aerospace

vehicles (5000 - 40000) OR.

Thermal conductivity. BTU/hr. OF vs temperature 0 R.

Figure 1: Thermal conductivity - aluminum oxide.

Table 4: Densities and melting points of selected refractory

materials.

Figure 2: Thermal conductivity - aluminum oxide and zirconium

oxide.

Table 5: Thermal conductivity - aluminum oxide.

Figure 3: Specific heat - aluminum oxide (00-35000 R).

Figure 4: Linear Thermal expansion - aluminum oxide (500 0 -3500 0 R

Figure 5: Linear thermal expansion-aluminum oxide and chromium

oxide. (1-2 micron grain size);

Figure 6: Emfttance-aluminum oxide vs temperature (250-30000 R).

Figure 7: Flexural strength-aluminum oxide vs-temperature.

Figure 8: Flexural strength as functions of grain size-aluminum

oxide.

Figure 9: Failure stress vs strain rate-Lucalox aluminum oxide.

Figure 10: Failure stress vs strain rate-Wesgo Al-995 alumina.

Figure 11: Shear strength-aluminum oxide.

Figure 12: Compressive strength-aluminum oxide (vs temperature).

Figure 13: Tensile strength-aluminum oxide (vs temperature).

Figure 14: Deflection with load on transverse bending-aluminum

oxide.

Figure 15: Strain vs time at 1750°F-al~minum oxide.

 AD-627-140 (cont8

Figure 16: Tensile creep-aluminum oxide.

Figure 17: Grain size effect on creep behavior of aluminum oxide.

Figure 18: Modulus of elasticity-aluminum oxide.

Figure 19: Modulus of elasticity as a function of grain size­

aluminum oxide.

Figure 20: Elasticity vs density-aluminum oxide.

Figure 21: Modulus of rigidity-aluminum-oxide.

Figure 22: Poisson Ratio-(800-38000 R)

Figure 23: Grain size vs time of grain growth-aluminum oxide.

Figure 24: Thermal conductivity-beryllium oxide.

Figure 25: Thermal conductivity-beryllium oxide and magnesium ox-

Figure 26: Specific heat-beryllium oxide.

Figure 27: Linear thermal expansion-beryllium oxide.

Figure 28:, Emittance-beryllium oxide.

Figure 29: Flexural strength-beryllium oxide.

Figure 30: Failure stress vs strain rate-beryllium oxide.

Figure 31: Compressive strength-beryllium oxide.

Figure 32: Tensile strength-beryllium oxide.

Figure 33: Tensile creep at 3092 0F - vs time-beryllium.

Figure 34: Modulus of elasticity-beryllium oxide.

Figure 35: Modulus of rigidity-beryllium oxide.

Figure 36: Thermal conductivity-hafnium oxide.

Figure 37 - 39: Data on test of hafnium oxide.

Figure 40: Total normal emittance-hafnium dioxide.

Figure 41: Thermal conductivity-thorium oxide.

Figure 42: Specific heat-thorium oxide.

Figure 43: Linear thermal expansion-thorium oxide.

Figure 44: Emittance-thorium oxide.

Figure 45: Compressive strength of thorium oxide.

Figure 46: Modulus of elasticity-thorium oxide.

Figure 47: Modulus of rigidity-thorium oxide.

Figure 48: Thermal conductivity-magnesium oxide.

Figure 49: Specific heat-magnesium oxide.

Figure 50: Linear thermal expansion-magnesium oxide.

Figure 51: Emittance-magnesium oxide.

Figure 52: Flexural strength-magnesium oxide.

Figure 53: Failure stress vs strain rate-magnesium oxide.

 82
AD-627-140 (cont.)

Figure 54:
Flexural strength as a function of grain size-magnesium

oxide.

Figure 55: Flexural strength-magnesium oxide.

Figure 56: Torsional sheer strength-magnesium oxide.-

Figure 57: Fracture strength as a function of grain size-MgO.

Figure 58:
Deflection with load on transverse bending-MgO.

Figure 59: Creep torsion-MgO.

Figure 60: Modulus of elasticity-MgO.

Figure 61: Modulus of elasticity as a function of grain size-MgO.

Figure 62: Modulus of rigidity-MgO.

Figure 63:
Grain sizes vs time of grain growth-MgO.

Figure 64: Thermal conductivity-spinel (Mg-aluminate).

Figure 65: Specific heat-spinel.

Figure 66: Linear thermal expansion-spinel.

Figure 67: Torsional shear strength-spinel.

Figure 68: Compressive strength-spinel.

Figure 69: Tensile strength-spinel.

Figure 70: Modulus of elasticity-spinel.

Figure 71: Modulus of rigidity-spinel.

Figure 72: Thermal conductivity-zirconium oxide and c_.

Figure 73: Specific heat-zirconium oxide.

Figure 74: Linear thermal expansion-zirconium oxide and calcium

oxide

Figure 75: Linear thermal expansion-zirconium oxide and magnesium

oxi

Figure 76: Linear thermal expansion-zirconium oxide and thorium

oxide

Figure 77: Emittance-zirconium oxide.

Figure 78: Compressive strength-stabilized zirconium oxide.

Figure 79: Tensile strength-stabilized zirconium oxide.

Figure 80: Modulus of elasticity-stabilized zirconium oxide.

Figure 81: Grain growth vs time-stabilized zirconium oxide.

Figure 82: Thermal conductivity-boron nitride (B).

Figure 83: Thermal conductivity-BN and C.

Figure 84: Specific heat-BN.

Figure 85: Linear thermal expansion-B.

Figure 86; Thermal conductivity-SiC.

Figure 87: Thermal conductivity-SiC + Si + C.

Figure 88: Thermal conductivity-23 SiC - 77C.

Figure 89: Specific heat-SiC.

 83

AD-627-140 (cont.)

Figure 90: Linear thermal expansion-SiC.

Figure 91: Linear thermal expansion-zirconium carbide and graphite.

Figure 92: Emittance-SiC.

Figure 93: Flexural strength-zirconium carbide + graphite.

Figure 94: Creep elongation-titanium carbide.

Figure 95: Tensile creep elongation-zirconium carbide.

Figure 96: Flexural strength-zirconium boride + molybdenum disilicide.

Figure 97: Creep deflection-zirconium diboride + molybdenum disilicide.

Figure 98: Thermal conductivity-extruded acheson graphite; multi­

crystalline.

Figure 99: Thermal conductivity-pyrolytic graphite "a"direction.

Figure 100: Thermal conductivity-pyrolytic graphite "c"direction.-

Figure 101: Thermal conductivity-boron pyralloy "a"direction.

Figure 102: Thermal conductivity-boron pyralloy "c"direction.

Figure 104: Specific heat of graphite.

Figure 105: Linear thermal expansion-multicrystalline acheson graphite.

Figure 106: Linear thermal expansion-pyrolytic graphite "a"direction.

Figure 107: Linear thermal expansion-pyrolytic graphite "c"direction.

Figure 108: Linear thermal expansion-boron pyralloy "c"direction.

Figure 109: Emittance-graphite.

Figure 110: Flexural strength-pyrolytic, parallel to basal plane.

Figure 111: Flexural strength-pyrolytic graphite, normal to basal plane.

Figure 112: Flexural strength-pyrolytic graphite, zirconia carbide alloy.

Figure 113: Room temp. Mechanical properties-boron pyrolytic alloy.

Figure 114: Ultimate tensile strength-ATJ graphite.

Figure 115: Ultimate tensile strength-ZTA graphite.

Figure 116: Ultimate tensile strength-pyrolytic graphite "a"direction.

Figure 117: Ultimate tensile strength-pyrolytic graphite "c"direction.

Figure 118: Total strain to rupture-ZTA graphite.

Figure 119: Modulus of elasticity-ATJ graphite.

Figure 120: Modulus of elasticity-ZTA graphite.

Figure 121: Modulus of elasticity-pyrolytic graphite "a"direction.

Figure 122: Thermal conductivity-columbium.

Figure 123: Thermal conductivity of Cb-bMo-5V-lZr.

Figure 124: Thermal conductivity of Cb-IOW-SZr.

Figure 125: Thermal conductivity of Cb-lOTi-lZr.

FigurE 126: Thermal conductivity of Cb-lOTi-5Zr.

 84
,REPRODUCIILITY OF THf AD-627-140 (cont.)
ORIGINAL PAGE IS POOR
Figure 127: Thermal conductivity-Cb-15W-5Mo-lZr.

Figure 128: Thermal conductivity-Cb-27Ta-i2W-0.5Zr.

Figure 129: Specific heat-columbium.

Figure 130: Specific heat of Cb-5Mo-5V-lZr.

Figure 131: Specific heat of Cb-10W-5Zr.

Figure 132: Specific heatof Cb-10Ti-5Zr

Figure 133: Specific heat of Cb-10W-5Zr.

Figure 134: Specific heat of Cb-15W-5Mo-1Zr.

Figure 135: Specific heat of Cb-27Ta-12W-0.5Zr.

Figure 136: Linear thermal expansion of columbium.

Figure 137-Figure 153: All graphs are about the properties of columbium

and its alloyed materials.

Figure 154: Thermal conductivity of molybdenum.

Figure 155: Thermal conductivity of 70% molybdenum + 30% tungsten.

Figure 156: Specific heat of molybdenum.

Figure 157: Specific heat of molybdenum + 30% tungsten.

Figure 158: Linear expansion of molybdenum.

Figure 159: Linear expansion of molybdenum+30% tungsten.

Figure 160: Normal emittance-molybdenum.

Figure 161: Hemispherical total emittance-molybdenum.

Figure 162: Flexural strength-molybdenum.

Figure 163: Compressive strength-molybdenum + titanum.

Figure 164: Ultimate tensile strength-molybdenum + titanum.

Figure 165: Tensile strength-molybdenum + titanium.

Figure 166: Yield strength-molybdenum + titanium + zirconium.

Figure 167:Elongation-molybdenum + titanium + zirconium.

Figure 168: Elongation-molybdenum + titanium.

Figure 169: Creep properties-molybdenum.

Figure 170: Creep and rupture properties-molybdenum.

Figure 171: Modulus of elasticity-molybdenum + titanium.

Figure 172: Thermal conductivity-molybdenum + titanium.

Figure 173: Thermal conductivity-90% molybdenum +10% tungsten alloy.

Figure 174: Thermal conductivity of Ta 8W-2HF alloy.

Figure 175: Thermal conductivity of Ta-30Cb-7.5V.

Figure 176: Specific heat-tantalum.

Figure 177: Specific heat-Ta-10W.

 85
AD-627-140 (cont.)

Figure 178: Specific heat-Ta-8W-2Hf.

Figure 179: Specific heat-Ta-3OCb-7.5V.
Figure 180: Linear thermal expansion-tantalum.
Figure 181: Linear thermal expansion of Ta-IOW alloy.
Figure 182: Linear thermal expansion of Ta-8NO2Hf.
Figure 183: Linear thermal expansion of Ta-30Cb-7.5V.
Figure 184: Emittance-tantalum.
Figure 185: Ultimate tensile strength-tantalum.
Figure 186: Tensile and yield strength-tantalum + tungsten.
Figure 187: Tensile and yield strength-tantalum + tungsten + hafnium.
Figure 188: Tensile properties-tantalum + columbium + vanadium.
Figure 189: Tensile properties-tantalum + tungsten + molybdenum.
Figure 190: Tensile properties vs strain rate-tantalum.
Figure 19L: Yield strength-tantalum.
Figure 192: Yield strdngth-Tantalum, tungsten + hafnium.
Figure 193: Elongation - tantalum.
Figure 194: Elongation-tantalum + tungsten,
Figure 195: Elongation-tantalum + columbium + vanadium.
Figure 196: Elongation-tantalum + columbium + vanadium.
Figure 197: Elongation-tantalum + tungsten + molybdenum.
Figure 198: Creep and rupture properties of tantalum alloys
Figure 199: Stress rupture properties of tantalum alloys.
Figure 200: Modulus of elasticity-tantalum alloys.
Figure 201: Modulus of elasticity~tantalum, tungsten.
Figure 202: Thermal conductivity of tungsten.
Figure 204: Linear thermal expansion-tungsten.
Figure 205: Linear thermal expansion-tungsten
Figure 206: Linear thermal expansion-tungsten + copper(mixture).
Figure 207: Emittance-tungsten.
Figure 208: Ultimate tensile strength-tungsten.
Figure 209: Ultimate tensile strength-tungsten.
Figure 210: Ultimate tensile strength-tungsten.
Figure 211: Tensile strength vs strain rate-tungsten.
Figure 212: Yield strength-tungsten.
Figure 213: Yield strength-tungsten.
Figure 214: Yield strength-tungsten + molybdenum.
 86
AD-627-140 (cont.)

Figure 215: Yield strength vs strain rate-tungsten.

Figure 216: Elongation-tungsten.

Figure 217: -Elongation-tantalum.

Figure 218: Elongation-tungsten alloy.

Figure 219: Elongation vs strain rate-tungsten.

Figure 220: Reduction of area vs strain-tungsten.

Figure 221: Creep and rupture properties-tungsten.

Figure 222: Creep and rupture properties-tungsten alloys.

Figure 223: Modulus of elasticity-tungsten.

Table 228: Minimum detectable power and long wave cutoffs

for detectors.

Table 230: Hot-filament vacuum method for determining emittance.

 81

AD-731-853

HIGH TEMPERATURE CREEP OF CERAMIC OXIDES

by A. H. Clauer & B. A. Wilcox

The high temperature creep behavior of crystalline materials is usually

quite sensitive to microstructure. Not only can creep behavior be altered

by changing the initial microstructure, but during the creep test the

decreasing creep rate during primary creep reflects a changing dislocation

substructure. The mechanistic creep models are all based on microstructural

features in the form of grain boundaries, second phase particles, or dis­

location configuration substructure. The mechanistic creep models are all

based on microstructural features in the form of grain boundaries, second

phase particles, or dislocation configurations developed during creep.

Determining the dependence of the creep rate on stress and temperature is

not sufficient to differentiate between the mechanisms, since many of them

predict similar behavior. Hence, the dislocation substructure formed during

creep must be investigated to assist in identifying the appropriate creep

mechanism(s).

This report deals.with creep of MgO single crystals with the emphasis

on correlating the creep behavior with the dislocation substructure evolved

creep. MgO is ideal for such a study, since it etch pits readily and trans­
mission electron microscopy specimens are easily prepared.

RESULTS:

Creep Behavior

Representative creep curves are shown in-Figure 2. A long steady state

region was observed in only a few specimens. These specimens were used for

the temperature and stress change experiments and extended up to 0.30 to 0.40

creep strain before the experiment was discontinued. Usually after loading,

the creep rate decreased with increasing creep strain up to a strain range

of 0.03 to 0.10, after which the creep rate slowly accelerated, as shown

in Figure 2. The acceleration creep rate appeared to be due either to the

beginning of a necked region within the gage length, or to slowly opening

cracks at the contact between the shoulder of the specimen and the grips,

thus where this behavior was observed, the minimum creep rate is reported.

 88

AD-731-853
CONCLUSION:

Tensile creep in (110) oriented MgO single crystals at 14000C has an

activation energy of Qc= 94 Kcal/mol. and the stress dependence of the creep

rate can be described by cion where n=4, At low stresses a uniform dis­
tribution of dislocations formed during creep, but above about 6,500 psi,

bends of high etch pit density were observed which appeared to be slip bands.

Fewsubboundaries formed during creep. The dislocation arrangement consisted

of relatively long segments having screw or edge characteristics and numerous

dislocation loops. An empirical comparison with creep behavior in metals

indicates that the creep behavior was probably dislocation climb controlled

rather than dislocation glide controlled, but it is not yet clear whether

creep is diffusion controlled or whether alternative mechanisms should be

sought.

Table 1, Page 19: Summary of creep results for single crystal MgO.

Figure 2, Page 20: Representative creep curve of (011) oriented MgO

single crystals tested at different stresses at 14000 C.

Figure 3, Page 21: Temperature dependence of the creep rate of (011)

oriented MgO single crystals determined at 6850 psi.

Figure 4, Page 22: Stress dependence of the creep rate of (011)

oriented MgO single crystals.

Figure 7, Page 25: Stress dependence of the creep substructure after

creep to 0.10 creep strain at 14000C. The views are the (100) surfaces

of the specimens.-

Figure 9, Page 27: Stress dependence of the dislocation density

determined at 1400 0C.

Figure 10, Page 28: Strain dependence of the dislocation density at

14000C and 6800 psi.

AD-865-321

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT OF REFRACTORY

OXIDATION-RESISTANT DIBORIDES - PART II,.VOL. V

by E. V. Clougherty, et al

This report is a continuation of AD-865-809, but in this paper the

thermal, physical, electrical, and optical properties are examined.

 89

AD-865-321
Thermal conductivity was measured from 1000C to 10000C and was

calculated from specific heat and density data from 10000C to 20000C for

varying compositions and microstructures of ZrB 2 and HfB 2 with SiC and C.

additives.

Linear expansion data from room temperature to 10000C was obtained

by direct view and thermal dilatometry.

Electrical resistivity data is included from room temperature to

10000C.

Total normal emittance data were measured from 16000C to 23000C for

unoxidized diboride compositions.

Approximately 37 pages of graphs are included, some are:

Temperature vs. specific heat

Temperature vs. thermal diffusivity

Temperature vs. thermal conductivity

Temperature vs. linear thermal expansion

Temperature vs. total normal emittance

Table 1, page 67 lists the compositions of the various test materials.

Tabular presentation of data is also included for some tests; also,

Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 give specific heat, enthalpy and entropy data for

various materials.

AD-839-956

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF REFRACTORY

OXIDATION-RESISTANT DIBORIDES

by E. V. Clougherty, et al

The oxidation, mechanical and physical properties of zirconium diboride

and hafnium diboride and composites prepared from these diborides with appro­
priate additives have been determined as a function of composition, micro­
structure and test temperature. The composites were designed to enhance

oxidation resistance, strength and thermal stress resistance without sacrifi­

cing high temperature stability.

 AD-839-956

The principal additives were silicon carbide or graphite. Several

hundred diborides, in sizes from two-inch diameter to six inches square, were

fabricated by conventional hot pressing. All lot pressed billets were sub­
jected to extensive nondestructive testing correlation and flaw identification

criterial. A unique role of ceramic additives has evolved in enhancing the

fabricability of diboride materials and producing fine grained crack-free

billets. All powder materials and hot pressed microstructure subjected to

properties evaluations have undergone extensive characterization through

qualitiative and quantitative chemical analyses, phases and grain size and

density measurements.

An exploratory fabrication effort was initiated to develop alternate

means to hot pressing for producing dense diboride materials; hot forging,

plasma spraying and sintering are being studied. In addition, the hot

pressing of diboride compositions containing additives such as SiC whiskers,

carbon filaments or tungsten filaments is being studied.

Oxidation screening evaluations were performed in hot sample cold gas

furnace tests in which low velocity air at a linear flow rate of 0.9 ft/sec

is passed over specimens at temperatures from 17000C to 22000C. The

beneficial effect of SiC in reducing the rate of diboride oxidation and

increasing the adherence characteristics of protective oxide coatings was

confirmed and extended in temperature range and composition. The'ittro­

duction of graphite, for improved thermal stress resistance, detracts from

the oxidation resistance. Hafnium diboride compositions display superior

oxidation resistance to analogous zirconium diboride compositions.

Mechanical properties screening evaluations comprising bend strength

measurements up to 18000C and static elastic modulus measurement up to

14000C were performed for selected diboride compositions with variations in

porosity and grain size. The fine grained fully dense diboride composite

composition possess the highest elevated temperature strength; bend strengths

of 40,000 psi to 60,000 psi at 18000C are found in several compositions.

Porosity and graphite substantially reduce the Young's modulus of HfB 2 and

ZrB 2 from 70 to 80 X 106 psi level, whereas SiC does not significantly alter

the composite modulus. The temperature and strain-rate dependence for the

onset of plasticity is being established, all compositions have shown limited

plasticity in bending at 18000C.

 91

AD-839-956

Preliminary steady state thermal stress resistance measurements were

performed in which hollow cylindrical specimens were heated by a concentri­

cally positioned carbon rod in order to induce thermal stress sufficient to

cause brittle failure. Transient thermal stress data of materials from this

program are being obtained in a variety of hot gas/cold sample arc plasma

evaluations under a separate study.

The results of the current program provide an increased confidence in

the choice of a diboride material as a monolithic ceramic body for applica­

tions in environment which will produce thermal stresses and surface oxidation

The diboride of zirconium and hafnium have been identified as excellent

candidate materials for application involving exposure to oxidizing environments

at elevated temperatures.

Figure 2, Page 61: Comparison of hot pressing characteristics of materials

102A and VO2A.
Figure 3, Page 62: Comparison of hot pressing characteristics of materials
103A and VO3A.
Figure 36, Page 90: Bend strength 6f material I as a function of test
temperature.
Figure 37: Bend strength of material V as a function of test temperature.

Figure 38: Bend strength of material II as a function of test temperature.

Figure 39: Bend strength of material 11105 as a function of test

temperature.

Figure 40: Bend strength of material IV05 as a function of test temperatu..

Figure 41: Bend strength at 18000C of ZrB2 -SiC and HfB2-SiC composites

as functions of SiC content.

Figure 47: Effect of porosity on room temperature elastic modulus for

various diborides.

Figure 188, Page 169: Shape factors of cylindrical thermal stress

specimens.

Table 6, Page 182: Characterization of zirconium diboride powder, 103.

Table 7, Page 183: Characterization of zirconium diboride powder, 107.

Table 8, Page 184: Characterization of zirconium diboride powder, I05A

Table 9, Page 185: Characterization of zirconium diboride powder, 1105

and II05A.

 92

Table 17, Page 193: Material 1 hot pressing conditions and results.

Table 18, Page 197: Material 1 with intentional impurity phase additions,

fabrication conditions and results.

Table 20, Page 198: Material V fabrication conditions and results.

Table 22, Page 201: Microstructure study of special materials used for

material V analysis.

Table 23, Page 202: Material VIII fabrication conditions and results.
Table 24, Page 203: Material X fabrication conditions and results.
Table 25, Page 204: Material XII fabrication conditions and results.
Table 26, Page 205: Material II hot pressing conditions and results.
Table 28, Page 207: Material III hot pressing conditions and results.
Table 29, Page 208: Material IV fabrication conditions and results.
Table 30, Page 209: Material VI fabrication conditions and results.
Table 33, Page 212: Press forging of Material I.
Table 35, Page 214: Sintering conditions and results.
Table 36, Page 215: Reinforced composites fabrication conditions arf
results.
Table 40, Page 220: Bend strength as a function of.temperature.
Table 41, Page 223: Phase II bend strength as a function of temperature.
Table 42, Page 224: Bend strength versus test temperature for two
commercial lots of hot pressed zirconium diboride.

Table 43, Page 225: Bend strengths of preoxidized commercial hot

pressed zirconium diboride.

Table 45, Page 227: Dynamic elastic modulus measurements.

Table 46, Page 228:

Elastic modulus as a function of temperature.

Table 47, Page 230: Static and dynamic modulus values for hot pressed

zirconium diboride.

Table 48, Page 231: Comparison of post-1800°C-test fracture grain size

with as-hot pressed grain size.

Table 49, Page 232: Density measurements on bend specimens tested at 23uC.

Table 66, Page 251: Summary of preliminary results of thermal stress

evaluation.

 93

AD-688-201

or

N69-37125

BASIC RESEARCH IN NONOXIDE CERAMICS

by R. L. Coble

This is a final report covering several materials, -including titanium

nitride (vapor deposited), calcium flouride, and SiC.

Topics covered under

silicon carbide include creep, diffusion, and deformation.

Table I and Figure 1; Page 116: Creep results for SiC.

Figures la, lb, 2, 3, Page 625:

Charts of diffusion coefficients in

SiC as a function of temperature, etc.

Figure.4-and Table II, Page 266: Stress-strain rates for SiC.

Figure 5, Page 267: Stress-strain rates for SiC.

from: Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Special Ceramics.

(Pinkhull, Stoke-on-Trent:
British Ceramic ResbLarch Association), 1970.

SOME PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF HOT-PRESSED

SILICON NITRIDE

by R. F. Cee, et al

Changes occurring during hot-pressing of Si3 N4 powder containing a large

percentage of alpha-Si3N 4 with 1% MgO added are discussed and related to

variations in properties. Some data on Weibull parameters is included.

Figure 2, Density vs pressing time.

Figure 3, MOR vs pressing time and time above 90% full density.

Table 2, Bend strength test data and Weibull analysis.

Figure 4, Hardness vs load.

Figure 5, Hardness vs strength (MOR).

Figure 8, Percentage beta vs time above 90% fijll dPnqitv

 94

REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE
ORIGINAL PAGE ISPOOR AD-748-110

THE BRITTLE FRACTURE OF ALLOYED ALUMINA

by J. Congleton, et al

Polycrystalline discs of pure alumina and of alumina containing 0.5 Cr

or 0.5 Ti was prepared by vacuum hot pressing and the bend strength was deter­
mined. The Cr alloys did not show any very definite evidence of an increase

in strength compared to pure alumina. The Ti alloys showed weakening, but this

could be due to the presence of a few large grains.

Air-annealing of polycrystalline allumines (pure or alloyed) at 12500C

after vacuum hot-pressing in graphite die reduced the strength by 25%.

Similarly, air-annealed single crystals were weaker than those that had been

vacuum annealed while enclosed in a graphite crucible.

Table 1, Page 3: Vacuum hot pressing fabrication details.

Table 2, Page 4: Grain sizes for vacuum hot pressed aluminas ina range

of beat-treat conditions. Grain..sjzes quoted in mi.crons.

Table III, Table IV: Strength data

Table V, Figure 1, Figure 4:

Table VI, Page 12: Strengths of notched single crystals of alloyed alumina

Table VII, Page 13: Strengths of notched single crystals of alloyed alumin

Table VIII, Table IX,Page 14:

Table X, Page 17, Strength of polycrystalline, as-pressed pure alumina

(tests in various environments at 6000C).

This effect of annealing atmosphere may reflect an influence of non­

stoichiometry on the flaw stress or it may reflect a microscopic internal stress

set up, due to differences between the surface and the interior or itmay re­
flect a thermal etching effect on the geometry of the defect that originates

the fractures.

Figure 6, Page 21: Young's modulus vs temperature for alloyed alumina.

Figure 7, Page 22:. Effect of alloying with chromium on the room temperature

Young's modulus of alumina.

 95

AD-715-988

THE BRITTLE FRACTURE OF ALLOYED ALUMINA

by J. Congleton

L. M. Linnett

N. J. Petch

A hot-pressing facility has been commissioned and fabrication procedures

established for the manufacture of high density, fine grained pure and alloyed

alumina. Mechanical testing of the products, by four point bend tests, has

commenced. A suitable chemical analysis procedure for determining Cr in alu­

mina has been developed that is accurate to within t 0.5 ig Cr. Additionally,

a theoretical consideration of the notch strength of alumina has been developed.

This is based on a simple model for fracture and suggests that the mechanistic

details of fracture nucleation close to the notch tip are of significant impor­
tance in determining the relationship between notch-strength and stress

concentration factor at a blunt notch.

During recent years, it has been suggested that the fracture of alumina

below I000°C is not a completely brittle process even though the macroscopic

fracture appearance is quite brittle. Both direct and indirect evidence has

been obtained that indicates the involvement'of plastic deformation in the

fracture.

Table 1.1, Page 4: Hot-pressing details.

Table IV.1, Page 10: Notch-tensile data for Lucalox alumina.

Figure 1: A1203-Cr2a3 phase diagram.

Figure 2: A1203-TiO 2 phase diagram.

Figure IV.2, Page 19: Notch-strength data for. Lucalox alumina. Full

circles indicate experiments performed at 20°C in a silicone oil environ­

ment.

Journal of The American Ceramic Society, Vol. 55, No. 9, Sept. 1972. pp. 455-460.

MEASUREMENT OF FRACTURE SURFACE ENERGY OF Sir

by J. A. Coppola & R. C. Bradt

This paper measures the fracture surface energies of polycrystalline SiC by

the use of three different methods: (1)double-cantilever beam, (2)notched beam,

 96

(3)work of fracture. All three methods gave similarresults.

Table I: Room temperature properties of silicon carbides.

Ceramics Bulletin, Vol. 51, No 11 (1972), pp. 847-851.

FRACTURE ENERGY OF SILICON NITRIDES

by J. A. Coppola, et al

The fracture energy of four hot-pressed and two reaction sintered

Si3 N4 specimens were measured from -1960 to 1400 0 C by the work fracture method.

Table I: Room temperature properties of specimens.

Table II: Temperature dependence of the work of fracture of specimens.

Figure 4:, Graphical presentation of temperature variation of work of

fracture of specimens.

AD-753-711

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

OF SILICON CARBIDE AND SAPPHIRE FILAMENTS

by R. L. Crane

The tensile strength and Young's modulus of both SiC and AI2 03 filaments

have been documented as a function of temperature..

Figure 4, Page 12: Strength of Si rich AVCO SiC filament as a function

of temperature.
Figure 5, Page 12: Tensile strength as a function of temperature for both
virgin and abraded, stoichmetric AVCO SiC filaments.

Table I: -Comparison of room temperature tensile strength of virgin and

abraded French SiC filaments.

Figure 7, Page 16: Young's modulus as a.function of temperature (AVCO

stoichiometric SiC filaments).

Figure 8, Page 16: Tensile strength as a function oftemperature for both

virgin and abraded TYCO C-axis sanuhire.

 9/

Figure 9, Page 18: Tensile strength vs temperature for virgin and abraded

TYCO a-axis sapphire.

Figure 10, Page 18: -Tensile strength vs temperature for Cr2O3 coated TYCO

c-axis sapphire.

Figure 11, Page 20: Tensile strength vs temperature for virgin and abraded

ADL (Arthur D. Little, Cambridge, Mass.) Cr +3 doped c-axis sapphire.

Figure 12, Page 20: Tensile strength vs temperature for virgin and abraded

ADL (Arthur D. Little, Cambridge, Mass.) Cr +3 doped a-axis sapphire.

Figure 13, Page 23: Young's modulus of TYCO c-axis sapphire vs temperature.

Table 1I, Page 21: Spark source spectrometric chemical analysis of an

exceptionally strong and average strength ADL Cr+3 doped c-axis filament.

Proceedings of the British Ceramic Society, Jan. 1970, p. 37-46.

THE EFFECT OF STRESS RATE ON THE RUPTURE STRENGTH OF

ALUMINA AND MULLITE REFRACTORIES

by A. G. Crouch & K. H. Jolliffe

Modulus of rupture tests are carried out at temperatures up to 14000C on an

85% alumina and a fused-grain mullite refractory.

Figure 1: Fracture stress vs temperature for 85% alumina.

Figure 7: Fracture stress vs loading rate for 85% alumina.

Computers and Structures, Vol. 3, pp. 8491863. Pergamon Press 1973.

FINITE ELEMENT ELASTIC-PLASTIC-CREEP ANALYSIS OF.TWO-

DIMENSIONAL CONTINUUM WITH TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES

by N. A. Cyr & R. D. Teter

A technique is presented for this test. The plastic analysis utilized the

Prandtl-Reuss flow equations assuring isotropic material properties and linear

strain-hardening. A power creep flow law formulated by Odquist is used to

determine the steady state creep strain rate. The plastic and creep flow laws

are employed to derive a 'softened' plastic-creep stress-strain matrix. These

modified stress-strain relations are then used to formulate the element stiffness

matrix in the usual manner.

 98

Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 6, Nov. 1970, pp. 281-298.

THE STRENGTH OF CERAMICS

by R. W. Davidge & A. G. Evans

This report gives tensile strengths of alumina, magnesia, silicon nitride,

and uranium dioxide.

Figure 6: Variation of inherent crack size with grain size in fully

dense polycrystalline MgO.

Figure 12: Fracture stress vs temperature of Si3N4 (two different

densities).

Figure 13: Temperature dependence of strength of A1203 (polycrystalline­

99% and 99.5% dense).

Figure 15: Strengthvs grain size of MgO at 200C.

Figure 16: Temperature dependence of the strength of fully dense and

97% dense MgO.

AD-611-757

A STUDY OF HIGH MODULUS, HIGH STRENGTH FILAMENT

MATERIALS BY DEPOSITION TECHNIQUES

by L. G. Davies, et al

The objective of this program was to establish the feasibility for depositing

the desired materials by state-of-the- art vapor deposition techniques upon a

substrate in filament form. The following materials were selected for study on

the basis of their high modulus to density ratio: boron carbide, silicon carbide,

and aluminum oxide. The filament were characterized by their physical appearance

and by the measurements of their tensile strength.

A study of high modulus, high strength filament materials by deposition

techniques.

Table 1: Potential filament reinforcement materials, density (Ilb/in

0.06--0.16., modulus 1061b/in2 30--70, modulus to density ratio 1-7.

Material tested: boron, beryllium, beryllium carbide, silicon carbide,

boron carbide, beryllium oxide, aluminium oxide, zirconium oxide, vana­

dium carbide, tungsten carbide E-glasso

 99

Table II: Summary of physical test results. Density of coating

g/cm 3 1.5--3.5, modulus of elasticity XIO 6 psi 2--86. Tensile

strength 3--246. Material used: boron carbide, silicon carbide, boron

titanium carbide, titanium boride, aluminium oxide, beryllium oxide,

beryllium.

AD-600-614

EQUATION OF STATE FOR SOLID BODIES

by B. I. Davydov

Prodeeding from the general concepts of the Quantum Theory of solid bodies

approximation expressions are obtained for the free energy of basic types of

crystalline solid bodies (ions, volents and molecular crystals, metals). These

expressions make it possible to obtain the equation of state, as well as, the

compressibility and coefficient of thermal expansion as a function of pressure

and temperature by the usual miethod. Constants entering into the formulas may

be determined on the basis of experiments carried out at low pressure. The

equation obtained are valid up to the pressure at which some phase chanaes

take place. Date given for NaCl, MgO, Fe 04 , Si, Ge, and Fe.

Figure 1: Pressure vs atomic volume 3at 0K.

Figure 2: Pressure vs atomic volume at 00 K.00

& 0 K.

-AD-609-351

GRAIN BOUNDARIES AND THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE

by R. B. Day &R. J. Stokes - (1964)

This paper compares the mechanical behavior-of single crystal and poly

ystalline MgO at various temperatures. Relevant charts are listed below.

ny photomicrographs are also shown. -

Table 1, Page 4: Type of MgO polycrystals (gives density, grain size,

and microstructure).

Figure 1, Page 8: Resolved shear stress vs resolved shear strain

(single crystal MgO at 1800C)

Table II, Page 13: 'Summary of relevant Tinnings on mecnanicai nehavior

of single crystals at high temperatures.

 100

AD-609-479

SOME RECENT-ADVANCES IN MICROWAVE PHONON

GENERATION AND DETECTION WITH APPLICATIONS

TO THE STUDY OF PHONON-LATTICE INTERACTIONS

IN DIELECTRIC MATERIALS

by J. de Klerk

This paper gives many charts for attenuation measurements in quartz,

MgO, TiO 2 , and Al,2 03. A theory for the behavior of attenuation as a function

of temperature is als6 given. The following charts and graphs were noted:

Figure 51: Attenuation vs temperature at 1Gc/sec in MgO (Norton #I)

for compressional waves in (100) direction.

Figure 52: Attenuation vs temperature at I and 3 Gc/sec in MgO.

for compressional waves in (100) direction before and after UV irradiation

Figure 53: Attenuation vs temperature at IGc/sec in MgO.

Figure 54: Intrinsic attenuation vs temperature in MgO for shear waves.
Figure 55: Attenuation vs temperature at lGc/sec of compressional
waves in MgO after anneal.

Figure 56: Attenuation vs temperature at !Gc/sec of compressional

waves along "C"-axis InTiO 2 .

Figure 57: Intrinsic attenuation vs temperature for compressional

waves in Ti02. (#1).

Figure 58: Attenuation vs temperature for compressional waves

in Al2 03 (Linde #5 ) along C-axis at 1 Gc/sec.

Figure 59: Attenuation vs temperature for compressional waves in

A10 , along the c-axis at 1Gc/sec using =rS transducer.

 101

N67-17660

or

AD-643-861

SYNTHESIS OF NEW SOLID-STATE MATERIALS

BY ULTRAHIGH PRESSURE TECHNIQUES

by A. J. DeLai, et al

This paper studies the microstructure and physical properties of

dense oxides prepared at ultrahigh pressures and low temperature. Completely

dense, transparent MgO has been prepared in submicron grain sizes with
hard­
ness values twice that of single crystal material and 30% or 50% greater

than that for hot-pressed material.

Figure'11, page 28:. Grain size vs. temperature - MgO.

Figure 12, Page 29:

Knoop hardness vs. temperature - MgO.

Figure 13, Page 30: Knoop hardness vs. grain size.

Journal of Research, Vol. 77A, No. 4, July-August 1973, pp. 391-394.

AN ALUMINA STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL FOR RESONANCE

FREQUENCY AND DYNAMIC ELASTIC MODULI MEASUREMENT

II. Characteristic Values for Use from 250C to ioooC

by Robert W. Dickson & Edward Schreiber

The temperature dependence of Young's modulus and the shear modulus of

polycrystalline alumina is given over the range of 250C to 10000 C. Results

are expressed in terms of the dimensionless ration modulus value at tempera­

ture divided by modulus value at 25 C. These results are intended for use

with Standard Reference Material No. 718 which is intended for calibration

of apparatus used to determine elastic modulus of solids by resonance

techniques.

 102

AD-694-833

Heat Conductivity of Pure Oxide Ceramics

by I. G. Duderov and D. N. Poluboyarinov

This article is translated from Russian by D. Kcobeck. It is a

study that determines the heat conductivity of pure A1203 , MgO, BeO, and

ZrO samples experimentally in the temperature range of 100-10000 C." It

was noted that results differed according to diameter of the sample, grain

structure, and the thermal heat treatments given the samples prior to

testing.

Table 2; page 3: Mean heat capacity C pf the specimen kK Cal/Kg. deg.

Figure 1, page 5: Dependence of the magnitude of heat conductivity

coefficient of A1203 ceramics.

Figure 2; page 2: Coefficent of heat conductivity for Al U ceramics

Figure 3: Coefficient of heat conductivity for MgO ceramics.

Figure 4: Coefficient of heat conductivity of BeO ceramics.

Table 3, page 7; Coefficients of heat conductivity.

Figure 5, page 8: Coefficients of heat conductivity for ZrO 2 .

Table 4, page 9: Heat conductivity of pure oxide ceramics.

Figure 6: Coefficient of heat conductivity of A12O 3 ceramics.

Table 5; page 12; Coefficient of heat conductivity of corundum

ceramic manufactured by various methods.

Conclusion:

1. The values of heat conductivity for dense specimens.of ceramics

made from A1203 , MgO, and BeO, measured by the methods of stationary and

regular heat regimes, differ wishes the limits of experimental error.

2. TheXof specimens with similar density depends on the character

of their structure, which in turn is caused both by the method of their

manufacture and by the heat treatment during annealing and their service.

3. The values of X obtained in our investigation for dense ceramics

of pure oxides at low temperature (400-6000) turned out to be significantly

smaller than the values given in many foreign sources.

 103

AD-607-619

A SURVEY OF HIGH TEMPERATURE CERAMIC MATERIALS FOR RADOMES

by L. K. Eliason & G. C. Zellner

A comprehensive survey was conducted of available information

concerning the useof nonmetallic inorganic refractory materials in the

fabrication of radomes for elevated temperature use. In conducting thic

survey, both open literature and contract reports were studied. These

were augmented with facility visits and personal communications with bc

-missile contractors and materials suppliers.

The available data were analyzed to determine-their-validity, an(

* that information considered to be reliable and accurate was compiled ir

both tabular and graphical form.

Figure 1: Temperature variation of-K at 4 x 109 c/s for Al2 03 -SrTiO 3

compositions. Dielectric constant K.12.0-11.0 vs..temperature 0C(O-900)

Table II: Materials index and property indicator.

Figure 2: Maximum available temperature data. Electrical properties

locator chart p. 92-109.

Figure 16: Dielectric constant 8.5-13.0 vs. temperature 200-2800F

of 99.9% alumina.

Figure 17: Loss tangent 0..00001-0.001 vs. temperature 0 F(200-2800)

of 99.85% alumina.

