3 Forces, work and materials

moment = force × distance

Force
d

upthrust friction and air resistance

Balanced forces

5.1 Types of force KC 5.2 Turning effects of forces KC

vector d
moment triangle m
ρ= h
V
force × distance 1m 1m h
WATER
newtons metres
10 N 5N 1g/cm3 ∆p = ρg∆h
w

5.3 Equilibrium of forces KC 5.4 Density and pressure KC

TRANSFERS useful work done

Efficiency =
total energy input
heating

kinetic gravitational elastic gas

N
mechanical

d
electricity
Kinetic and potential energy

chemical nuclear internal

waves W = p∆V W = fd

Work and power

6.1 Energy conversion and conservation KC 6.2 Work and efficiency KC

v 2 = u2 + 2as F = ma P = ∆E/t

Ek = ½mv2
∆Ep

∆Ep = mg∆h power = change in energy ÷ time

½mv2 = mg∆h power = force × velocity

∆h

6.3 Potential energy and kinetic energy KC 6.4 Power KC

W = ½kx2
plastic
stress

elastic
stress

fracture
elastic

gradient = point potential

Young modulus
Springs
F = kx kinetic
strain strain

9.1 Stress and strain KC 9.2 Elastic and plastic behaviour KC

Key: KC 1 KC 2 KC 3 KC 4 KC 5
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