Week
4
Homework,
Section
2.2
Assigned
9/20/11
Section
2.2,
page
64
#
3,
4,
6,
8,
9,
11,
13
3.
Prove
(2),
|
y
–
x
|
≤
y
–
x
where
x,
y
∈
X,
a
normed
space.
Proof:
x
=
x
–
y
+
y
≤
x
–
y
+
y
.
y
=
y
–
x
+
x
≤
y
–
x
+
x
.
Thus,
|
x
–
y
|
≤
x
–
y
.
4.
(a)
Show
that
we
may
replace
(N2),
x
=
0
⇔
x
=
0,
by
x
=
0
⇒
x
=
0
without
altering
the
concept
of
a
norm.
(b)
Show
that
nonegativity
of
a
norm
also
follows
from
(N3)
and
(N4).
Proof:
(a)
If
x
=
Θ,
then
x
=
0x.
So
then
x
=
0x
=
|0|
x
=
0,
hence
x
=
Θ
⇒
x
=
0.
Thus
the
reverse
implication
of
(N2)
follows
from
(N3).
(b)
0
=
x
–
x
=
x
+
x
–
x
–
x
≤
x
+
x
+
x
–
x
=
2
x
⇒
0
≤
x
.
So
then
x
≥
0
follows
from
(N4).
6.
Let
X
be
the
vector
space
of
all
ordered
pairs
x
=
(ξ1,
ξ2),
y
=
(η1,
η2),
...
of
real
numbers.
Show
that
norms
of
X
are
defined
by
(a)
x1
=
|ξ1|
+
|ξ2|
(b)
x2
=
(ξ12
+
ξ22)1/2
(c)
x∞
=
max
{|ξ1|,
|ξ2|}
Proof:
(a)
(N1)
x1
=
|ξ1|
+
|ξ2|
≥
0
is
evident.
(N2)
|ξ1|
+
|ξ2|
=
0
⇒
|ξ1|
=
0
=
|ξ2|.
So
then
x
=
(0,
0)
=
Θ.
(N3)
Let
α
∈
K.
Then
αx1
=
|αξ1|
+
|αξ2|
=
|α||ξ1|
+
|α||ξ2|
=|α|(|ξ1|
+
|ξ2|
)
=
|α|x1.
(N4)
Let
x,
y
∈
X.
Then
x
+
y1
=
|ξ1
+
η1|
+
|ξ2
+
η2|
≤
|ξ1
|
+
|
ξ2|
+
|
η1
|+
|
η2|
=
x1
+
y1.
(b)
(N1)
x2
=
(ξ12
+
ξ22)1/2≥
0
is
evident.
(N2)
(ξ12
+
ξ22)1/2
=
0
⇒
ξ12
=
0
=
ξ22.
So
then
ξ1
=
0
=
ξ2,
hence
x
=
(0,
0)
=
Θ.
(N3)
Let
α
∈
K.
Then
αx2
=
((αξ1)2
+
(αξ2)2)1/2
=
(α2
(ξ12
+
ξ22))1/2
=
|α|(ξ12
+
ξ22)1/2
=
|α|x2.
(N4)
Let
x,
y
∈
X.
Then,
since
Minkowski
gives
us
that
1/ p 1/ p 1/ p
⎛ n p ⎞
⎛ n p ⎞
⎛ n p ⎞
⎜∑ x i + y i ⎟ ≤ ⎜∑ x i ⎟ + ⎜∑ y i ⎟ ,
then
for
p
=
2,
we
have
⎝ i=1 ⎠ ⎝ i=1 ⎠ ⎝ i=1 ⎠
x
+
y2
=
[(ξ1
+
η1)2
+
(ξ2+
η2)2]1/2
≤
(ξ12
+
ξ22)1/2
+
(η12
+
η22)1/2
=
x2
+
y2.
€ € €
Week
4
Homework,
Section
2.2
Assigned
9/20/11
6.
(c)
(N1)
x∞
=
max
{|ξ1|,
|ξ2|}
≥
0
is
evident.
(N2)
max
{|ξ1|,
|ξ2|}
=
0
⇒
|ξ1|
=
0
=
|ξ2|.
So
then
x
=
(0,
0)
=
Θ.
(N3)
Let
α
∈
K.
Then
αx∞
=
max
{|αξ1|,
|αξ2|}
=
max
{|α||ξ1|,
|α||ξ2|}
=
|α|x1.
(N4)
Let
x,
y
∈
X.
Then
x
+
y∞
=
max
{|ξ1
+
η1|,
|ξ2
+
η2|}
≤
max
{|ξ1|
+
|η1|,
|ξ2|
+
|η2|}
≤
max
{|ξ1|,
|ξ2|}
+
max{
|η1|,
|η2|}
=
x∞
+
y∞.
8.
There
are
several
norms
of
practical
importance
on
the
vector
space
of
ordered
n-‐tuples
of
number
(cf.
2.2-‐2)
notably
those
defined
by
(a)
x1
=
|ξ1|
+
|ξ2|
+
+
|ξn|
(b)
xp
=
(|ξ1|p
+
|ξ2|p
+
+
|ξn|p)1/p
(c)
x∞
=
max
{|ξ1|,
...,
|ξn|}.
In
each
case,
verify
that
(N1)
to
(N4)
are
satisfied.
Proof:
(a)
(N1)
x1
=
|ξ1|
+
|ξ2|
+
+
|ξn|
≥
0
is
evident.
(N2)
|ξ1|
+
|ξ2|
+
+
|ξn|
=
0
⇒
|ξ1|
=
|ξ2|
=
=
|ξn|
=
0.
So
then
x
=
(0,
0,
...,
0)
=
Θ.