Figure 18: Dielectric constant 8.5-13.0 vs. temperature 200-2800OF

of 99.5% alumina.

Figure 19-Figure 92: Dielectric constant and loss tangent vs. tempera­
ture of different ceramics.

Figure 93-Figure 103: Resistivity ohm cm vs. temperature OF of

different ceramics.

Figure 104-110: Specific heat o-.5 vs. temperature °F(200-2800).

-2
Figure 111-Figure 117: Thermal conductivity cal cm/cm 2 sec °C x 10

vs. temperature 100-1800°C (200-28000 F).

Figure 118-Figure 129: Total normal emissivity 0-100 vs. tempera­

ture 0 F(0-2800).

 104

Figure-130-133: Linear thermal expansion percent 0-2.0 vs. tempera­

ture OF 0-2800.

X 10-4 vs. temperature

Figure 134-135: Thermal expansion in/in

200-2800.

-2
Figure 136-137: Thermal diffusivity cm2/sec X 10 .1-1.0 vs.200­
2800 OF.

3
Figure 133-143: Tensile strength 0-50 X 10 psi temperature OF 200-2800.

- Figure 139-148: Flexural strength 0-50 X 103psi temperature OF 200-2800.

60

Figure 149:
Young's modulus X 10 psi 10-60 vs. temperature F 200-2800.

Figure 155-160: Shear modulus X.10 6 0-50 vs. temperature 200-2800 OF.

Page 254-265: Dielectric constant and loss tangent of alumina.

Page 266-268: Dielectric constant and loss tangent of beryllia.,

Page269-274 :" Dielectric. constant and loss tangent of boron nitride.

Page 275: Dielectric constant and loss tangent of magnesia.

Page 276: Dielectric constant and loss tangent of spinel.

Pages.277-280: Volume resistivity of alumina.

Page 281: Volume resistivity of silicas.

-Pages 282-283: Volume resistivity of spinei

Page 284: Dielectric strength of alumina.

Page 285; Dielectric strength of beryllia.

Pages 286-188: Specific heat of alumina.

Page 289: Specific heat of pyroceram.

Pages 290-292: Thermal conductivity of alumina.

Pages 293-294: Thermal conductivity of silica.

Page 295: Thermal conductivity of beryllium

Pages 296-299: Thermal expansion of alumina

Pages 300-301: Thermal expansion of beryllium.

Page 302: Thermal expansion of pyroceram.

Pages 303-304: Emissivity of alumina.

Pages 305-306: Emissivity of beryllium.

Pages 307-308: Emissivity of silica.

Page 309: Emissivity of pyroceram.

Page 310: Thermal diffusivity-of'silica.

Page 311: Thermal. diffusivity of pyroceram.

Page 312: Compressive strength of alumina.

Pages 313-316: Tensile strength of alumina.

Pages 317-318: Young's modulus

- shear modulus - Poisson's ratio of alumina
 105

Page 319: Tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength,

Young's modulus of beryllia.

Page 320: Tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength,

Young's modulus of pyroceram.

Page 321: Tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength,

Young's modulus of.magnesia.

Page 322: Tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength,

Young's modulus of fused silica.

AD-765-478

COMBINEDSTRESSt STRENGTH RESULTS FOR A

HIGH-PURITY, SLIP-CAST FUSED SILICA

by R. E. Ely-

The behavior of a high-purity SCFS was determined under ten'biaxial

stress statesat room temperature. Modulus of rupture data was also deter­
mined.

Four point loading was employed in the flexural tests, and the "pressure

vessel" test method (previously described in Mr. Ely's papers) was used to

obtain the ten biaxial stress states. Loading was accomplished'by various

combinations of internal, external, and axial pressures.

Equations used for calcuation of stresses are given on page 4.

Table I - page 7 - Modulus of rupture of high-purity, SCFS.

Table II - page 8-10 - combined stress results for 57 tests (hoop

stress, axial stress, and fracture time).

Table III - Modulus of rupture for round specimens (density, surface

finish, specimen diameter,-modulus of rupture).

Figure 5 - Plot of strength results of Table II.

Figure 6 - Theoretical curve (from Leon Theory) and results of lot

6A plotted.

 106

AD-608-217

TECHNOLOGY OF NEW DEVITRIFIED CERAMICS

- A LITERATURE REVIEW
by Barry R. Emrich

A comprehensive review of the worldwide open literature was made

to assist the research and development engineer in future work and inform

the applications engineer of the present uses and capabilities of

devitrified ceramics. The devitrified ceramics of primary concern are

those materials which are predominantly crystalline bodies produced by

induced and controlled nucleation and crystallization of preformed glass

articles. The study includes information on compositional and processing

factors, fundamental phenomena, properties, the effects of crystal sizes,

heat treatment, composition oh properties, and applications. It also

includes selected abstracts.

Table II: Crystal size, modulus of rupture and Young's modulus as

a function of heat treatment after nucleation for 4-6 hours at 7600C.

Figure 5: Modulus of rupture as a function of crystal size and

surface condition of a fine-grained devitrified ceramic.

Figure 6: Schematic graph of postulated relationship between

strength, crystal size and surface flaws in ceramics. (Ref. 1).

Figure.7: Effect of grain size on strength of polycrystalline

aluminum oxide (Ref. 133).

Figure 13:. Modulus of rupture comparison data between pyroceram 9606

and BeO, A1203 and fused silica.

Figure 14: Maximum temperature from which A1203 , pyroceram and

slip-coat fused silica may be quenched as a function of ab. Walton

and Bowen (Ref. 172).

a=half the thickness

b-heat transfer coefficient

Figure 15: Effect of temperature on transverse strength of A1203,

pyroceram, and slip-cast fused silica. Walton and Bowen (Ref. 172).

Figure 16: Frontside-backside temperature of A1203, pyroceram and

slip-cast fused silica as a function of time in oxygen-hydrogen rocket

 107

motor exhaust. Samples 1/4 inch thick. Walton and Bowen (Ref. 172).

Figure 17: T Between frontside and backside of Al2 03, pyroceram, and

slip-cast fused silica as a function of average wall temperature in

oxygen-hydrogen rocket motor exhaust. Walton and Bowen (Ref. 172).

Table IV: Expansion in mils per inch vs temperature in degreed

centigrade.
Table VIII: Relative physical and thermal merit ratios Noble et al
(Ref. 182).
Figure 29: Comparison of coefficient of expansion for low expansion
materials.

N66-14174

A FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE USE OF POWDERS AS HEP

TRANSFER MEDIA IN IRRADIATION CAPSULES

by J. L. Evans

This paper studies the possible use of ceramic powders as a heat transfer

media in irradiation capsules. The desirable properties of such powders are

high thermal conductivity, compatability with capsule material, and sufficient

flexibility to allow unimpeded distortion of the irradiation specimen, The

factors affecting these properties are discussed and a high degree of flexibility

has been found to be incompatible with a high conductivity, Therefore, the use

of powders for high heat rating applications is not feasible.

r 1: 2

Figure 1: Thermal conductivity of MgO/He mixture at 500 /in abs.

F 2
Figure 2: Thermal conductivity of MgO/He mixture at 500 in abs.

Fige 3: TAl coVa'nductivhit at M/mixtue at 5 -2a

Figure 3: Thermal conductivity of MgO/He mixture at 50tin abs.

BeG, SIC, A1203 , and graphite at 15#/in 2 abs.

Figure 5: Thermal conductivity of MgO/He and BeO/He mixtures and He

at 15#/in 2 abs.

Figure 6: Thermal conductivity of MgO and BeO/He mixtures at various

packing fractions (calculated from Euben's and Laubitz's equations).

 108

N69-28430

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS

by D. R. Flynn

In this paper, thermal conductivity is defined and a brief

phenomenological desciiption of the energy transport mechanisms involved

are presented. The influence of environmental effects on thermal

conductivity is discussed (temperature, stress, pressure, etc.) There

is also discussion on the effects of composition and structure on thermal

conductivity.

Some remarks are made on the reliability of some thermal conductivity

data. Techniques for measuring thermal conductivity are described and

there are comments on the availability and use of thermal conductivity

reference standards.

Equations for different methods of computing thermal conductivity are

presented:

Figure 8-Page 69: Idealized temperature dependence of thermal

conductivity for a single-crystal - (A12 03 ).

Figure 18-Page 79: Thermal conductivity of some non-metallic

crystals compared with very pure copper -(A12 03 , LiF, quartz,

diamond NaF).

Figure 21: High temperature thermal conductivity of TiC

Figure 19: High temperature thermal conductivity of several ceramic

materials (SiC, MgO, A12 03 , Spinel, Graphite, ZrO 2, fused SiO2, etc.)

Figure 23: Volume-temperature diagram for S102.

Figure 30-Page 56: Effect of stress on the expansivity of alumina.

 109

AD-607-742

THERMAL RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSPARENT,

SEMI-TRANSPARENT AND TRANSLUCENT MATERIALS

UNDER NON - ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS

by R. C. Folweiler & W. J. Mallio

This report compares calculated and experimentally measured values of

emissivity for smaples of A12 03 , MgO, Sio2' and SrTiO3. Experimenal

values were measured from room temperature to 12000C and at wavelengths

from one to fifteen microns. Numerous graphs are presented for comparison

of calculated vs experimentally measured values.

Figure 6.1: Absorption coefficient of single crystal Al203.

Figure 6.2: Absorption coefficient of single crystal MgO.

Figure 6.3: Absorption coefficient of single crystal SrTiO 3.

Figure 6.5: Absorption coefficient of single crystal SiO2 glass.

Figure 7.1 - 7.15: Measured vs calculated emissivity of A1203 (at

different temperatures and different samples of A1203 ).

Figure 7.16 - 19: Measured vs calculated emissivity of SiO2 glass.

Figure 7.20 - 25: Measured vs calculated emissivity of MgO (Mg-)

at different temperatures.

Figure 7.26, 7.27, 7.28, 7.29; Measured vs calculated emissivity of

SrTiO 3 (at different temperatures).

Figure 7.30 - 7.36: Measured vs calculated emissivity of commercial

A12 03 at different temperatures.

Figure 9.2: Comparison of isothermal and non-isothermal emissivitv

of an A12 03 body (Western Gold and Platinum Company) Al-3-96%,

SiO 2 -4%). Non-isothermal

0 radiating surface at 8980C - Thermal

gradient 60 C/cm. Isothermal radiating surface at 8950 C.

AD-740-255

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLID MATERIALS

by E. Fitzer

The thermal expansion behavior of pure platinum, sintered A1203 , sintered

and arc cast tungsten, and three types of polycrystalline graphite was determined

 110

0
experimentally at temperatures from 1000 C to 26000C.

Table 5: Experimental results of thermal expansion on alumina

compared with literature data.

Table 11: Experimental results on thermal expansion of R.V.D.

graphite (across grain).

Figure 15 & 16: Thermal expansion and deviation of alumina vs

temperature.
AD-753-85

CERAMIC MATERIALS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS BEARINGS

by P. J. Gielisse, et al

The attempt of this study is to determine the order of magnitude of the

temperature between the sliding surfaces, both at a macroscopic and micro­

scopic level. The macroscopic approach provides little other than the prediction

of the bulk temperature distribution in the material and at the surface of it.

It also provides some guidance as to the magnitude of the thermal stresses

that might occur immediately below the surface. The macroscopic analysis

also provides a mean temperature and an estimate of the magnitude of the

thermal energy generated at a particular portion of the disc. This

information can then be used

as a starting point for the analysis to

estimate the microscopic surface temperature which is a function of the

light and spectrum distribution of the aspecities.

Knowing the microscopic

temperature distribution, one can write various chemical note equations

and postulate and interpret the reactions that are or might be occurring

at the surface at the microscopic level.

Table II:
Surface analysis data for the nominally 30 micro inch

surfaces of-hot pressed silicon nitride.

Figure 1-18: Coefficient of friction vs time (continuous run, and

stop-start cycles for various materials).

Table VIII,' Page 48:

Abrasive size and concentration used in polishing

experiments on hot-pressed Si3 N4 .

Table IX, Page 67, Table X, Page 68:

Data obtained inneutron activation

analysis of Si3 N4 sample.

 III

Figure 36, Page 88: Temperature developed by two rotating discs as a

function of radius (R)and depth (Z)in inches.

Page 112-115: Appendix 1 - Chemical properties of silicon nitride.

Page 116-118: Electrical properties.
Page 119-130: Mechanical and physical properties.
Page 131-135: Thermal properties.

Journal of The American Ceramic Society, Vol. 53, No. 7, pp. 399-406.

EFFECT OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF POROSITY ON GRAIN GROWTH IN

HOT-PRESSED MAGNESIUM OXIDE AND MAGNESIOWUSTITE

by R. S. Gordon, et al

Grain growth was studied at 13000, 14000 and 1500 C in nearly

theoretically dense (0.1 to b.8% porosity) hot pressed magnesium oxide

(99.99 + %) and magnesiowustite (0.10 and 0.48 wt% Fe203). Small amounts
of porosity had large effects on the kinetics of grain growth. Grain ­
growth is probably porosity-controlled in MgO at all temperature and
in magnesiowustite at 14000 and 1500 0 C if pores remain on grain boundaries

or at grain intersections. The tendency for the entrapment of porosity is

enhanced as the temperature is increased and as the dopant (Fe2 03 ) concentra­

tion is decreased. Small amounts of porosity (<1%) can cause limiting growth

situations at grain sizes well below 100 1 m . The Fe2 03 dopant stabilizes

squared grain growth kinetics at 1300 0 C and decreases the rate of grain

growth at all three temperature.

N73-13576

or

AD-748-389

DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH STRENGTH BERYLLIA MATERIAL

by 3. Greenspan

Beryllia powders mixed with minute (but sufficient) amounts of alumina

were pressure sintered from low temperature to high integrity. The minute

amount of alumia greatly improved the densification process, and provided

a combination of fine grain size and low porosity. The alumina power particles

 112

are much finer than that of beryllia. The hot pressure temperature is approx­
imately 1360 0 C to 1500 0 C.

Densification of the powder mass was composed of the two distinct pro­
cesses: (1) "chemical combination" of alumina (A1203 ) with beryilia (BeO)

to form chrysoberyl (BeAl 2 04 ). (2) the "sintering" of the particles to an

integral mass by interatomic diffusion.

This kind of combination sintering has to follow two principal re­

quirements: (1)sufficient temperature ,(2) sufficient alumnina.

The microsturctures were examined by both optical and electron miscro­

scopy and it comes out that the wave frequency was of the order of 5 to 10

megahertz. Flexural strength was determined by simple beam, single point

flexture for which the span was two inches. The content of alumina varies

from 5% to 20% by weight and the pressing temperature was of the order

of 13900C to 1400°C.

The product of unusual combination of fine grain size and low poro­
sity is characterized also by higher strength. The flexural strength valves

obtained here which were of the order of 46 to 51 thousand psi were signi­
ficantly greater than those typical of sintered monophase beryllia and the

moduli is 56 to 57 million psi, the same as monbphase beryllia. Experiments

proved when the alumina content was decreased to 3% (from 5%). "Combination

sintering" did not occur at the 13900 to 1400'C, but it did take place when

temperature is 1500 0 C.

Another analysis found that under the present circumstances of processing

0
the minimum temperature for "combination sintering" must be greater than 1390 C

(2479°F). But the strength peak is defiend by pressing temperature near 14000C

(2550'F). This would yield the typical dense, fine grained high strength

microstructure.

Finally, the article summarizes that the combination sintering of beryllia

with minute (but sufficient amounts) of alumnina can produce a fine grain size

with low porosity, high strength beryllia material. The practical aspects are

that the important temperature and time parameters for pressure sintering are

significantly less than those normally required for beryllia.

 113

N63-21233

A STUDY OF THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF THE MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

by'G. E. Gross

A literature survey of the properties of ceramics, both classical

nd kolid state theory, is presented. A better understanding of the

eramic properties as related to their electron - lattice structure was

ained by correlating the mechanical properties of brittleness and

uctility with the electronic and crystalline (lattice) properties of

aterials.

Experimental methods and results are given for surface energy and

all coefficients measurements.

Figure 3 - Page 13: Critical force curve for a MgO specimen.

 • 114

-N66-23566 or

AD-628-396

THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC ALLOYS

-by G. W. Groves, et. al.

This paper deals with MgO and A12 03 crystals that were deliberately

impurified with Ti (.2%). An increase in the resistance to dislocation

motion was observed as a result of heat treatment. The micrb-structure

of an MgO crystal is also described.

Figure 4: Surface hardness of MgO - .2%Ti vs annealing time at

1000°C.

N67-15019

(AD-641-657)

THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF IMPURE MgO Crystals

by G. W. Groves & D. A. Shockey

Fracture surface energies of MgO and MgO with Ti impurities were

measured using the technique of driving cracks thru the crystals in a

series of small jumps.

The values obtained by testing agreed fairly well with calculated

values. A histogram of surface energies obtained is also included.

Figure 3: Surface energy vs length of crack.

Figure 56: Instron chart.

Ceramic Bulletin, Vol. 49, No. 6 (1970). pp. 575-570

EFFECT OF VARIOUS SURFACE TREATMENTS ON THE

BEND STRENGTH OF HIGH ALUMINA SUBSTRATES

by R. F. Gruszka, et a

This paper studies the variation of the strength of a fine-grained ­

99.5% alumina substrate as a function of the surface condition.' Various
machining methods are used on the substrates and they are then tested.
Table I: Modulus of rupture (MOR) tests.

Table II: MOR resuTts vs. treatment time in fused borax.

Table III: MOR results for diffusion annealed specimens.

N65-25980

or

AD-614-472

SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS, PART III - AN INVESTIGATION

.OF THE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SINGLE CRYSTAL VERSUS

POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS

by D. L. Guile

This paper concerns studies to determine the effects of grain boundaries

upon polycrystalline ceramic dielectrics. Dielectric measurements of poly­

crystalline samples are compared with measurements from single crystals.

Itwas determined that the Koops approach of analyzing the results

was invalid.

.The dielectric properties of single crystal and polycrystalline MgO,

polycrystalline MgF 2, and ZnS samples are presented in graphic form over a

wide range of temperatures and frequencies. Activation energies are also

given for the loss mechanisms present.

 ilb

Journal of The American Ceramic Society, Vol. 52, No. ii, pp. 585-590.

MECHANICAL PROPERITES OF POLYCRYSTALLINE BETA-SiC

by T. D. Gulden

This paper gives various mechanical properties of chemically vapor­

deposited beta-SiC over a range of temperatures (room temperature to 14000C).

Table I: Density,grain diameter, mean fracture stress, and Young's

modulus for samples of SiC tested at room temperature.

Table II: Same as above as functions of temperature and grain diameter.

Figure 3: Bend strength vs. temperature.
Figure 4: Young's modulus vs. temperature.
Figure 5: Typical stress-strain curves at various temperatures.

Journal of The American Ceramic Society, Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 249-253.

.STRENGTH DEGRADATION AND CRACK PROPAGATION IN THERMALLY SHOCKED AL2 0

by T. K. Gupta

This report shows that strength degradation and crack propagation are

a function of grain size and initial strength. Aluminum oxide specimens

were heated to a temperature of 1200 0 C and then quenched at various tempera­

tures and the room temperature strengths measured. All data is for alumina,

Table II: Room temperature strengths of thermally shocked aluminas

as functions of quenching temperatures.

Figure II: Modulus of rupture vs. quenching temperature (MOR at

room temperature).

Journal of Materials Science, 8, (1973), pp. 1283-1286.

RESISTANCE TO CRACK PROPAGATION IN CERAMICS SUBJECTED TO THERMAL SHOCK

by Tapan K. Gupta

In this article, the author shows that the resistance to crack propagE

in A12 03 , zirconia, and porcelain when subjected to thermal shock is relatec

 117

the materials initial strength.

Figure 1: Resistance vs initial strength for Lucalox alumina, com­

mercial alumina, and porcelain.

N71-15878

DYNAMIC YIELD STRENGTHS OF LIGHT ARMOR MATERIALS

by W. H. Gust

E. B. Boyce

The dynamic compressive yield strength, or Hugoniot elastic limits

were determined for a number of light ceramics. (64C, BeO, A1203 , SiC, TiB 2,

A1B 12 , TiBe12, Be2B, Si, and ZrBe13 ) Hugoniot parameters to about IMbar were

measured for B4C, BeO, and four aluminas, and to about .5Mbar for Si.

Equations are given for various stresses, velocities, etc.

Table II,Page 8: Hugoniot parameters (for materials studied).

Table III, Page 9: Hugoniot elastic limits.

Table IV,Page 10: Axial yield strengths and phase-transition pressures

Figure 4 and 5: Experimental Hugoniot for SiC, TiB 2, Vascomax 350, and

crystalline silicon.

Figure 13, Page 17: Longitudinal, bulk and shear moduli vs density

for alumina ceramics for ultrasonic measurements.

Table 5: Ultrasonic bulk moduli for materials at theoretical density

Figure 13: Distention ratio versus stress for alumina ceramics.

Table 6: Distention ratios and stress offsets in BO and Al n

Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 1969, Vol. 1, pp. 463-471.

OBSERVATION AND MECHANISMS OF FRACTURE

IN POLYCRYSTALLINE ALUMINA

by Paul L. Gutshall & Gordon E. Gross

The fracture mechanisms of polycrystalline alumina have been

investigated using the double cantilever beam cleavage method. The fracture

resistance of alumina was measured at temperatures up to 1500 0 C. The

fracture resistance of alumina increased with increasing grain size for

temperature studied.

The lower softening point of SiO 2 causes alumina with this material

as a binder to lose its strength at lower temperatures than does MgO bonded

material. The mechanism of fracture in these polycrystalline ceramics

leads to a suggested method for improved mechanical strength.

AD-745-744

CERAMIC SYSTEMS FOR MISSILE STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS

by J. N. Harris, et al

This report has numerous graphs and tables of mechanical properties

of fused silica. There is also a small amount of data on Weibull parameters.

Table I: Mean values of results for sample composition.

Table II, Page 11: Equal weight comparison of area.

Table IV: Thermally and mechanically biased test of performance

improvement.

Table V: Hot surface heat impact test conditions.

 119

AD-745-744

Figure IX,page 32 - Effect of time at temperature on impact

damage to slip-cast fused silica

Table VI, page 35 - Effect of multiple impacts on damage to

slip-cast fused silica.

Table VII, page 47- Properties of slip-cast fused silica specimens

prior to creep testing-

Figure 22, page 49 ­ Definition of creep rates in the determination

of viscosity values

Figure 23, page 51 - Variation of viscosity with time for commercial

C silica.

Figure 24, page 52 - Variation of viscosity with time for high purity

HPA silica

Figure 27, page 56 - Schematic of Ring Tensile Test

Table X, page 63 - Physical property data for 3/4 inch test bars

sintered six hours at 22100 and 2250 0 F

Table XI - Test results on 5 3/4 inch inside diameter rings

Table XII, page 65

- Test results on 16 - 1/2 inch diameter rings

Table XII, page 66 - Test results on 29 - 1/2 inch diameter rings

Table XIII, page 67 - Test results on 29 - 1/2 inch inside diameter rings

Table XIII, (cont.) page 68 - Test results on 29 - 1/2 inch inside diameter

rings

A summary of test results is shown in Table XIV. It is seen that there

does exist a consistent variation of strength with volume and it is believed

-that the strength characteristic of slip-cast fused silica can be described

by the Weibull statistic. It also appears that there is a variation of the

modulus of elasticity with volume but it isnot believed that a general

conclusion should be drawn with respect to this property.

Table XIV, page 69 - Summary of test results

Figure 31, page 70 - Weibull plot of hydrostatic ring test data

Figure 33, page 78 - Illustration of the chronological development of

ceramic radomes in terms of mach number and flight altitude.

Table XV, page 79 - Individual mechanical test specimen data

Table XVI, page 83 - Individual ablation test specimen data

Table XVII - Flow density constants for various materials

Figure 34 - Required factor of safety as function of material flow

density constant
 120

AD-766-494

FUSED SILICA DESIGN MANUAL

by J. N. Harris & E. A. Welsh

This volume provides a summary of the current status of the knowledge of

designing slip-cast fused silica hardware. It is intended to provide the user

with a basic knowledge of material and processing techniques as well as

basic design information. Pages, figures and tables have been numbered by

chapters. Subjects covered in this volume are: fused silica raw material

preparations, size reduction and slip preparation, slip casting, drying

and firing and room temperature and elevated temperature properties.

Page 1 - 3, Figure 1-1 - Viscosity of fused silica
Page 1 - 6, Figure 1-2 - Dielectric constant versus temperature for
candidate radome materials
Page 1 - 7, Figure 1-3 - Loss tangent versus temperature for candidate
radome materials
Page 1 - 8, Table 1-1 - Weight parameter for radome materials
Table 2 - 3, Page 2-13 - Properties of technical and high purity
silica slips
Figure 2 - 5 - Particle size distributions for fused silica slips
Figure 3 - 1, Page 3-8 - Cast wall thickness versus time of casting for
fused silica
Figure 3 - 3, Page 3-17 - Hypothetical strengthening prbcessing in
slip-casting fused silica
Figure 3 - 6, Page 3-21 - Percent porosity versus sintering time for
high purity and technical grade fused silica slips sintered at
2100 0 F, 22500F, and 24000F.
Figure 3 - 7, Page 3-22 - Modulus of rupture versus sintering time
for high purity and technical grade fused silica slips sintered at

2100 0 F, 22500 F, and 22400F,

Figure 3 - 10, Page.3-27 - Bulk density of technical grade slip-cast

fused silica fired in different atmospheres at 2200 0 F

Figure 3 - 11, Page 3-28 - Modulus of rupture of.technical grade slip­

cast fused silica in different atmosphere at 2200OF

 121

AD-766-494

Figure 3 - 12, Page 3-29 - Dynamic Young's modulus versus sintering time

for high purity slip-cast fused silica, with mean particle diameter

of 4.7 and 17 micrometers

Page 3 - 31, Figure 3-13 - Bulk density versus sintering time for high

purity fused silica slips with mean particle diameter of 4 and 7

micrometer sintered at 21000 F, and 2400OF

Page 3 - 32, Figure 3-14 - Percent porosity versus sintering time

for high purity fused silica slips with mean particle diameters of

0
4 and 7 micrometers sintered at 21001F, 2250 0 F, and 2400 F.

Page 3 - 33, Gifure 3-15 - Modulus of rupture versus sintering time

for high purity fused silica slips with mean particle diameters of

0
4 and 7 micrometers sintered at 2100 0 F, 2250OF and 2400 F.

Figure 3 - 16, Page 3-34 - Dynamic Young's bmodulus versus sintering

time for high purity slip-cast fused silica prepared from slips with

mean particle diameter of 4 and 7 micrometers sintered at 21000 F,

22500 F, and 24000 F.

Page 3 - 35, Figure 3-17 - Bulk density of technical grade'slip-cast

fused silica in air at one atmosphere
Page 3 - 36, Figure 3-18 - Porosity of technical grade slip-cast
fused silica fired in air at one atmosphere
Page 3.- 37, Figure 3-19 - Modulus of rupture of technical grade
slip-cast fused silica fired in air at one atmosphere
Figure 3 - 20, Figure 3-40 - Transisent heat conduction in a radome
initially at temperature Ti, as external sufrace is held at temperatur

Ts while internal surface is insulated

Figure 3 - 21, Figure 3-41 --Transisent heat conduction in a cylindric

test bar, initially at temperature T, as the surface is held at

temperature Ts

Figure 3 - 22 - Transisent heat conduction in a radome or cylindrical

test bar initially at temperature Ti, as the surface is raised to a

temperature Tx at a constant rate

Figure 4 - 1 - Elastic modulus versus density for high purity and

technical grade slip-cast fused silica

Figure 4 - 2 - Elastic modulus with respect to density for slip-cast

fused silica from 30 to 139 lb/ft

 122

AD-766-494

Figure 4 - 3 - Modulus of rupture versus density for high purity

slip-cast fused silica

Figure 4 - 4 ­ Modulus of rupture versus density for a technical grade

slip-cast fused silica

Table 4 - 1 - Surface and volume effect on modulus of rupture of

slip-cast fused silica

Table 4 - 2 - Volume effects on tensile strength of large diameter rings

Figure 4 - 5 - Compressive strength of slip-cast fused silica with

respect to bulk density

Figure 4 - 6 ­ Flexural modulus of elasticity versus temperature for

slip-cast fused silica

Figure 4 - 7 ­ Modulus of rupture versus temperature for slip-cast

fused silica

Figure 4 - 8 ­ Tensile strength versus temperature for slip-cast

fused silica

Figure 4 - 9 - Compressive strength versus temperature for high

purity and technical grade slip-fused silica

Figure 4 - 10 - Poisson's ratio of slip-cast fused silica

Figure 4 - 11 - Expansion coefficient of fused silica

Figure 4 - 12 ­ Thermal expansion of slip-cast fused silica determined

in a graphite dilatometer

Figure 4 - 13 --Variation of viscosity with time for technical grade

slip-cast fused silica

Figure 4 - 14 - Variation of viscosity with time for high purity slip­

cast fused silica

Figure 4 - 15, Page 4-27 - Cr-istobalite levels in high purity and

technical grade slip-cast fused silica after viscosity tests

Figure 4 - 16, Page 4-29 - Thermal conductivity of slip-cast fused

silica at various porosity levels

Table 4 - 3 - Constants for the density function for high purity SCFS

Figure 4 - 17, Page 4 - 35 - Density of slip-cast fused silica versus

time at temperature

Figure 4 - 18, Page 4-37 - Thermal conductivity of slip-cast fused silica

Figure 4 - 19, Page 4-40 - Heat capacity of fused silica

Figure 4 - 20, Page 4-41 - Enthalpy of fused silica

 123

AD-766-494

Figure 4 - 21, Page 4-43 - Thermal diffusivity of slip-cast fused

silica and foamed fused silica

Figure 4 - 22, Page 4-44 - Electrical resistivity of fused silica

Figure 4 - 23, Page 4-45 - Dielectric constant of slip-cast fused

silica versus density measured at X-band

Figure 4 - 24, Page 4-48 - Dielectric constant of slip-cast fused
silica as a function of density -

Figure 4 -'25, Page 4-49 - Dielectric constant versus temperature

for slip-cast fused at 6 GHZ

 124

N71-25315

EFFECTS OF SURFACE FINISHING ON THE STRENGTH

OF CERAMIC MATERIALS

by T. M. Heslin

This report is the text of a very brief talk given by the author at a

symposium. The'author briefly describes the work going on to investigate

the relationship between surface conditions and strength and the distribution

of strength values and to try to develop methods for improving ceramics in

these areas.

Apparently, most of the work has been done on A1203 and the best

results from the application of a compressive glaze. One table is given

on page 255.

Table: Effects of flow elimination and compensation on the strength

of A120 3 . (Gives the mean strength and "spread" of values for various

finished samples under a 4-point loading test).

AD635-621

THERM4AL RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSPARENT,

SEMI-TRANSPARENT AND TRANSLUCENT MATERIAL

UNDER NON-ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS

by Henry A. Hobbs & Robert C. Folweiler

Over a range of wavelengths from one to six microns where oxide

ceramics are partially transparent, radiant energy emission must be treated

as a volume rather than a surface phenomena. As a result the absorption

coefficient (mainly determined by composition) and the scattering of coef­

ficient mainly determined by microstructure are important variables. In

addition, temperature gradient affects radiant energy emission so that

effective "emissivity" under non-isothermal conditions is neither a material

constant nor a sample constant.

 125

AD635-621

Figure 3.3: Temperature of sample versus distance from axis during

non-isothermal furnace operation. (sample Al-4). Sample temperature

500-13000C vs distance from axis 0.5 - 1.3 inches.

Figure 3.5: Ratio (Ins) 0.75-1.25 vsx(v)O-lo4; emissivity ratio

vs wavelength for AD-995 at approximately 6000C.

Figure 3.6: Similar to Figure 3.5 at 9000C.

Figure 3.7: Similar to 3.6 at 11006C.

Figure 3.8: Ratio (%I/w) 0.75-1.25 vsA() 0-1.4; emissivity ratio

vs wavelength for AD-85 at approximately 600OC.

Figure 3.9: Emissivity ratio at approximately 9000C.

Figure 3.10: Emissivity ratio at approximately 11000C.

Figure 3.11: Emissivity ratio for Al-I at approximately 6000C.

Figure 3,42: Emissivity ratio at 9000 C.

Figure 3.13: Emissivity ratio at 110DC.

Figure 3.14: Emissivity ratio for AI-4 at approximately 6000C.

Figure 3.15: Emissivity ratio at approximately 900OC.

Figure 3.16: Emissivity ratio at approximately 11000C.

Figure 3.17: Emissivity ratio for SrTIO 3A at approximately 6000C.

Figure 3.18: Emissivity ratio for SrTiO 3A at approximately 9000C.

Figure 3.19: Emissivity ratio at approximately 1100C.

0
Figure 3.20: Emissivity ratio for SrTiO 3B at approximately 600 C.

Figure 3.21: Emissivity ratio for SrTiO 3B at approximately 9000C.

Figure 3.22: Emissivity ratio for pyroceram 9606 at approximately

9000C.

Figure 3.23: Emissivity ratio for pyroceram 9608 at approximately

6000C.

Figure 3.24: Emissivity ratio for pyroceram 9608 at approximately

-900oC.

Figure 5.2: Extinction coefficient vs wavelength for AD-995

Figure 5.3: Extinction coefficient vs wavelength for AD-85.

Figure 5.4: Extinction coefficient vs wavelength for Al-i.

Figure 5.5: Extinction coefficient vs wavelength for AI-4.

Figure 5.6: Extinction coefficient vs wavelength for SrTiO 3 A.

Figure 5.7: Extinction coefficient vs wavelength for pyroceram 960

Figure 5.8: Extinction coefficient vs wavelength for pyroceram 9608.

 126

),1UIBA T OF
iT-O AD-635-621

)RIGTNAV Figure 5.10: Transmissivity 0 - 0.16 vs wavelength 0 - 5; measured

and calculated transmissivity vs wavelength for AD-995

Figure 5.11: Transmissivity for AD-85

Figure 5.12: Transmissivity for Al-i

Figure 5.15: Transmissivity for Al-4

Figure 5.14: Transmissivity for SrTiO 3A

Figure 5.15: Transmissivity for pyroceram 9606

Figure 5.16: Transmissivity for pyroceram 9608

Table 5-I: Calculated and measured extinction coefficients. (all

samples 6 mils thick except where noted).

Journal of The American Ceramic Society, Vol. 53, No. 9, pp. 490-495.

STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF POLYCRYSTALLINE ALUMINA SUBJECTED TO THERMAL SHOCK

by Do P. H. Hasselman

Theoretical predictions of crack propogation behavior in brittle

solids under conditions of thermal shock were verified by water quenching

of cylindrical polycrystalline alumina rods followed by strength .testing.

The caluclated quenching temperature difference ( Tc) required to initiat

thermal stress fracture agreed fairly well with experimental data. When

fracture was initiated, strength decreased catastrophically in agreement

with theory. An expression for the-strength remaining after thermal'stre

fracture was derived in terms of the pertinent physical parameters.

AD-653-483

MICROSTRUCTURE STUDIES OF POLYCRYSTALLINE REFRACTORY OXIDES

by A. H. Heuer, et. al.

This report describes the synthesis of high purity ceramics

(igO and A1203 ) from powders and also discusses the microstructures of the

final product. Mechanical properties are given as a function of micro­

structure, temperature, and fabrication method.

Table 2.2: Particles size of alumina and magnesia powders

Table 2.3: X-ray diffraction identification of high purity powders

Table 2.6: Fabrication conditions for high purity A1203

 127

Figure 2.7: Pressure-sintering densification kinetics for high and

low purity alumina powders.
Figure 2.9: impurity profile for hot-pressed alumina specimen
fabricated from United Mineral Al20 3.
Table 2.7: Comparison of impurity concentration for alumina hot
pressed sample 1188 and base powder.
Figure 3.1: Variation of recrystallized grained size with deformation,
Table 3.1a: Conditions for forgings from A1203 powder.
Table 3.1b: Conditions for forgings from A1203 powder.
Table 3.2a: Conditions for forging dense A1203 billets.
Table 3.2b: Conditions for forging dense A1203 + 1/4% MgO billets.
Table 3.3: Process conditions for fabrication of A1203 + 1/4% MgO
billets.
Table 3.4: Forging strain rate data.
Table 3.7: Modes of plastic deformation in alumina.
Table 3.8: Preliminary bend strength results for press forged A1203
and A12 03 + 1/4% MgO. ­

Table-3.9: Transverse bend strength (Kpsi) at -196o and 12000C

and reference comparison values.

Figure 3.38: Plot of -1960C strength data as a function of grain sizes

Figure 3.39: Plot of 1200 0C strength (Table 9.3) data as a function

of grain sizes.

Table 3.10: Strength properties at 1400-15000 C.

Figure 3.40: Strength vs temperature plots for a number of pressed

forged samples.

Table 4.1: Strength of flame-polished Lucalox.

Figure 5.1: Isothermal grain growth curves for ultra-high pressure

sintered MgO.

 128

AD-649-274

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ALUMINUM OXIDE

by M. Hoch

The list of charts are from experiments- with a method of measuring

thermal conductivity at elevated temperatures at the Air Force Materials

Laboratory. All data is for A1203 discs of various size and grain size.

Table 2: Total emittance of aluminum oxide (13501K).

Table 3: Thermal conductivity of A1203.-

Figure 5: Temperature-distance relationship on the surface of

A120 3 samples (To=12750 K).

Figure 6: Temperature-distance relationship on the surface of

A1203 samples (To=1340°K).

Figure 7: Temperature-distance relationship on the surface of

A1203 samples (To=13400 K).

Figure 8: Temperature-distance relationship on the surface of

A120 3 sample (To=145 0°K).

N69-28435

PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF CARBIDES

by G. E. Hollox

This paper reviews the current understanding of the mechanical

behavior of carbides. it concentrates on evaluating the properties of

single crystals rather than sintered polycrystalline materials.

Titanium carbide is the main material studied.

Figure 2, Page 202: TiC equilibrium diagram.

Figure 7, Page 204: Temperature dependence of yield stress in TiC.

Figure 12: The yield strength of some TiC - VC alloys.

Figure 18, Page 211: Microhardness of carbides as a function of

temperature.

Figure 20, Page 213: Strength-to-density ratio for several carbides.

 129

AD-650-230

SUPPLEMENTARY DIELECTRIC-CONSTANT AND

LOSS MEASUREMENTS ON HIGH TEMPERATURE MATERIALS

by J. Iglesias & W. B. Westphal

This is a summary report on dielectric constant and loss measurements

conducted at the Laboratory for Insulation Research at the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology after 1958, excepting high-dielectric constant

materials. The emphasis is on high-temperature materials (those melting

point above 12000C). The sample of solids includes oxides of Al, Be, Mg,

various silicates, rocks and minerals, and others. Pure samples of

A12 03 , MgO, BeO, and SiO 2 all show loss temperatures less than 0.01

at 15000C in the microwave region.

Table 1: Melting points of oxides.

Table 2: Melting points of binary tri-element compounds.

Page 15: Loss tangent 0.5001 - 4.0 vs temperature "c - 700

Page 16: High purity alumina (99.99%) density 3.32g/ EI/E.

(7-11) vs T°C 0-600.

Page 17: Loss tangent 0.00002 - 0.1 vs temperature oC - 700

(alumina density 3.32 gm/cc0 )

Page 18: Alumina (99.999%) density 3.23 gjim 3 . K1 7-12 vs temperature oC

0-600.

Page 19: Loss tangent 0.00002 - 0.1 vs temperature oC 0 - 700.

AD-697-358

DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF GLASS

by J. 0. Isard

Amorphous inorganic materials are becoming more important in solid

state electronics as substrates, encapsulating materials, and dielectric

layers.

 130

.The high dielectric strength and impermeability of amorphous

layers result from the absences of pores and grain boundaries; however,

the range of properties is somewhat limited. A good dielectric is usually

required to have a high permittivity, a low loss tangent, and low temper­
ature coefficient of permittivity. Glasses have been found to be somewhat

limited in all of these respects, especially._by-temperature coefficient.

CALCIUM BORALUMINATE GLASSES

The d.c. conductivity was found to be very low and the audio­
frequency losses were low up to 250-300OC; above this temperature range

the loss was rapid; with temperature and showed a frequency dispersion

characteristic of the high frequency tail of a Debye relaxation phenomenon

as for the migration losses in ordinary glass.

The dielectric constant ranged from about 5 to 9, depending chiefly

on CaO content.

FUSED SILICA - ( 4 commercially prepared samples were investigated)-

D.C. conductivity showed a correlation with alkali impurity.

Activation energies ranged from 17 to 34 k cal/mole a dielectriq

constant of 4 independent of frequency up to about 300°C.

BARIUM GLASSES

Permittiities ranged from 6 to 9.5 depending mostly on BaO content;

temperature coefficients in the rahge 80-200 ppm/0 C, the loss tangent low
( .0005) over a wide range of frequency and temperature. PbO-AI 203 -B2 03.-
Conductivities were markedly higher at corresponding compositions

due to lower activation energies (28.5-35 kcal/moles) Permittivi-ties were 8.5

to 17 depending on Pb content and showed temperature coefficients of 80

to 350 ppm/°C. Loss tangent was low, approximately 0.001.

LEAD SILICATE GLASSES - comparisons made, but no data given.

 131

AD-624-846

T CrncRATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE INFRARED SPECTRA

OF SELECTED DIELECTRICS

by J. R. Jasperse, et al

The infrared spectra was measured for LiF and MgO at temperatures

ranging from 7.5 K to near the melting point of each crystal. Data was

curve-fitted to a two-pole, damped, harmonic oscillator model and a

temperature dependent expression for the dielectric constant was determined.

Figure 6, Page 25: Reflectivity vs. normalized frequency for LiF.

Figure 7, Page 26: Reflectivity vs. normalized frequency for MgO.

Table II & III, Pages 27 & 33: Damping constants for main band and
side band. for LiF).
Figure 9, Page 29: 1 vs. Y .for MgO.
Rmax w0

Figure 8, Page 30: 1 vs. Y for LiF.

Rmax 1

Figures 1O& 11, Pages 31 & 32: Percent reflectivity vs. wavenumber

for LiF at various temperatures.

Figure 12: Extinction coefficient vs. wavenumber for LiF at various

temperatures.

Figures 13 & 14, Pages 35-36: Percent reflectivity vs. wavenumber

for MgO at various temperatures.

Figure 16, Page 37: Percent reflectivity vs. wavenumber for amor­
phous quartz at various temperatures.

Figure 15, Page 38: Extinction coefficient vs. wavenumber for MgO

(temperature and frequency as parameters). .

Figures 17 & 18, Pages 39 & 40: Percent reflectivity vs. wavenumber

for quartz.

Figure 19, Page 41: Damping constant vs. temperature for MgO and LiF.

Figure 21, Page 46: Centrofrequency vs. temperature for LiF & MgO.

 132

AD-643-464

EFFECT OF WATER VAPOR ON DIELECTRIC LOSS IN MgO

by H. B. Johnson, et al

-This paper is about a study conducted at the University of Utah on

the effects of water -vapor on dissipation factors .of pure IgO (99.99+%)

samples. Graphs of dielectric constants, dissipation factor, and arc

conductivity are included.

Figure 1: Dissipation factor vs. frequency at various P 20*

Figure 3: Dissipation factor vs. contact parameters.

Figure 6: Dielectric constant vs. frequency at various PH 0*

Figure 7: Arc conductivity vs. PH 0

at various temperatur s.

2
Figure 9: Dissipation factor vs. frequency at various temperaturt

(P"20 3 x in 2 nm rnn+ nt

AD-708-707

CHEMICAL STRENGTHENING OF A1203 '

by J. T. Jones & J. T. Fraiser

This report deals with the strengthening of alumina by chemically

orming a surface layer-of various oxides by annealing the samples while

enclosed in the various oxide powders.

The authors list various causes of fracture in brittle ceramics and

then explain that fracture is a two-step process: first, the creation of

a crack or flaw, and then the propagation of a crack through the material.

The strength could be increased by making either of these steps more­

difficult. "Itappears the most promising method... would be to impede the

movement of the flaws through the structure rather than removing the flaws."

The author explains this might be accomplished in various ways--one is by

-addition of an "internal" compressive stress by addino a comoressive laywr

to the alumina.

 133

AD-708-707 (cont.)

A three-point loading test'was used to evaluate samples (loading rate

30 lb/min). Formulas used include:

MOR = 3/2 PL for rectangular specime

Lid
MOR = 8PL
3 for round rods
bd

Table 5, Page 13: Flexural strength data for polycrystalline samples.

Table 6: Statistical data for polycrystalline data.

Tables-7 & 8, Page 14:

Flexural strength data for sapphire rods.

A paragraph for each sample type is included. Discussion of test

results included.

N67-29106

or

AD-650-883

FABRICATION OF DENSE FINE GRAINED CERAMIC NATERIALS

by D. Kalish, E. V. Clougherty, & J. Ryan

High pressure hot pressing was used to prepare dense, crack free billets

of boron carbide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide and titanium nitride.

These materials were fabricated from high purity powders without additions

the

of densification promoters. Fabrications were generally performed in

vicinity of 18000C at 120,000 psi for 10 minutes.

Reactive high pressure hot pressing was investigated with varying

-
atomic ratios of boron and carbon. Microstructures and mechanical properties

were obtained for selected materials prepared by this technique. The results

for high pressure hot pressed boron carbide and SiC materials were compared

with conventionally fabricated materials.

Tables 1 thru 6: Characterization of test materials.-

Figure 2, Page 12: Time-temperature-pressure cycle for high pressure

hot pressing.

 134

N67-29106 (cont.)

or

AD-650-883

Table 8, Page 26: Transverse bend strength of HPHP B4 C.

Table 9, Page 28: Microhardness of HPHP B4 C.

Table 10, Page 29: Transverse bend strength of conventionally hot

pressed B4 C (temperature, bend strength, modulus of elasticity).

Figure 11, Page 31: Microhardness as a function of B/C ratios in

HPHC boron carbide.

Table 11, Page 34: Microhardness for conventionally hot pressed 84 C.

Table 13, Page 45: Bend strength of conventionally hot pressed SiC.

Figure 23, page 48: Knoop hardness vs. load for HPHC TiC.

Figure 24, Page 49: Grain size variation along HPHP TiC billet.

Table 14: Bend strength of TiC prepared by EDM.

Table 15: Bend strength of TiC at 25°C prepared by diamond machining.
Table 16: Bend strength of TiC heated in vacuum at 1500 0 C (1 hr.).
Table 17, Page 54: Modulus of elasticity at 250C (HPHPTiC).

Figure 30, Page 60: Knoop hardness vs. load for HPHP titanium nitride

Figure 31: Grain size variation along the length of HPHP TiN compact.

N64-30928

APPLICATION AND EVALUATION OF REINFORCED

REFRACTORY CERAMIC COATINGS

by Charles Kallup, Jr., et al

Subjects reported on in this paper include: (1) Welding oT retractory

metal reinforcement media to a substrate and subsequent attempts to provide

sufficient oxidation protection to the refractory metal, (2)the optimization

of coating compositions, (3)selection and optimization of application techniq

of vibratory casting, (4) fabrication and coating of nose cone and leading

edge models, (5)compilation of thermophysical data, and (6) a bibliography of

the state of the art of ceramic coating systems for use above 3000 F.

 135

N64-30928 (cont.)

Tables VIII & IX,Page 17: Results of thermal drop testing for modified

TherMarq ZPF-100 bodies.

Table X, Page 18: Emittance values of samples ZSF 115 thru 123 as

compared to ZSF-101.

(Note: Appendix III gives composition of ZSF & ZPF samples).

Tables XI-XIV: Thermal evaluation of samples (includes test time,

front face temperature, emittance, etc. Some include thermal drop

(0F/mil).

Table XV, Page 23: Comparative thermal drop GCc ,vurdifferent samples

in two different modes of test).

Tables XVI & XVII, Page 24: Qualitative comparison of impact strength­
of samples-(weight of ball, diameter of ball, number of times dropped,

remarks, and distance dropped).

Table XVIII, Page 26: Ultimate impact strengths of samples ZSF 124

through 130.

Table XIV: Modulus of rupture comparisons of ZSF 101, 124, and 131.

Figure 10, Page 44: Graph of thermal expansion of TherMarq ZSF 124 (as

dried in air, cured at 450 0 F, and cured at 2700OF) temperature vs.

linear thermal length change (%).

Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 1-5, June 1971.

EFFECT OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ALUMINUM OXIDE

CATALYSTS ON THE STABILITY OF THEIR

STRUCTUROMECHANICAL PROPERTIES DURING HEAT TREATMENT

by Ya. R. Katsobashvili, et al

Increasing the heating temperature for y-alumina results in a gradual

decrease in its porQsity, specific surface, and catalytic activity. This is

related to recrystallization and the polymorphic transitions of y-A1203

which results in the formation of the inactive a form or corundum (2-4).

If the aluminum oxide does not contain impurities, then its conversion into

 136

Katsobashvili (cont.)

corundum is completed at 1200-1300°C. The presence of impurities can

lower this temperature markedly (5-8).

The change in the structuromechanical properties of the catalyst

was studied which is associated with the~change in the phase composition

of the carrier during heat treatment. The results are given in Tables 1-3

and Figures 1 and 2.

AD-603-239

NON-METALLIC MATERIALS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE

STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS

by E. G. Kendall, et al

This paper is a
study of the use of carbides, borides, beryllides,

oxides, and fraphite in high temperature structural applications.

Electrical, mechanical, and physical properties are presented.

Table 1: Physical and mechanical properties of the refractory carbides.

Table 2: Physical properties of selected graphites.

Table 3: Conversion factors for high temperature properties of graphite.

Figure 4, Page 17: Percent transmission vs.

wave length for alumina,

beryllia, and magnesia.

Table 4: Physical and mechanical properties of refractory oxides.

Table 5: Physical and mechanical properties of refractory oxides.

Table 6: Physical and mechanical properties of refractory beryllides.

 137

AD-768-840

THE EFFECTS OF MICROSTRUCTURE ON THE FRACTURE

ENERGY OF HOT PRESSED MgO

by J. B. Kessler, et al

The work-of-fracture technique was used to investigage the effect

of various microstructural parameters on the fracture energy of relatively

dense and hot MgO.

Grain size, amount and location of porosity, and grain

boundary precipitates were the parameters of major interest.

The fracture

energy measurements were found to be dependent on the microstructure and

ranged from 0.47 and 0.27 X 10 4

ergs/cm-2. Grain boundary precipitates,

found in as
hot-pressed samples with LiF additives, weakened intergranular

bonding and caused the lowest fracture energies. Limited porosity (up to

1.0%) had only a small effect on the fracture energy when found at grain

boundaries, although this porosity did facilitate intergranular fracture.

Porosity found within the grains appeared to promote a tearing between

cleavage planes which in turn increased the fracture energy. The effect

of grain size on fracture energy was not conclusive, although the percentage

of transgranular fracture increased with grain size.

These fracture energy

values are compared to strength measurements and the limitations of the

Griffith equation in explaining the results are discussed.

Conclusion:

1. Grain boundary precipitates in the as hot-pressed MgO with LiF causes

intergranular fracture and low fracture energies.

2. For dense MgO with essentially no porosity present, fracture energy

did not appear to depend on grain size up to 200pm

.

3. For "porous" MgO with up to 1.0% porosity, fracture energy increases

with grain size up to 100pm . This behavior is thought to be caused

by a shift in the location of porosity from intergranular at small

grain sizes to within the grains at large grain sizes.

4. Intergranular porosity encourages intergranular fracture; however, it

has little, if any, effect on fracture energy.

 138

AD-768-840 (cont.)

5. Within grain porosity produces a very rough appearing fracture surface

with numerous cleavage steps and increases fracture energy.

6. When microstructure relates to crack propagation and initiation in

different ways, fracture energy (as measured by the work-of-fracture

technique) and strength cannot be compared on the.basis of a Griffith­

type relationship.

Table 1, Page 14:

Effect of the initial anneal on the fracture

energy of as hot-pressed MgO. Initial anneal was for about one

hour at 1100-12000C in air.

Figure 1, Page 18: MgO strength and grain size versus firing
temperatures.
Figure 3, Page 20: Typical plot of fracture energy versus per­
centage of remaining cross-sectional area to find minimum fracture

energy.

Figure 4, Page 21: Dependence of fracture energy in grain size for

"porosity" MgO.

Figure 6, Page 23: Dependence of fracture energy on grain size for

dense MgO.

 139

N69-28429

THERMAL EXPANSION OF CERAMICS

by R. K. Kirby

This paper describes and defines several types of coefficients of

thermal expansion and gives their applications. The theory of thermal

expansion is reviewed and several applications to ceramics are given.

Also, in this paper four general types of test methods are described.

The effect of several characterization parameters on the expansion

of ceramics is discussed (phases, quantity of phases, grain size,

orientation of anisotropic grains, microcracks, and stress).

Table 1, Page 42: Coefficients of linear thermal expansion for

some ceramic materials at 300°K (MgO, A12 03 , SiC, and others).

Figure 2: Coefficients of thermal expansion for rutile (single

crystal) in various directions from c-axis.

Figure 3: Expansivity of MgO as a function of temperature.

Figure 4: Expansivity of single-crystal rutile as a function of

temperature.

Figure 5: Expansivity of indium antimony as a function of temper"­

ture.,

Figure 10: Comparison between observed and calculated values of the

expansivity of alumina in the crystallographic directions.

 140

N71-23282

or

AD-717-983

CHEMICAL STRENGTHENING OF CERAMIC MATERIALS

by J. P. Kirchner, et al

This report investigates the use of compressive surface layers to

improve the strength of ceramics. Various treatments such as glazing,

glazing and quenching, reaction with powders at high temperatures, and

chemical vapor deposition of low expansion surface layers are investigated.

The materials studied include alumina, zirconium diboride, SiC, and zircon

porcelain bodies.

The report also contains many tables and figures (26 tables and 41

figures, plus two appendices)- Tables and figures concern'flex strength,

impact strength, creep rates, heat transfer coefficients, strains, stress

profiles, density, porosity, additions of various chemicals to enhance

strength, etc.

AD-724-315

STRENGTHENING OXIDES BY REDUCTION

OF CRYSTAL ANISOTROPY

by J. P. Kirchner & R. M. Gruver

In single phase polycrystalline ceramic bodies composed of aniso­

tropic crystals, the stress resulting from applied loads, large scale

residual stresses, and localized stresses combine to cause fracture.

The localized stresses caused by crystal anisotropy are substantial in

magnitude and in large grain size bodies cause local crack formation

even in the absence of an applied load. In earlier investigations,

compositions with reduced thermal anisotropy were made by solid solution

additions. In the present investigation the flexural strength of alumina

 141

AD-724-315 (cont.)

ceramics, and of a composition in the system Al203-Cr203 having reduced

thermal anisotropy, were compared over a range of grain sizes in the as

machined and quenched conditions. The fracture surfaces were studied.

Very high strengths were observed.

Figure 1, Page 5: Schematic diagram of strength vs. grain size for

oxide ceramics.

Table II,Page 11: Flexural strength vs. grain size for pressure

sintered alumina inas polished and quenched conditions.

Figure 2: Flexural strength vs. grain size of pressure sintered

alumina.

Table IV,Page 18: Flexural strength of CFC (Linde A) alumina with

various additions of MgO after polishing and quenching.

Figure 5, Page 19: Flexural strength of alumina containing varying

additions of magnesia.

Figure 8, Page 23: Flexural strength vs. grain sizeof pressure

sintered alumina.

Table V, Page 24: Flexural strength vs. grain size for pressure

sintered alumina + 0.25% magnesia in as polished and quenched conditions.

Figure 10: Flexural strength vs. grain size of quenched alumina.

Figure 11: Flexural strength vs.

(grain sizef -2 for alumina with

MgO added.

Table VI: Flexural strength of CFC (Linde A + 0.25% MgO) alumina

quenched from 17000C into silicone oil.

Figure 13, Page 37: Residual stress and combined stress profiles

for cylindrical alumina rods quenched from 17000C into silicone oil.

Figure 14, Page 40: Flexural strength vs. grain size for

72% A1203 + 28% Cr2O3 solid solution.

Figure 15, Page 62: Flexural strength of 72% A12 03 + 28% Cr

2C

containing varying additions of magnesia.

Table VII, Page 43: Flexural strength of 72% A1203 -28% Cr

203 bodies

with various additions of MgO after polishing and quenching.

Table VIII, Page 44: Flexural strength vs. grain size for 72% A1
2 03­
28% Cr203 in as machined and quenched conditions.

 142

AD-707-447

STRENGTHENING OXIDES BY REDUCTION OF CRYSTAL ANISOTROPY

by H. P. Kirchner, et al

Literature information was used to demonstrate that the grain size

dependence of strength increases with increasing crystal anisotropy in

well-made pure oxide ceramics. Based upon this information a large grain

size.dependence of strength was predicted for rutile (Ti02) bodies.

The

lack of strength at large grain sizes was attributed to the presence of

localized cracks formed by relief of stress caused by thermal expansion

anisotropy.
The lengths of these cracks were measured and were used to

calculate the strength of the bodies using the Griffith theory.

Solid solution compositions with reduced thermal expansion anisotropy

were available from previous investigations. Ceramic bodies of these compo

sitions were prepared by hot pressing. Specimens of various average grain

sizes were prepared and the strength versus grain size was determined. The

weight of the evidence available at present indicates that the grain size

dependence of strength of the solid solutions with reduced thermal expansioi

anisotropy is less than of the comparable pure oxide.

Figure 1, Page 4: Schematic diagram of strength vs. grain size for

oxide ceramics.

Table 1, Page 6: Degrees of anisotropy and grain size exponents for

some oxides.

As the grain size of Ti0 2 bodies increases, the tendency for localizec

cracks to form during cooling after sintering also increases. The formatior

of these cracks is attributed to the thermal expansion anisotropy. The

predicated strong dependence of the strength on the grain size was observed.

The strength versus grain size values plotted in Figure 3 do not accurately

determine a grain size exponent. However, by using various possible lines

determined by the data it is evident that the slope is greater than

- and

less than -1.

Table II, Page 11: Grain size, density and strength of titania samples.

Figure 3: Strenqth vs. averace arain gi7P fnr Tin­

 143

AD-707-447 (cont.)

Figure 4, Page 14: Variation of maximum crack length with average

grain size.

Figure 5, Page 19: Linear thermal expansion~of 90% TiO 2 -10% UO2

solid solution.

Figure 7, Page 22: Flexural strength vs. grain size for TiO 2 and

90% Ti0 2 -10% U02.

Figure 8, Page 23: Linear thermal expansion of AI203 -Cr203 solid

solutions.

Table III: Flexural strength of 72% A1203-28% Cr203 using Meller

alumina and pressed in the resistance furnace.

Table IV: Flexural strength of 72% A1203-28% Cr203 using Meller

alumina and pressed in the induction furnace.

Table V: Flexural strength of other A1203-Cr203 compositions using

Meller alumina.

Table VII: Flexural strength of 72% A1203-28% Cr203 using A-16 alumini

Figure 13, Page 38: Flexural strength vs. grain size for 72% A1203 ­
28% Cr203 solid solutions.­
'Figure 14, Page 39: Flexural strength vs. grain size for 72% A1203 ­
28% Cr203 solid solution (strongest billet only).

Figure 15, Page 41: Flexural strength vs. grain size for other

A1203-Cr203 compositions.

 144

Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 42, Number 10

STRENGTHENING ALUMINA BY QUENCHING IN VARIOUS MEDIA

by H. P. Kirchner, et al

Improvements in flexural strength, tensile strength, thermal shock

resistance and impact resistance are observed when-compressive layers were

formed on specimens byoquenching.

.Table I: Flexural strength of 96% alumina quenched into various media.

Figure 2: Flexural strength vs. rod diameter for 96% alumina quenched

in silicone oil.

Table II: Tensile strength of alumina as machines, refined to 15000C

and quenched in air, and quenched in oil.

Table III: Flexural strength of glazed alumina quenched in various

media.

Figure IV: Flexural strength and change in diameter vs. quenching

temperature (quenched in oil).

Ceramic Finishing Company, Box 498, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, U.S.A.

FRACTURE MIRRORS INALUMINUM OXIDE

by H. P. Kirchner & R. M. Gruver

Fracture mirror. radii (r.) of strong, fined-grained alumina ceramics

were measured and correlated with fracture stress (@f)to show that the
relation afr 2 ' Constant; previously estabiished for glass, applies for
alumina ceramics at room temperature and at elevated temperature. The
mirror measurements were used to estimated the residual stresses in quenched
alumina rods and to construct a residual stress profile. Using this stress

profile and local stress due to the applied load, the stresses acting to

causes fracture at internal flaws in the quenched rods were estimated.

These results show that the local stresses causing fracture decrease with

increasing relative distance from the rod axis.

 145

Ceramic Finishing Company, Box 948, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, U.S.A.

DELAYED FRACTURE OF ALUMINA CERAMICS

WITH COMPRESSIVE SURFACE LAYERS

by H. P. Kirchner & R. E. Walker

The use of compressive surface layers prevent surface flaws from

acting to cause failure. Therefore, greater loads can be carried and

for increasing amounts of time. The compressive layers in this study

were formed by quenching and by glazing and quenching 96% alumina specimens.

Figure 1: Delayed fracture of specimen "as received" and quenched.

Figure 2: Probability of failure vs. flexural strength at various

humidities as determined by 4-point loading.

Figure 3: Flexural stress vs. time to failure for glazed and quenched

and untreated specimen.

Table III: Comparison of the flexural strength of abraded 96% alumina

rods with and without delayed fracture treatment.

Table 4: Short-time flexural strength of 96% alumina rods surviving

the delayed fracture test.

Figure 5: Distribution curves for 96% alumina before and after 290

day period.

N72-29324

STRENGTH EFFECTS RESULTING FROM

SIMPLE SURFACE TREATMENTS

by H. P. Kirchner, et al

In this report, artificial flaws are introduced into test samples

(96% alumina) by various means.(single point tools, abrading, thermal sho(

and abrasive machining). The flaws were then treated by refiring, chemical

and flame polishing, chemical etching and prolonged storage in various

environments. The changes in the flaws were analyzed by microscopy and

 146

N72-29324 (cont.)

profilometry.
Both flexural and tensile strengths were measured. Also,

static fatigue was measured (involving water). There are numerous tables

and graphs regarding changes.in the average strength of the specimens and

variations in the distributions of the individual strengths.

Figure 2, Page 354: Delayed fracture of 96% alumina.

Figure 3, Page 354: Flexural strength of 96% alumina rods refired

to various temperatures.

Table I: Flexural strengths of abraded (by various methods) alumina

rods treated by refiring and glazing.

Figure 9: Flexural strength of 96% alumina rods scored to various

depths.

Figure 11, Page 359:

Surface profiles for thermally shocked 96% alumina.

Tables 4 & 5, Page 360: Flexural strength of alumina rods with flaws

introduced by thermal shock.

Summary and Conclusions:

1. Humidity variations in test environment can cause variations of at

least

14% in flexural strength of alumina.

2. Abrasion by coated abrasives and scoring with single point tools decrease

average flexural strength, but these losses can be recovered by refiring

or glazing.

3. Thermal shock has the most severe effect on

the strength. Again, the

loss of strength is more than recovered by refiring.

 147

N71-16395
or

AD-714-419

AN ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE AND SUB-SURFACE DAMAGE

INTRODUCED IN CERAMICS BY SEMI-FINISH OPERATIONS

by B. G. Koepke

In this paper, the nature and extent of grinding damage introduced

by surface grinding is studied. The ceramic materials studied are alumina

MgO, silicon, and B4 C, and ferrite. The type of grinding used was that

typical of semi-finishing operations. The report discusses with surface

conditions (surface damage) and sub-surface damage encountered in terms

of the properties of the ceramic workpiece, the-characteristics of the

grinding system, and the tool-workpiece interaction.

The results indicate that damage is mainly composed of three types:

1) When material is removed efficiently from low impact resistance

ceramics (MgO and ferrite) the surfaces are generated by brittle

fracture and are composed of regions of transgranular and inter­

granular fracture.

2) When grinding is inefficient (when the wheel loads up) material

is removed by-plastic flow. The resultant surfaces are smooth

and burnished but may contain thermal cracks due to heat generated.

In this instance, subsurface damage consists of a discrete, highly

deformed layer containing cracks in most cases.

3)- When material is removed efficiently from high impact, nondeformable

samples (alumina and B4 C) material is removed by plastic flow and

by transgranular fracture.

There are many photo micrographs:

Table III, Page 34: Summary of observations for MgO.

Table IV, Page 35: Summary of observations for silicon.

Table V, Page 36: Summary of observations for polycrystalline ceramiics

(Al2 03' MgO, B4Ci ferrite).

 148

Ceramic Bulletin, Vol. 52, No. 7 (1973), pp. 566-569.

A New Pressing Method: Triaxial Compaction

by R. M. Koerner

A new method for pressing ceramic powders is presented. It is sh

that greater densities are obtained when tests are conducted on three

lifferent ceramics (MgO and two different A1203 samples).

Figure 4: Triaxial compaction density response to shear stress

at various confining pressures for rigO powder.

Figure 3: Green density a strength result, by various compaction

methods.

Figure 5: Triaxial compaction density response to shear stress a

various confining pressures for y-Al203 powder.

Figure 6: Transverse rupture strength data for various density

green compacts.

Figure 7: Triaxial compaction density response to shear stress

at various confinary pressures for c-A1203 powder.

Figure 8: Flexural stress rupture of HS-130 Si3 04 @ 1200°C.

AD-611-840

DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS AND INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITES AND CARBIDES AT TEMPERATURES OF UP

UP TO 32000C

by G. G. Konradi

M. A. Fedotov

This report described the state of the problem of investigating mechanical

properties of graphites and carbides in accordance with domestic and foreign

literature data and analysis of same is given. A method is briefly discussed

and its accuracy is evaluated.

Listed results of investigating mechanical properties of a series of

types of graphites in temperature range from normal to 32000 C, and also certain

 149

data on mechanical properties of carbide at high temperatures were given.

Development of methods and investigation of mechanic properties of graphite

and carbide at temperature. up to 32000 C.

Figure 5: Diagrams of niobium carbide compression at high temperatures

AD-763-569

DEPENDENCE OF CREEP RATE ON POROSITY

by T. G. Langdon

This is
a brief journal article written in 1972 that concerns the

dependence of creep rate on porosity of A1203.

Equations for steady-state

creep rate given along with two graphs.

Figure 1: Creep rate vs porosity for values of N from 1 through 5.

Figure 2: Experimental data for Al203 (creep rate vs porosity).

Journal of The American Ceramic Society, Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 240-246.

EFFECT OF MICROSTRUCTURE ON DEFORMATION OF POLYCRYSTALLINE NgO

by T. G. Langdon

J. A. Pask

Six types of polycrystalline MgO are tested in compression up to

1400 C. It was
noted that above 1200 C all materials deformed plastically.

Table III: Density, grain size, and average pore size of specimens.

Figure 2: Stress-strain curves at various temperatures for all six

specimens at constant loading rate of 20 psi/sec.

Figure 7: Yield stress vs temperature.

AD-643-078

INTRINSIC BRITTLE STRENGTH OF MAGNESIA BICRYSTALS

by F. F. Lange

This paper describes a standard method which has been developed that

determines five parameters necessary for defining a bicrystal. Twist and tilt

parameters are calculated from these five parameters. The following is a list

 150

of the mechanical property data given in the article:

Table 1, page 42: Strength values for MgO single crystals (tensile

load 100 direction).

Table 2, pages 54-55: The five parameters and the twist and tilt

parameters for bicrystals 1-52.

Table 4, pages 62-63: Strength value for MgO bicrystals.

Figure 14, Page 73: Strength vs total rotation angle.

Figure 26, Page 101: Plot of maximum observed bicrystal strengths

divided by the highest value observed (370,000 psi) vs the twist

tilt angles.

Note: Computer programs for determining 5 parameters given in

appendix - page 123.

AD-764-639

FABRICATION AND PROPERTIES OF SILICON COMPOUNDS

by F. F. Lange

G. R. Terwilliger

Fhis is a final report on three different topics:

I) Hot-pressing behavior of silicon carbide powder with additions

)fAl203.

II) Pressureless sintering of Si3 N4 .

III) Relative resistance of dense Si3 N4 and SiC to surface damage

introduced by Hertzian contact stresses,

Each topic is considered as a complete report.

I. Hot-pressing behavior SiC powders with additions of A1

2 03

The objectives were to determine the conditions required to fabricate

high-strength, dense silicon carbide bodies and to determine the effect of

the fabrication parameters on-the materials' mechanical properties%

The conclusions reached by Task I are:

1) SiC powders with an average particle size of <3i'm milled with additions

of Al203 can be hot-pressed to densities >99% of theoretical at temperature

>19500C with an applied pressure of 4000 psi. Between 19500 C-2025C the

equiaxed grain structure of the resulting material has an average grain size

<5 Pim .

 151

2) The AI2 03 additive forms a liquid phase which dissolves the silicon

carbide particles to promote densification by a solution-reprecipitatior

mechanism.

3) Large, second phase streaks, found in some of the dense bodies, werE

identified as A12 03 . These can be eliminated by minimizing the laminar

void space in the pre-pressed powder compacts.

Table III, Page 26: Density of three powders containing .02 VF

of Al203 hot-pressed at 1950 0 C and 4000 psi.

Table VI, Page 30: Grain size of hot-pressed SiC (at varying

densification temperatures)-

Figure 3, Page 33: Temperature vs fractional density (at 4000 psl

Figures 4, 5, 6, Pages 34-36: Relative density vs time (1975°C

and 4000 psi).

II. Pressureless sintering of silicon nitride

Silicon nitride with 5w/o MgO can be densified to at least 90% of

theoretical without the application of pressure if the proper time/temperature

schedule is followed. Shrinkage is consistent with liquid phase sintering

and the initial stage can be described as a relaxation process. Above 1650°C

decomposition reduces densification by causing weight losses and pore en­

largement which reduces the driving force for shrinkage.

Table I: Time, temperature and density resulting from heat treatment

in graphite mold 0

Table II and III: Densities and weight losses during isothermal

experiments.

Figures 2 and 3, pages 58-59: Non-isothermal shrinkage of silicon

nitride -5w/o MgO, time vs fractional length change and temperature

OC.
Figure 4: Temperature vs density (for a 5 min. isothermal anneal).
Figure 5: Isothermal relative shrinkage at four different temperatures.
Figure 8: Arrhenius plot of the relaxation time for the rearrangement
step of liquid phase sintering.

Task III: Relative resistance of dense silicon nitride and silicon carbide

to surface damage introduced by Hertzian contact stresses.

Spherical indenters (1/8" dia. steel) were used to introduce surface

damage into dense Si3 N4 and SiC specimens, which were then fractured in 4-point

loading to access the degree of surface damage due to the contact stresses.

 152
REPRODUCIBILIT2YOF THE
ORIGINAL PAGE IS- POOR
Approximately four times the indentor load was requiredto damage the Si N

relative to the SiC. It was

also observed that size of the contact area

between the ball and the materials surface was governed by the plastic

deformation of the steel ball, not by the materials elastic properties.

After surface damage has been introduced, fracture due to subsequent

external loading initiates from a portion of the sub-surface cone crack.

The fracture surface is characterized by a protruding portion of the cone

crack which can be used to identify the cause of failure.

Figure 3, Page 79: Diagram of observed flats on steel spheres vs

normal indentor load.

Figure 5, Page 81: Flexural strength vs indentor load for hot-pressed

Si3 N4 -

Figure 6, Page 82: Flexural strength vs indentor load for hot-pressed

Sic.

Figure 7, Page 83: Normalized strength (G/ 0 ) vs normalized applied

load (p/po ) for Sic and Si3N4 .

AD-738-865

FABRICATION AND PROPERTIES OF SILICON COMPOUNDS

by F. F. Lange

G. R. Terwilliger

inis is a final report that covers four different subjects or "tasks",

each of whicn is written as a complete report. They are:

I) Relation Between Strength, Fracture Energy and Microstructure

Pages 7-21).

II) Hot-Pressing Behavior of Si3 N4 (pages 21-43).

III) The Powder-Vehicle Hot-Processing Technique (pages 69-75).

IV) Dielectric Constant and Loss Measurements (pages 81-83).

I. The fracture energy and strength were dependent primarily on the starting

powder used to fabricate silicon nitride. "Alpha-phase" powder resulted in

high flexural strength (95,000 psi) and an elongated grain morphology, whereas,
"Beta-phase" powder resutled in a low-fracture energy (16,000 ergscm 2), a low

flexural strengra (55,000 psi), and a more equiaxed grain morphology. The

high-strength material had directional properties due, presumably, to its

elongated grain structure.

 153

Table I, Page 23: Strength and fracture energy data for various

samples.

Task II. Hot-Pressing Behavior of Si3 N4

A study concerning the kinetics of hot-pressing revealed that no single

hot-pressing model adequately describes the hot-pressina behavior of Si3N4.

A rather high activation energy of approximately 175 Kcal/mole was formed.

Other experiments showed tnat the alpha to beta phase change is not necessary

to hot-press silicon nitride as previously suggested. The role of MgO in hot­

pressing was not clearly defined, but evidence for a second phase at grain

boundaries was obtained and it was also shown that magnesium silicates wet

silicon nitride powders.

Figures 3 and 4, Pages 48 and 49: Plot of hot-pressing data for two

powders at 4000 psi according to classical hot-pressing equation.

Figures S and 6, Pages 50 and 51: Arrhenius plot for powders.

Figure 7: Applied stress.vs hot pressing rate (at 1525° C).

Figure 8: Applied stress vs hot pressing rate (at 1600C).

Figure 9: Effect of additive content on the densification of AME

powder at 16500C and 4000 psi.

Figures 10 and 11, Pages 55-56: Effect of milling time on the hot­
pressing behavior of AME powder (1% and 5% without MgO).

Figure 12, Page 57: Fit of data'to the empirical densification

equation P/Po Kt1/3.

Figure 13-16: Time vs AL/L 0 (log-log plot).

Figure 20, Page 65: Ratio after hot-pressing for four hours.

Figure 22, Page 67: The effect of increased SiO 2 content on the

densification of AME powder at 16500C and 4000psi.

Task III. The Powder-Vehicle Hot-Pressing Technique

This is a study of a technique for hot-pressing an object that is

already in the desired engineering shape. The body is embedded in a powder,

termed the powder-vehicle, which is contained in a hot-pressing die. At the

temperature required to densify the preformed body, a pressure is applied to

the powder-vehicle through the end plungers. The powder vehicle conveys the

pressure to the object which then densifies.

 154

Limitations: (1) The powder should not react with the body.

(2) T he powder should be easily removed.

(3) T he magnitude of the tri-axial stresses exerted

on-the formed object depends on the distance between the objects surface

and the die wall.

(4) Flat surfaces tend to become concave after densi­

fication.

Task VI: Dielectric Constant and Loss Measurements

The dielectric properties of 100% and 70% dense silicon nitride

between 1 - 10 GHz are:

a) 70% dense (reaction sintered)

dielectric constant ---6.5 - 6.71

loss tangent -- 0.08 - 0.10­

b) 99% dense (hot-pressed)

dielectric constant -- 6.93 - 6.94

loss tangent -- 0.055 - 0.067

ASME Paper 72-GT-56

DENSE Si3N 4 AND SiC: SOME CRITICAL PROPERTIES

FOR GAS TURBINE APPLICATION

by F. F. Lange

This paper presents useful mechanical and thermal properties for the

subject materials.

Figure 1: Flexural strength vs. temperature for Si3N 4 .

Figure 2: Flexural strength vs. temperature for SiC.

-

Table I: Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio for SiC and Si3 4.

Table II: Thermal expansion coefficients.

Figure 3: Thermal expansion vs. temperature for hot-pressed SiC and

Si3N 4
-

Figure 4: Thermal conductivity vs. temperature for hot-pressed SiC

and Si3N 4.

Figure 5: Specific heat vs. temperature for SiC and SieN4 (hot-pressed).

 155

N72-29511

HEALING OF SURFACE CRACKS IN CERAMICS

by F. F. Lange

This report shows that cracks introduced into ceramic by mechanical

machining processes can be eliminated or "healed" by. either resintering

(as is thie case for oxides) or oxidizing (for the case of materials such

as Sic).

Results of crack healing experiments on Al203 , ZnO, and SiC are

reviewed.
Table I: Flexural strengths of "as-cut" and thermal shocked
specimens (ZnO, A12 03 , Sic).
Figure 1: Fractional recovery of initial flexural strength of
0
both thermal shocked ZnO heated to 1100 C and A12 03 heated to 170D°C.
Figure 2: Static oxidation behavior and strength recovery of 80%
0
dense SiC (thermal shocked) heated to 1400 C.
Table II: Grain size of heated specimens.

Table III: Strength change for diamond cut specimens after heat

treatment.

N73-20814

THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL NATURE OF SURFACES

by R. M. Latanision

The surface of a solid is often considered to be a sharp discontinuity

in an otherwise infinite continuum. It is not surprising to fine that the

presence and condition of the surface has been found to exert a considerable

influence on both the flaw and fracture behavior of various inorganic solids.

The mechanical behavior of a crystalline material is determined by the

generation, motion and interaction of dislocation.

 156

N73-20814 (cont.)

One of the most surprising and exciting observations to come from

studies of the surface structure of metals is the large effect that small

amounts of adsorbed gas atoms can have on the structure of an otherwise

clean surface. Besides the adsorbing of gases, it is recognized that

segregation of bulk impurities may occur as well

as at the free surface as

at internal surfaces (gain boundaries, twin boundaries) at dislocation.

The driving force for solute segregation at free surfaces may be the same

as that leading to solute accumulation about internal interfaces.

In addition to equilibrium and segregation of impurities near surfaces,

Westbrook and associates also point out that non-equilibrium solute segre­
gation may arise because of the development of a gradient in vacancy

concentration near free surfaces as well

as at grain boundaries, both being

effective sinks for vacancies.

The surface has been structurally and chemically distinguished from

the bulk of a crystalline solid. To this, we should add that at the surface

there is in general an electrostatic potential difference associated with

some kind of charge double layer.

The Double Layer and the Mechanical Behavior of Non-Metals

Because of the low concentration and mobility of change carriers

in MgO and Al 203' the change transfer which occurs during chemisorption

on such semiconductor or insulator surfaces may have a profound effect on

the change distribution in the space change layer far beneath the surface

of the solid. Therefore, we find that the adsorption-induced changes in

the change distribution may well affect the plastic deformation as well
as

the fracture behavior of such solids.

They often exhibit adsorption induced

increases or decreases in microhardness (i.e., near-surface dislocation mobility).

 157

N67-36691

FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HOT

ISOSTATICALLY PRESSED MgO

by M. H. Leipold & T. H. Nielson

This report outlines the procedure used to hot-press some specimens

of MgO. Charts are included showing particle size, and density of the

samples before and after pressing.

N68-11944

THE EFFECT OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES ON MECHANICAL

BEHAVIOR IN POLYCRYSTALLINE CERAMICS

by M. H. Leipold, et al

Discussion of grain size and grain boundary on various mechanical

properties and mechanical behaviors of ceramics is included in this paper.

Chart (Figure 1): Fracture stress vs. grain size for various

crack-tip radii. Plastic work equals zero (the number of atomic

spacings used as a parameter) MgO.

Chart (Figure 2): Fracture stress vs. grain size for various

amounts of plastic work (plastic work expressed as ratio to the

surface energy). Crack tip radius equals one interatomic distance.

 158

AD-605-390

PROCEEDINGS OF THE OSV-RTD SYMPOSIUM

ON ELECTROMAGNETIC WINDOWS

by P. C. Li, et. al.,

The chemical vapor deposition ( CVD) of boron nitride results in

a

unique material which could find application as a superior microwave and

infrared window.

Process techniques are discussed for hot-pressed and CVD boron nitride.

Shortcomings and advantages of both methods are outlined.

Figure 8: Oxidation of graphite and BN.

Figure 10: Strength vs temperature of CVD BN (Flexural strength

.10,000-30,000 vs temperature °C 0-2000).

Figure 11:
Dielectric properties of BN (loss tangent (0.001-0.009)

vs temperature 0C (0-1400)).

Table: Composition and properties of high temperature enamels (SiO

AI2 03 , MgO, Zr0.2)

2

Figure 1: Flexural strength for glass reinforced AlPO 4 (psi x 10

4-24 vs temperature OF 200-1200).