(N3)
Let
α
∈
K.
Then
αx1
=
|αξ1|
+
|αξ2|
+
+
|αξn|
=
|α||ξ1|
+
|α||ξ2|
+
+
|α||ξn|
=
|α|(|ξ1|
+
|ξ2|
+
+
|ξn|)
=
|α|x1.
(N4)
Let
x,
y
∈
X.
Then
x
+
y1
=
|ξ1
+
η1|
+
|ξ2
+
η2|
+
+
|ξn+
ηn|
≤
|ξ1
|
+
|ξ2|
+
+
|ξn|
+
|η1|+
|η2|
+
+
|ηn|
=
x1
+
y1.
(b)
(N1)
xp
=
(|ξ1|
+
|ξ2|
+
+
|ξn|p)1/p
≥
0
is
evident.
p p
(N2)
(|ξ1|p
+
|ξ2|p
+
+
|ξn|p)1/p
=
0
⇒
ξ1p
=
ξ2p
=
=
ξnp
=
0
So
then
ξ1
=
ξ2
=
=
ξn
=
0,
hence
x
=
(0,
0,
...,
0)
=
Θ.
(N3)
Let
α
∈
K.
Then
αxp
=
(|αξ1|p
+
|αξ2|p
+
+
|αξn|p)1/p
=
(|αp||ξ1|p
+
|αp||ξ2|p
+
+
|αp||ξn|p)1/p
=
|α|(|ξ1|p
+
|ξ2|p
+
+
|ξn|p)1/p
=
|α|xp.
(N4)
Let
x,
y
∈
X.
Then,
using
Minkowski's
inequality,
we
have
⎛ n ⎞1/ p ⎛ n ⎞1/ p ⎛ n ⎞1/ p
x
+
yp
=
⎜∑ x i + y i p ⎟ ≤ ⎜∑ x i p ⎟ + ⎜∑ y i p ⎟ =
xp
+
yp.
⎝ i=1 ⎠ ⎝ i=1 ⎠ ⎝ i=1 ⎠
(c)
(N1)
x∞
=
max
{|ξ1|,
...,
|ξn|}
≥
0
is
evident.
(N2)
max
{|ξ1|,
...,
|ξn|}
=
0
⇒
|ξ1|
=
|ξ2|
=
...
=
|ξn|
=
0.
So
then
x
=
(0,
0,
...,
0)
=
Θ.
(N3)
€ Let
α
∈
K.
€
€
Then
αx∞
=
max
{|αξ1|,
|αξ2|,
...,
|αξn|}
=
max
{|α||ξ1|,
|α||ξ2|,
...,
|α||ξn|}
=
|α|x1.
(N4)
Let
x,
y
∈
X.
Then
x
+
y∞
=
max
{|ξ1
+
η1|,
|ξ2
+
η2|,
...,
|ξn
+
ηn|}
≤
max
{|ξ1|
+
|η1|,
|ξ2|
+
|η2|,
...,
|ξn|+
|ηn|}
≤
max
{|ξ1|,
|ξ2|,
...,
|ξn|}
+
max{
|η1|,
|η2|,
...,
|ηn|}
=
x∞
+
y∞.
Week
4
Homework,
Section
2.2
Assigned
9/20/11
9.
Verify
that
(5),
x
=
max x(t) ,
defines
a
norm.
t∈[a,b ]
Proof:
(N1)
x
=
max x(t)
≥
0
is
evident.
t∈[a,b ]
(N2)
max x(t)
=€
0
⇒
x(t)
=
0
for
all
t.
So
then
x
=
Θ.
t∈[a,b ]
(N3)
Let
α
∈
K.
Then
€ αx
=
|α|max|x(t)|
=
|α|x.
(N4)
Let
x,
y
∈
X.
Then
€
x
+
y1
=
|ξ1
+
η1|
+
|ξ2
+
η2|
≤
|ξ1
|
+
|
ξ2|
+
|
η1
|+
|
η2|
=
x1
+
y1.
11.
A
subset
A
of
a
vector
space
X
is
said
to
be
convex
if
x,
y
∈
A
implies
M
=
{z
∈
X
|
z
=
αx
+
(1
–
α)y,
0
≤
α
≤
1}
⊂
A.
M
is
called
a
closed
segment
with
boundary
points
x
and
y;
any
other
z
∈
M
is
called
an
interior
point
of
M.
Show
that
the
closed
unit
ball
B˜ (0;1)
=
{x
∈
X
|
x
≤
1}
in
a
normed
space
X
is
convex.
Proof:
Let
x,
y
∈
B˜ (0;1) .
Let
α
∈
[0,
1].
Let
z
=
αx
+
€
(1
–
α)y.
Then
z
–
Θ
=
αx
+
(1
–
α)y
–
Θ
=
αx
+
(1
–
α)y
€ ≤
αx
+
(1
–
α)y
=
|α|
x
+
|(1
–
α)|
y
≤
α
•
1
+
(1
–
α)
•
1
=
1.
∴
z
∈
B˜ (0;1) .
13.
Show
that
the
discrete
metric
on
a
vector
space
X
≠
{0}
cannot
be
obtained
from
a
norm
(Cf.
1.1-‐8).
€
Proof:
Suppose
(X,
d)
is
a
vector
space
with
the
discrete
metric.
If
X
is
a
normed
space,
then
for
∀
x
≠
y
∈
X,
α
≠
0
∈
K,
αx
≠
αy.
So
then
αx
–
αy
=
1,
However,
by
metric
and
norm
properties,
αx
–
αy
=
α(x
–
y)
≤
|α|x
–
y
=
|α|
•
1
=
α,
a
contradiction,
clearly.