Figure 2: Flexural modulus for glass reinforced AlPO4 (0.8-48 psi x 106

vs temperature 200-1200 F).

Figure 3: Tensile strength for glass reinforced AIPO4 (6-30 psi x 103

vs temperature 200-1200 F).

Figure 4: Compression strength for glass reinforced AlPO 4 (2-12 psi

x 103 vs temperature OF 200-1200'F).

Figure 5:
Dielectric constant and loss tangent vs temperature for

aluminum phosphate ratio 1AwitnS-994 reinforcement at 10.0 K C.

(table form. temperature 0 Fambient-1200; dielectric constant 3.3-3.6;

loss tangent, 0.006-0.02.)

Figure 6: (table form) Percent power reflection coefficients (angle

of reflection -600° - -60 0 , perpendicular normal % 0.02-0.2 polarization

A/4.% 0.02-0.2 parallel polarization normal % o.02-0.2., /4%,

0.02-0.2).

Figure 7: Coefficient of thermal expansion for AIPO 4 matrix.

 159

AD-605-390 cont.

Figure 8: Percent thermal expansion (10% silica modified matrix).

Figure 9: Summary of target goals and achievements.

Figure 10: Flexural strength vs aging for AIPO4 laminates.

Figure 1, C-3: Thermal expansion of silicon nitride. (Expansion

% 0-0.50 vs temperature OF 0-2800)1

Table 1: Modulus of rupture results for silicon nitride.

Table 2: Modulus of elasticity for two silicon nitride specimens.

Figure 4: Thermal conductivity of silicon nitride ( BTU-in/ft2-hr-°F

mean temperature OF 1600-2400). 2

Figures 5 - 7: Thermal conductivity of silicon nitride (BTU-in/ft2hr-0 F

vs mean temperature 0F 1600-2400).

Figure 8: Compressive creep data for silicon nitride (creep % 0-0.2

vs time hour 0-10).

N64-13850

A STUDY OF FUNDAMENTAL MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC SINGLE CRYSTALS

BY R. S. Liebling

Load capacity of bar shaped silicon carbide single crystals varies

inversely with the length-width ratio and boron concentration. As thickness

increases, load capacity increases.

Figure 1: Load capacity of SiC crystal containing .005% boron (thick.

ness inches) vs load (lbs) for varying length-width ratios).

Figure 2: Load capacity of SiC crystals having a length-width ratio

of 1.36 (thickness vs load with varying amounts of boron concentratio

as parameters).

 160

Translated from fgneupory, No. 10, Oct. 1969.

English translation in Refractories, No. 9, pp. 611-613.

DETERMINATION OF THE THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY

COEFFICIENT OF MAGNESIA AND MAGNESIOSPINEL.REFRACTORIES

by E. Ya. Litovskii

Ya. A. Landa

A translated article from Ogneupory that gives data from experimental

determination of thermal diffusivity coefficients of magnesia bricks at high

temperatures.

Figure 1: Thermal diffusivity coefficient vs temperature in air,

argon, and nitrogen.

Figure 2.; Thermal diffusivity coefficient vs temperature measured

parallel and perpendicular to sample pressing.

Note: Temperature range 200-1800OC.

AD-657-024

DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY STANDARDS

by ARTHUR D. LITTLE, Inc.

This project encompasses an analytical and experimental study to

establish high temperature thermal conductivity and diffusivity standards

and to test these standards at thermal property measurement laboratories.

This report described the work carried out in Phase I of this program, the

identification, selection, characterization and preliminary experimental

examination of candidate standard materials for use in the subsequent

measurement program. Based on criteria such as

phase change, melting point,

reproductivity, isotropy, fabricating, homogeneity, and availability, the

following materials were selected for experimental evaluation-ceramics­

alumina, beryllia, . . ., silicon carbide, etc.
Table 1: Candidate ceramic materials. Phase change, melting point

(°C/F). Radiative heat transfer, reproducibility availability,

 161

AD-657-024 cont.

Anisotropy, hemogenenity, microstructure al stability vapor pressure at

3500 0 F., mechanical strength and ductility, thermal shock, cost,

fabricability, shelf life.

Table II: Candidate internationalic materials similar as Table 1.

Table V: Candidate materials-tantalum, tantalum alloys, rhenium

and platinium, similar to Table II.

Figure 2: Thermal conductivity of candidate standards, (thermal

conductivity 0-1.6 watt/cm 0 K ) vs temperature 200-2600 'K.

Figure 7: Temperature (100's 0 C) vs test duration hours 0-30.

Temperature history for typical heating tests.

Table X: Typical temperature difference for samples tested in cut

bar apparatus; material, thermal conductivity, sample thickness, and

temperature difference across sample.

Table XI: Summary of Alumina heating test.

Page 72: Results of preliminary thermal conductivity measurements

with alumina.

Table XIII: Summary of zirconia heating tests.

Page 84: Results of preliminary thermal conductivity measurements

with zirconia.

Table XIV: Summary of silicon carbide heating tests.

AD-601-535

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMAL INSULATING MATERIALS

by J. B. Loser, et al

This handbook is a compilation of thermophysical properties data of

insulating materials, which can be used both in cryogenic and high temperature

applications. Thermal conductivity, linear thermal expansion, specific heat,

total normal emittance, thermal diffusivity and compressive strength are

plotted with respect to temperature, density, and melting point. Continuous

service temperature, typical available form and modulus of elasticity are

given in tabular form in a general properties table.

 162

ISpoo AD-601-535 cont.

Pages 11-14: General properties.

Page 16: Aluminium-chromium oxide system thermal conductivity.

Page 17: Aluminium-chromium oxide system, -linear thermal expansion.

Pages 18-21:
Aluminum oxide, thermal conductivity

Pages 22-23:
Aluminum oxide, linear thermal expansion.

.Page 24: Aluminum oxide, specific heat.

Page 25:
Aluminum oxide, total normal emittance.

Page 26:
Aluminum oxide, thermal diffusivity.

Page 27: Aluminum oxide, compressive strength.

Page 28:
Aluminum oxide granules apparent thermal conductivity.

Page 29: Aluminum oxide-Lithium Carbonate system, thermal conductivity.

Page 30:. Linear thermal expansion.

Page 31:
Aluminum phosphate coatings thermal conductivity.

Page 32: Linear thermal expansion.

Page 33: Total normal emittance.

Pages 34-37:
Aluminum silicate, thermal conductivity.

Page 38: Linear thermal expansion.

Page 39: Specific heat.

Page 40: Total normal emittance.

Page 42:
Barium fluoride, thermal conductivity.

Page 43:
Beryllium carbide, thermal conductivity

Page 44: Beryllium carbide, specific heat.

Page 45:
Beryllium oxide, thermal conductivity.

Pages 46-47: Beryllium oxide, linear thermal expansion.

Page 48: Beryllium oxide, specific heat.

Page 49: Beryllium oxide, total normal emittance.

Page 50: Beryllium oxide, compressive strength.

Page 51:
Boron carbide, thermal conductivity.

-Page 51:
Boron carbide, linear thermal expansion.­
Page 52: Boron nitride, specific heat. "

Page 53:
Boron nitride, thermal .conductiyity.

Page 54:
Boron nitride, linear thermal expansion.

 163

AD-601-535 cont.

Page 55: Boron nitride, specific heat.

Page 56: Boron nitride, total normal emittance.
Page 57: Calcium fluoride, thermal conductivity.
Page 58: Calcium fluoride, linear thermal expansion.
Page 59: Calcium oxide, thermal conductivity.-
Page 61: Calcium oxide, linear thermal expansion.
Page 62: Calcium silicate, thermal conductivity.
Page 63: Calcium silicate, thermal conductivity.
Page 64: Calcium silicate, apparent thermal.conductivity.
Page 65: Calcium silicate, specific heat.
Page 66: Calcium silicate, thermal diffusivity.
Page 67:, Calcium silicate, compressive strength.
Pages 68-69: Carbon special forms, thermal conductivity.

Page 70: Carbon special forms, apparent thermal conductivity.

Pages 71-72: Carbon special forms, linear thermal

expansion.

Page 73: Carbon special forms, specific heat.

Page 74:
Carbon special forms, normal total emittance.

Page 75: Carbon special forms, thermal diffusivity.

Page 76: Carbon special forms, compressive strength.

Page 78: Cerrium dioxide, thermal conductivity.

Page 79: Cerium dioxide, linear thermal expansion.

Page 80: Cerium dioxide, specific heat.

Page 81:
Cerium dioxide, total normal emittance.

Page 82: Cerium branide, thermal conductivity.

Page 83: Cerium lodide, thermal conductivity.

Pages 98-102: Glass fiber, apparent thermal conductivity.

Page 103:
Glass fiber board, apparent thermal conductivity.

Page 105: Hafnium carbide, thermal conductivity.

Page 106: Hafnium carbide, linear thermal expansion.

Page 107: Hafnium carbide, specific heat.

Page 108: Hafnium dioxide, thermal conductivity.

Page 109: Hafnium dioxide, linear thermal expansion.

Page 110: Hafnium dioxide, specific heat.

 164

AD-601-535 cont.

Page 111: Hafnium nitride, thermal conductivity.

Page 112: Hafnium nitride, linear thermal expansion.
Page 113: Hafnium nitride, specific heaT.
Page 114: Hair felt, apparent thermal conductivity.
Page 118: Lithium hydride, thermal conductivity.
Page 119: Lithium hydride, linear thermal expansion.
Page 120: Lithium hydride, specific heat.
Page 121: Lucite, thermal conductivity.
Page 122: Magnesium-aluminum oxide system, thermal conductivity.
Page 123: Magnesium-aluminum oxide, linear thermal expansion.
Page 124: Magnesium-aluminum oxide, compressive strength.
Page 125: Magnesium-beryllium oxide, thermal conductivity.
Page 126: Magnesium-fluoride, thermal conductivity.
Page 127: Magnesium-fluoride, linear thermal expansion.
Page 128: Magnesium fluoride, specific heat.
Page 129: Magnesium-nickle oxide system, thermal conductivity.
Pages 130-131: Magnesium oxide, thermal conductivity.

Page 132: Magnesium oxide, linear thermal expansion.

Page 133: Magnesium oxide, specific heat.

.Page -134: Magnesium oxide, total normal emittance.

Page 135: Magnesium oxide, thermal diffusivity.

Page 136: Magnesium oxide and others, thermal conductivity.

Page 137: Magnesium oxide-spinel system, thermal conductivit:

Page 138: Magnesium silicate, thermal conductivity.

Page 139: Magnesium silicate, apparent thermal conductivity.

Page 140: Magnesium silicate, linear thermal expansion.

Page 141: Magnesium silicate, specific heat.

Page 145: Molybdenum disilicide, thermal conductivity.

Page 146: Molybdenum disilicide, linear thermal expansion.

Page 147: Molybdenum disilicide, specific heat.

Page 154: Mylar, thermal conductivity.

 165

AD-601-535 cont.

Page 155: Nickel monoxide, thermal conductivity.

Page 156: Nickel monoxide, linear thermal expansion.

Page 157: Nickel monoxide, specific heat.

Page 158: Niobium beryllium, thermal conductivity.

Page 159: Niobium beryllium, specific heat.

Page 180: Potassium chloride, thermal conductivity.

Page 181: Potassium titanate, thermal conductivity.

Page 182: Potassium titanate, specific heat.

Page 189-191: Silica-aerogel, apparent thermal conductivity.

Page 192-194: Silica-aerogel and metal, apparent thermal conductivi

Page 195-197: Silicon carbide, thermal conductivity.

Page 197: Silicon carbide, linear thermal expansion.

Page 198: Silicon carbide, specific heat.

Page 199: Silicon carbide, total normal emittance.

Pages 200-202: Silicon dioxide, thermal conductivity.

Pages 203-204: Silicon dioxide, linear thermal expansion.

Page 205: Silicon dioxide, specific heat.

Page 206: Silicon dioxide, total normal emittance.

Page 207: Silicon dioxide, thermal diffusivity.

Page 208: Silicon dioxide and carbon, thermal conductivity.

Page 213: Silicon nitride, thermal conductivity.

Page 214: Silicon nitride, linearthermal expansion.

Page 215: Silicon nitride, specific heat.

Page 216: Silicon nitride, total normal emittance.

Page 217: Sillimanite, thermal conductivity.

Page 218: Sillimanite, total normal emittance.

Page 219: Sodium chloride, thermal conductivity.

Page 220: Sodium silicate laminate, apparent thermal conductivity.

Page 221: Teflon, thermal conductivity.

Page 222: Teflon, linear thermal expansion.

Page 223: Teflon, specific heat.

Page 224: Thorium dioxide, thermal conductivity.

Page 225: Thorium dioxide, linear thermal expansion.

Page 226: Thorium dioxide, specific heat.

Page 227: Thorium dioxide, total normal emittance.

Page 28: Thorium dioxide, compressive strength.

 166

AD-601-535 cont.

Page 229: Titanium carbide, thermal conductivity.

Page 230: Titanium carbide, linear thermal expansion.
Page 231: Titanium carbide, specific heat.
Page 232: Titanium carbide, total normal emmittance.
Page 233: Titanium dioxide, thermal conductivity.
Page 234: Titanium dioxide, linear thermal expansion.
Page 235: Titanium dioxide, specific heat.
Page 236: Titanium dioxide powder, apparent thermal conductivity.
Page 237: Titanium nitride, thermal conductivity.
Page 238: Titanium nitride, linear thermal expansion.
Page 239: Titanium nitride, specific heat.
Page 240. Titanium nitride, total normal emittance.
Pages 241-242: Uranium dioxide, thermal conductivity.

Page 243: Uranium dioxide, linear thermal expansion.

Page 244: Uranium dioxide, specific.heat.

Page 256: Zinc oxide, thermal conductivity.

Pages 257-258: Zirconium dioxide, thermal conductivity.

Pages 259-260: Zirconium dioxide, linear thermal expansion.

Page 261: Zirconium dioxide, specific heat.

Page 262: Zirconium dioxide, total normal emittance.

Page 262: Zirconium dioxide, thermal diffusivity.

Page 263: Zirconium dioxide, compressive strength.

Page 264: Zirconium hydride, thermal conductivity.

Page 265: Zirconium hydride, linear thermal expansion.

Page 267: Zirconium nitride, thermal conductivity.

Page 268: Zirconium nitride, linear thermal expansion.

Page 269: Zirconium nitride, specific heat.

Page 270: Zirconium silicate, thermal conductivity.

Page 271: Zirconium silicate, linear thermal expansion.

Page 272: Zirconium silicate, specific heat.

 167

,RIGLr' ,PA.IGE IS'pooI AD-803-765

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

DATA BOOK TO GUIDE MATERIALS SELECTION FOR

STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS

by J. F. Lynch, et. al.

This data book provides a selective compilation of the best available

property data on refractory ceramics and ceramic-like materials. It is in­

tended to supersede a "Materials Selection Handbook" issued in 1963. This

book (AD-803-765) also contains some updating material (1957 and 1970 vintage)

on some sections.

The materials selection index alone covers 19 pages, so it is easy to see

that hundreds of ceramics and ceramic compounds are included. Such data as

crystal system, density, melting point; specific heat, thermal conductivity

and expansion, bend strength, tensile and compressive strength, impact strength

Youngs modulus, shear and bulk modulus, Poissons ratio, creep, hardness, therm,

stress, and oxidation and corrosion are included. The data is presented graphi

.cally and in tables.

This report is 13 sheets on microfiche. Technical discussions are

included as appended sections. Included are sections on factors that

affect and influence physical properties as well as those factors that are

important in using brittle materials for structural applications.

AD-696-047

HIGH TEMPERATURE MATERIALS

by E. N. Marmer, et. al.

-Inthis book properties of high-temperature materials are described

which are applied or can be applied in newi technological processes, especially

occurring in avacuum in inert media. In the book are generalized, literary

materials and the experience of the authors on refractory metals, high-refract(

oxides, graphite, and refractory carbide. There are discussions on certain

peculiarities of the measurement of temperature with the aid of thermocouples

and optical pyrometers.

 168

AD-696-047 cont.

Table 1, Page 1: Ba~ic physical chemistry properties of refractory metals.

Page 67: Aluminum Oxide.

Aluminum oxide Al2 03 is the most widespread high refractory oxide.

Articles from aluminum oxide are produced under various names: alundum,

corundum, sinter-corundum, corundise, microlite and others. From aluminum

oxide there are manufactured crucibles for melting of metal, containers, tubes,

various-shaped articles, cases for thermocouples and others.

Manufactured articles of granular structure have more than 97% Al203,

up to 25% porosity and temperature of application 1,850°C, and articles with

densened shells at the same Al 203 content have up to 7% porosity and temperature

of application up to 1900'C (122).

Articles made from high-alumina chamottes, constituting AI2 03 -SiO 2 are

very widespread. From these materials there are manufactured both mass production

in the form of bricks, pipes, plates, etc. and also special shapes of articles.

(Up to page 81, gives a very good detailed, informative description of AI2 03

in every aspect.)

Page 159, Chapter IV: Properties of Carbide (refractory)

As was indicated above, with high temperature technologies there are

refractory metals; tungsten, molybdenum, tantalium, niobium, and rehenium

and also graphite.

the creation of vacuum installations with an operating temperature

3000°C and above excludes the application of niobium, molybdenum, and tantalums,

having melting points below 30000 C. An essential disadvantage of the appli­

cation of graphite for these purpose is the high rate of its evaporation in

a vacuum at temperature about 21000C which leads to severe reduction of the

service life of articles.

Powder Metallurgy, 1969, Vol. 12, No. 23

CREEP OF SILICON CARBIDE

by P. Marshall and R. B. Jones

The creep behavior of high-density silicon carbide is examined by the

use of four-point bending test in air at temperatures from 1000C to 13000C.

 169

Figures 2-4: Variation of creep strain with time at 1000, 1100

and 12000C respectively.

Figures 5-6: Effect of stress and temperature on value of A

-respectively (from eq. Ep=Atk).

Figure 8: Calculated creep rates as a function of temperature.

AD-697-923

THE EFFECT OF SURFACE FINISHING ON STRUCTURAL

CERAMIC FAILURE

BY K. R. McKinney and C. M. Herbert

A relationship between fracture strength and surface finish of brittle

nonmettalic materials was examined and related to surface crack theory. An

experimental illustration used AlSiMg614, a 94%,pure alumina with a near zero

porosity. Specimen disks 3.625 inches in diameter by 0.085 inches thick were

prepared, each having a specific surface finish. Testing was done with a biaxial

ball and ring test.- Observations were made regarding other materials and other

abrasive powders.

Because of ceramics' high compressive strength, chemical inertness

and mechanical integrity over a wide range of temperatures, there is a great

interest in their use as structural materials. Any such use makes it necessary

at times to change the shape of the piece of ceramic through machining. This is

a rather brutal treatment and may impair the strength of brittle materials such

as ceramics. Even if components could always be used "as fired", this would

not guarantee the absence of flaws that could be equally dangerous. So, it

is profitable to investigate how the surface cracklfracture theory reported

by Tiffany and Lorenz (2) could be applied to scratches induced by grinding

procedures.

Table 1, Page 2: Breaking stress for various surface finishing of

AlSiMag614 as compared to those computed using surface-crack fracture

theory.

Figure 6, Page 5: Figure from Tiffany and Lorenz used to simplify the

use of surface-crack fracture equations derived by Irwin (3).

 170

Conclusion:

(1) A relationship-between fracture stress and surface finish exists

for low porosity ceramics.

(2) By use of the relationship between experimental fracture stress

and surface crack theory a prediction of fracture strength of ceramic materials

with particular surface finishes can be made.

Chapter from: Whisker Technology, A. P. Levitt, ed.,

New York, Wiley-Interscience, 1970.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WHISKERS

by Mehan and J. A. Herzog

Strength and elastic modulus data is provided on a number of ceramic

compounds. Various shapes and sizes of whiskers are employed in the tests

conducted.

Figure 6-2: Tensile strength vs area ( 2) of A12 03 whiskers.

Figure 6-4: Elastic modulus vs area of AI2 03 whiskers.

Figure 6-5: Apparent elastic modulus of alpha-Al2 03 as a function

of reciprocal gauge length.

Figure 6-10: Applied stress vs delay time of fracture for alpha

-AI2 03 whiskers.

Figure 6-11: Tensile strength of SiC whiskers.

Figure 6-12: Load vs extension of SiC whiskers.

Figure 6-13: Room temperature bend strength of SiC whiskers

(strength vs temperature).

Figure 6-15: Elastic modulus of SiC whiskers (elastic modulus vs are

Figure 6-16: Strength of B4 C whiskers.

Figure 6-18: Tensile strength of Si3 N4 whiskers (strength vs area).

Figure 6-20: Ultimate tensile strength of MgO whiskers vs diagonal

of the square cross section.

Note: Data also given on whiskers of tungsten, iron, copper,.cobalt,

chromium, and others.

 171

N72-31581

KINETICS OF FABRICATION OF SILICON NITRIDE BY REACTION SINTERING

by D.R. Messier & P. Wong

The reaction sintering process for the fabrication of.silicon nitride

i.e. the reaction of silicon powder compacts with nitrogen, was investigated

in the temperature range from 1150 to 14500C and the resulting silicon nitride

was characterized by various analytical techniques. Oxygen impurities in the

nitrogen atmosphere at high levels caused the formation of SiO 2 and at low

level caused weight losses due to the formation of SiO gas. Fine particle

size and iron impurities enhanced the reaction rate. The kinetics of the

reaction of pure (99.98%) silicon powder compacts along with nitrogen follows

the Jander relationship (I - 3 _ X)2 = Kt.

Table II,Page 4: Fabrication of silicon nitride pellets by reaction

sintering.

N64-18384

or ­
AD-434-173

ALUMINUM OXIDE DATA SHEETS

by John T. Milek

The paper is a compilation of the electrical properties of a wide range

(80-100%) A1203 . Included are sapphire, sintered single crystal, and poly­
crystalline material. Detailed electrical properties for each material

include dielectric constant, dielectric strength, dissipation factor, electri­

cal conductivity and resistivity, loss factor and Te value. Each property is

compiled over the widest possible range of temperatures and frequencies.

Also, the crystal structure, applications and phase diagrams are briefly

reviewed.

 172

AD-617-271

DETERMINING THE THERMAL CONTACT RESISTANCE

BETWEEN METAL CERAMIC SURFACES

by V. S. Miller

The construction materials that are utilized for high temperatures

should have a high strength and resistance to strain, and be stable against

oxidation and heat fatigue.

The present-day cast metal alloys, on a base of nickel, cobalt iron

and chromium with various' additives, cannot be used past temperatures of

8500 C. Such temperature can be withstood by materials with a high melting

point and hardness, and they are metal-ceramic alloys such as carbides,

nitrides, silicides and bromides.

. The problems which are encountered during the manufacture of components

specially stipulated are: some residual porosity, low heat conductivity and

poor deformation.

Page 2 (Table): Composition and heat conductivity of three metal­

ceramic specimens of silicon carbide.

Figure 3: Dependency of the thermal resistance of contact on the

pressure, composition of the metal ceramic alloy, and quality of

the surface finish.

Figure 4: Dependency of the thermal contact resistance of the

unfinished surfaces on the pressure and composition of the metal

ceramic alloy.

Figure 5: Dependency of the thermal resistance of contact of a

mixed pair metal-ceramic alloy (1st series--metal steel 45) on the

quality of surface finish and pressure.

 173­

AD-680-005

RESEARCH ON ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

AND

CONDUCTION MECHANISMS IN ALUMINA

by J. J. Mills - (1968)

This paper describes a research study undertaken to better understand

conduction mechanisms in Al 203. The following list of figures give specific

electrical properties of interest:

Figure 1: Typical graph of decaying current vs. time.

Table IV: Heat treatment schedules for several samples.

Figure 7: Graph of log electronic resistivity vs. reciprocal

temperature (oxygen heat treatment).

Figure 8: Graph of log electronic resistivity vs. reciprocal

temperature (vacuum heat treatment).

Figure 9: Enlargement of the low activation energy section of

electronic resistivity-of specimen No. 3 as a function of reciprocal

temperature.

Figure 10: Graph of log ionic resistivity vs. reciprocal temperature

for specimen No. 9.

Figure 12: Graph showing permanent change in resistivity with

order measurement for specimen No. 9.'

 174

Translated from Ogneupory, No. 7, pp. 39-45, July, 1971.

EFFECT OF THE FINENESS OF ALUMINA AND CERTAIN ADDITIVES

ON THE PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA SLIPS AND PRODUCTS

by D. B. Min'kov, et al

This article deals with the effect of the particle size of calcined

alumina, ground in a vibration mill for 14 hours and 4 hours.

Table 1: Characteristics of alumina and slips from various factdries

Table 2: Properties of casting after drying and firing at 7500C.

Table 3: Effect of additives of GKZR-94 on the grain size alumina

fired at 15000C after grinding.

Table 4: Effect of GKZR additives on the properties of slip and

casting made from it.

Table 5: Effect of GKZR additives on the shrinkage and deformation

of specimens during heating.

Table 6: Properties of sintered ceramics.

AD-707-340

THE EFFECTS OF SIZE AND ENVIRONMENT ON THE UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE

BREAKING STRENGTH OF GLASS, ALUMINA, AND PYROCERAM

by D. H. Moreno & M. L. Salive

The effects of size and environment on the uniaxial compressive

breaking strength of glass, alumina, and pyroceram were investigated to

establish realistic design criteria for deep-depth hulls and/or

systems of non-metallic materials. The influence of specimen size (diamet

of ", I",and 1 "),test environment (air, sea water at atmosphere, and

sea water at 10 ksi) and strengthening level (50 and 100 ksi) are discusse

and tentative conclusions drawn.

Some tables are included, but the author explains that such a small

number of samples were tested that these figures may not be reliable.

 175

AD-707-340 (cont.)

Some tables give a range of the values of the test results.

Figures 3-8, incl.: Effects of size and environment on the uniaxial

compressive breaking strength of alumina, glass, and pyroceram.

Conclusions:

1. Compressive breaking strength of alumina is greater than pyroceram,

pyroceram greater than glass.

2. Compressive strength of large alumina specimens is unaffected by

sea water.

3. Compressive breaking strength of glass and pyroceram are markedly

improved by strengthening treatment provided the material was not

subsequently exposed to sea water.

4. Strengthening treatments improved strength of large specimens more

than smaller specimens for glass and pyroceram.

5. For unstrengthened glass and as-fired alumina, smaller specimens

tended to indicate higher breaking strengths.

6. Soaking in sea water tended to minimize or eliminate the beneficial

effects of strengthening.

7. The effect of exposure to sea water was negligible for annealed and

as-fired materials, but was pronounced for strengthened materials.

8. Soaking glass, alumina, and pyroceram was just as detrimental at

atmospheric pressure as at 10 ksi pressure.

9. Failure of a material is possible during unloading from a high

compressive stress-level.

10. It appears that unloading at the same rate as loading will prevent

failure during unloading from a high compressive stress level.

 176

N73-24604

or

AD-757-748

RESEARCH ON DENSIFICATION, CHARACTER AND PROPERTIES

OF DENSE SILICON NITRIDE

by P. E. Morgan

The intense attention was put to investigate-the covalent compounds

carbides and nitrides ceramics. They have special program for sintering

and hot pressing because the grain boundary free energy may be higher than

the surface free energy. As has been demonstrated in silicon carbide, even

in regular hot pressing, additives have been necessary to densify silicon

carbide and nitride by lowering the G. B. energy, usually general G. B.

phases. Unfortunately, this must lead to an impairment of high temperature

strength and creep performance.

The main purpose of it is to disclose a possible method of preparing

superior O-Si3 N4 using either the reactive hot pressing technique, or by

hot pressing with minimum additives, silicon carbide powder produced by the

decomposition of pure silicon nitrides.

For more than a decade silicon nitride has been used for high tempera­
ture turbines and bearings. The true form of silicon nitride is the 0-Si3

density 3.19 g/cc. The coefficient of thermal expansion 2.5 X 10-6/°C is

extremely low and confers exceptional thermal shock resistance. The

substance has a hardness of about 1800 Kg/mm 2 at room temperature but with

silicon carbide alone has exceptional hot hardness. The material is

resistant to oxidation up to about 160&C. Low coefficient of 'sliding

friction has been reported at low and high temperature. But, unfortunately,

as has been well recognized for many years, ceramics do not even approach
their intrinsic attainable physical properties unless both porosity and
grain size are closely controlled, usually, so that porosity is zero and
grain size is in a range of 1-5p . The density of reaction sintered
silicon nitride does not exceed 85% theoretical and the microstructure is
homogeneous. Since the properties of hot pressed ceramic materials are
 177

N73-24604 (cont.)

generally far superior to those achieved by sintering techniques, yet

unfortunately, it was discovered that silicon powder could not be densified

by hot pressing up to temperature (180CPC) where problems were encountered

with sublimation. Magnesium oxide was found to be the most beneficial to

densification suring hot pressing. A 5% addition, the usual amount formerly

used, gives good hot pressing but causes deterioration in the high temperature

performance. It has found out that this may be due to the formation of an

amorphous phase approximating the Forsterite composition Mg2SiO 4 along the

grain boundaries. The high temperature mechanical properties then are

largely governed by this amorphous phase.

Recently clarified also was the troublesome controversy of the relative

roles of the a and phases. The a phase contain oxygen and has the

probable formula Si1 1.5N1500. 5. It is surprising that this was not detected

earlier; the literature gives examples where contamination by oxygen to

produce the phase was clearly indicated. The effect of the magnesium oxide

addition during hot pressing is to abstract silicon and oxygen from a typical

"silicon nitride" which contain both a and phases; the only detectable

crystalline phase afterwards is the -Si3N4.

Conclusion:

The 85% theoretical density already achieved by reactive hot pressing

of silicon imides Si(NH) 2 is the highest that has been attained in pure

material without additives at reasonable temperature and pressures. The

presence of some B-form indicates that oxygen activity is low. Hitherto;

the -form has not been made by the decomposition of silicon imides.

 178

Proceedings of the British Ceramic Society, August, 1970

THE ELECTRIC STRENGTH OF ALUMINA:

THE-EFFECT OF POROSITY

by C. T. Morse & G. J. Hill

The electric strength of hot-pressed and single crystal alumina are

investigated. Samples range in density from 85% to 100% of the theoretical.

Tests show that electric strength varies significantly with thickness.

Figure 5: Electric strength vs. thickness.

Table 2: Variation of electric strength with pressing parameters.

Figure 6: Electric strength vs. density of hot-pressed alumina.

AD-672-921

CHARACTERIZATION OF FUSED SILICA SLIPS

by C. A. Murphy

The purpose of this report is to perform research and development

directed towards the development of techniques to fully explore the

potential of readily available ceramic system for use as structural

components in hypersonic missile applications.

Table I: Parameters used to characterize fused silica slips.

Table II: Characterization data on fused silica slips.

Figure 1: Percent less than diameter 0-100. Diameter (microns). 2-40.

Particle size distributions of fused silica slips on mass basis as

determined using a counter with a 100 micron aperture.

Figure 2: As above.

Figure 3: Cristobalite content (v/o) 0-35 vs. time 0-6. time (hours).

Cristobalite content vs. sintering time at 22000F.

Figure 4: Dynamic Young's modulus (106 Ib/in 2 ) vs. time (hr.) 0-6.

Young's modulus Vs. sintering time at 22000F.

Figure 5: Sediment thickness (millimeter) 0-10 vs. time (minutes) 0-300.

Sediment thickness vs. time for three fused silica slips.

 179

AD-646-879

STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICS UNDER IMPACT LOADING

by L. F. Muttart & J. C. Everhart

In this report static stress values are calculated for a point on

the linear portion of the loading curve. These values then are corrected

for time to failure, and for inertial correction at the time of failure..

Table I: Specimens and their physical properties. Static MOR (psi)

times 103 12-62, E (psi X 106 )9-57, resonant frequency (cps)588-5000,

diameter in.0.2-0.5. Al203 85-100%, specific gravity 2.3-3.8.

Table II: Kimble glass rods strengths at failure.

Table IV: Average of results of impact test. Stress at failure,

psi X 103('10-70), resonant period p sec (200-1100), failure time

(80-200+), load time 18-100, specimen.

AD-698-343

MAGNESIUM OXIDE

by M. Neuberger & D. B. Carter

A wide range of electrical and optical properties are covered in these

data sheets on magnesium oxide. Particular emphasis has been placed on the

dielectric properties and the energy band structure. A data table which

includes the best available information on the crystallographic, thermal,

mechanical, physical, electronic and photoemissive properties is included.

The refractory and insulating properties and uses of magnesium oxide

have been thoroughly studied for material in the form of polycrystalline

and pressed grain or powder forms as well as for ceramic .binary and ternary

compounds of MgO with other metallic oxides. With the development of solid

state technology, the unique properties of single crystals united with the

refractory and insulating character of MgO as well as its useful optical

 180

AD-698-343 (cont.)

properties make this compound a very promising material; e.g., as a host

lattice in laser -research. This presentation, therefore, is concerned

primarily with the fundamental solid state electronic properties of magnesium

oxide as determined during the past few years.

* All the graphs and figures and tables in this report are important and

very informative.

AD-725-761

MECHANICS OF BRITTLE MATERIALS UNDER LINEAR TEMPERATURE INCREASES

by H. Neuber & A. Wimmer

The results of work done to show the effects of surface roughness,

residual stresses, strain rate, microstructure, alternating bending fatigue

loading and a non-uniform-stress field on the strength of small (2-8mm

diameter) alumina rods are given.

The rods used in the work were charac­
terized by determinations of grain size, porosity, hardness, surface roughness

and damping factor. Static bend tests at room temperature are used to deter­
mine the Young's modulus, the fracture stress, and the straih at fracture

and to show the influence of specimen volume on the fracture stress. The

effect of grain size and of porosity on these characteristics are shown.

A new tensile test specimen is designed which achieves an almost uniform

stress field in the test area. Some test results are given to show the

validity of this procedure for brittle specimens.

Table 2, Page 36: Distribution of the grain size and the porosity

over the length of alumina rods.

Table 3, Page 39: Dependency of the "Rauhtiefe" Rt, "Glattungstiefe"

Rp and center-line-average (CLA) from the grain size and the porosity

of Al 203 round bar specimens.

Table 4, Page 40: Dependency of Vickers-micro-hardness from the qrain

size and the porosity of Al 203.

 181

REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE
ORIGINAL PAGE IS POOR AD-725-761 (cont.)

Table 5, Page 41: Vickers-micro-hardness on single grains of varying

size of Al2 03 .
Table 6, Page 42: Variation of damping factor with porosity and grain
size.
Table 7, Page 43: Dependency of fracture stress, Young's modulus and
fracture strain from surface condition of A1203 .

Tables 8, 9, 10 (Figure 21): Residual stresses inA1995 (for varying

grain sizes).

Table 11, Page 47: Dependency of fracture stress, Young's modulus, and

strain at fracture from strain rate.

Tables 12 thru 15: Dependency of fracture stress from number of cycles

to fracture for alternate bend fatigue tests at room temperature.

Table 16, Page 53: Dependency of fracture stress, Young's modulus and

fracture strain from porosity and grain size (room temperature).

Table 17, Page 63: Dependency of fracture stress from specimen volume,

porosity, and grain size (from bend test at room temperature).

Table 18-and Figure 41: Dependency of Weibull exponent 1/m from the

porosity for various grain size.

Ceramic Bulletin, Vol. 51, No. 9 (1972), pp. 677-680

STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF POWDER AGGREGATES

by D. E. Niesz, R. B. Bennett, & M. J.. Snyder

Pressure-density data were obtained for two commercial reactive A1203

powders, for aluminum and copper powders and for a series of A1203 powders

prepared by calcining a dry-milled reactive Al 203 powder at selected tempera­

tures. The data yielded several linear regions when plotted as logarithm

of pressure versus relative density. The mechanism believed to control

compaction in each linear region is identified, and a technique for determining

the strength of aggregates in powders from pressure-density data is proposed.

 189

Journal of The American Ceramic Society, Vol. 54, No. 9, Sept. 1971, pp. 428-435

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SINGLE CRYSTALS,

BICRYSTALS, AND POLYCRYSTALS OF MgO

by C. M. Osburn

Conductivity and dielectric constants as functions of temperature and

oxygen partial pressure are given in graphikal form.

Figure 2: Conductivity isotherm for high-purity single-crystal MgO.

Figure 3: Conductivity isobars at high and loss pressures for single­

crystal MgO.

Figure 5: Dielectric constant versus temperature--single-crystal MgO.

Figure 6: Conductivity isotherms for low-purity MgO single crystal.

Figure 7: Conductivity.isotherms for polycrystalline MgO.

Figure 8: Voltage dependence of dc conductivity in polycrystalline MgO.

Ceramics Bulletin, Vol. 49, No. 7 (1970), pp. 638-642

HOT STRENGTH OF HIGH-ALUMINA REFRACTORIES

by M. Palfreyman

Modulus of rupture tests (MOR) are made from room temperature to 1400 0C.

Figures 1 thru 3, Page 640: MOR vs. temperature (alumina 99%-10pm).

 183

AD-607-778

GROWTH AND DEFORMATION MECHANISMS IN SINGLE CRYSTAL SPINEL

by H. Palmour, III, et al

This report includes a description of an R. F, plasma growth facility

and its operation. The main conclusion from the growth experiments is that

the instabilities of spinel at its melting point precludes the growth of,

large stoichiometric single crystals by direct fusion. Alternative techniques

are discussed.

Table, Page 23: Changes in the spinel lattice constant resulting from

plasma treatment.

Figure 9: Intensity vs. diffraction angle, 2 compressive strength

psi X 104 15-50 (microhardness difference -100-500) vs. 50-100 1 X 104

(temperature 1727-727). T

Figure 11: Load vs. deflection for alumina-rich spinel single crystal

with a (110) load axis tested at 15000C load in pounds 0-1000 vs.

deflection in inches 0-0.14

N63-19993

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

by Earl R. Parker, et al

This paper is the proceedings from a symposium (1962) which was held

to review the science and advancements of defect properties of solids (dis­

location behavior, etc.) and how they are related to the mechanical behavior

of ceramics. There are actually six papers presented, they are:

1. Plastic Flow & Fracture of Crystall.ine Solids - E. R. Parker

2. Theory of Dislocations: An Elementary Introduction - R. DeWit

3. Observations of Dislocations - H. G. F. Wilsdorf

4. Fracture Mechanisms in Crystalline Ceramics - T. L. Johnston

5. Strength of Ceramic Crystals - J. J. Gilman

6. A Review of the Effect of Microstructure on Mechanical Behavior

of Polycrystalline Ceramics - W. D. Kingery & R. L. Coble

 184

N63-19993 (cont.)

Figure 14, Page 77: Typical stress-elongation curve for chemically

polished MgO at room temperature.

Table 4, Page 93: Possible strengths of various crystals, crystal,

density, maximum strength, strength-density ratio.

Figure 2, Page 112: Effect of grain size on strength of polycrystal­

line Al2 03.
Figure 4, Page 113: Effect of porosity on creep of polycrystalline
Al2 03

N71-27041

NATURE, STATUS, AND SELECTION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS

by J. H. Pask

Ceramic materials are identified as having ionic-covalent bonding,

being composed of compounds and being either crystalline or glassy. The

oxides are of particular interest due to their chemical stability up to

high temperatures. Brittle behavior makes them sensitive to flaws, either

intrinsic or extrinsic, thus requiring a uniform distribution of uniform

flaws to achieve reliability. Intrinsic flaws can be correlated with

character features. Extrinsic flaws are in themselves character features.

Both are correlated with mechanical properties. A number of applications

of ceramics based on their unique properties are reviewed.

Figure 4: Stress-strain curves for six different MgO samples at 1000

Figure 6: -Volume fraction of pores vs. transverse strength for poly­

crystalline alumina (at 250C and 7500C).

 AD-663-835

EFFECT OF THERMAL CONDITIONING AND STRAIN ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE

AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA

by E. M. Passmore, et al

Stress-strain curves obtained from four-point bend tests are used

to study yielding and fracture in dense, fine grained A12 03. Numerous

mechanical properties are presented in graphical form as a function of

temperature and microstructure. The following list gives specific figures

of interest:

Table I: Summary of fabrication and related data for hot pressed AI2 03.

Table II: Yield and strain hardening parameters for polycrystalline

Al2 03.

Table III: Correlation of estimated brittle-ductile transition

temperatures with material variables for several alumina tiles.

Table VI: Summary of constant temperatures yield and fracture data

for fine grain alumina.

Table VII: Summary of prestrain experiments for fine grain alumina.

Table IV: Order of decreasing fracture strength at 1150°-12000C.

Table V: Effect of thermal and mechanical (prestrain) treatments on

the brittle fracture stress (rupture modulus) of polycrystalline

alumina at 1300.C.

Table VIII: Effect of prestrain direction on room temperature frac­

ture stress of vacuum pressed alumina.

Table IX: Summary of mechanical test result on vacuum hot pressed

Al2 03 + -1
1 MgO.

Table X: Summary of mechanical test (in bending) of sapphire crystal

Table A!: Modulus of rupture.

Figure 1: Typical load vs. deflection curves determined in bending

ambient-pressed aluminum oxide.

Figure 3: Room temperature stress-strain curve for rolled brass plat

Figure 6: Elevated temperature stress-strain curves for ambient­

pressed alumina oxide.

 186

AD-663-835 (cont.)

Figure 7: Temperature dependence of yielding for ambient-pressed

alumina oxide.

Figure 8: Effect of test temperature on plastic strain at fracture

in bending for several series of alumina specimens.

Figure 9: Effect of test temperature on fracture stress for alumina.

Figure 10: Effect of test temperature on strength and ductility of

ambient-pressed aluminum oxide (D96B) in bending, 2% porosity.

Figure 11: Stress-strain curves for representative curve specimens

showing relationship of plastic flow at 135°C with brittle fracture

stress at 1200°C.

Figure 12: Effect of plastic strain on the brittle fracture stress in

bending of fine grained ambient-pressed alumina at 1200°C.

Figure 13: Effect of plastic strain on the brittle fracture stress

in bending of fine grained ambient-pressed alumina 1200 0 C.

Figure 14: Effect of plastic strain on the brittle fracture stress

on bending of fine grain ambient-pressed alumina at room temperature.

AD-867-785

A QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF TEST METHODS FOR BRITTLE MATERIALS

by C. D. Pears, et al

Many brittle materials exhibit a somewhat different response to tensile,

flexural and compressive loads as well as when loaded as a disc. The tensile

and compressive fracture strengths often differ by a factor of 2 and can

differ by a factor of 10 or more. Modulus of Rupture values of 1 to 3 times

the measured tensile strengths are frequently reported in the literature.

It is possible to conceive physical models to explain the difference in

response of a material to tensile and compressive loads. However, it is

more difficult to conceive a model that will explain why gross departure

of MOR values from ultimate tensile strength. Generally, brittle materials

 187

AD-867-785 (cont.)

are characterized as being governed by a weakest link fracture mechanism

such that cracks initiate and/or propagate to fracture as soon as the stress

in any localized region of stressed material reaches the ultimate value.

Evidence thus far obtained indicates that brittle materials are weakest in

tension. Consequently, one would expect flexural specimens to fracture

when the extreme outer fibers reached the ultimate in tension.

Surface Finish. There were strength increases when progressing from

highly irregular as-fired surfaces to shop-machined surfaces, but no dif­

ferences were detected between the shop-machined, the shop-polished, and

laboratory lopped ones.

Griffith Cracks. The relation a =V2IE-_T-rC gives a theoretical crack

size of about 0.005 inch using T = 20,000 ergs/cm 2 2 . Microscopic examination

revealed no cracks of this type in the material. However, the larger void

sizes are about 0.002 inch (or bigger) so that, given a crack tip, they

could serve as initiators or propagators. The interference is that any

crack significantly smaller than this may provide for subsequent crack

nucleation but not crack propagation without growth.

Grain Size. The average grain size varied from 2.8 to 3.4 microns,

and the maximum size was about 5 to 25 microns. There was no indication of

nonuniformity or nonreproducibility with respect to grain size or shape.

Several blanks were fired purposely to a high temperature and the grain

size for these specimens averaged 6.9 microns with a maximum size of 30-35

microns; however, with only one exception these high-fired pieces had

nominal strength in spite of the larger grain size.

Figures of the configuration of the specimen blank:

Figure 77, Page 127: Average ultimate tensile strength vs. volume.

Figure 89, Page 139: Pore size distribution for specific flexural,

macro specimen of Table 10.

Figure 129, Page 179: Average density vs. average flexural strength
for macro specimen.
Figure 131, Page 181: Average flexural strength vs. grain size for
macro flexural specimen.

 TJI I OF TR~E 188

6IGsINL oOAD-857-785 (cont.)

Figure 132, Page 182: Average flexural strength vs. porosity for

macro flexural specimen.

Table 1,Page 183; Table 2, Page 184; Table 3, Page 185: Firing

analysis data.

Table 1 continued, Page 186; Table 2 Page 187; Table 2, Page 188;

Table 2 continued, Page 189; Table 2, Page 190.

Table 3, Page 191: Table of mean stress, standard deviation, and

coefficient of variation for phase 1 flexural data on macro specimens.

Table 4, Page 192, Pages 183-184.

Table 5, Page 195: Table of mean stresses, standard deviations, and

coefficient of variation for phase 1 tensile data on macro specimens.

Table 6, Page 196: Table 7, Page 197: Results of tensile evaluations

of polished macro specimens removed from SR1 Part 1831-A-10.

Table 8, Page 198: Results of surface finish study on macro specimens.

Table 9, Pages 199-200.

Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 348.

DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF TITANATE-ALUMINA CERAMICS

by G.. S. Perry & J. R. Alderton

The idea that the addition of alkali earth metal titanates to alumina

might lead to the stabilization of its permittivity with respect to temperature

was proposed by Atlas et al in1962.

Recently alumina ceramics containing calcium titanate were investigated

and examined at room temperature, their dielectric properties in the 9300 MHz

range. Table 1 shows the results for some of the comoositions together with

values calculated using the logarithmic mixing rule.

 189

AD-615-218

JOURNAL OF THE ALL-UNION CHEMICAL SOCIETY (SELECTED ARTICLES)

by D. N. Poluboyarinov, et al

These articles include two sections: Section l-is The Hot Extrusion

of Pure Oxide Ceramics by D. N. Pluboyarinov and Ye. I. Shal'nov; and

Section 2 is Modern Ideas about Thermal Stability of Refractory-Ceramic

Materials and Ways of Increasing Same by G. V. Kukolev and I. I. Nemets.

Figure 3: Shrinkage during sintering and hot pressing of beryllium

oxide; (a) fired BeO; (b) hot pressed BeO.

Figure 4: Change in density of beryllium oxide at hot pressing;

(a) volumetric weight; (b) temperature.

Figure 5: Dependence of volumetric weight on dimension of crystals;

crosses: kilned beryllium oxide; circle: hot pressed BeO.

Figure 6: Dimension of BeO crystals in dependence upon temperature

at hot pressing and purity of basic material.

Figure 7: Resistance against thermal shock:circles--hot pressed BeO

(porosity 2%); crosses--sintered BeO (porosity 13%) (1)resistance

against thermal shock; (2) temperature.

Figure 8: Packing of MgO at hot pressing: (a) raw magnesium oxide,

(b) fired at 1600, (c) fired at 6000 and exposed to air for a period

in air at 16000,

of 1 year, (d) secondarily fired after storing

(e) hot pressed MgCO 3 '

Table 2: Pressure necessary for the obtainment of given density of MgO.

Table 4: Density and weight loss of aluminum oxide when calcining in
vacuo.
Table 5: Characterisitc of initial material of Al203 .
Table 6: Density of aluminum oxide at hot pressing.
 190

/ N66-18596

MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF HIGHLY ALUIINOUS CERA4IC

by H. L. Plyakova & T. P. Mikhaylova

This paper is a translation of a Russian paper on determining the

mechanical strength of ultra-porcelain in dependence on the content of

aluminum oxide. The samples were:

Composition %

Sample SiO2 Al203 Other Oxides

UR-3 20-21 63-64 15-17

UF-46 14-15 74-75 10-12

UF-50 6-7 83-84 3-11

The strength was determined by evaluating the maximum strength of

static bending.
It is shown in Table 2 that strength depends on temperature of
annealing, nature of sample fracture, and value of water absorption.
Figure 1 gives curves for samples UF-46 and UF-50 showing dependence
of strength on the annealing temperatures.
It is shown that an increase in aluminum oxide has a positive effert
nn cirength.
Grain size dependence on annealing temperature is also noted.

AD-811-146

CERAMIC SYSTEMS FOR MISSILE STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS

by N. E. Poulos, et al

Five slip-cast fused silica radomes were fabricated and evaluated

in a mach 2.2, 4000 0 F, 140 psi Typhon ramjet exhaust at the General

Dynamic/Pomona Ordnance Aerophysics Laboratory July 6-18, 1966.

Studies for

 191

AD-811-146 (cont.)

applying metal films on slip-cast fused silica, boron nitride, zirconia,

magnesia, and silicon carbide coated graphite fibers and impregnation of

a phenolic embedded ablator in these felts and comparison of thermal

evaluation results of these embedded felts with standard ablators under

a heat flux of 450 and 1500 BUT/ft 2-sec. are described.

Table II: Predicted temperatures and thermal stresses in SCFS

radomes during 1966 OAL Test 2/

Figure 1: Inside surface tensile stress (psi) 0-300 vs. time

(seconds) 0-100 for X and C band SCFS radomes.

Figure 2: Temperature 0-35000F vs. time (seconds) 0-100 for X and

C band SCFS radomes.

Table IV: Time - hr. - 18 hrs., room temperature - 2200 0F. Time­
temperature schedule used to sinter slip-cast fused silica radome

structures.

Table VI: Modulus of rupture data on specimens cut from VK-5T and

VK-6T radomes. Modulus of rupture at position I. II. 3060-3329 psi.

Radomes VK-5T, VK-6T.

.Table VII: Modulus of rupture and cristobalite content of specimen

from SCFS radomes and 3/4 inch diameter SCFS bars. Modulus of ruptuy

lb/in 2 3078-3905. Cristobalite content v/o 4.6-9.0.

Table VIII: Similar to Table VII but with 3.3 inch section.

Table X: Modulus of rupture for unnotched and notched, water saturated,

dry and resin coated SCFS test specimens. Modulus of rupture lb/in
2400-2900. Specimen condition dry, dry-notched, wet, etc.

Table XI: Modulus of rupture, elastic modulus, critical strain and

cristobalite content of specimens from the excess skirt sections of

the OAL test radomes. Modulus of rupture 2600-2900 psi, elastic

modulus 3.6-4.0 (106 psi), critical strain (103 in/in) 0.74-0.66,

cristobal-ite content 3.5-4.5.

 192

AD-811-146 (cont.)

Figure 11, Page 31: Percent (0-100%) less than stated size vs diameter

(microns) (0.1-100) count & mass basis distributions of particles

sizes in fused silica slip batch OAL-1.

Figure 12, Page 32, Figure 13, Page 33: Similar to Figure 11 but

just with fused silica slip batch OAL-2 &'3 respectively.

Table XII: Apparent viscosities of alumina slips with various solids

concentration. Alumina content (w/o) 70-85 ph 3.0-4.7; apparent viscosity

(centipoise) 20-2000.

Figure 15, Page 38: Weight percent less than stated size 0-100 vs

diameter microns 0.1-200; distribution of particle sizes for alumina

slips after 18 hours of milling.

Table XIII: Apparent viscosities of alumina skips subjected to various

grinding time. Apparent viscosity (centipoise) 340-1000 ph 4.0;

grinding time (hr.) 24-96. Alumina content (w/o) 82.

Figure 16: ph(O-10) vs milliequivalent of HCI per gm. of A1203 (0-0.38)

fias a function of acid concentration for slips containing 82 w/o

alumina.

Figure 17: Apparent viscosity (centipoise) 102-10

4 vs milliequivalents

of HCI per gm. of Al203 0.01-1.0; apparent viscosity as a function of

acid content for a slip containing 82 w/o alumina.

Figure 18: Weight % less than stated size 0-100 vs diameter (microns)

0.1-100; distribution of particle sizes for the alumina slip.

Table XII: Apparent viscosity (centipoise) 110-830, ph 3.9-5.0,

solid content of slip (w/o) 82, wt. ratio of alumina to fused silica

1.0-3.1.; properties of alumina fused silica slips.

Figure 19: Apparent viscosity (centipoise) 400-1000 vs aging time

(days) 0-24; change in viscosity and pfi with time for 82 w/o alumina

slip.

Figure 20: Amount of fused silica devitrified (v/o) 0.1-100 vs total

sintering time (minute) 0-600; percent of total fused silica devitrified

as a function of total time at 22000F.

 193

AD-811-146 (cont.)

Figure 21, Page 48: Dynamic elastic modulus (psi x 10-6) 0-7 vs

amount of fused silica devitrified (v/o) 0-40; dynamic elastic modulus

of slip-cast fusedsilica as a function of density and amount of devitri­

fication.
Figure 22, Page 49: Similar to Figure 21, but of 1:3 alumina-fused
silica composite.
Figure 23, Page 50: As above, but of 1:1 alumina fused silica composite.
Figure 24, Page'51: As above but of 3:1 alumina fused silica composite.
Table XIV: Percent of fused silica devitrified (v/o) 8-40, porosity

(v/o) 12-32, elastic modulus (10 b/b/in 2 ) 2-11 Modulus of Rupture

1300-9000 (psi), wt. ratio of alumina to fused silica. 0:1-3:1-1:0;

Properties of slip-cast alumina-fused silica composites.

Figure 25: Variation of Modulus of Rupture & Dynamic Elastic Modulus

with alumina content for slup-cast alumina-fused silica composites.

- 6 ) 0-10, Modulus of Rupture (psi X 10-6)

Elastic modulus (psi X 10

0-10. vs. AI203 content (w/o) 0-100.

Figure 26: Variation of porosity with alumina content for slip-cast

alumina-fused silica composites; porosity v/o (10-30) vs AI2 03 content

(w/o) 0-100.
Figure 29: Viscosity (centipoise) 0-1400 vs grinding time (hr.)

0-168; fused silica slip viscosity as a function of grinding time.

Table XVI: Modulus of Rupture (lb/in2 ) 1200-5300; porosity (v/o)

10-13. Dynamic Elastic Modulus (1b/in 2 ) 4 x 106 - 7 X 10 ; cristobalite

content (v/c) 8.0-9.5; grinding time (hr.) 24-96.

Table XVII: Theoretical density (gm/cm3 ) 2.2-2.4, porosity (v/o)

17.6-2; grinding time (hr) 24-96. Porosity & theoretical density of

dried test bars fabricated from ground fused silica slip.

Table XVIII: Porosity, theoretical density, and cristobalite content

of sintered test bars fabricated from ground fused silica slip;

cristobalite content (v/o) 5.5-6.8 theoretical density (gm/cm

2.22-2.23; porosity (v/o) 0.9-13; grinding time (hour) 24-96.

 194

AD-811-146 (cont.)

Table XIX:
Similar as XVIII but critical strain instead of cristobalite

content was introduced - critical strain 0.30-0.65.

Table XX: As above with fused silica specimens from new, used (one

time) and graphite plastic molds were used in the experiments.

AD-668-866

CERAMIC SYSTEMS FOR MISSILE STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS

by N. E. Poulos, C. A. Murphy & P. Boland

The research program conducted during the contract year is described.

eport is abbreviated to provide broad interpretation of program. Specific

details of completed investigations offering improvements in state of the

art are to be presented in Special Technical Reports.

Areas of study included embedded ablator concept for thermal protection

systems, characterization of commercially available fused silica slips, time

temperature thickness relationships for sintering of S.C.F:S. hardware;

determination of the influence of grinding on the particle distribution,

time-temperature-cristobalite behavior and physical properties of pure fused

silica, and fabrication of S.C.F.S. radome structures and attachments for

thermal evaluation in the General Dynamics/Pomona Ordnance Aerophysics

Laboratory Typhon Combustor.

Table I: Measurements used to characterize fused silica slip.

Table II: Anticipated participant contribution to the thermal tests

of slip-cast fused silica radome structure.

Figure 3: Dielectric constant 3.20-4.30 vs. temperature OF ambient­

3000; dielectric constant vs. temperature for slip-cast silica and

density, high purity fused silica.

Figure 4: Loss tangent 10-5-10 - 1

vs. temp. (0 F) ambient- 3000; loss

tangent vs. temperature for slip-cast fused silica and high density,

high purity fused silic

 195

N73-24602

INVESTIGATION OF CERAMICS FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE

TURBINE VANES

by Svante Prochazka

The objective of this work was to investigate the parameters which

limit the mechanical properties of SiC at high temperatures. The results

show that carbon reduction of amorphous silica containing 0.5% boron at

1650 C to 18000C temperatures in agron which yields submicron B-SiC powders

well sinterable under nominal hot-pressing conditions. Three different

microstructures are obtained, depending on whether the powders are oxidized

in air at 7000C, oxidized and leached with HF, or blended with hyperstoichio­
metric carbon conditions. Measurements of three point bending strength up

to 1600 0 C, creep rate, delayed failure, and oxidation rate at 16000C show

improvements are obtained by these small carbon cdnditions.

At this tempera­
ture, strengths in excess of 60 psi have been developed.

It is believed that SiC has the largest potentialof any known compound

and that a dense, single phase, fine-grained, high purity form will yield

the desired ceramics. Its strength will be controlled by various factors

that determine the local stress level at fracture, such as microscopic

inhomogenieties, surface flaws, grain size or microplastic yielding.

Table 1, Page 4: Characteristics of typical SiC powders.

Table III, Page 11: Effect of some fabrication variables on hot­

pressed density.

The important conclusion is that the addition of small amounts of

carbon can suppress exaggerated grain growth in SiC and generate fine grained

bodies. This fact will be of unusual significance for the generation of SiC

with desired high temperature mechanical properties.

Table VI: Density-composition characteristic of hot-pressed specimens.

Exaggerated grain growth was a critical problem in the study because

large grain size limits strength. Although the technique of carbon addition
was found to suppress it, a future understanding of this phenomenon is
 196
_pbRODUOTh1y Op THE
-RIGINAL PAGE ISPOOR

N73-24602 (cont.)

highly desirable to prevent unexpected failures due to poor microstructure

development. Exaggerated grain growth (EGG) has frequently been observed

in ceramics, such as ferrites and alumina and has been attached to the

presence of a small amount of a substance having an appreciable solubility

for the main constituent. The investigator concluded that a liquid growth

mechanism promotes EGG in ferrites as

he observed right-angle intersections

of the matrix grain boundaries with the boundaries of larger grains. Besides

the presence of the liquid, a small nucleation frequency is obviously a

necessary condition for the phenomenon to occur. The observations made about

EGG in SiC are summarized in the following:

1. EGG was observed above 18000C in all stages of densification; i.e.

in fully dense body as well as in a loose powder.

2. Small amounts of silicon are frequently found in the vicinity of

the large grains. However, 1% silicon addition to SiC does not

induce EGG.

3. Small amounts of oxygen, a few tenths of a percent, were typical

for powders exhibiting EGG. Bodies with suppressed EGG had lower

oxygen contents.

4. EGG was also observed on pressureless annealing of the pressings

having A-type microstructure at temperature equal to or above

the sintering temperature.

5. There were two distinct morphologies of the tabular grains:

(a) Thin, very large plate, up to several millimeters long,

with an aspect ratio up to 100, growing in dense bodies.

(b) Smaller and thicker paltes with an expect ratio of about

10, which grow at early stages of densification in porous

compacts and in loose powders.

6. The large crystals are invariably c-SiC and grow from a

B-SiC matrix or I-SiC powder; they are mostly transparent and

colorless.

7. A brown phase, apparently a soldified melt, is frequently

found trapped in pores.

 197

N73-24602 cont.

The experimental observations led us to conclude

two transport mechanisms. In the early stages of densification (porous

compacts) a liquid transport mechanism is unlikely and hence vapor

transport is likely. In dense specimens, a vapor transport is impossible

and a dissolution reprecipitation process is likely to be responsible.

Table VIII, Page 20: Flexural strength of hot-pressed SIC, psi 5.3.

Flexural Strength Material R-63. The R-63 SiC was dense (99.5%) but

contained isolated randomly distributed large grains,-up to several

hundred microns. It was to be determined whether or not large

grains in the fine grained matrix would act as inherent flaws and

would consistently initiate fracture.

Table IX,Page 22: Size of grains initiating fracture.

Creep Measurement. Data available on creep and diffusion in SiC

predict strain rates of the order of 10-6 to 10-9 per second at

1600 C.

Table X, Page 26: Summary of creep experiment.

Table XI, Page 27: Summary of data on delayed fracture.

Creep tests in bending of SiC conducted at temperatures of 16000C

and stresses of 30,000 psi and higher also yielded delayed fracture

data. Ten measurements for material R-30 (Si0 2 containing) and

four for R-90 (carbon containing) have been made. The results

"suggest that there is a slow crack growth in SiC at 1600°C under

stresses above 60% of the fracture stresses measured in normal

quick loading flexural tests.

Table XII, Page 28: Strength and flaws, size of SiC R-30.

 198

N71-15034

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF REFRACTORY MATERIALS

by V. V. Pustovalov

This report is a Russion translation concerning the thermal

conductivity of several refractory materials. The report deals with:

(1) Study of the laws governing the variations in thermal

conductivity of heat insulators;

(2) Investigation of parameters which influence the effective

thermal conductivity of refractory ceramics;

(3) Description of the variety of equipment and experimental

methods used.

Table I, Page 15: Variation of thermal conductivity with tempera­

ture differential at different average temperatures, (magnesite,

forsterite, dianas, firebrick or chamotte).

Figure 7, Page 21: Comparison of existing data and experimental

data for quartz glass (temperature vs. A).

Figure 9, Page 25: Absolute thermal conductivity of 7rO 2

(temperature vs. thermal conductivity).

Figure 16, Page 44: Variation of thermal resistance of polycrystal­

line A1203 with temperature (experimental data vs. Kingery data).

Figure 17, Page 44: Variation of thermal resistance of polycrystal­

line MgO with temperature (experimental data vs. Kingery data).

Figure 19, Page 46: Temperature vs. thermal conductivity for

polycrystalline ZrO 2.

Table 9, Page 49: Thermal conductivity of dense refractories of

the A1203-SiO 2 system for various temperatures (calculated for

zero porosity).

Table 10, Page 50: Same type oF data as above for lightweight

(porous) A1203 -SiO 2 system.

Figures 21 & 22: Graphical presentation of Tables 9 and 10.

Tables 12, Page 57: Thermal conductivity of the system Si0 2-quartz

glass.

Figure 28, Page 63: Variation of thermal conductivity with tempera­

ture in the case of high-silica content refractories (5 curves).

 o1 T 199

N71-15034 (cont.)

Figure 31, Page 71: Variation of thermal conductivity at 2000C

at varying pressure for magnesite and dianas.

Table 15, Page 7-2: Variations in thermal 'conductivity of alumina

silicate refractories at pressure of 1 X 10-4mm. HgCol.

Figure 33, Page 73: Thermal conductivity vs. temperature for high

alumina content ceramics.

Figure 41, Page 87: Thermal conductivity vs. temperature for A12 03

with different porosity.

Figure 42, Page 89: Relationship of thermal conductivity with poro­

sity at 2000C for A12 O and firebrick.

AD-726-401

STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS IN LIQUID CERAMICS

by J. J. Rasmussen, et al

The purpose of this study was to determine the surface tension,

viscosity, volume change on melting, density, and compressibility of

molten oxide ceramics and to study the interrelationship between these

properties and the liquid structure.-

From a practical standpoint, an understanding and control of the

properties of liquid ceramics should result in improved ceramic processes

and products and in more realistic predictions-of behavior where the

temperature exceeds the melting point of ceramics.

Fundamentally, precise measurement of liquid properties are the

basis for understanding the structure of high temperature liquids.

Thermal expansion, density, surface tension, viscosity and compressibility

relate to thermodynamic properties and structural parameters of liquid.

ceramic materials, such as bond strength, bond length and free volume.

Summary. Techniques have been developed for measuring the volume

change on melting, density, expansivity, surface ten~ion, viscosity, and

adiabatic compressibility of molten ceramics to temperatures as high as

3000 C. In working with materials which have melting points greater

 200

AD-726-401 (cont.)

than 2000 C as in this program, vapor loss and sample decomposition must

be considered, as these can change the properties of the liquid. The

use of sealed capsules restricts changes in the samples, but released

gases can build up pressure to cause excessive capsule swelling as was

observed with MgO.

Figure 2, Page 5: Adiabatic compressibility and ultrasonic velocity
for molten Al203.
tble 1, Page 14: Surface tension, density and volume change on
!Iting.
gure 6, Page 18: Change in density as a function of temperature
=MgAl2 04.
ige 23, Table II: The viscosity of Al2 03 crystal, Lucalox, and
IA1204 were measured.

igure 8, Page 24: Viscosity versus 1IT for A12 03 , MgAl20 3 and

icalox.

AD-852-947

EXPLORATORY TESTS OF ALUMINA SPHERES UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE

by E. F. Reardon

Twenty-nine, 10-inch diameter monolithic alumina-spherical shell

models were collapsed under hydrostatic pressure to explore the potential

of alumina as a material for deep submergence structural floats. The

results were encouraging in that stress levels in excess of 500,000 psi

were achieved in a number of tests. Exploratory tests indicated that

fused alumina models were relatively poor in comparison to monolithic

models due to a notch effect at the inner surface of the joints. The

results indicate that further development is required before large spheres

of alumina can be considered practical.

Figure 1: Effect of stress rate on the ultimate strength of alumina;

ultimate tensile stress vs. stress rate.

Table 2: Static tests of monolithic alumina models.

 201

AD-852-947 (cont.)

Table 3: Summary of cyclic and sustained load static tests.

Table 4: Calculated and measured stress sensitivities for Model AL-9.

Figure 6: Summary of tests on monolithic alumina models.

AD-740-828

MICROSTRUCTURE STUDIES OF REFRACTORY POLYCRYSTALLINE OXIDES

by W. H. Rhodes, et al

This program was divided into three tasks within the general topic

of microstructure effects on properties of polycrystalline oxides. The

first task was concerned with the identification,origin and elimination

of strength limiting flaws in fine grained, high density, hot-pressed

alumina. Careful examination of transverse bend bars fracture surfaces

from four billets made with two different powders and two basically

different process cycles revealed material-flaw fracture origins in 60%

of the bars. Three defects were studied in detail and in a number of

cases the source of the defect was identified. The discussion also dealt

with the three implications of these findings on the various brittle

fracture theories.

The fabrication of complex alumina shapes by the press forging

process was studied with a goal of achieving not only the prescribed

shaped, but the unique optical and mechanical properties of press forged

alumina. Presintered right circular preforms were forged into thin shell

hemispheres with. 60% in-line transmission at 2mm. thickness and 5 pim

wavelength. Strain rate control was shown to be very critical and an

effective deformation schedule was defined.

The consolidation of high purity fine particulate organo-metallic

derived Al203 was studied on a cooperative program with the Air Force

Materials Laboratory. Specimens in excess of 99% density with a 4 pm

grain size were fabricated, Intra-agglomerate denstfication was identi­

fied as a possible rate and microstructure limiting process. Various

powder preparation processes were identified and judged worthy of continued

research.

 202

AD-740-828

Table III, Page 13: Fracture strength and flaw strength.

Table IV,Page 15: Summary of flaw analysis.

Figure 17, Page 26: Room temperature bend strength for flawed

and unflawed specimens compared with literature data.

Table V: Conditions and results for hemispherical forgings.

Figures 19 & 20: Deformation pressure-time plot for forgings.

Table VI, Page 49: 10 MW arc test summary.

Table VII, Page 50: Rain erosion test summary.

Conclusions:

1. Complete alumina hemispheres with high in-line transmission have

been press forged from one pre-sintered preforms. Further im­

provements are possible, but properties near those of the best

disc forgings were achieved.

2. A preferred basal crystallographic texture was developed parallel

to the hemisphere surface which was attributed to basal slip

playing a strong role in the deformation process. Improved

orientation for a hemisphere was achieved in this program, but

the results do not yet match the strongest orientation in disc

forgings.

3. Deformation rate control is very critical as high rates crack

the forging and low rates result in incomplete forgings. A

deformation rate schedule was mapped out and resulted in four

successful hemispheres. Two of these hemispheres subsequently

developed cracks due to punch sticking problems during cool-down.

4. Lubrication in the form of BN cover coat over graphite paint is

beneficial to the forging process.

 203

N66-27434

or

AD-630-776

MICROSTRUCTURE STUDIES OF POLYCRYSTALLINE REFRACTORY OXIDES­

by W. H. Rhodes, et al

This report studies the effects of surface structure on the

transverse bend strength of polycrystalline A1203 and MgO. A consistent

relationship between strength and improved surface structure was noted

for MgO at lower temperatures, but not for A12 03 (az high or low tempera­
ture) although there was some strengthening noted after several thermal

:ycles.

Thereis also some testing of hot forged MgO and A1203 and

xperimentation with SiO 2 additives.

Many photomicrographs are presented.

Figure 10, Page 15: Effect of surface treatment on M90 fracture

stress at 770 K and 2960K.

Figure 11, Page 17: Same as above for 770K only.

Tables III & IV, Page 25: Effect of surface treatment on fracture

stress of Al203 and effect of annealing on fracture stress of Al203 .

Table V, Page 26: Effect of mechanical polishing on fracture

stress of A1203 .

Table VII, Page 29: Strength of flame-polished sapphire and poly­

crystalline alumina.

Table X, Page 53: Transverse rupture strength for forged A]203 and

MgO.

Table XII, Page 63: Mechanical properties of MgO doped A12 03 (bend

strength).

Table XIII, Page 64: Transverse rupture strength of A12 03 with

minor additions of SiO 2 at room temperature.

Table XIV, Page 65: Transverse rupture strength of vacuum heated MgO.

*J~ PAGF, 13MUIILT

I$ OQ
( M§' AD-743-269 204

RELATION BETWEEN PARTICULATE CHEMISTRY AND

CERAMICS PROPERTIES

by W. H. Rhodes, et al

Many technologically important properties of ceramics are determined

by their microstructure. Mechanical properties are but one notable example.

The microstructure obtained in a body is, in turn, dependent upon a number of

kinetic processes which occur during fabrication grain growth and change

in pore size, distribution and morphology.

Table 1, Page 17: Experiments to form uniformly Ca-doped MgO.

AD-727-618

MICROSTRUCTURE STUDIES OF REFRACTORY POLYCRYSTALLINE OXIDES

by W. H. Rhodes

R. M. Cannon

This study was concerned with the interaction between microstructure

and chemistry in polycrystalline MgO and Al203 and several facets of mechanical

properties. Further, the press forging of A1203 hemispheres was undertaken as

earlier work had shown that pressed forging developed unique optical and mechan­
ical properties.

A direct comparison of deformation in the high purity A1203 and less pure

A12 03 + %MgO with nearly identical grain size and porosity demonstrated that the

deformation rates were very close'within a limited temperature regime. Several

pieces of evidence to include a higher strain rate sensitivity which decreased

with increasing temperature led to the conclusion that deformation in high

purity fine-grained Al203 shifts from grain boundary diffusion to a strong

component of grain boundary sliding at higher temperatures. The differences

between the grades of Al203 were attributed to the influence of impurities

and dopants on grain-to-grain bond strength.

Stress corrosion studies on two grades of hot pressed MgO and one grade

of sintered MgO demonstrated marked differences among the grades and further

 205

AD-727-618 (cont.)

differences in test environments known to react chemically and/or to

influence dislocation mobilities in MgO.

The erosion curves as well as

fractographic studies support the view that stress corrosion in l20 is

dominated by stress enhanced chemical corrosion which is strongly

dependent on grain boundary impurity phases.

Further, in the absence

the static

of H2 0, a mechanical stress corrosion model may dominate as

fatigue limit was influenced by organic media known to affect dislocation

mobility.

The hemisphere press forging studied was preliminary and mainly

estab­
concerned with preform preparations, die design, lubrication and
were

lishing process limits. The central zone of several hemispheres

a basal

crack-free and translucent with limited edge tearing.

Also,
crystallographic texture parallel to the surface was developed which

of achieving

together with the high density demonstrated the feasibility

transparent A1203 hemispheres by press forging.

Figure 2, Page 7: Stress-strain rate curve for high purity A12 03 .

hot­
Figure 4, Page 9: stress-strain rate curve for fine-grained
pressed material.

Figure 5, Page 10: Strain rate-versus I/T showing the activation

energy for deformation at two stress levels for high purity A12 03

plus 1/4 w/o MgO.

deforma­
Figure 6, Page 12: Dependence of the activation energy for
tion on grain size (A12 03 ).

Figure 7, Page 13:

Bend strength as a function of temperature for

several grades of alumina.

coeffi-

Figure 8, Page 15;

Product of boundary width and diffusion
cient versus reciprocal temperature for deformation in various

aluminas and other measurements.

sintered

Table II, Page 21:

Dynamic room temperature strength of
MgO.

MgO.

Table I1, Page 22:

Delayed fracture tests on sintered
sintered

Figure 12, Page 24:

Delayed failure curve for Honeywell
MgO tested in distilled H20.

 206

AD-727-618 Ccont.)

Figure 13, Page 25: Delayed failure curve for Honeywell sintered
MgO tested in DMF.
Figure 14, Page 26: Delayed failure curve for Honeywell sintered
MgO tested in DMSO-10 v/o DMF.

Figure 19, Page 22:

Delayed failure curve for the hot pressed-and

one sintered grade MgO in four test environments.

Figure 21, Page 38: Record of deflection and pressure versus time

in a typical hemisphere forging run (A1 203).

Table IV,Page 40: Hemisphere forging experiments.

Table V, Page 42: Preform preparation and results after short sinter.

Figure 31, Page 53: Thickness profiles for press forged A1203.

AD-717-984

RELATION BETWEEN PARTICULATE CHEMISTRY

AND CERAMIC PROPERTIES

by W. H. Rhodes, et al

Progress report describing efforts of first year of program designed

to examine the relation of mechanical properties, grain growth kinetics.

and impurity precipitate distributions to the characteristics and chemistry

of MgO at progressive stages during microstructure evolution.

It was learned that abnormal grain growth begins at the 70% density

level in Mg(OH) 2 derived material. Fully dense 11500C hot pressed speci­
mens had a marked duplex structure but pressing at 1450CC resulted in

material with a normal grain distribution. This unusual reversal from

abnormal back to normal was probably due to competition between boundary

and pore control on grain growth.

A discussion and explanation of the various grain growth studies in

gO is included.

Figure 6, Page 11: Crystallite size distribution for high purity

MgO powder Mg(OH)2 calcined 12000C for 1 hour.

 207

F AD-717-984 (cont.)

Figure 11, Page 21: 'Grain growth in high purity MgO

and comparison

with literature values.

AD-661-487

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF TRANSPARENT ALUMINUM OXIDE

by W. H. Rhodes, et al

This paper is about a study to develop a transparent alumina by using

hot working techniques on polycrystalline Al.03 at temperatures above 1400 0 C.

Optical and mechanical properties of alumina are given at room and elevated

temperatures.

Figure 1, Page 2: Variation of recrystallized grain size with

deformation.

Table 1:
Processes conditions for forging of transparent Al 0 '

2 3
Figure 23: Total and in line transmission of forged AI20 .

3
Figure 24: Total and in line transmission of forged AI2 03.

Figure 26: Total transmission of Al 203.

Table 3:
Forging of small specimens for annealing experiments.

Figure 33: Transverse bend strength of transparent Al2 03 versus

temperature.

Table 5, Page 57:

Bend strenqths of transoarent polycrystalline alumina.

AD-638-450

RESEARCH ON ANISOTROPY IN POLYCRYSTALLINE DIELECTRIC MATERIAL

by Donald H. Rice & Richard W. Stowe

This report covers the continuation of studies of dielectric anisotropy

found in polycrystalline ceramic bodies.

During this program some of the

mechanisms contributing to dielectric anisotropy were investigated. Specially,,

 208

AD-638-450.(cont.)

these were: (1)preferred orientation of component crystals, (2)residual

stresses in the crystal lattice, and (3)density gradient in the materials.

­
Figure 4: Dielectric constant (8.0-13.5) vs. temperature (2000
2800 0 F) of alumina (99.9%). General trend distribution.

0
Figure 5: Dielectric constant (8,5-13,5) vs. temperature (200-2800 F)

of alumina (99.5%). General trend distribution.

Figure 6: As above, alumina C99.0%).

Figure 7: As above, alumina (98%).
Figure 8: As above, alumina (97.6%).
Figure 9: As above, alumina (95.0%).
Figure 10: As above, alumina (94.0%).
0
Figure 11: Dielectric constant (5.8-9.4) vs. temperature (200-2800 F)
of alumina and beryllium. General trend distribution.

Figure 12: Dielectric constant (7.5-10.0) vs. percent main constituent

(80-100). Room temperature variation in dielectric constant of poly­

crystalline alumina vs. purity.

Figure 13: Dielectric'constant (5.0-8.0) vs. percent main consituent

(95-100%). Room temperature variation dielectric constant of poly­

crystalline beryllium vs. purity.

Table 2: Dielectric constant of test samples measured at room tempera­

ture at a frequency of 10 G.C. and 40 G.C.

Table 3: Density measurement.

Table 4: Dielectric constant of mixture of 2 phases as predicted by

Equation 2 for samples of Al20 3 and spinel.

Table 5: Microscopic analysis of ceramic samples.

Table 6: Calculated dielectric constant, from Equation 2 vs.

porosity

of ceramic samples.

Table 8: Stress field measured for dry pressed and slip cast Al203

by diffractometer method.

 209

N67-27371

IDENTIFYING OPTIMUM PARAMETERS OF HOT EXTRUSIONS

by R. W. Rice & J. G. Hunt

This report is about a program to develop a technique for hot

extruding MgO and determining the effects of such extrusion. The feasibility

of extruding crack-free MgO bodies was confirmed repeatedly in extrusions

of limited size. Cracking in larger bodies was also reduced by certain

innovations (heated catch tube and insulated extrusion can).

-
Extruded MgO was shown to be 50 to 100% stronger than comparable (grain

size, etc.) hot pressed MgO at room temperature. Also, extruded MgO is

stronger at 24000F tnan at room temperature.

Table VIII, Page 53: Surface finish effect onstrength of extruded

MgO (room temperature strength modulus of rupture ).

Table X, Page 55: Al203 strength (room temperature modulus of rupture).

Figure 13, Page 71: Room temperature strength vs. grain size for MgO

(extruded and hot-pressed).

Figure 14, Page 72: Petch plot of hot pressed and extruded MgO (room

temperature).

Figure 51, Page 112: Strength vs. grain size of extruded MgO (room

temperature).

Figure 56, Page 118: Strength vs. grain size of extruded MgO annealed

to 2600 0 F.

Figure 57, Page 119: Strength vs. grain size of extruded MgO annealed

above 26000F.

Figure 59, Page 121: Strengtn vs. grain size of extruded MgO at 24000F.

Figure 65, Page 127: Room temperature strength vs. grain size for A1203.

Figure 14, Page 176: (Appendix) MgO.strength and grain size vs. firing

temperature.

Figure 16, Page 178: Room temperature strength vs. grain size of dense

MgO (hot-pressed).

Figure 18, Page 180: Room temperature strength vs. grain size of MgO

(with some porosity).

 210

N67-Z7371 (cont.)

Figure 19A, Page 181: Room temperature fracture of MgO. Cleavage

fracture vs. grain size and firing temperature.

Figure 26: MgO strength at 24000F.

Ceramics in Severe Environment; Proceedings of the Sixth University Conference

on Ceramic Science, 1970.

THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CERAMICS

by R. W. Rice

A failure theory is developed for crystalline ceramics that is in

accord with observed variations in microhardness and compressive strength,

twin-induced fracture, and stress concentrations due to impurities and

thermal and mechanical anisotropies. Numerous tables and graphs are

presented.

Table 2: Compressive strength and hardness-derived yield stresses

for carbides, nitrides, borides and oxides.

Figure 1: Grain size vs. compressive strength for A1203 , ThO 2,

and UO2.

Table 3: Room temperature compressive and tensile strength ratios

.for various ceramics.

Table 5: Effect of temperature on compressive strength and hardnei

derived yield stress.

Figure 5: Short-term tensile and compressive strength of AI203 at

16000C.

Table 7:. Compressive strength and hardness-derived yield stress of

commercial ceramics.

 211

N69-28431

THERMAL RADIATION PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC MATERIALS

by J. C. Richmond

The thermal radiation propertie of materials are defined and basic

physical laws governing the amount of thermal radiation emitted by a black

body -radiator and its geometric and spectral distribution reviewed.

-Equations relating thermal radiation properties such as emittance, reflec­

tance, transmittance, and absorptance to optical properties such as index

of refraction, absorption coefficient, etc., are given. The effect of

porosity, grain size, and impurities on the optical properties are discusse

Representative normal spectral emittance data for alumina, thoria,

magnesia and zirconia is given in graphical form.

Figure 3, Page 128: 'Temperature dependence of normal spectral

emittance for A12 03, MgO, ThO 2 , ZrO 2.

Figure 29: Thermal conductivity of solid solutions of MgO and

nickel oxide.

Figure 31: Thermal conductivity of A]2 03 , before and after indicated

reactor irradiations.

Figure 40:. Effect of porosity on thermal conductivity of MgO at 900C.

Figure 41, Page 93:. Thermal conductivity of zirconia sample with

20% porosity, assuming various emittances.

Figure 42, Page 94: Calculated effect of grain size on effective

thermal conductivity of polycrystalline materials.

 212

AD-651-005

MEASUREMENT-OF THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF ALUMINUM OXIDE

by R. M. Riley

This paper gives frequency response curves and dielectric constants

for Al 203 that are derived by finding the cutoff frequency of air-filled

waveguide by filling the waveguide with aluminum oxide.

The author notes that results have proven to have a high degree of

accuracy.

Fig~re 4: Attenuation in DB vs. frequency response curves.

Figure 8: Attenuation in DB vs. frequency response curves.
Figure 9: Attenuation in DB vs. frequency response curves.
Figure 10: Attenuation in DB vs. frequency response curves.
Figure 11: Attenuation in DB vs. comparison of response for two
different waveguides.
Figure 16: Attenuation in DB vs. frequency response curves.
Figure 17: Attenuation in DB vs. frequency response curves.
Table 1: Specimen sizes and corresponding cutoff frequencies.
Figure 18: Attenuation in DB vs. frequency response curves.
Figure 19: Attenuation in DB vs. frequency response curves.
Figure 20: Attenuation in DB vs. frequency response curves.
Figure 21: Attenuation in DB vs. frequency response curves.
Figure 22: Attenuatioh in DB vs. corrected response of specimen No. 4.
Figure 23: Attenuation vs. temperature frequency for 29 ± 4 DB.
.Figure 24: Determination of fc by attenuation below cutoff.

Figure 25: Total attenuation cutoff vs. E double prime.

Figure 26: Determination of fc by attenuation below cutoff.

Table II: Dielectric constants,

. 1,I0I -OOR
p T 213
UO101oIT
* AD-692-353

SPACE MATERIALS HANDBOOK - THIRD EDITION

by John B. Rittenhouse & John B. Singletary

All the most important materials, phenomena, properties and principles

covered in the original handbook are presentd and expanded in this revised

and updated version. However, treatment of theoretical aspects have been

condensed in order that more emphasis from design and successful launching

of a wide variety of space systems could be incorporated.

Figure 12-8, Page 365: Flexural strength 0-60 (psi) vs. hours of

glass-reinforced laminates at 6000F.

Table 12-4: Strength properties of polymide-E glass (A-1100) fabric

laminates at 5000F.

Table 12-5: Strength properties of polymide-E glass (A-1100) fabric

laminates at 4000 F.

Table 18-18: Recommended dielectric materials for spacecraft antennas.

Table 18-23: Electrical insulation and dielectric materials.

AD-803-384

STRUCTURE SENSITIVE PROPERTIES OF ARC-MELTED CARBIDES

by R. C. Rossi & R. D. Carnahan

Investigation of composites of Group IVA carbides and graphite and

their properties reveals a strong dependence on both microstructure and

total carbon content. Of particular importance is the fact that hyper­

eutectic carbide-graphite alloys, although weaker than hypoeutectic alloys,

have a higher resistance to thermal stress environments--attributed to an

inherent capacity for absorption of elastic energy released by a propagating

crack and to the ability of graphite flakes within the structure to blunt a

crack tip.

Figure 4, Page 6: Compressive strength as a function of carbon conten

of ZrC-C alloys.

 214

AD-803-384 (cont.)

Figure 5, Page 7: Transverse bend strength vs. carbon content for

ZrC-C alloys.

Figure 6, Page 8: Thermal shock performance for carbide-graphite

alloys as a function of relative carbon content.

Figure 7, Page 10:

Thermal shock criterion variation with carbon ­
content for two approaches to thermal shock, normalized at the eutectic
Figure 11, Page 14: Schematic representation of the crack blunting
mechanism proposed by Cook and Gordon.

AD-710-608

INTERMEDIATE STAGE DENSIFICATION IN VACUUM HOT PRESSING OF ALUMINA

by R. C. Rossi & J. D. Bach

An analysis was made of the densification kinetics preceding the

final stage densification of alumina, hot pressed in a vacuum. Tests

were run at temperatures between 1150 and 1350 C and 2000 and 6000 psi.

The analysis suggests a diffusional creep mechanism, possibly consistent

with a Narbarro-Herring vacancy model. The measured activation energy

(116-Kcal/mole) agrees with the activation energy for the final stage of

densification and for the self-diffusion of aluminum ions in alumina.

It is conjectured that the pore structure determines the stage of densifi­

cation and further that pore structure has a profound effect on the apparent

diffusion constant.

Figure 1, Page 6: Typical density-time relationships at various

pressures.

Figure 2, Page 7: The observed densification rate with time showing

an abrupt transition between stages.

Figure 5, Page 14: Grain size as a function of time.

Figure 6, Page 17: An Arrhenius plot of calculated diffusion coef­

ficients.

Figure 7, Page 18: The dependence of porosity at the transition

between phases on temperature and applied stress.

 215

AD-670-190

THE EVALUATION AND INTERPRETATION OF MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF BRITTLE MATERIALS

by A. Rudnick, C. W. Marschall & W. H. Duckworth

Factors affecting the quality of mechanical-property data for brittle

materials and the significance of such data were critically examined. It

was found that major difficulties in property evaluation arise from insuf­
ficient attention to: (1)the influence of the nature of the material and

its interplay with the testing environment, and (2)source of error in the

tests used to obtain the data. This report brings together discussions of

these factors and of ways inwhich their interrelationships should affect

the design of'-testing programs.

Figure 23: of 1000 psi (0-60) vs. () Cn-

0-70. Fracture strength

of MgO as a function of grain diameter.

Figure 25: Modulus of elasticity 106 psi 0-60 vs. temperature 0C (0­
1200). Temperature dependence of Young's modulus for various materials

(MgO, A1203, SiC, ZrO 2 , etc.).

Figure 26: Yield shear, Kg/mm 2 0-4 vs. absolute mperatureK 0-600,

temperature dependence of yield strength of a lithium fluoride crystal.

Figure 27: Viscosity, poises 1-105 vs. temperature 200-1600 C change

in viscosity with temperature of a typical soda-lime-silica glass.

Figure 32: Maximum tensile stress and Weibull's criteria for fracture.

Figure 33: Modified distortion-energy criterion of fracture (compres­

sion strength set at 8 times tensile strength).

Figure 35: Griffith fracture criterion.

Figure 37: Compressive stress 10-

3 psi vs. true strain, in/in
0-0.10

Stress-rate sensitivity of MgO single crystal.

Figure 38: Ultimate tensile strength 103 psi 23-37, stress rate psi/sec

102- 10 Effect of stress rate on tensile strength of an alumina

ceramic.

 216

AD-602-132

CANDIDATE MATERIALS FOR WHISKERS COMPOSITES

by M. J. Salkind

An analysis was made of candidate materials for whisker composites.

The expected strength-to-weight ratio of composites of nineteen matrix

materials with fourteen different fiber materials as a function of fiber

content was calculated. The availability, bondability, and thermal

expansion properties of candidate materials are discussed.

Table I: Fiber materials, melting point, density, modulus of

elasticity, linear coefficient of thermal expansion, modulus to

density ratio, of boron carbide, beryllium, silicon carbide,

beryllium oxide, alumina, zirconium oxide, silicon oxide.

Table II: Matrix materials similar to Table I.

Table III: Matrix materials--strong alloy.

Figure 1: Aluminum matrix strength/density (inches X 10-7 ) 0-0.8

vs. volume % fiber 0-100.

Figure 2: Beryllium matrix strength/density (inches X 10-7 ) 0-0.8

volume % fiber 0-100.

Figure 10: Magnesium matrix, strength/density (inches X 10-7 ) 0-0.8

vs. volume % fiber 0-100.

Figure 19: Zirconium matrix,strengrh/density (inches X 10-7 ) 0-0.8

vs. volume % fiber 0-100.

 O n'A PAaB is POOiR 217

ryROD-9IC~hfh OF' ES
AD-696-303

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS IN THE SYSTEMS BORON-NITROGEN,

BORON-CARBON, SILICON-NITROGEN, AND BORON-SILICON-CARBON

By G. V. Samsonov

This paper deals with an investigation of the properties of a numoer.

of high-temperature semiconducting alloys manufactured by powder metal

methods. It is shown that the compound BN in the boron-nitrogen system

possesses an extensive region of homogeneity; the rearrangement of the

boron lattice during nitregenization leads to the formation of alloys in

the nitride homogeneity region with predominance of electronic conductivity.

With an increase in the nitrogen content in the nitride, the electrical

resistance of the latter sharply rises up to 35-38 percent of nitrogen,

after which the rise in resistance is decelerated, which is accounted for

by the participation in the conductivity of electrons effecting the bonds

between the plane layers of atoms in the nitride structure.

It is established that Si3N4 is a semiconductor with a resistance at

room temperature of 10130-104 ohm and a width of the forbidden zone of

3.9-4.0 ev. The nature of the effect of additions of carbon and titanium

on silicon nitride conductivity is shown. The author shows the existence

of two carbides--B4C and B1 2C--in the boron-carbon system, the latter being

established for the first time. Both of them are semiconductors; the width

of the forbidden zone for 4C is established as 1.64 eV.

The solution of problems of automation of many thermal processes in

modern technology requires the creation of semiconductor materials which

can be utilized at high temperatures and during the simultaneous action of

gaseous or other aggressive media.

Figures 5 & 6, Page 8: Concentration dependence of electrical

resistance and thermal emf of nonannealed (annealed) alloys of boron

with carbon.

Figure 8, Page 10: Volt-ampere characteristic of the carbide B12C.

Figure 9, Page 10: Temperature dependence of electrical resistance

of the carbide B4C.

Figure 10: Temperature dependence of electrical resistance of the

carbide B4 C, strongly contaminated by impurities.

 218

AD-817-638

RE-EVALUATION OF THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF SELECTED OXIDE- COMPOUNDS

by Otto Sardi

The literature was studied for a total of 18 oxide compounds having

.the general formula types AX, A2 X, A2X 3 and ABX 3. From the data compiled,

it was concluded that the most consistent 02- radius values for the com­
pounds studied was 1.46d at six-fold coordination. In all the compounds

studied, the nature of the bond was never purely ionic. However, the

higher the degree of ionic bonding, the closer the computdvalue of the

02- radius came to 1.46x.

In the second phase of the study, the spinel and the inverse spinel

crystal structures were evaluated. In addition, three oxide compounds

having this specific type of crystal lattice were studied. The most recent

crystal chemical data available for MgAl2 04 ' MgCr 2 04 t and NiAl 2 04 were

compiled and reviewed to determine the relationship between the crystal

structure, lattice parameters, ionic radii, intersonic distances, coordina­

tion number, and bond angles. The relationship between the crystal structure

and the thermal and electrical properties of the compounds were also studied.

In this report emphasis is given to the stability field-of the different

phases both in the pure state and the presence of additives.

Section III: Oxide compounds having the wurtzite type structure.

Figures 2 & 3, Page 10.

Section IV, Page 20: Oxide crystal having the rock salt type structure.

Table II, Page 25: The percent ionic character versus the values.

Figures 12 & 13, Page 30: Effect of annealing on conductivity of TiO

and thermoelectric e.m.f. of polycrystalline TiO.

Figure 14, Page 31: Conductivity versus composition for sintering TiO.

Section V, Page 33: The corundum structure of a-A 203. Figures 15a,b.

Pages 36-37: -The last two paragraphs.

Section VI, Page 38: Oxide compounds having the fluorite and anti­
fluorite type structures.

Section VII, Pages 38, 41, 42: Oxide compounds having the rutile type

structure.

 219

AD-817-638(cont.)

Section II, Page 97: Oxide compounds having zhe spinel type structure.

Table IV, Page 102: Ultimate strength in compression of sintered spinel.

Figure 4, Page 103: Thermal conductivity of spinel as a function of

temperature.

Table V, Page 103: Electrical conductivity of sintered spinet.

Figure 5, Page 104: Thermal expansion of magnesia (MgO), alumina

(A12 03), Mg-aluminate (MgAl2 04 ), and Mg-chromate (MgCr204 ).

Pages 105.& 106: All are describing theelectrical properties of spinels.

Section 1. Introduction

Silicon dioxide, Si0 2, (silica) is a term applied to a family of

materials, rather than a designation. Silica is widely used, primarily it

is easily obtainable, inexpensive and chemically stable. A variety of silica

is manufactured as glasses, whiteware, refractories, and as fluxes in metal­

lurgical processes; it is also important as an abrasive and a filler.

Highly pure quartz crystals are used in optical instruments. Another inter­
esting application of quartz crystals utilizes their piezoelectric properties

to measure pressure and to control the frequency of electrical impulses.

Very high quality crystals are required for piezoelectric applications, and

since the natural crystals always contain impurities, laboratory methods of

growing suitable crystals have been developed.

Silica, SiO 2, an oxide made by composition, is usually classified with

the tekto-silicates because its structure consists of framework of SiO 4

tetrahedron with each oxygon linked to a silicon atom and each silicon

linked to two oxygen atoms giving a coordination number of 4:2. The

general formula for silica is AXO 2, where A represents silicon and X stands

for oxygen atoms; Without replacement of silicon by aluminum this framework

is natural, and the structue is that of one of the silica polymorphs.

Thus, silica and its crystalline and amorphous phases, except stishovite,

are derived from tetrahedra of four oxygen atoms surrounding a central

silicon atom. The silicon-oxygen tetrahedra are linked together to form a

three-dimensional infinite network. However, the pattern of linkage is

different for each of the polymorphs, resulting in differences in their

crystal structures and properties.

 220

AD-817 638 (cont.)

Section III, Page 142: Types of inversion in the crystalline phases

of silica. (Most of the section is about the microstructure).

Section IV,Page 146: -Derivative and stuffed silica structures.

Derivative structures are a group of crystal structures derived fl

a simpler structure either by distortion of the basic structure or by

subsitution of equivalent atoms.

Section V, Page 154: Properties of silica polymorphs.

Table V, Page 154: Thermal conductivity of quartz.

Figure 14, Page 157: Thermal expansion of quartz parallel and normal

to the C-axis. Note the effect of the X-B transition at 573 0 C.

Figure 15, Page 158: Mean linear thermal expansion from 25°C to
5000C of keatite.
Figure 16, Page 162: Thermal expansion of some silica phases.
Table VI: Properties summary of silica compounds.

Trans. Brit. Ceramic Society, Vol. 69, No. 5, Sept. 1970, pp. 199-203.

FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF HIGH A1203 CERAMICS

by B. K. Sarkar & T. G. J. Glinn

Under single and repeated cycles of thermal and mechanical stressing,

two high AI203 ceramics (Sintox and Lucalox) exhibit well-defined fatigue

behavior. The fatigue curves .have a characteristic high-stress plateau,

followed by progressively increasing endurance with decreasing applied

stress. The influence of cyclic frequency and environment is demonstrated

and the significance of static effects is emphasized.

Figure 4: Probability of failure vs. quenching temperature.

Figures 5-7: Thermal fatigue of Sintox and Lucalox.

Figures 8-10:- Mechanical fatigue of specimen.

 221

Figure 11: Mechanical behavior of Sintox in various environments.

Figure 12: Comparison between dynamic and static fatigue of sintex

AD-699-579

STUDY OF THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF

SELECTED SOLIDS FROM 4 DEGREES TO THE MELTING POINT

by H. F. Schaake

The theory of thermal expansion is briefly reviewed with special

emphasis on the negative low temperature expansion frequently found in the

diamond and sphalerite crystal structures. Lattice parameters of.the rock

salt compounds AgCl, AgBr and MgO and the sp'alerite compounds CuCl, CuBr,

Cul, AgI, 81, BP, SiC and CdTe measured from 4.20 K to 3000 K are presented.

The rock salt compounds are found to behave normally, i.e. positive through

the temperature range. CuCl, CuBr, Agl, CdTe and probably BN and BP

possess a region of low temperature negative expansion. The thermal

expansion of Ag! is found to be dependent on its preparation.

Table I, Page 2: Sohalerite and diamond crystal structure materials

having low temperature negative thermal expansion.

Figure 3, Page 13: Thermal expansion of Indium. There are several

tables listing the lattice parameter of different rock salt compounds.

Figure 4, Page 29: Thermal expansion of CuCl, CuBr, and CuI.

Figure 5, Page 30: Thermal expansion of BP, SiC and BN.

Figure 6, Page 31: Thermal expansion of AgI.

Figure 7, Page 33: Thermal expansion of AgCl, AgBr, and MgO.

Figure 8, Page 35: Thermal expansion of CdTe.

Figure 9, Page 36: Variation in thermal expansion of MgO with temperature.

Conclusion:

1. The thermal expansion behavior of AgCl, AgBr and-MgO, all with the rock

salt crystal structure, is normal, i.e. positive everywhere.

2. Of the materials examined with the sphalerite crystal structure, CuCl,

CuBr, Cu! and CdTe possess a region of negative thermal expansion at

 222

AD-699-579

low temperatures. BN and BP also appear to possess such a region.

3. The thermal expansion behavior of AgI is dependent on its method

of preparation.

AD-642-550

THERMODYNAMIC OF CERTAIN REFRACTORY COMPOUNDS (Vol. 1)

by H. L. Schick

Table 6, Page 1-79: Thermodynamic data for titanium monoxide

(gas) for various input cases.

AST ,
Ft-H298

Table 7: Thermodynamic function differences (AC$,

A(H
1 - H293 .15) for Titanium monoxide (gas) at HS60 as Basic State,

e.g., ACP = Cp (case i) - Cp (case Hs60)

Table 54: Heats of formation of SiC at 298.15K.

AD-647-955

THERMODYNAMICS OF CERTAIN REFRACTORY COMPOUNDS

by Harold L. Schick

In the Volume 1 of this book, it presents a summary of the techniques

to analyze thermodynamic data and gives the data analysis for refrac­
tories considered. While Volume 2 is a compilation of thermodynamic tables

generated on this project, it also contains a bibliography and property file.

Table 96: Reference state (reference state for calcinating

Beryllium.
Hp, Ff and Log Kp solid Be from 00 to 15560 K liquid Be/from

1556 to 27860 K gaseous Be from 27680 to 60000 K.

Beryllium Reference State. Summary of Uncertainty Estimates.

Table 97: Beryllium ideal monotomic gas.

Table 98: Beryllium oxide condensed phase. BeO.

Table 99: 'Beryllium oxide ideal molecular gas BeO.

 223

AD-647-955

Table 100: Beryllium carbide condensed phase Be2C.

Table 101: Dimeric Beryllium oxide ideal molecular gas. Be202.
Table 102: Beryllium nitride condensed phase Be3 N -

Table 107: Carbon reference state,

Table 113: Silicon carbide condensed. phase CSi.
Table 114: Tantalium carbide condensed phase CTa.
Table 117: Titanium carbide condensed phase CTi.
Table 118: Tungsten carbide condensed phase CW.
Table 130: Ziconium carbide, condensed phase CZr.
Table 151: Magnesium oxide condensed phase NgOo
Table 153: Magnesium nitride condensed phase Mg3 N2.
Table 169: Titanium nitride condensed phase NTi.
Table 170: Zirconium nitride condensed phase NZr.
Table 172: Silicon nitride condensed phase N4 Si3.

N69-28428

MELTING POINTS OF CERAMICS

by S. J. Schneider

This paper discusses the melting behavior of ceramic materials.

The melting point is discussed in terms of a one-component system and

extended to more complex systems utilizing unary principles as basic

building blocks. Phase diagrams are presented for real and hypothetical

materials to illustrate the relationship between melting point and pertineni

variables (such as pressure, composition, etc.). The effect of metastable

equilibrium upon the melting point is emphasized.

Figure 2, Page 21: Phase diagram for SiO 2.

Figure 3, Page 22: Phase diagram for Carbon.

Figure 4, Page 23: Phase diagram for Li2CrO 4.

Figure 7, Page 24: Phase diagram for Ge0 2 .

Figure 8, Page 24: Phase relations of the silica minerals.

 224

N69-28428

Figure 14, Page 26: -Phase diagram for SiC 2 - A1203 system.

Figure 16, Page 27: Phase diagram for Ti-TiO 2 system.

Figure 17, Page 28: Phase diagram for iron-iron oxide system as a

function of oxygen partical pressure in atmosphere.

Figure 18, Page 29: Phase diagram for Fe-Fe203 system.

Figure 26, Page 34: Cooling curves for several ceramics.

Figure 27, Page 34: Heating and cooling curves for H1203 .

AD-671-472

REVISED DATA ONWPOLYCRYSTALLINE MAGNESIUM OXIDE

by E. Schreiber & 0. L. Anderson

This report gives revisions of data from an earlier publication by.the

authors on the pressure derivatives of the elastic moduli of polycrystalline

MgO specimens. The below listed table details the comparison of the data.

Table I: Comparison between data obtained on single crystal &

hot-pressed polycrystalline specimens of MgO. (Includes bulk

modulus & pressure derivatives).

AD-638-279

ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SILICON CARBIDE

by Edward Schreiber & Naohiro Soga

Graphical and tabular data given on the elastic constants of a

relatively porous sintered polycrystalline SiC is given.

Table I: Elastic modul~s of hot-pressed polycrystalline SiC (3.181

gm/cm3).

Figure I: Young's modulus & Shear modulus vs. porosity.

 oF TIM
OF 225
Kw 5, isporni
AD-854-140

PROCESSING OF CERAMICS-SURFACE FINISHING STUDIES

by R. Sedlacek

The influence of post-grinding treatments, such as vacuum..baLeout-and

exposure to various environments before or during testing on the tensile

strength of alumina has been studied. The independence of strength on

attainable surface finish, post-grinding treatments, and microstructure is

shown for four alumina bodies. Results of profilometric and microscopic

evaluations of the ground surfaces are presented.

The tensile strength of four different alumina has been evaluated as

a function of their microstructure, surface finish, and various post­

grinding treatments.

The test materials varied in average grain size from 10 to 32P

and in normal chemical .composition from 96% to 99.5% Al 203' In grinding

the test specimens, three sizes of diamond grit were employed, i.e.

12 grit for coarse finishes and 1200(or 600) grit for fine finishes.

Itwas found that the strength of alumina is primarily controlled by

microstructure (grain size), and/or composition. The average tensile

strength values of four test materials, determined on specimens ground with

the same wheel, increase with decreasing grain size.

27,800 psi (32p)

31,400 psi (181)

35,300 psi (13w)

39,600 psi (lOp)

The surface finish per se does not have a pronounced effect on

strength, and it depends largely on micro-structure. For example, the

surface finish obtained on the lOp grain size body with the 120 grtt.Mbeel

is the same or better than the finish produced with the 1200 grit wheel.on

the material having an average grain size of 181 . An extensive study of

the ground surface was made using the profilometer,

Table II,Page 6: Physical properties of the test material.

Page 33: Test data on tensile strength of alumina groups Al, A2.

 226

AD-854-140

Page 34: Groups A3, A4, A5, A6.

Page 35: Groups A7, AS, A9, AlO.

Page 36: Groups B1, B2, CI, C2.

Page 37: Groups C3, C4, C5, C6.

Page 38: Groups C7, C8, C9, C10, Cli.

Page 39: Groups D1, D2, D3, D4.

Page 40: Groups D5, D6, D7, D8.
Page 41: Groups D9, DI, DlI.

N67-37262 or

AD-654-209

PROCESSING OF CERAMICS - SURFACE FINISHING STUDIES

by R. Sedlacek & E. P. Farley

An experimental grinding facility was established for a systematic

study of the effects of grinding variables on the strength of ceramics.

(Alumina).

The specimens were hollow cylinders thatwere ground internally,

externally, and on the ends. They were tested using the expanded ring

test method. All maching in this experiment was done with diamond wheels.

The variables studied were related to the rate of material removed and

the quality of the finished surface.

Table I, Page 39: Tensile strength of alumina specimens with different

surface finishes of the inside wall.

 227

N64-25341 or

AD-.601-127

TENSILE STRENGTH OF BRITTLE MATERIALS

by R. Sedlacek

The tensile strength of commercial high alumina bodies (99.5%) was

investigated using a new test method - a hydraulically expanded rubber bulb

inside of cylindrical test specimens. Results were evaluated with respect

to loading rate, surface finish, and microstructure.

Formulas for calculations of stress, and standard deviations are

included.

Table 2-6, Pages 11-16: Tensile strength of WESGO Al-995 (at various

loading rates) includes sample, weight, ultimate tensile strength, and

standard deviation.

Table 7, Page 17: Young's modulus (at various loading rates).

Table 8, Page 19:

Average values of tensile strengths of WESGO

Al-995 specimens of comparable surface finish.

AD-870-158

PROCESSING OF CERAMICS ­ SURFACE FINISHING STUDIES

by R. Sedlacek

Report deals with the comparison of tensile strength between

specimens having as-fired surfaces and those ground by conventional means.

Also the effect of atmosphere on tensile strength of ceramics is demon­

strated and the concept of delayed fracture is discussed.

Note: All tensile strength measurements were made by the SRI

expanded ring test method.

Table II,Page 14: Tensile strength of Al-995 alumina having as-fired

or ground surfaces (This table is a summary of the results of many

tests - the individual data is also given in Appendix or Tables A-1,

2, 3, 4) Stress rate for this table is 3000 psi/sec.

 228

AD-870-158

Table III, Page 17: Vacuum tensile strength of Al-995 alumina

(individual data given in table A-6, 7, 8) Stress rate 300 psi/sec

and 30 psi/sec.

Figure 3, Page 19: Effect of stress rate on

ultimate strength of

alumina (chart plots stress rate and strain rate vs. ultimate tensile

strength).

Results: "Strengths of ceramics are rather insensitive to grinding variables

and the resulting surface finish, as we can now measure and interpret that

finish. There is strong evidence that microstructure is the chief factor

controlling strength as well

as surface finish obtainable by grinding.

Furthermore, the effect of atmosphere greatly outweighs the changes in

strength produced by manipulating grinding variables."

AD-730-768

PROCESSING OF CERAMICS SURFACE FINISHING STUDIES

by R. Sedlacek & P. J. Jorgensen

The SRI expanded ring test was used to determine the tensile strength

of high purity, dense alumina. The test materials were prepared in five

different nominal grain sizes ranging from 10 to 50pm. The blanks were

diamond ground to final dimensions by a technique oeveloped earlier in the

program.
It was found that in grinding this material extensive damage

occurred which had not been observed in any other alumina body ground

under identical conditions. The only difference in strength was found

between groups of specimens having grain sizes equal to or smaller than

30wm, and those whose grain size was equal to or larger than 40pm. ThE

vartwm strength of this material was the same as the strength in air

regardless of grain size.

In all other aluminas investigated previously

in this program, the vacuum strengths were considerably higher than the

strength measured in air.

 IOD UCOF'I AN
229

5 PAD-730-768
PAGE 1B R
(cont.)

Griffith's theory was applied to test the data, assuming that the

grain size determined the flaw length and a good correlation between

observed and calcolated strength values was obtained for all alumina testec

with the exception of the high-purity alumina. In this material, the

mechanical damage occurring during grinding extended beyond the first grair

boundary in the smaller grain size samples, and thus the mechanical damage

the

controls the strength.

When the grain size is equal to or larger than
mechanically damaged region, the microstructure controls the strength.

Summary: The tensile strength of a high-purity dense alumina was determine

wer

in air and vacuum using the SRI expanded ring test. The test materials
supplied by the manufacturer in the five groups of rings having different

nominal grain sizes, i.e., 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 pm.

The actual measured

were

grain sizes varied considerably from the nominal values.

The rings
ground to size by the technique developed earlier in this program. The tv

types of abrasives were used, i.e., 120-grit natural metal-bonded diamond

and 100-grit synthetic resineid bonded diamond.

After grinding, the speci

mens were dye checked and, although no individual flaws were detected, all

rings showed a considerable dye retention which has not been observed

previously on any other test material used on this program.

Itwas deter­
mined that the coloration is the result of extensive damage incurred in

grinding.

The following tensile strength values were obtained on the high­

purity alumina specimens:

NOMINAL GRAIN SIZE

AVERAGE STRENGTH

(Im)
(psi)

10
35,700

20
34,300

30
33,500

40
29,800

50
28,100

The above values comprise all strength measurements regardless of

test conditions and diamond used in grinding, because statistical analyses

 230

AD-730-768 (cont.)

show that there is no statistical significant difference between the air

and vacuum strengths, nor between the strengths of rings ground with

different types of diamond. The only difference found on the 0.01

significance level is between groups of specimens having grain sizes equal

to or smaller than 30 jim and those having grain sizes equal to or greater

than 4Q pm.

Table I, Page 13 Relationship between grain size, diamond grit,

and surface roughness (AA).

Table II,Page 23: Tensile strength of a high-purity alumina as a

function of grain size.

Table III, Page 24: Tensile strength of high-purity alumina as a

function of grain size, grinding, technique, and test conditions.

Table IV,Page 26: Comparison of air and vacuum strengths of

various aluminas.

Table V, Page 29: Tensile strength of various aluminas.

Figure 9, Page 30: Plot of relationship between strength and grain

size for different aluminas.

Table 6, Page 32: Calculated and experimental strength of high­

purity alumina.

Figure 10, Page 33: Plot of relationship between strength and grain

size for high-purity alumina.

Table A-i, Page 38: Tensile strength of high-purity alumina (tested

in air, ground with 120-grit natural diamond).

Table A-2, Page 39-- Tensile strength of high-purity alumina.

Table A-3, Page 40: Tensile strength of high-purity alumina.
Table A-4, Page 41: Comparison of air and vacuum strength of Al-300
alumina.
Table A-5, Page 42: Comparison of air and vacuum strength of Al-995
alumina.
Table A-6, Page 63: Comparison of air and vacuum strength of Al-600
alumina.
Table B-1, Page 46: Difference in strength of high-purity alumina as
a function of grain size.

Table B-2, Page 47: Difference in strength of high-purity alumina as

a fc.ction of grain size.

 231

AD-730-768 (cont.)

Table B-3, Page 68: Difference in strength of Al-600 alumina as a

function of grinding and environment.

Table B-4, Page 68: Difference betweenvacuum and air strengths of

Al-600 alumina regardless of grinding condition.

Table B-5, Page 49: Difference between vacuum and air strengths of
Al-300 alumina.
Table B-6, Page 69: Difference between vacuum and air strengths of
Al-995 alumina.

AD-850-929

INVESTIGATION OF ELASTICITY AND STRENGTH OF CERAMICS

SUBJECTED TO TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE LOADS

by R. Sedlace

A new method of compressive testing of ceramics was perfected, and

the average ultimate compressive strength-of Al-995 alumina was determined

to be 448,000 ± 36,000 psi at a loading rate of 10,000 psi/sec. Compressive

prestressing was found to have no significant effect on the ultimate tensile

strength of alumina, but extensive cyclic testing did lower the ultimate

tensile strength.

N72-29527

THE EFFECT OF GRINDING VARIABLES ON THE

STRENGTH AND SURFACE FINISH OF ALUMINA

by R. Sedlacek, et al

This report studies the variables of grinding-(grit size of diamond,

rate of material removal, and spark-out time)>and their effect on the

tensile strength of alumina. The specimens tested were 99.5% pure alumina

with 6 97% density. The specimens were hollow tubes. The internal surface

 N72-29527

was ground with different grit wheels at varying rates of feed, using

both dry and wet grinding. The external surface was not considered a

variable, since it was kept constant throughout the study. Profile traces

were also made.

Table I, Page 393: Tensile strength as a function of grit size of

natural diamond in metal-bonded grinding wheels.

Table II, Page 394: Tensile strength of alumina ground with and

without coolant.

Table III: Tensile strength of alumina having as-fired or grouna

surfaces"

AD-714-741

STUDY OF THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF REFRACTORY

OXIDES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

by D. M. Shakhtin, et al

The coefficient of thermal expansion from 1997-22970 C was determined

experimentally for aluminum and magnesium oxides and A1203 solid solution

in MgAl 2 04 . The nature and characteristics of thermal expansion (many

graphs) were established for a series of ZrO z samples that were stabilized

with varying amounts of MgO, CaO, or Y203.

 233

AD-733-698

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE COMPRESSIVE

BIAXIAL STRENGTH OF CERAMICS

by G. Sines & M. Adams

Discussion of the Griffith flaw theory is the main topic of this

paper.

Appendix B discusses buckling tendencies of hollow cylindrical test

-specimens. Equations are also presented.

Figure B-3, Page 26: Specimen length vs. critical buckling pressure.

Appendix C - Analysis of prestressing fixture for 1:1 stress state.

Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

AD-605-393

PROCEEDINGS OF THE OSU-RTD SYMPOSIUM ON

ELECTROMAGNETIC WINDOWS

Editor: A. I. Slonim

Based upon the needs of advance weapon systems having multimode

,,.issions to perform, complex requirements are placed on the radar system.

These multimode missions demand optimum radar performance for each mode

of operation. Since the optimum radar performance requires different

radar parameters for each mode, complex design requirements are placed

upon the radar. Consideration must be given in the design of the radar

to optimize the radar performance for each mode without too many compromises.

One way in which the radar performance can be enhanced for the various mode

requirements is to utilize a dual frequency radar concept.

Figure 1: Density vs. firing temperature of several fabricating

procedures.

Figure 2: Data and particles size distribution of base body.

Figure 4: Percent total porosity vs. time in hydrogen, helium and

vacuum at several temperatures.

Figure 5:
Grain size vs. firing time at several temperatures and

atmospheres (C,Cr, R).

* Q-ere all the graphs, tables and other forms of data are concerning

che design of antennas).

 234

WSW P .GI AD-605-391

PROCEEDINGS OF THEOSU-RTD SYMPOSIUM

ON ELECTROMAGNETIC WINDOWS

Editor: A. J. Slonim

The paper is Volume III of the proceedings and concerns the fabrication

and testing of airborne radomes and hypersonic environment. Data on electri­

cal and mechanical properties as well as fabrication data is presented.

There is also data on thermal shock and thermodynamic properties.

Table 1: Rain erosion test results for two ceramic materials (pyro­
ceram 9606 and alumina).

Figure 2: Skin thickness vs. optimum core thickness for alumina

sandwich radome with an air core fins at various angles of incidence

and perpendicular polarization.

Table I, Page 25: Schedule for firing large ogival radornes.

Figure 9: Segment bodies--dielectric constant vs. temperature at

9.375 Gc (A12 03 , ZrO 2 and BeO).

Figure 10: Segment bodies--loss tangent vs. temperature at 9.375 Gc

(A12 03 , Zr) 2 and BeO).

Figure 11: Mean coefficient of thermal expansion vs. temperature

(BeO, AI2 03 ) 100-1600 0 F.

,Table 2: Flexural strength of segment bodies (97.5%-99.5% of A12 03).

Table 3: Compressive strength of segment bodies (97.5%-98.5% of A12 03).

Table 4: Tensile strength of segment bodies. (97.6% A12 03 ).

Table 5: Typical properties of tandidate inorganic adhesives (property,

devitrified sealing glass, ceramic eutectic and aluminosilicate glass

of AI203 , etc.).

Table 6: Typical properties of modified magnesium-aluminosilicate

adhesive.

Table I, Page 5 Mechanical and thermal properties of ceramic radome

materials (A12 03 , Mg0, BeO, slip-cast fused silica, spinel, and zirconia).

Figure 1: Relative thermal shock resistance of Al203 and BeO as a

function of thermal shock environment.

 235

AD-605-391 (continued)

Figure 2: Relative thermal shock resistance of candidate reentry

radome materials as a function of thermal shock environment.

Figure 5: Surface temperature weight change and length change of slip­

cast fused silica as a function of time exposed to oxy-acetylene test

Figure 8: Surface temperature and length change of slip-cast fused

silicate with flame shield as a function of time exposed to oxy-acetylene

test facility.

Figure 10: Effect emittance vs. corrected surface temperature for slip­
cast fused silica.

Figure 13: Surface and backside temperature vs. time for slip-cast

fused silica.

Figure 15: Loss tangent vs. temperature for unmodified and Cr2 03

modified slip-cast silica.

Figure 16: Dielectric constant vs. temperature for unmodified and

Cr203 modified slip-cast fused silica.

AD-720-383

STUDIES OF CERAMIC PROCESSING

by E. J. Smoke, W. C. Jacobs, D. R. Mangino

Spinel (MgAl204 ) is the elementary member and often considered the

)arent compound of a family of materials referred to as spinels. This

family has the general formula AB2 04 and is a face-centered cubic crystal.

A unit cell contains thirty-two oxygen ions with a space lattice of cubic

closest packing. Within this array of oxygen ions there are sixty-four

tetrahedral interstiCes or A sites, of which eight are filled, and thirty­

two octahedral interstices or B sites with sixteen of these occupied.

Consequently, a unit cell is composed of eight stoichi-ometric molecules.

There are three general stuctures for spinel: the normal, the reverse,

and the random. In the normal, A or tetrahedral sites are filled with

 236

AD-720-383

trivalent metal ions and the B octahedral sites are filled with trivalent

metal ions. The reverse occurs when the A sites are filled with trivalent

metal ions, and eight divalent metal ions and the remaining eight trivalent

metal ions reside in the B or octahedral sites. A mixture of these two

extreme cases defines the random structure.

In the case of MgAl 20,, the tetrahedral sites are occupied mainly

by Mg+ 2 and are smaller than the octahedral sites but larger metal ions

are readily accomodated in other spinels by an enlargement of these sites

resulting in an enlargement of the unit cell along unit cell diagonals.

Although the term spinel finds general usage, it is here defined in its

exact technical sense to indicate the compound MgAl 2 04 .

Figure 3,\Page 20: Thermal analysis of MgSO4-(NH 4 )2 SO4.6H 2 0.

Figure 4, Page 20: Thermal analysis of Al(SO 4 )2 .NH;412H2 0.
Figure 7, Page 22: Firing schedule for the calcination of stoichio­
metric spinel used in evaluating particle size-temperature relationship.

Figure 8, Page 23: Plots of the average particle size of spinel

dependent on calcination temperature.

Figure 11, Page 29: Firing schedule for the sintering of samples

of compositions A, S, and M under controlled atmosphere conditions.

Table 1, Page 38: Analysis of variance for the physical properties

of sintered spinel.

Table 2, Page 39: Bulk density data.

Table 3, Page 40: Modulus of rupture data for compositions A, S, and M.

Table 4, Page 41: Water absorption data for compositions A, S and M.

Table 5, Page 42: Apparent specific gravity data for composition A, S,

and M.

Sec. #4, Page 51: Analysis of bulk density and water absorption.

Table 6, Page 57: Physical properties of spinel sintered in atmospheres

with controlled dew point for the evaluation of the effect of water vapor

Table 7, Page 59: Physical properties for spinel compositions A, S

and M sintered under a number of optimized conditions.

Figure 36, Page 77: Thermal expansion characteristics of compositions

20 GlCo and 10 GlCo.

 237

AD-720-383

Figure 37, Page 79: Thermal expansion characteristics of composition

10 GlCo as a glass and as a body.

Figure 46; Log viscosity vs. temperature (°C) for glasses 10 GICo
and Co.
Figure 47: Log viscosity vs. reciprocal absolute temperature 0K for
glasses 10 GICo and Co.

Table 15, Page 110: Properties of improved cordierite compositions.

AD-612-959

DEVELOPMENT OF REFRACTORY CERAMICS THAT CAN BE PROCESSED AT

TEMPERATURES CONSIDERABLY LOWER THAN THEIR MAXIMUM-USE TEMPERATURES

by E. J. Smoke, et al

The objective of this study is to determine the compositions, mechanisms

and procedures necessary to lower the firing temperature of high quality

ceramics which approach true density, yet retain all engineering properties

including refractoriness. The effort was divided into three temperature

ranges: higher than 3000 F, 2600 F-3000 F and below 2600 F.

Table III: Verification of atmospheric firing, 2% MgO/98% A12 03 ;
.25% MgO/99.75% A12 03 .
fable V: Bulk density and moisture absorption for spinel composition.

Figure 18: bulk density, moisture absorption vs. temperature; spinel

:rereacted from alumina and magnesia bulk density and moisture absorp­
tion vs. temperature.

Fable VII: 'Density and moisture absorption vs. firing temperature

zonventional fabrication.

Fable VIII: Density and moisture absorption vs. firing temperature

)rereacted compositions.

:igure 1: Density vs. firing temperature 2.9-3.5 vs. 2400-28OOuF (both

)rereacted bodies and conventional fabrication).

 238

AD-612-959

Table IX: Dielectric properties.

Table X: Transverse strength measurements of prereacted composites

and conventional fabrication.

Table XI: Weight loss in water prereacted and conventional.

Table XII: Si0 2, MgO, Al2 03 firing temperature OF, bulk density g/cc.

moisture absorption (%), coefficient of expansion X'10-6in/in/oC,

crystalline phase.

Table XIII: Frit Co, SiO 2 , A12 03 , MgO; Frit Cb-9; max. density,

moisture absorption (%), coefficient of linear expansion X 106 and

loss of weight-in water.

Table XIV: Similar to Table XIII.

Table I: Bulk density of several firing temperatures and soaking

periods in hydrogen (helium).

Figure 1:
Density vs. time in hydrogen and helium at 1550°C; 3.70-4.00-­
hours 1-7.

Figure 2: Density vs. time in hydrogen and helium at 17500C.

Figure 3: Density'vs. temperature °C samples fired in hydrogen and

helium for 7 hours.

Figure 4: Bulk density vs. firing temperature in dry hydrogen.

Figure 5: Bulk density vs. firing temperature in dry helium.

Figure 6: The plot of bulk density in vacuum.

Figure 7: Percent total porosity vs. time in hydrogen and helium at

1550 C.

Figure 8: Percent total porosity vs. time in hydrogen and helium at

1750°C.

Figure 9: Percent total porosity vs. time at 1550 C in vacuum

Figure 11: Percent total porosity vs. temp. in helium and hydrogen

for 7 hours.

Table IV: Microstructure of the sintered composites in hydrogen and

helium. (composition--100% A12 03 )

Figure 13: Grain size vs. time at 15500C in hydrogen and helium.

Figure 14: Grain size vs. time at 17500C 'inhydrogen and helium.

Figure 15: Grain size vs. temperature for a seven hours soaking time

 239

AD-609-617

DIELECTRIC LOSS IN MgO AND SAPPHIRE

by G. S. Snow

Dielectric loss measurements were made on single crystal MgO and

sapphire and pure and doped polycrystalline MgO. The measurements were

made in air and in dry argon gas at audio frequencies from room temperature

to approximately 800 C. Both two and three terminal measuring apparatus

were used in the-investigation.

Figure 1, Page 9: Dielectric constant and loss factor vs. frequency

as given by Debye equations.

Tables I & II, Pages 37-42: List of samples, chemical compositions,

firing conditions, types of electrodes used, etc.

Figure 11, Page 54: Loss tangent vs. frequency for single crystal

MgO in air.

Figures 12 & 13, Pages 55 & 57: Peak frequency vs. temperature for

MgO and sapphire .

Figure 14, Page 59: Loss tangent vs. frequency for single crystal

MgO in air.

Figure 15: Loss tangent vs. frequency--effect of quench and anneal

treatment on loss in single crystal MgO.

Figure 16, Page 62: Loss tangent vs. time--variation of loss with

time after quenching (MgO).

Figure 17, Page 64: Loss tangent vs. frequency--MgO.

Figure 18, Page 66: Loss tangent vs. temperature for sapphire single
crystals at lOKc.
Figure 19, Page 67: Loss tangent vs. frequency--single crystal sapphire.
Figure 21: Loss tangent vs. time--time dependence of room temperature
dissipation factor of single crystal sapphire.
Figure 22, Page 72: Temperature dependence of loss factor for single
crystal sapphire at lOKc. -
Figure 23, Page 73: Conductivity vs. temperature for Al203.

Figure 24, Page 79: Loss factor "E" vs. 1/T for polycrystalline MgO.

 240
-- JR ODUCIBILUY OF TE
CIRYNN-V AGF M POORJ
AD-609-617

Figure 25, Page 80: Loss factor "E"vs. frequency for polycrystalline

MgO.

Figure 26, Page 81: Peak frequency vs. temperature--temperature

dependence of peak frequency for the low temperature loss peaks

in polycrystalline !gO.

Figure 27: E vs. temperature for doped MgO (polycrystalline).

Figure 28, Page 86: E vs. temperature A1203 .

Figure 29, Page 91: Loss factor vs. frequency

Figure 30, Page 92: " " [ 1

Figure 31, Page 93:

" " I "
Figure 32; Page 94: Dielectric constant vs. frequency.

Figure 33, Page 95: Thickness dependence 6f peak height ("E")

for samples #9 & F10.

Figure 34, Page 96: Thickness dependence of relaxation time for

sample number 10 at two temperatures.

Figure 35, Page 100: Loss factor vs. frequency for sample #10.

Figure 36, Page 103: Electrical conductivity vs. temperature for

sample #9.

Figure 37, Page 104: Electrical conductivity vs. temperature for

sample #11.

Figure 38, Page 105: Electrical conductivity vs. temperature for

sample #13 & #16.

 241

N63-12406

INVESTIGATION OF SINTERABLE MgO POWDERS

AND CERAMICS MADE FROM THEM

by M. J. Snyder

This report describes attempts made to fabricate dense reproducible

specimens suitable for strength measurements and having controlled micro­

structural differences. A sinterable, high density MgO powder was used.

Also in this report a new test is developed and results given. The

test is the diametral-compression test, where short cylinders are broken

by applying a load across the diameter. Procedures were established for

measuring a tensile strength by this method.

Table 3,, Page 12: Effects of type of calcining furnace on sintered

bulk density.

Figure 2, Page 13: Graphical presentation

Table 7, Figure 4, Pages 22-23: Effects of rate of heating during

sintering on sintered bulk density.

Figure 11, Page 42: Moduli of rupture vs diametral compression

strengths.

Table 10: Summary of diametral-compression tests on MgO specimens.

Table 9, Page 26: Variability in strength values (for different

manufacturing processes.)

AD-638-280

SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR CALCULATING ELASTIC MODULI

OF CERAMIC POWDER FROM COMPRESSIBILITY AND DEBYE TEMPERATURE DATA

by N. Soga & 0. L. Anderson

This paper presents a new method of calculating the elastic modulus of

ceramic powder from the compressibility and Debye temperature. Values derive(

for MgO, A1203 ,BeO, and TiO 2 by the new method are compared with values

determined by the standard resonance method.

 242

AD-638-280

Figure 4: Shear modulus and Young's modulus vs. porosity for MgO.

Figure 5: Shear & Young's modulus vs. porosity for A1203.

Table III: Comparisons of experimental and computed moduli for A1203,

BeO, MgO, TiO 2.

AD-601-447

ANISOTROPIC MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR IN SAPPHIRE WHISKERS

by P. J. Soltis, et.al

This paper describes a static tension test for testing A1203 whisker­
at room temperature. Whiskers having different grain orientation (<0001>,

<1120>, <1100>) were examined and differing behaviors noted. (i.e. ductile

to brittle).

Table 1: Tensile data on sapphire (A1 203 ) whiskers.

Table 2: 'Anisotropic tensile properties of A1203 whiskers.

Figure 2: Discontinuous yielding in A1203 (c-axis) whiskers.

Figure 3: Log-log plots of Cf versus t for A1203 whiskers -(a)

c-axis whiskers.

Figure 4: Log-log plots of Cf vs. t for A1203 whiskers - (b)Az-axis

whiskers.

Figure 5: Log-log plot of Cf vs. A for A12 03 whisker - (a) c-axis

whiskers.

Figure 6: Log-log plots of of vs. A for A1203 whiskers.

Figure 7: Log-log plot of Em vs t for A1203 whiskers - (a)c-axis

whiskers.

Figure 8: Log-log plot of Em vs. t for A1203 whiskers - (b)a-axis

whiskers.

Figure 9:. Log-log plot of Em vs. A for A1203 whisker - q) 6-axis

whiskers.

Figure 10: Log-log plot of Em vs. A1203 whiskers - (b) a-axis

whiskers.

 243

AD-601-447

Figure 11: Semi-log plot of y vs. Em for AI2 03 whiskers.

Figure 12: Semi-log plot of size vs. Em for AlO, (c-axis)
whiskers.

N69-28434

INELASTIC DEFORMATION OF OXIDE CERAMICS

by R. M. Spriggs

The state-of-the-art of understanding the inelastic deformation of

oxide ceramics is briefly reviewed. Special emphasis was given to the

permanent deformation caused by phenomena such as stress-enhanced diffusional

creep, dislocation motion, and grain-boundary sliding.

The primary mechanism by which most polycrystalline oxide ceramics

deform at high temperatures, low stress, and fine grain size was cited as

Nabarro-Herring diffusional creep. It was recognized however that under most

experimental conditions that deformation is the result of more than one

process.

A brief summary of the major findings for AI2 03, BeO, MgO, and SiC

is presented in tabular and graphical form.

Table 11, Page 153: Slope of elastic modulus vs. porosity curve at

zero porosity.

Figure 7, Page 158: Young's modulus of single-crystal AI203 as a

a function of temperature.

Table 13: Temperature coefficients for some single crystal elastic

constants.

Table 14: Temperature coefficients for elastic moduli of some poly­

crystalline ceramics.

 244

N72-29526

THE INFLUENCES OF MATERIAL REMOVAL ON THE STRENGTH

AND SURFACE OF AN ALUMINA

by H. S. Starrett

This paper is a discussion of why a series of tests did not

produce the generally accepted results. The tests indicated that surface

finish had no effect on tensile or flexural strength. Itwas postulated that

the test results may have been due to subsurface damage that occurred during

machining (grinding) operations.

Equations for the Weibull distribution are presented and numerous

graphs and tables of data are also included.

Figure 13, Page 384: Average flexural strength vs. minimum fired

thickness.

Figure 14: Dimensionless stress vs. porosity.

Figure 15: Dimensionless stress vs. grain size.

Figure 16 & 17, Page 387: Probability of failure vs. normalized

stress for marco tensile and macro :flexural specimens.

Figure 19, Page 388: Strength ratio versus tensile volume for tensil

and flexural (4-point) specimens.

AD-619-8;

ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF HOLLOW SPHERES FOR LOWER DENSITY

HIGHER STRENGTH BUOYANCY MATERIALS

by Bernard G. Stechler, Israel Resnick

The object of this program is to develop a low density, high strength

buoyancy system of materials with a target density of 0.3 to 0.4 gm/cm

which will be able to withstand 13,500 psi hydrostatic pressure. It is the

intent of this phase of the program to perform analytical, studies of signi­

ficant variables for glass, ceramics, and metal hollow spheres in order to

determine promising optimum materials-and sphere sizes.

 245

AD-619-872

Figure 2: Outer diameter to thickness ratios of hollow sphere.

Figure 3: Volume of sphere (O.01-100)in. 3 vs. outer diameter

(1-4) in.of sphere.

Figure 4: Net buoyancy lbs. (0.1-4) vs. outer diameter of sphere

(1-4) in.

AD-722-239

CHARACTERIZATION OF HOT-PRESSED A1203 WITH A

Mo-DISPERSED PHASE

by J. J. Stiglich, et. a].

"Cermet" materials are a mixture of metal and ceramic phases which are

devised for applications in which neither ceramics nor metals provide the

necessary properties. Cermet materials containing a ceramic matrix with

dispersed metallic particles or metallic fibers have generally provided

increases in mechanical strength properties over the pure ceramic. Such

properties as ductility, fracture strength, impact strength, and flexural

strengths are often enhanced in ceramics.

Table II,Page 5: Tensile strength data and grain size of A203-Mo

composites.

Table III, Page 8: Phase present in A1203-Mo composites and lattice

parameters and unit cell volumes of the alpha-A1 203 phase.

Table Iv,Page 9: Density, elastic moduli, and microhardness of
Al2 0 3-Mo composites.
 246

N64-17614 or

AD-433-207

BRITTLE FRACTURE OF CERAI4ICS

by E. Stofel, H. Conrad

This paper reviews various topics relevant to the brittle fracture of

ceramics, including theoretical strength of solids, the Griffith theory,

the Weibull theory, the role of dislocations, microstructure, stress distri­

bution, environment, crack propogation, etc. It is concluded that the behavior

of ceramics can not yet be predicted quantitatively, but the available

theoretical and experimental information is useful as a qualitative guide for

the design of components.

Figure 3, Page 27: Strength of hot pressed BeO as a function of

temperature and manufacturer.

Figure 5, Page 28: Fracture strength of glass vs. crack size.

Figure 17, Page 36: Static fatigue. Fracture strength as a function

of load duration (fused silica glass, soda-lime glass, porcelain).

Figure 29, Page 45: Dependence of strength on porosity in Lucalox.

Figure 30, Page 45: Weibull fracture probability as a function of

stress for polycrystalline A12 03.

Figure 33, Page 47: Variation of strength with temperature for A]2 03.

There are also a number of other figures and graphs that are relevant

to the theoretical discussions of the topics listed earlier.

N64-17441 or

AD-407-614

MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

by R. J. Stokes

This paper attempts to correlate the following mechanical properties

with the fundamental microstructural properties of grain size, porosity,

crystal structure, impurities, vacancies and dislocations, etc.:

1) elastic deformation

 247

N64-17441 or

AD-407-614

2) anelastic behavior

3) plastic deformation

4) brittle fracture

5) high temperature deformation and creep

Figure 2, Page 6: Effect of porosity on elastic and shear moduli of

polycrystalline MgO at room temperature.

Figure 3, Page 9: Change in damping capacity (internal friction) and

dynamic elastic modulus with frequency.

Figure 4, Page 11: Internal friction spectrum of single crystal and

polycrystalline Al203.

Figure 6, Page 14: Effect of plastic deformation on the internal

friction spectrum of MgO single crystals.

Figure 9, Page 24: Effect of heat treatment on the room temperature

yield strength of commercial purity MgO single cyrstals.

Table I, Page 26: The number of independent slip systems for some

common ceramic crystal structures.

Table II, Page 37: Tensile strength of MgO in the absence and presence

of "fresh" surface dislocations.

Table III, Page 45: Comparison of torsional creep rate for different

polycrystalline materials (Al2 03 , ZiO 2, MgO (slip cast & hot pressed),

Ben, ThO).

Table IV, Page 46: High temperature deformation and creep of single and

polycrystalline Al 203.

Figure 13, Page 48: Effect of purity on the steady state creep rate of
Al2 03 '
Figure 16, Page 53: Effect of porosity on the torsional creep of
sintered alumina at 12750 C.

 248,

N71-21221 or

(ADz716-886)

EFFECTS OF SURFACE FINISHING ON MECHANICAL

AND OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERIIES OF CERAMICS

by R. J. Stokes

This report reviews the effects of mechanical finishing operations on

the mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of ceramics. It

is known that machining results in a defective surface containing cracks,

dislocations, point defects and residual stresses. The relative significance

of these defects depends on the physical property of interest. The mechanical

properties of single crystals are sensitive to dislocations (for semi-brittle

materials) and surface cracks (for brittle materials). The mechanical properties

of polycrystals are sensitive to surface cracks. The electrical properties

of semiconductors are sensitive to surface trapping sites; magnetic, piezo­

electric and optical properties are particularly sensitive to residual

stresses. To optimize physical properties these defects must be eliminated

by mechanical lapping, chemical etching or thermal annealing.

Table III, Page 11: Effect of surface condition on the tensile

strength of alumina single crystals.

Figure 3, Page 14: Fracture strength of polycrystalline magnesium

oxide as a function of grain size and surface condition.

Table IV,Page 16: Effect of surface treatment on-the bend strength

of polycrystalline alumina.

Figure 4, Page 19: Effect of machinery and annealing on the shape of

B-H loop for torriod cut from Ni3 6Zn64 ferrite.

Figure 5: Variation of remanence (Br) and magnetic saturation (Bs) with

specimen size in as- machined and annealed conditions.

Figure 6, Page 24: Effect of surface condition on PEM (photoelectro­

magnetic) voltage of germanium.

 249

OF To­
k%~ AD-601-863

DISLOCATION CONFIGURATIONS AND THE INITIATION

OF YIELDING IN MgO

by R. J. Stokes & C.-H. Li

This paper looks at 'fresh', 'aged', 'grown in'and high temperature

dislocations in the initiation of plastic flow in single crystal MgO.

Figure 1, Page 5: Effect of'heat treatment time and temperature on

the stress to initiate slip from aged dislocations.

Figure 2: Resolved shear stress vs. strain curves for aged MgO

single crystals. (curve 1 - room temperature pestrain relation curves

3, 2, 4, 5, - after 2 hours aging at 1050 0C, 1200 0 C, 13500 C, and 19000C

respectively).

N64-15533

RESEARCH ON LOW DENSITY THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS

FOR USE ABOVE 3000°F

by K. H. Styhr

This paper (a quarterly report) investigates the concept of reducti

of radiation transfer of heat thru the pores-of a low density ceramic

structure at high temperature by the incorporation of various radiation

barrier phases in these voids. Thermal conductivity data up to specimen hot

face temperatures of 42350F are reported for zirconia foam samples.

Figure 3 & 4, Page 17 & 19: Thermal conductivity vs. temperature

(for various zirconia foam samples).

NOTE: Calculations and equations also presented.

 250

AD-630-345

INTERFACIAL POLARIZATION AND ELECTRICAL

CONDUCTIVITY IN SAPPHIRE

by N. M. Tallan & H. C. Graham

Several electrical properties (dielectric consta.,,, ..... ,U,

factor, conductivity, and capacitance) are presented in graphical form as a

function of frequency and at varying temperatures. All data is for A12 03.

AD-679-846

TNI
T DODUCTION:
CERAMIC MICROSTRUCTURES

by Lawrence H. Van Vlack

Materials contain an internal structure rather than having a homo­

geneous continuium. A significant features of these internal structures is
the arrangement of the grains and phases and their associated boundaries.
We use the term microstructure for internal structures of this type.
Figure 13: Conduction through two phase microstructures. Data points
are for periclase (MgO) forstrite (Mg2Si0 4 ) ceramics.

- N63-16176

MICROSTRUCTURE STUDIES OF POLYCRYSTALLINE REFRACTORY OXIDES

by T. Vasilos, et. al.

Log-log plots of room-temperature strength (extrapolated to zero

porosity) versus grain size for alumina and MgO revealed these relationships.

S=86,OOOG 113for A12 03

S=50,OOOG 1/6 for MgO

Where

G=grain size in microns:

 251

N63-16176

Figure 3, age 9: Transverse bend strength vs. grain-size for

Al2 03 -
Figure 4, Page 10: Transverse bend strength vs. grain-size for
MgO.
Figure 5, Page 11: Density vs. time plot for hot-pressed MgO.

AD-606-883

THE ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR OF REFRACTORY OXIDES II

by R. W. Vest, J. A. Crawford & W. C. Tripp

The research was directed toward achieving a more fundamental

understanding of change and mass transport mechanisms in refractory metal

oxide. Special research apparatus and instrumentation was developed in

order to comfort the experimental program.

Figure 4: Zirconia heating and cooling - 200 Mg samples Awpg

-100+100 vs 0C 200-1000.

Figure 10: Conductivity of pure zirconia; log c(mho/cm)

-6.0- -4.0 vs log Po2 (atm.) -28 - 0.

Figure 11:- Wt. change of pure zirconia. Log. Po2 -6-0 vs log

dw/Po 2 2.0-5.0.

Figure 12: Deviation from 5toichiometry for pure zirconia tw(pg)

0-160 vs 0-1.0.

Glastech Ber, Volume 45, No. 11 (Nov. 1972), PP. 494-498.

MASS TRANSPORT AND CHEMICAL REACTION IN POLYCRYSTALLINE OXIDES

by Werner Richarz & Alfred Schindler

The decomposition of magnesium aluminum spinel in polycrystalline

alumina by vanadium pentoxide in the temperature range 700 to 960°C can

be described by models for non-catalyzed solid-liquid reactions. It was

RpVRODUCJOWT OF MH~ 252

O~jilAL PAGE IS POOR

Glastech Ber, Volume 45, No. 1i (Nov. 1972), PP. 494-498.

shown that the growth of the reaction zone was determined by the influence

of V205 on the rate of decomposition MgO " A1203. The activation energy

was found to be 40,3 1 0, 1 Kcal/mol. An electron microprobe was used to

determine the distribution of vanadium in sinters and thus to evaluate the

diffusivity of the product in the central zone.

N69-28432

ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF CERAMICS AND OTHER REFRACTORY MATERIALS

by J. B. Wachtman

Elastic deformation of ceramics is reviewed from a continuum,

thermodynamic point of view; non-linear effects and pressure dependence of

elastic moduli are included. The results of wave propagation, resonance,

and micro-structure on elastic moduli are discussed in terms of continuum

elasticity.- Correlations of other physical properties with elastic moduli

is also discussed. The measurement of elastic moduli and the characterizatior

of ceramics with respect to elastic moduli are considered.

Figure 1, Page 143: Compressibility of Al203.

Table 3, Page 146: Single crystal elastic constants of some non­

piezoelectric ceramics and some refractory (metallic) crystals.

Table 5: Elastic moduli of isotropic polycrystalline ceramics at

or near zero porosity.

Table 7: Third order elastic constants of some ceramic crystals.

Table 6: Dependence of effective-second order elastic constants

upon pressure.

Table 11: Slope of elastic modulus vs. porosity curve at zero

porosity.

Figure 7, Page 158: Youngs modulus of single-crystal A1203 as a

function of temperature.

 253

N69-28432

Table 13: Temperature coefficients for some single crystal elastic

constants.

Tabl3 14: Temperature coefficients for elastic moduli of some poly­

crystalline ceramics.

Proceedings of the British Ceramic Society, No. 15, Jan. 1970, pp. 157-172.

THE CREEP OF CERAMIC MATERIALS COMPARED

TO THAT OF METALS

by K. F. A. Wa-lles

The paper presents a great deal of test data on alumina and SiC.

The author suggests that a correlation between stress, time, and temperature

by observing similarities between the creep of ceramics and metals.

Figure 3: Creep-rupture data for SiC.

Figure 4: Time/temperature graph for SiC.

Figure 5: Creep-rupture data for AI2 03 .

Figure 6: Time/temperature graph for AI2 03.
Figure 7: Log log strain/time graphs for Al2 03 and-SiC.
Figure 9: Log creep rate vs. temperature for AI2 03.
Figure 10 & 11: Scatter of alumina creep-rupture and strength

(from 3-point bend test).

AD-609-667

SLIP-CAST FUSED SILICA

by J. D. Walton, et. al.

This workbook provides a collection of technical data and information

on the slip-cast fused silica work of the Georgia Institute of Technology. It

is intended to provide scientists and engineers with thermo-physical,

 254

AD-609-667

mechanical, electrical and nuclear properties of slip-cast fused silica.

Fabrication techniques and engineering data related to the use of this

material for thermal protection systems and radomes are presented.

Figure 1: Volume (c.c.) occupied by I Kg. of material, temperature

0 - 2400 0 F. Specific volume of different forms of silica.

Figure 2: Specific heat vs. temperature for fused silica, graphite,

and copper.

Table 1: Properties of fused silica slip.

Figure 3: Particle size distribution of fused silica slip.
Figure 4: Last wall thickness vs. casting time for fused silica
slip.
Figure 6: Cristobalite content of slip cast fused silica fired under
one atmosphere of pressure.

Figure 10: Thermal conductivity vs. mean specimen temperature

(clear fused silica).

Figure 11: Thermal diffusivity of slip cast fused silica and foamed

fused silica.

Figure 13: Effect of temperature and time at temperature on thermal

conductivity of slip cast silica studied by Midwest Research Institution.

Figure 14: Bulk density of slip-cast fused silica fired under one

atmosphere of air.

Figure 15: Porosity of slip-cast silica under one atmosphere of air.

Figure 16: Modulus of rupture as a function of firing conditions.

Figure 17: Modulus of rupture vs. firing temperature.

Figure 18: Time to reach maximum strength in slip cast fused silica

during firing at one atmosphere pressure.

Figure 19: Tensilestrength 0 - 8000 vs. firing time hr. 0 - 13

at different temperature. Room temperature - 20000F.

Table II: Effect of temperature on dielectric constant and loss

tangent of slip-cast fused silica.

Figure 20: Compressive strength (103 psi)0 - 30 vs. firing time (hr.)
1 - 100.
 255

AD-609-667

Figure 21: Resistivity of clear fused silica and slip-cast fused silica

as a function of temperature.

Figure 22: Dielectric strength of fused silica glass as a function

of temperature.

Figure 23:. Transverse strength (psi X 10-3 ) 0 - 10 vs. fast dose

( wt. X 10-20) 2 - 7. Effect of irradiation on the modulus of rupture

of slip-cast fused silica.

Table III: Cristobalite content of slip cast fused silica sample

after irradiation.

Table IV: Nuclear properties of fused silica.

Figure 52: Effective emittance vs. corrected surface temperature

for slip cast fused silica.

Table I, Page 95: Mechanical and thermal properties of ceramic

radome materials. Thermal conductivity, transverse strength, Youngs

modulus, thermal expansion, specific heat, melting temperature of

A1203, beryllium oxide, boron mitride, magnesium oxide, pyroceram

9606, slip cast fused silica, spinel, steatite, and zirconia.

Figure 2, Page 96: Relative thermal shock resistance of candidate

re-entry radome materials as a function of thermal shock environment.

AD-853-733

NEW AND IMPROVED CUTTING TOOL MATERIALS

by E. D. Whitney & Y. Murata

This is a final report covering work done over a three year period.

The entire works (approximately 800 pages) covers fabrication techniques

of new cutting tool inserts from carbide, nitride, boride, and alumina­
base materials, as well as the results from cutting zests using these new

inserts. There are also many, many, tables of material properties. However,

most of the materials studied are not pure materials but alloys, and there

 256

ODUCIMH Y OF THE
Q)rAg4ff,&L PAGE ISP00F AD-853-733 (cont

is only limited information on the preliminary candidates for this

research project.

Tables on Boron Carbide - page 75-87 (mechanical properties,

microstructure, densification studies, phase relations, etc.)

Alumina-base tools - (alumina + carbides, nitrides, borides) page

114-128.

Also there are many graphs on rate of densification of the subject

materials at different compositions, temperatures, pressures, etc.

N69-28436

FRACTURE OF CERAMICS

by S. M. Wiederhorn

In this paper the fracture of ceramics is considered primarily from a

fracture mechanics point of view. The maximum theoretical strength of

ceramics is discussed. The ideas of a stress intensity factor and a fracture

surface energy are developed. Examples are presented of the use of these

parameters to describe strength, thermal shock resistance and stress

corrosion of ceramic materials.

Table 1 & 2: 219 - Theoretical and measured strength of silica glass

and sapphire.

Table 3: 225 - Surface energies of glass.

Table 4: 226 - Surface energies of single crystals.

Table 5: 227 - Surface energies of polycrystalline ceramics.

Figure 17, Page 232: Petch plot of MgO bending data.

Table 9, Page 238: Effect of water vapor on the strength of cerami

materials (A12 03, MgO, fused silica and others)

 257

Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 52, No. 9, pp. 485-491.

FRACTURE OF SAPPHIRE

by S. M. Wiederhorn

This paper studies the fracture of sapphire using a double-cantilever­

cleavage technique. Fracture surface energies were successfully measured in

the (1010) and (1012) planes, but unsuccessfully in the (0001) plane.

Table I: Fracture surface energy of sapphire.

Table II: Strength of sapphire (various forms, i.e. whiskers and

flame polished rods).

AD-672-428

MEASUREMENT OF TENSILE STRENGTH OF CERAMICS

by T. R. Wilshaw

This brief article discusses an alternative method (an inexpensive

one) of measuring the tensile fracture strength of very brittle materials.

A schematic of the testing assembly is given and test results are compared

with other researcher's data.

Table I, Page 1: Fracture stresses of polycrystalline alumina.

AD-601-638

THE EVALUATION OF HIGH TEMPERATURE MATERIALS

Part I: Evaluation of coatings for refractory alloys

Part II: Materials evaluation with an arc-plasma-jet

by John C. Wurst

This report concerns work done at the University pf Dayton on the

development of tests to evaluate refractory alloy coatings and also the

 258

AD-601-638 (cont.)

results of tests on various ceramic compounds. Mechanical and thermal

data is reported. Also, in the appendix to this report is data on the

application of the Weibull function.

Figure 4: Stress-rupture curve for 20 mil Mo-0.5 Ti sheet coated with

PFR-6.
Figure 5: Stress-rupture curve for 20 mil. FS 82 sheet coated with
Ti-Cr-Si.
Figure 8: Stress-rupture curves for 10 mil Mo-0.5 Ti sheet.
Figure 9: Stress-rupture curves for 50 mil Mo-0.5 Ti sheet.
Figure 10: Typical stress-strain diagram of coated Mo-0.5 Ti sheet.
Figure 11: Typical stress-strain diagrams of coated Mo-0.5 Ti sheet.
Figure 19: Typical Temperature-Time History of phenolic-zirconia
exposed to a 100 Btu/ft 2 sec environment.

Figure 20: Typical Temperature-Time History of phenolic-zirconia

exposed to a 500 Btu/ft2 sec environment.

Figure 21: Temp-Time History of phenolic-zirconia with Type A

Fiber exposed to a 500 Btu/ft 2 sec environment-

Figure 22: Temp-Time History of phenolic-zirconia with Type D fiber

exposed to a 500 Btu/ft 2 sec environment.

Figure 24: Temperature-Time History of epoxy-Ti0 2 , ZrO-RiO 2

exposed to heat flux levels of 275, 500 and 1000 Btu/ft

sec.

Figure 25: Temperature-Time History of epoxy-TiO 2, ZrO 2 -NaO 2 exposed

to heat flux levels of 275, 500 and 1000 Btu/ft 2 sec.

Figure 26: Temperature-Time History of Phenolic-TiO 2, ZrO 2, C

exposed to heat flux levels of 275, 500, and 1000 Btu/sec 2

sec.

Figure 53: Temperature-Time History of Phenolic Resin filled zirconia

and alumina exposed to a 430 Btu/ft2-sec heat flux environment.

Figure 54: Temperature-Time History of Phenolic Resin filled Magnesia

exposed toa 430 Btu/ft 2-sec heat flux environment.

Figure 55: Temperature-Time History of siliconized RVC graphite exposed

to 500, 750 and 1000 Btu/ft 2 sec-heat flux environments.

 259

AD-601-638
(cont.)

-Figure 56: Temperature-Time History of graphite composite exposed to

750 and 1000 Btu/ft2 sec heat flux environments.

Table 2: Static oxidation test results for coated Mo-1/2 Ti sheet.

Table 4: Results of strain sensitivity tests of coated Mo-0.5 Ti

sheet.

Table 5: Results of low pressure oxidation tests at 28000F of several

coatings on 12 mil Mo-0.5 Ti.

Table 6: Dynamic oxidation test results.

Table 7: Stress-rupture test results for 20 mil Mo-0.5 Ti coated with

PFR-6 (Pfaudler) and tested in air at 25000F.

Table 8: Stress rupture test results for 20 mil FS-82 coated with Ti-

Ar-Si (TAPCO) and tested in air at 2500 0 F.

Table 9: Stress-rupture test results for uncoated Mo-0.5 Ti tested

in vacuo at 26000F.

Table 10: Stress-rupture test results for Mo-0.5 Ti coated with PFR-6

(Pfaudler).

Table 11: Tensile fatigue test result for 50 mil. Mo-0.5 Ti sheet

coated with PFR-6 (Pfaudler) and tested in air at 26000F.

Table 12: Mechanical properties data for coated Mo-0.5 Ti sheet.

Table 15: Summary of ablative material tests.

Table 55: Results of tests of several phenolic resin composites

evaluated at 500 and 1000 Btu/ft 2 sec for 24 second exposures.

Table 56: Percentage increase of erosion parameters for an increase of

heat flux from 500 to 1000 Btu/ft 2 sec.

Table 57: Relative erosion resistance of several phenolic resin

composites tested at two heat flux levels.

Table 59: Performance rank of ablative materials considering erosion

and density.

Table 60: Description of foamed ceramic systems evaluated at a heat

flux level of 275 Btu/ft 2 sec.

Table 75: Summary of manufacturer NC oxidation studies.

 260

AD-601-638 (cont.)

Table 76: Summary,of thermal shock test of various sprayed coatings.

Table 77: Summary of bond strength measurements of various plasma

sprayed coatings.

Table 82: Experimental layout and analysis of variance for the stress

rupture test of PFR-6 coated 10 mil Mo-O.5 Ti.

Figure 70: Weibull plot of PFR-6 static oxidation test results.

Figure 71: Weibull plot of W-2static oxidation test results.

N67-18053

IDENTIFYING OPTIMUM PARAMETERS OF HEAT EXTRUSIONS

Several sets of canned ceramic billets were successfully extruded.

Variations in the shape or placement of these billets relative to the

extension axis, as well as the use of MgO in the components of the can,

all indicate considerable versatility in the shape that can be exty uded,

Analysis of billets is consistent with previous observations and supports

the hypothesis that thermal stress is more important than surface shear

in causing cracks. Further success in reducing cracking was achieved by

again slowing cooling and by use of smaller billets.

Initial comparison shows that starting orientation has little or no

effect on extended orientation.

Successful extension of an insulating can consisting of alternate

tungsten and MgO layers indicates that extrusion heating temperature may I

lowered to reduce grain size, and thus increase strength.

Table i, Page 14: Billet fabrication (time, temperature, etc.).

Table II, Page 17: Extrusion parameters (size, temperature, area

reduction ratio, speed, force).

Table III: Extruded billet data (grain size, composition, densities,

area reduction, etc.).

Material Property Questionnaire Survey Results

247

 262

The following is an itemized listing of the questionnaire sent to ceramics

users, manufacturers, and researchers as described in the introduction of this

or

report. Regarding all

replies, answers which were unclear, not applicable,

illegible, were for obvious reasons, deleted from the record or replies.
In

each case, the original question will be listed, as it appeared in the mailing,

a set of answers will

be given, and a discussion where appropriate will follow.

Qi) WHAT ADDITIONAL CERAMIC MATERIALS WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE

CHARACTERIZED IN HANDBOOK FORM? LIST IN DECREASING ORDER

OF INTEREST TO YOU.
Candidates listed in replies Number of times listed
Mullite (3A13 .2SiO 2 ) 7
Beryllium Oxide (BeO) 6
Sialons 5
Boron Nitride (BN) 4
Cordierite (2MgO.2A12 03.SSiO 2 ) 4
Zirconia (ZrO2 ) 4
Generalized Silica (SiO 2 ) 8
(categories include:
foams
fused quartz"
synthetic silica
various silica fiber/matrix composites)

Boron Carbide (B4 C)

3

Spinel
2

Pyroceram(s)
2

Titanium oxides (TiO, TiO 2 ) 2

This group appeared with a frequency of 1:

Aluminum Nitride (AIN)

Barium Titanate (BaTiO,)

Chromium Oxide (Cr20) 3

Hafnium Bromide (HfBJ

Hafnium Carbide (HfC)

Hafnium Oxide (HfO 2)

Thorium Oxide (ThO9 )

Titanium Carbide (TiC)

Zirconium Carbide (ZrC)

Zinc Sulphide (ZnS)

 263

As the replies were received, it was found that many suggestions were

made concerning interest in new materials, not specifically limited to

ceramics. Each of these as received carries a frequency of 1, as follows:.

Various grades of Alumina (A-2,...,A-20) also beta phase Alumina

Mixed Oxides of Aluminum, Magnesium and Chromium

Pyrolytic Graphite and Graphite Composites

Glassy Carbon

Graphitized Alumina

Glasses

Further replies were also received but were very sketchy in nature and

hence were not included. For most candidate materials, it appears that more

intensive property data is what is desired. Total response was 96 replies

to 01.

Q2) WOULD YOU OR YOUR ORGANIZATION, DEPARTMENT, ETC., BE WILLING

TO CONSIDER SHARING FINDINGS FOR PUBLIC RELEASE PERTAINING

TO PRESENT OR FUTURE CANDIDATE MATERIALS? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

WILL BE GIVEN FOR ALL SUCH INFORMATION.

REPLIES

Yes 86%

No 8%

No Opinion 6%

(Total responses to this question was 50)

Q3) PLEASE LIST BRIEFLY THE TYPES OF PROPERTIES YOU FEEL HAVE

BEEN OVERLOOKED IN PAST SURVEYS WHICH ARE IMPORTANT TO

YOUR WORK.

Replies in order of decreasing frequency number of times listed

Thermal shock charateristics 11

(Since thermal shock characteristics

can be predicted analytically on

information concerning more basic

properties such as Modulus, coefficient

of expansion, etc., it remains unclear

as to whether the bulk of replies ­

directed to basic property clarifica­
tion or to some thermal shock experi­
mental procedure, standardization or

neither)

 264

Abrasion, erosion, impact, and wear resistance 11

(as a function of density, temperature,

manufacturing technique - alumina mentioned

once)

Physical/Chemical properties - miscellaneous 11

(these include inquiries about reactivity

of nitrides and carbides at elevated tem­

perature with other ceramics, permeability

to common gasses, as H, He, N, 0, (precise

chemical composition), latent heats, specific

heat, EM wave absorption and emission spectra,

particularly IR,electrical resistance and

dielectric strength)

General strength data

11

(statistical mechanics parameters, dislocation

modes, miscostructure, fracture strength, all

of these vs. density, temperature, and second

phase percentage)-

Machining and fabrication properties 4

(versus impurity content, fabrication method

and surface finish)

Other properties (one response each)

% of.vitrious phase

Coefficient of friction

Grain size distribution

Fatigue properties

Computer software codes

(suitable for various ceramics)

Metalizing of alumina

General creep parameters

Elastic/plastic transition temperature

Brittlelductile transition temperature

Replies totaled 66 including several

unused replies due to vagueness.

There is occasion for comment here on the types of replies to question

responses.

three in that a certain liberty has been taken in the grouping of

respondees

In many replies multiple comments were made, and in a

few cases,
material.

indicated an interest in a property as applied only to a particular

that the

In these cases, the material was mentioned, otherwise it is assumed

property is a general interest one.

Q4)
DO YOU FEEL THAT AM UPDATING SERVICE FOR CERAMIC CANDIDATES

SHOULD BE MAINTAINED ON A PERMANENT BASIS?

 265

IPRODU~fThIOIB 0! ype ur Reply 'Frequency of Reply

PAtP ISPO?" Yes 36

No 2
No Reply 6
(at least some other

questions answered)

Other 6

The other category includes comments which indicate that an updating

service which is intermittent or periodic in nature would be more suitable

than either no such service or a permanent data collection facility. In

several cases a comment followed the formal reply; in these cases, it was

suggested that an organization or researcher would need to "prove" himself

before attempting to obtain such funding as necessary to provide this ser­

vice. Even when several institutions providing a partial service of this

nature exist, e.g., The Metals and Ceramics Information Center, Battelle-

Columbus Laboratories, Pennsylvania State University, and NBS, it was felt

that no such service or organization significantly qualified as a candidate

for Question Four.

Q5) DO YOU FEEL SUCH A SERVICE SHOULD ALSO ACT IN AN ADVISORY

CAPACITY ON THE USE OF CANDIDATES, MODELS, AND STRUCTURAL

ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGNERS AND INDUSTRY? SUCH A

SERVICE WOULD PROVIDE CURRENT INFORMATION ON RESEARCHERS,

MATERIALS, AND METHODS.

Type of Reply Frequency of Reply

Yes 25 (50%)

No 6 (12%)

Other 19 (38%)

The other category included information content which included the

following response types and frequencies: No reply, 7; Don't know, 2;

Possible (no other qualification), 4; No opinion, 1; General verbal, 5.

The general verbal category contained the following responses:

 266

"This I suspect would be too expensive."

"Would this function compete with the Metals and Ceramics Information

Center, Battelle's Columbus Center?"

"A monumental task but certainly the most significant contribution

any such service could offer."

advisory capacity would be practicable,

"...doubtful that acting in an

considering need for specialized expertise."

"The people who do the research could do this better."

Q6) IF FUTURE CORRESPONDENCE SHOULD BE CONDUCTED TO ANOTHER RECIPIENT,

PLEASE LIST THE NAME AND ADDRESS AND TRANSFER THIS CORRESPONDENCE.

THANK YOU.

NAME

TITLE

ADDRESS

The response to this question was used to modify the original list of

recipients of this questionnaire. In the industrial sector, many recipients

were eliminated through redirected dead letters where the organizations had

to be assumed defunct.
Original industry lists were devised from information

in the Thomas Register Publications; University listings are more numerous

and several were consulted to site those having Ceramics and Ceramics

Engineering Studies. Foreign Universities are also given, but a decision

was made not to try to include them in the mailing lists. A total of thirty­
list.

eight corrections were received and were incorporated into the original

What follows is a
general "ceramics interest" list which represents an

undated source of ceramics industry and research information users. A

total of 390 entries follow:

 267

SURVEY MAILING LIST

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manager

Adolf Meller Co. Arous Enoineerino Comnany

P.O. Box 6001

P.O. Box 246-T

Providence, RI 02904 Hoewell, NJ 08525

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manager

Airco Speer Carton Products Associated Ceramics and

800 Theresia St. Technolocy Inc.

St. Marys, PA 15857 4000 N. Pike Rd.

Sarver, PA ]6055

Ceramics Manager

Alberox Corp. Ceramics Manaqer

Industrial Park Astro Met Associates

New Bedford, MA 02745 95 Barron Dr.

Cincinnati, OH A5215
Ceramics Manager

America Lava Corp. Ceramics Manaaer

Manufacturers Rd.
Athboro Precision Enineerina Cnrn

Chattanooga, TN 37405 Hall Rd.

Ceramics Manaqer
Sturbridae, MA 01566

American Optical Corp. Ceramics Mananer

Mechanic St. Atlantic EouiDment Engineers

Southbridge, MA 01550 181 Reid Ave.

Ceramics Manager Bercenfield, NJ 07621

American Saint Gobain Corp. Ceramics Manager

Box 929 Atorneraic Chemicals Co.

-Kingsport, TN 37660 58 Mineola Ave.

Ceramics Manager Carle Place, NY 11514

America Viscose Ceramics Manaaer

1617 J.F. Kennedy Blvd. Avco CorD.

Philadelphia PA 19103 Lowell Industrial Park

Lowell, MA n!p 51
Ceramics Manaer

Aremco Products, Inc. Ceramics Manaoer

Dept. TS - Babcock and ilcox Co.

P.O. Box 145 Old Savannah Rd. -

Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510 Auqusta, CA 30903
Ceramics Mananer
Ceramics Panac'er

Amersil Inc.
Basic Ceramics Inc.

685 Ramsey Ave. 221 Seventh Ave.

Hillside, N3 07205 Hawthorne, NJ 07507

 268

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manager -

Basic Inc. Ceramic Fabricators, Inc.
Hanna Bld. 14-18 Sindle Ave.
Cleveland, OH 44115 Little Falls, NJ 07424

Ceramics Manaaer Ceramics Manager

Bausch and Lomb Inc. Ceramics International Div. of
98469 Bausch St. Fansteel Inc.
Rochester, NY 14602 39 Siding Pl.
Mahwah, NJ 07A30
Ceramics Mananer
Berylares Co. Ceramics Manager
10000 Alkire St. Ceramco Inc. Chemists
Arvaca, CO 80002 171 Ridge St.
Newark, NJ 07104
Ceramics Manager
Beckwith Carton Corp. Ceramics Manager
16140 Raymer St. Ceramic Coatinas Inc.
Van Nuys, CA 91406 1719 Roy St.
Houston, TX 77007
Ceramics Manage
Bjorksten Research Labs, Inc. Ceramics Manacer
P.O. Box 265 Ceramic Finishina Co.
Madison, WI 53701 P.O. Box 49P
State College, PA 16801
Ceramics Manager
Carborundum Co. Ceramics Manaaer
P.O. Box 337 Ceramic Nannetics Inc.
Niagara Falls, NY 14302 87-T Fairfield Rd.
Fairfield, NJ 07006
Ceramics Manager
Carmet CC. Ceramics Manaaer
8322 Standustrial St. Chas. Pfizer
Stanton, CA 80680 235 E. 42nd St.
New York. NY 10017
Ceramics Manager
Cerac Inc. Ceramics Manacer
P.O. Box 597 Chamnion Snark Plug Co.
Butler, WI 53007 Ceramic Div.
20000 Conner Ave.
Ceramics Manager Detroit, MI 48231
Centralae Inc.
5757 N. Green Bay Ave. Ceramics Manacer
Milwarkee, WI 53201 Chemtree Corn.
Chemtree Park
Ceramics Manager Central Valley, NY 10q17
Ceram Corp.
5345-G Timken Sq. Ceramics Manaqer
La Mesa, CA 9204l Cleveland Hard Facinn Inc.
3049 Stilson Ave.
Cleveland, OH 4A105
 269

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manaoer

0 MMfq. and Machine Co., Inc. P.M. Steward "fo. Co.
101 Dewey St. Box 510
Bloomfield, NO 07003 Chattanooga, TN 37&01
Ceramics Manaqer Ceramics Manaqer
Coatings for Industry Inc. Dow Cornina Corp.
P.O.Rox 4316-T So. Saainaw Rd.
Philadelphia, PA 19118 [idland, MI 48640

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manaqer

Commonwealth Scientific Corp. DL-CC Ceramics Co.
500 Pendleton St. Saxonburg, PA 16056
Alexandria, VA 22314
Ceramics Manager
Ceramics Manager Ducommon Inc.
Consolidated Ceramics and 11120 S. Norwalk Blvd.
Metalizirg Corp. Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670
Molasses Hill Rd. Rt. I
Lebanon, NJ 08833 Ceramics Manager
Douglas Corporation
Ceramics Manager P.O. Box K-T
Consolidated Ceramics' and Metalizing lekonsha, MI 49092
Corp.
P.O. Box 352 Ceramics Manaqer
Flemington. NJ 08822 Duramic Products Inc.
426 Commercial Ave.
Ceramics Manaoer Palisades Park, NJ 07650
Coors Porcelain Co.
600 Ninth St. Ceramics Manaaer
Golden, CO 8001 Electrical Pefractories. Co.
East Clark St.
Ceramics Manaqer East. Palestine, OH A4A13
Corning Glass Works
Corninq, NY 14830 Ceramics Manaqer
Electrical Soecialty Co.
Ceramics Manaqer 213 E. Harris Ave.
Davison Chemical S. San Francisco, CA 94080
4000 N. Hawthorne St.
Chattanooga, TN 37406 Ceramics Manacer
Electro-Ceramics Inc.
Ceramics Manager 2615 S. 2nd St. 14.
Dequssa Inc. Salt Lake City, UT 84404
2 Penn Plaza
New York, MY 10001 Ceramics Manaqer
Electro Ceramic industries
Ceramics Manager 77 Kennedy St.
Diamonite Products Mfg. Hackensack, NO 076nl1
Chr"Pvp AP APAV7
 270

Ceramics Manager Ceramics imanaper

Electronic Space Products Inc. Paie Madden Co.

854 S. Robertson Blvd. 193 Belleville Ave.

Los Angeles, CA 90035 Belleville, NJ 07109

Ceramics Manacer Ceramics Manager

Electro Materials.Corp. of Pars Mfg. Co.

America 101 S. Main St.

605 Center Ave. Ambler, PA 19fn02

Mamaroneck, NY 10543

Ceramics Vanaqer

Ceramics Manager Pekay industries Inc.

Electro Refractories and Abrasives 76-T Woolsey St.

Division of Ferro Corporation Irvinoton, NJ 07111

213 Vars Bldg.

Buffalo, NY 14202 Ceramics Manacer

Pfaudler Co.

Ceramics Manager P.O. Box 1600

Electro-Thermo Ceramics Inc. Rochester, NY 1A603

Rt. 1, Box 198

Enumolaw, WA 98022 Ceramics Manaqer

Plessey Ceramic Div.

Ceramics Manager 8th and Harrison Sts.

Engelhard Min. and Chem. Corp. Frenchtown, NJ 08825

Essex Tpke. Menlo Park

Edison, NJ 08817 Ceramics Manager

Polvsciences Inc.

Ceramics Manauer Paul Valley Industrial Park

Engineered Ceramics Warrington, PA 18976

P 0. Box 1

Gilberts, IL 60136 Ceramics Manaier

PPG Industries Inc.

Ceramics Manager One Gateway Center

Ferro Corn. Pittsburoh, PA 15222

344 Delaware Ave.

Buffalo, NY 14202 Ceramics Manaoer

Pure Carbon Co.

-Ceramics Manager Hall Ave.

Ferronics Incorporated St. Marys, PA 15857

70 N. Main St.

Fairport, NY 14450 Ceramics Panaaer

GCI Corporation

Ceramics Manager P.O. Box fO6-T

Ownens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. Farmingdale, NJ n7727

P.O. Box 901

Toledo, OM p3601 Ceramics Manacer

General Electric Co.

Ceramics Manager TCEE Dept.

Owens-Illi ois Inc. Schenectady, NY 12305

P.O. Box 1035

Toledo, OH 43601

 271

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Menaqer

Glass Beads Co., insacc Incornorated

Glass Beads Bldc. Box 422-T

Latrobe, PA 15650 Quakertown, PA 18951

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manacer

Great Lakes Carbon Corp. Isolantite Mfo. Corp.
229 Park Ave. 335-3d1 Warren Ave.
New York, MY 10017 Stirling, NO 0798n
Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manager

Griffith Polymers Inc. Insen Ceramics an Alco Standard

2311 N.. 21st P1. Corporate Partner

Portland, OR 97-210 330 John St.

Pecatonica, IL 61063

Ceramics Manager

Hawley Products Co. Ceramics Manaoer

333 N. 6th St. Ipsen Industries "

St. Charles, IL 60174 100 Isen Rd.

Cherry Valley, IL 61016

Ceramics Manacer

Hayden Mica Co. Ceramics Manaqer

P.O. Box C T.S. Stoneware Inc.

Wilmington, MA 01887 P.O. Box 350

Akron, OH 44309

Ceramics Manager

Heany Ind. Inc. Ceramics Manager

P.O. Box 38 Kaiser Refractories

Scottsville, NY 145A6 1083 Kaiser Center

Oakland, CA 9&612

Ceramics Manager

Hitco. Ceramics Manaaer

1600 W. 135th St. Kaufman Glass Co.

Gardena, CA 90249 P.O. Box 172Q

kilminoton, DE 19899

Ceramics Manager

Honeywell Inc. Ceramics Depi Ceramics Manager

1885 Doualas Dr. Kawecki Berylco Industries Inc.

Minneapolis, MM 55422 220 E. 42nd St.

New York, NY 10017

Ceramics Manager

Howell Manufacturing Inc. Ceramics Manaqer

263-C Myrtle Ave. KooD Glass Inc.

Boonton, NJ 07005 P.O. Box 8255

Pittsburoh, PA 1521F

Ceramics Manager

Industrial Mica Ceramics Manacer

223 S. Van Brunt St. Krera Corn. of America

Englewood, NJ 07631 136 E. Alondra Blvd.

Gardena, CA 90343

 272

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Pananer

Lava Crucible-Ref. Co. Maryland Ceramic and Steatite Co.

10d5 Oliver Bldg. Mill Green Rd.

Pittsburgh, PA 15222 Bel Air, MO 2101B

Ceramics Manaqer Ceramics Manaaer

Leoo Cornoration Maryland Lava Company

3000 Lakeview Ave. Darlinaton and Dening Rds.

St. Joseph, MI 49085 Bel Air, MD 21014

Ceramics Manaaer Ceramics Manaqer

Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. Materials for Industry Inc.

811 Madison Ave. P.O. Box ?On

Toledo, OH 43624 Ambler, PA 19002

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manager

Liberty Mirror McDaniel Refractory Porcelain Co

851 Third Ave. 510 9th Ave.

Brackenridqe, PA 15014 Beaver Falls. PA 15010

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manager

Magnetic Specialties In( Metallized Carbon Co.

1834 S.E. 50th Ave. 19 S. Water St.

Portland, OR 97222 Ossinino, NY 10562

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manaqer

Magno Ceram Co. Materials Research Corp.

2612 S. Clinton Ave. Route 30.

South Plainfield, NJ 07080 Orangeburo, NY 10962

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manaoer

Mansol Ceramics Co. M and T Chemicals Inc.

1AO Little St. Subsidiary of American Can Co.

Belleville, NJ 07109 Rahway, NJ 07065

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manaaer

Marguardt Corp. M and T Mfn. Co.

16555 Satiooy St. P.O: Pox 9099

Van Nuys, CA q1406 Grand Rapids, MI 48509

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manager

Martin Marietta Corp. Metal Construction Services Corp.

Orlando Division P.O- Box 309

P.O. Box 5837 Kensington, MD 20795

Orlando, FL 32805

Ceramics Manaaer

Ceramics Manager Met-Bay Inc.

Materials for Electronics Cori. P.O. Box 610

149-32 132nd St. Bay City,'MI 48706

Jamaica, NY 11420

 273

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manacier

Mica Fabricating Co. Niemand Bros. Inc.

53 Central Ave. 45-10 94th St.

Rochelle Park, NJ 07662 Elmhursz, NY 11373

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manager

Micacraft Prod. Inc. Norton Co.

49 Liberty St. 1 New Bond St.

Newark, NJ 07102 Worcester, MA 01606

Ceramics Manaqer Ceramics Manager

Mitronics Products Nuclear Materials Eouioment CorD.

P.O. Box 196-T 609 Warren Ave.

Gillette, NJ 07933 Apollo, PA 15613

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manaqer

3M Co. Chic Carbon Co.

3M Center 12508 Berea Rd.

St. Paul, MN 55101 .Cleveland, OH 44111

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manager

Monsanto Fiberglas Canada Ltd.

800 North Lindbergh Blvd. A8 St. Clair Ave. W.
St. Louis, MO 63166 Toronto, ONT.
Ceramics Manager Cerarmics Manacer

Mycalex Corp. of America Fiber Glass Industries Inc.

125 Clifton Blvd. Homestead P1.

Clifton, NJ 07015 Amsterdam, NY 12010

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manaaer

NARMCO .Fiber Materials Inc.

600 Victoria St. Broadway and Main St.

Costa Nesa, CA 92627 Graniteville, MA 01P29

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manaaer

National Beryilia Corp. Filtros Plant Electro Refractories

Greenwood Ave. and Abrasives Div. of Ferro CorD.

Haskell, NJ 07420 9 McDonald Park

East Pochester, NV IA45

Ceramics Manager

National Lead Co. - Ceramics Manaaer

111 Boardway Fluid Process Systems Owens-Illinois I

New York, NY 10006 P.O. Box I7

Ceramics Manager Vineland, NJ 083A0

New Jersey Porcelain Co.. Inc. Ceramics HanaQer

100 Plum St. Frenchtown/CF! Inc.

Trenton, NJ 08638 8th and Harrison Sts.

Frenchtown, NJ 08S25

 274

Ceramics Manaoer Ceramics Mananer

Franklin Mineral Products Co. Shenanoo Pefractories Div. of

P.O. Box 0 Interoace Coro.

Wilminqton, MA 01887 Glass and Grant Sts.

New Castle, PA 16101

Ceramics Manaoer
General Electric Co. Ceramics ManaGer
Insulatina aterials Dept. Snace Poe Materials
1 Campbell Rd. 235 E. A2nd St.
Schenectady, NY 12306 New York, NY 10017
Ceramics Marager Ceramics Panauer

P.O. Box 237 Semimetals Inc.

Detroit, MI 48232 172 Spruce St.
Wlestbury, NY 11591
Ceramics Manager
Glassrock Products Inc. Findlay Ceramics Manaoer
Refractories Div. Sintercast

P.O. Box 93407-T Martech Station 169 West Hichway

Atlanta, GA 30318 West Nyack, NY 10994

Ceramics Manaaer Ceramics Manaoer

General Electric Co. Southern Porcelain Inc.

24400 Highland Rd. 506 Clay St.

Richmond Heights, OH 441f Marietta, GA 30060

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manager

Raytheon Co. Specialty Glass Products Inc.

28 Seyon St. 143 Terwood Rd.

Waltham, MA 02154 Willow Grove, PA 19090

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manacer

REA Maqnet Wire Co. Inc. Star Porcelain Co.

Dept. KT66 23 Muirhead Ave.

Fort Wayne, IN 16801 Trenton. NJ 08638

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manacer

R and W Products Inc. Stackoole Carbon Co.

515-77 Price Ave Stacknole St.

Redwood City, CA 94063 St. Marys, PA 25857

Ceramics Manaqer Ceramics anaaer

St. Marys Carbon Co. Suerior Graohite Co.

State St. 20 N. Wacker Dr.

St. Marys, PA 15857 Chicaao, IL 60606

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Vanaer

Serme Tel Div. Teleflex Inc. Sunerich Steatite and Ceramics Corn

P.O. Box 187 83-ql W. Forest Ave.

N Wales, PA 19454 Enqlewood, NJ 07631
 275

Ceramics Manaaer Ceramics f0anaqer

Technical Ceramics and Lava Cori United Products Comoany

P.O. Box 676-T Ray Place 55 S. Denton Ave.

Fairfield, NJ 07006 New Hyde Park, NY 11040

Ceramics 'Manacer Ceramics Manaqer

Thermal Amer. Fused Ouartz Co. United States Graohite

Rt. 202 and Chanae Bridge Rd. 1621 Holland Ave.

Montville, NJ 07045 Saainaw, MI 48607

Ceramics Manager Ceramics Manaeer

Thermal Corporation Wisconsin Porcelain Co.

Indian Creek and Blake Bottom Rd Main and Lincoln Sts;

P-0. Box 5327 Sun Prairie, 141 53590

Huntsville, AL 35804

Ceramics manacer

Ceramics Manaaer Zirconium Corn. of America

Thermetrics A Division of Exotic P.O. Box 39217

Materials Inc. Solon,,OH M139

2968 Randolph Ave.

Costa Mesa, CA 92626 Ceramics Manacer

Zircoa Div-. of Corhart Refractories Co

Ceramics Manager P.O. Box 39217

Ultraform Pyrocircuits Div. Solon, OH 44139

Microtron Inc.

Toms Point Rd. Mr. Samuel J. Acouaviva

Port Washincton, NY 11050 Army Materials and Mechanics-

Research Center
Ceramics Manager Watertown, MA 02172
Tyco Lab. Inc.
Bear Hill Mr. Jon J. Aho

Waltham, MA 02154 Bausch and Lomb

635 St.-Paul St.

Ceramics Manager Rochester, NY 14'02

Ultra Carbon Corp.

P.O. Box 747 Mr. f;uy H. Allqever -

Bay City, MI 48706 Owens-Illinois
1700 North Westwood
Ceramics Manager Toledo,.OH A3607
Unicast Development Corp.

345 Tompkin Ave. Mr.'Jan Apoelo

Pleasantville, NY 10570 D.P. Stewart Manufacturino Co.

P.O. Box 510

Ceramics Manager Chattanooqa, TM 37711

Union Carbide Coro.

1020 'A.Park Ave. Mr. F. Gray Auoeri

Kokomo, IN 46901 MIT/Draner Lab

275 Massachusetts Ave.

Ceramics Manaqer Cambridge, MA 02139

Union Carbide Corp.

271 Park Ave.

New York, NY 10017

 276

Mr. Frank P. Bailey Mr. R. E. Bickelhaupt

Chemical Research Laboratories

Southern Research Institute -

C.S.I.R.C.
2nfn Ninth Avenue South

P.O. Box d331 Birnincham, AL 35205

Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Mr. Joe Blaze

Mr. Jimmy D. Bailey McDaniel Refractory Porcelain Co.

American Lava Corporation 510 Ninth Ave.

Laurens, SC 29360
P.O. Box 560

Beaver Falls, PA 15010

Mr. Spencer P. Baker

Norton Comnany
Mr. Sherman D. Brown
New Bond St.
University of Illinois

Worcester, MA 01606
Dent. of Ceramic Engineerina

Oreana, 1L 61P01

Can-Tex Industries

Divigion of Harsco Corporation Mr. James P. Brazel

P.O. Box 254

GE/RESD PMU7l32 VF/STC

Weatherford, TX 76086
Pox 7722

Mr. Y. Baskin
Philadelphia, PA 19101

Ferro Corporation
Mr. W4. R. Brown

Technical Center
Corninc[ Glass Works

4150 East 56th St.

Fluidic Products Department

Cleveland, OH 44105
Corning, NY 1Af30

Mr. C. H. Bates
Mr. 0. J. Cameron

Bell Aerospace Company

Atomic Enermy of Canada Ltd.

P.O. Box 1
Whiteshell Nuclear Research

Buffalo, NY 14240
Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada

Mr. F. F. Becher
Mr. William B. Campbell

Naval Research Laboratory

The Ohio State University

Code 6136
2041 North Colleoe Road

Mr. Richard Behrens Columbus, OH 43PI0

Washington, DC
20390

Dr. J. L. Pentecost
Mr. John J. Canellman

PPG Industries

School of Ceramic Engineering Creighton, PA 15030

Georgia Institute of Technolor

Atlanta, GA 30332
Mr. David W. Chalkley

Trans Tech Inc.

Mr. L. Berrin
12 Meem Avenue

Bell Telephone Laboratories Gaithersburo, MD 20760

555 Union Boulevard

Allentown, PA 18103
Mr. Donald G. Cooner

Avco Bay State Abrasives Division

Mr. C. Bersch
Union St.

Naval Air Systems Command Nestboro, MA n1!58]

Jefferson-Plaza Room 1000

Arlington, VA 22901

 277

Mr. L. V. Colwell Mr. Sam Divita

University of Michiqan U.S. Army Electronics Command

2046 East Engineering Bldg. AMSEL-KL-EC

Ann Arbor, MI 48104 Port Monmouth. NJ -07703

Mr. Wade Cooper Mr. Louis P. Dominques

McDaniel Refractory Porcelain Co. Trans-Tech Inc.

510 Ninth Ave. 12 Meem Avenue

P.O. Box 560 Gaithersburg, MD 20760

Beaver Falls, PA 15010

Mr. David J. Donovan

Mr. Kristofer T. Dahl Data Maqnetics

2nd Lt. USAF 355 Maple Avenue

SMANA (MAGGLC) Torrance, CA 9n503

McClellan Air Force Base

CA 95650 Mr. S. Doroff

Office of Naval Research

Mr. Gleason Danford Washinaton, DC 20207

ASD/ENADE AREA B Bldg. 125

Wright-Patterson AFB, OH -5433 Mr. James W. Douclass

Perkin Elmer

Jr. A. C. Daniels Norwalk, CT 06553

Air Force Machineability

Data Center Mr. Bruce W. Dunninqton

3980 Rosslyn Dr. The Glennel Corporation

Cincinnati, OH 45209 90 Chickadee Lane

West Chester, PA 193R0

Mr. William H. Daniels

Westinghouse Research Lab Mr. Richard A. Edsall

Beulah Road Tran-Tech. Inc.

Pittsburgh, PA 15235 12 Meem-Avenue

Gaithersburq, iD 20760

Mr. N. S. Demster

Embassy of Australia Mr. Shane A. Ellis

1601 Massachusetts Ave. N.H. Ferroxcuee Corporation

Washington, DC 20036 Sauqerties, NY 12477

Mr. James A. Dickinson Mr. J. K. Emery

PITCO Accumet Enaineerinq Coro.

1600 West 135th St. 25 Rraod St.

Gardena, CA 90249 Hudson, MA 01749

Yr. Frank V. Dimarcello Mr. Fred Ernsberoer

Bell Laboratories Inc. PPG industries

Mountain Ave. Box 11472

Murray Hill- NO 07974 Pittsburqh, PA 15233

Mr. A. M. Diness Mr. James W_ Evans

Office of Naval Research Cornino Glass Works

Martin Marrietta Aerosnace Process Research-Sullivan Park

P.O. Box 5837 Cornina NY 14F?0

Orlando, FL 32805

 - 278

Dr. J. C. Everhart Dr. A. L. Friedbera

Dept. of Ceramic Engineering Dent. of Ceramic Engineering

The Ohio State University University of Illinois

Columbus, OH 43210 Urbana, IL 63101

Mr. Georqe F. Everitt Mr. Peter J. Geilisse

3M CO. University of Rhode Island

3M Center Kinoston, RI 02881

St. Paul, MN 55101

Mr. Bernard A. Greene

Mr. George Eerly friffir Pine Products Co.

D.N. Stewart Manufacturing Co. Milledgeville, GA 31061

P.O. Box 510

Chattanooqa, TN 37401 Mr. J. A. Graves

Martin Marietta Aerospace

Mr. lain Finnie P.O. Box 5837 M.P. 150

University of California Orlando, FL 32805

Berkeley, CA 94720

NMr. Victor A. Greene

Mr. Ross Firestone Automated Business Systems

Case Western Reserve Universit3 550 Central Ave.

White Building Orange, flJ 07051

University Circle

Cleveland, OH 4118 Mr. Irwin G. Greenfield

Mechanical and Aerospace Enor. Dept.

Mr. P. L. Fleischner Newark, DE 19711

National Beryllia

Haskell, NJ 07420 Mr. William Greenfield

Cornina Glass Forks

Mr. Kenneth Foulke Fluidic Products Deoartment

Naval Air Development Center Corning, NY 1430

Warminster, PA 13974

Mr. A. J. Gitter

Mr. R. K. Frazer Enaineered Materials Division

Applied Physics Lab Hi-Purity Materials Inc.

John Hopkins University Box 363 Church St. Station

Scagqsville, MD 20910 New York, My 10008

Dr. W. G. D. Frederick Mr. Willaim F. Gilbert, Jr.

AF Materials Laboratory Bell Telenhone Laboratories Inc

Attn: AFML/LPH 556 Union Boulevard

Wright Patterson AFB, OH A543: Allentown, PA 18103

Mr. Nicholas Friedman Mr. William R. Griffin

Duramic Products Inc. Raytheon Company

426 Commercial Avenue 130 Second Ave.

Palisades Park, NJ 07650 Waltham, MA 02154

Mr. Frank S. Gardner Mr. Nelson'Grimm

Office of Naval Research General Electric Comoanv

495 Summer Street 24400 Hiahland Rd.

Boston, MA 02210 Richmond Heights, OH A4143

 279

Pr: William E. Gurwell Mr. Terrence P. Hobin

Easton Yale and Towne Inc. British Embassy

26201 Northwestern Highway 3100 VassachUsetts Ave.

Southfield, MI 48075 Washinoton, DC 2n008

Dr. W. C. Hackler Mr. R. J. Hookey

Dept. of Metals and Cer. Eno. National Bureau o Standards

Virginia Polytechnic Institute Room A359 Ruildino 223

Blacksburg, VA 24061 Washinnton, DC 2023d

Mr. Robert S. Hahn Mr. M. 1W.Hoelscher

Heald Division-Cincinnati Milacron RCA Incorporated

New Bond Street New Holland Pike

Worcester, MA 01606 Lancaster, PA 1760A

Mr. David M. Haines Mr. E. Horowitz

INSACC Inc. Institute of Materials Research

P.O. Box 422 National Bureau of Standards

Quakertown, PA 18951 Fashinoton, DC 20234

Mr. Joe N. Harris Mr. J. W. Hunt

Georgia Institute of Technology Dunlate Canada Limited
Hiqh Temerature Materials Div. Ceramics Division
Atlanta, GA 30332 First Avenue
Cshawa; Ontario, Canada

Mr. Pat Hart

Battelle Northwest Mr. Robert 0. Howe

P.O. Box 999 Raytheon CC.

Richmond, VIA 99352 Missile System Div. Mail STCF H-78

Burlinqton, MA
Mr. D. P. H. Hasselman
Lehigh University Mr. Robert H. Insley
Bethlehem, PA 18015 Champion Spark Plun Company
20000 Conner Avenue

Mr. M. Henika Detroit, MI A823A

Carbon Products Div./Union Carbide

270 Park Ave. Mr. Viroil Trick, Jr.

New York, NY 10017 Ameridan Lava Cornoration

Mr. Howard Herzig Cherokee Boulevard

Chattanoo1a, TN 37405

NASA

Goduard Space Flight Center Mr. Lonnie F. Ivev

Codes 284.1 American Standard

Greenbelt, MD 20771 P.O. Box A

Paintsvil'e, KY A1240

Mr. A. H. H1eler

Case Western Reserve University Pr. R. Jackel

Cleveland, OH 44106 Office of Naval Research

.. 5hinnton, DC 2o2n7
 280

Mr. Paul J. Jorgensen Mr. Don A. Kubose

Stanford Research Institute Naval Ordnance Laboratory

333 Ravenswood Ave. White Oak, MD

Menlo Park, CA 9A025

Mr. E. A. Kuhlman

Mr. Paul G. Juenemann McDonnell Doualas Astronautics Cc

Trans-Tech inc. Box 516

12 Meem Ave. St. Louis, MO 63166

Gaithersbura, MD 20760

Mr. Richard Lane

Mr. Edward Keng Hamco

Georgia Tech. E.E.S. 2n00 Millstead Way

Atlanta, GA 30332 Rochester, NY 1A624

Mr. Erwin E. Kiofer Mr. Fred F. Lange

Pfaudler Company Westinghouse R and 0

1000 West Avenue Churchill Boro

Rochester, NY 11603 Pittsburgh, PA 15235

Dr. W. D. Kingery Mr. D. 1. Lee

Dept. of Met. and Mat. Sci. Arther D. Little, INC.

Mass. Institute of Technology Acorn Park

Cambridge. MA 02130 Cambridge, NA 02140

Mr. Henry P. Kirchner Mr. Henry C. Leistner

Ceramic Finishing Company National'Bureau of Standards

Post Office Box 498 325 South Broadway

State College, PA 16801 Boulder, CO 80302

Dr. W. J. Knapp Mr. James D. Lester

Dent. of Engineering U.S. Army Frankford Arsenal

University of Call at Los Angeles Philadelphia, PA 19137

Los Angeles, CA 90024

Mr. Kenneth N. Letson

Mr. B. G. Loefke Commanding General

Honeywell Corporate Research L.S. Army Missle Command

500 Washinnton Ave. S. AMSMI-RLP Attn. K. N. Letson

Hopkin, MN 55343 Redstone Arsenal, AL 35809

Mr. J. Koorneef Mr. F. 14.Levv

Philios Research Labs Physics Department

Bindhoven, Netherlands Brookhaven National Laboratory

Upton, NY 11973

Mr. Paul L. Kuzmick, Jr.

Paul L. Kuzmick Company Mr. Jack Liker

271 Grove Avenue Basic Ceramics inc.

Verona, NJ 07044 211 7th Avenue

Hawthorne, NJ 075n7

Mr. William Kovacs

Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.

Whiteshell Nuclear Research

Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada

 281

Dr. Ruey Y. Lin

Or. Joseph Martis

The Carborundum Company Metailuroy Product Department

Buffalo Avenue General Electric Co.

Niagara falls, NY 14302 11177E . Eight Mile Rd.

Mr. Alan Little

Detroit, MI J8932

Duniate Canada, Ltd.

Mr. John Matsko

50 St. Clair Avenue West Division 5332

Totonto, Ontario, Canada

Sandia Laboratories

Mr. W. C. Lo 'Alburqueraue, NM 87115

Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc Mr. Georoe Mayer

555 Union Boulevard

U.S. Army Research Office

Allentown, PA 18103
Box CM Duke Station

Mr. William D. Long

- Durham, NC 27706

Kaman Sciences
Mr. Howard L. McCollister

1700 Garden of the Gods Road

Owens-Illinois Inc.

Colorado Sorings, CO 80907 1700 North Westwood

Mr. Evan C. Luce

Toledo, OH 13607

Norton Company
Mr. J. F. McMahon

1 New Bond Street 13 Sayles Street

Worcester, MA 01606
Alfred, NY 1802

Dr. C. R. Manning Mr. 'William McDonouah

Dept. of Materials Engineering Naval Research Laboratory

North Carolina State University Washinaton, DC 20390

Raleiqh, NC 27807

Mr. Karl R. rcKinney

Mr. B. A. MacDonald
Naval Research Laboratory

Office of Naval .Research Washingzon, DC 2039n

Washinaton., DC 20207

Mr. I.Machlin Mr. H. A. McKinstry

Pennsylvania State Univer

Office of Naval Research !1 Engineerino Science W'

Washington, DC 20207
University Park, PA 1680,

Mr. Donald J. Maclntyre Mr. N. G. McLaren

Basic Ceramics Inc.

Dept. of Ceramics

Box 2090
Rutoers State University

Hendersonville, NC 28739
New Brunswick, NJ 08902

Mr. Frank Maqnanelli Mr. Keith E. Meade

Trans-Tech Inc,-
Sandia Laboratories

12 Meem Avenue
D. 504 Box 5800

Gaithersburq, MD 20760
Alburquerque, NMl

Mr. Alan Maietta

Or. Georce L. Metzger

Paul L. Kuzmick Co.

James H. Rhodes and Co.

271 Grove Avenue

1026 hest Jackson Boulevar

Verona, NJ
07044 Chicaao, IL 60607

 282

Mr. H. C. Miller Mr. Theodore Nussbaum

Super-Cut Inc. Burrouohs
3418 North Knox Bos 472
Chicago, IL 60641 Piscataway, NJ 09854

Dr. John 3. Miller Mr. Martin J. Chara

Sherwood Refractories attelle Memorial institute
16601 Euclid Ave. 505 King Avenue'
Cleveland, OH 44121 Columbus, OH 43201

Mr. Herbert R. Moeller Mr. Iilliam J. Otto

Union Carbide Corporation Ferroxcuee Corooration
P.O. Box 985 Mr. Ray Van Pamel
Union, NJ 07083 Arnold Enineerino
P.O. Box G
Mr. J. A. Mueller Marenqo, IL 60152
The Carborundum Company
P.O. Box 403 Or. Hayne Palmour, III
Niagara Falls,NY 14302 N.C. State University
Deot. of Enqineering Research
Dr. J. L. Mueller Raleigh, NC 27607
Ceramic Enqineerin Division
Dent. of Mining Metallurgical and Mr. W.14 H. Parker
Ceramics Engineerinq Kaiser Refractories
University of Washington Post Office'Box 879
Seattle, WA 98105 Pleasanton, CA 94566

fir. 14. K. Murthy Mr. Edwin A. Pascoe

Ontario Research Foundation General Electric Company
Sheridan Park 6325 Huntley
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Mr. Donald R. Ness Mr. Damon S. Paullev

Western Gold and Platinum-Co Coors Porcelain Company
555 Harbor Boulevard Fon 9th Streit
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Mr. M. J. Noone Mr. Robert A. Penty

General Electric Company Fiber Materials Inc.
Space Sciences Laboratory Biddeford, ME OOn5 -
Room M-9126
P.O. Box 8555 r.-D. J. Perolyn
Philadelphia, PA 19101 N.V. Philips
Bindhoven, Netherlands
Mr. Dean E. Norris
Motorola Inc. Mr: H. A. Perry
8201E. McDowell Rd. Naval Ordnance Laboratory
Scottscale, AZ 85257 Code 2301.
Silver Sorinc, MD 2091n
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Mr. Raymond Fietras Mr. Kenneth S. Rolley

Howmet Corporation Hamco Division Dayex Corp.

Roy Street 1000 Millstead W1ay

Dover, New Jersey 07801 Rochester, NY 14624

Mr. J. T. A. Pollock Mr. George W. Roust

TYCC Laboratories, Inc. Lawrence Radiation Laboratory

16 Hickory Drive P. 0. Box 808

Waltham, MA 02154 Livermore, CA 94551

Mr. Kenneth Prince Mr. Arthur T. Sales

'Norton Company GA. Tech. EES/HTMD

1 New Bond Street GA. Institute of Tech.

Worcester, MA 01606 Atlanta, GA 30332

Mr. W. G. Rauch Mr. George F. Schmitt

Office of Naval Research Air Force Materials Laboratory/MBE

Washington, DC 20207 AFML/MBE

Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433

Mr. Robert F. Rea

Champion Spark Plug Compan Mr. A. W. Searcy

20000 Conner Avenue Dept. of Materials Science and

Detroit, MI 48234 . Engineering

University of Calif. at Berkeley

Mr. John P. Reed Berkeley, CA 94720

Lamp Glass Dept.

General Electric Co. Mr. W. A. Schmidt

24400 Highland Road Naval Research Laboratory

Cleveland, OH 44143 Code 5210

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Hr. William H. Rhodes Washington, DC 20390

AVCO Corporation

Lowell Industrial Park Mr. George F. Schmitt, Jr.

Lowell, MA 01851 Air Force Materials Lab/MBE

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Mr. R. Rice Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433

Naval Research Laboratory

Code 6136 Mr. Arthur H.'Schaufelberger

Washington, DC 20390 Sperry Microwave Electronics

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Material Sciences Department

Ceramic Science Section Mr. S. J. Schneider

The Pennsylvania State University B214 Materials Building

University Park, PA 16802 National Bureau of Standards

Dr* G. C. Robinson
Washington, DC 20234

Dept. of Ceramics Engineering Mr. Rudolf Seclacek

Clemson University Stanford Research Institute

Clemson, SC 29631 333 Ravenswood Avenue

Menlo Park, CA 94025

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.-Mr. D. J. Shanefield Mr. Leonard I. Smith

Western Electric Company Norton Company

Post Office Box 900 1 New Bond Street

Princeton, NJ 08540 Worcester, MS 01606

Mr. Earl P. Shapland Mr. George H. Spragle, Jr. MP434

FLO-CON Systems, Inc. Martin Marietta Orlando

P. 0. Box 355 P. O.Box 5837

Fisher, IL 61843 Orlando, FL 32806

Mr. Lawrence Sharper Mr. Craig Sparling

Frankford Arsenal Rockwell International-B-1 Div.

Philadelphia, PA 19137 Los Angeles International Airport

Mr. H. Shapiro
Los Angeles, CA 90009

Duramic Products Inc. Dr. Joseph Stanislac

426 Commercial Avenue Department Chemical Engineering'

Palisades Park, NJ 07650 University of Rhode Island

Kingston, RI 02881

Shelton

Mr. William A.
* National Lead Co. Dr. A. Sosin

4511 Hide Park Blvd. Division of Mat. Science and Eng.

Niagar Falls, NY 14305 College of Engineering

The University of Utah

Mr. Charles R. Sherman Salt Lake City, UT 84112

The Babcock and Wilcox Comapny

Lynchburg, VA 24505 Mr. John M. Stanley

Griffin Pipe Products Co.

Mr. J. D. Shipley Orchard Hill Road

MP-136 Milledgeville, GA 31501

Martin Marietta Aerospace

P. 0. Box 5837 Mr. H. Stuart Starrett

Orlando, FL 32805 Southern Research Institute

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*Mr. C. R. Shuff Birmingham, AL 35205

American Standard Inc.

P. O.Box A Mr. H. Nathan Stone

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Los Alamos Scientific Lab Mr. R. C. Sundahi

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Dow Chemical Company

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Applied Physics Laboratory James P. Rhodes and Company

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 285

Mr. George R. Thompson Dr. A. G. Wehr

Commonwealth Scientific Corp. Dept. of .aterials Engineering

500 Pendleton Street Mississippi State University

Alexandria, VA 22314 State College, MS 39762

Dr. R. A. Tanzilli Mr. Earle A. Welsh

GE/RESD. Rim U7032 VF/SIC Martin Marietta Aerospace

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American Optical Corporation international Business Machines

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Division of Engineering

and Science Mr. Warren 1. West

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New York State University Eastern Laboratory

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General Electric Company Mr. Rodgers Westlake

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Naval Research Laboratory

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Mr. E. W. White -

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Westinghouse

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Dept. of Ceramics Engineering

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Silver Spring, MD 20910 Mr. Sheldon Wiederhorn
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National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

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-Mr. James.C. Williams

C-E Refractories-

Valley Forge; PA 19481

Mr. Vladimir E. Wolkodoff

Coors Porcelain Company

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C-E Refractories

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University of Dayton Res. Institute

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