STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
DJJ3103
THERMAL STRESSES AND COMPOSITE BARS
THERMAL
STRESSES AND
COMPOSITE BARS
2.1 Understand thermal
stresses and composite
bars
2.1.3 Calculate internal
2.1.1 Explain the effects 2.1.2 Define the
stresses developed in
of temperature changes coefficient of linear
the material subjected
on composite bar. expansion.
to temperature changes.
INTRODUCTION COMPOSITE BAR
Compound/composite bar is a bar containing two
or more rods, pipes or tubes connected by a rigid
support either in parallel or series.
Bar rods may be of different material types or
different sizes.
It is permanently or temporarily connected to all
the bars together expands or contracts when
experiencing the action of external forces or the
impact of temperature action.
COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION (LINEAR)
Is a material change in length per unit length when
the temperature changes of 1 degree (1 o). Unit
expansion coefficient is the per oC (C -1)or per oK (K-1)
Let say:-
L = amount of expansion
t = temperatures changes (increase or
reduces)
L = the original length of the rod
So that;
L =Lt
For steel, = 11.5 x 10-6 per oC. That means for a 1 m
long steel bars it will experienced an expansion of
5.11 x 10-6 m for a temperature rise 1 °C.
TEMPERATURE STRESSES IN COMPOUND BARS
In Figure 5.1 (a) a rod with length L, rigidly mounted
on two walls. When the temperature is raised, the rod
will expand as in Figure 5.1 (b) and Figure 5.1 (c), but
the expansion did not occur due to blocked by the wall.
Therefore, it is obvious that the bar is experiencing
compressive stress. To determine the value of the
stress, assuming that the bar was free and allowed to
expand.
The expansion occurs is:-
x=Lt
And new length, L’ = L + L t
= L (1 + t)
We could assume that the expansion of L t is the
result of compressive stresses and it need for return to
the original length bar.
So in effect the compression strain is:
As often t is small and for most metals is very small, so that
the product of L t is very small compared with L until L + L
t L.
So that means, the temperature strain, = t.
However, the stress = young’s modulus x strain.
So that, Temperatures stresses= E t
Conversely, if the temperature is lowered the tensile stress was
obtained.
EXAMPLE:
Compound Bars in Series Connection
Figure 4.1 below shows a bar connected in series. Bars of
this type has a different size of cross section.
The forces acting on each bar is the same but the extension
or shorten of each bar is different.
Let say that, the forces on the bar 1 is P1 and the forces on
the bar 2 is P2, so that: -
RECALL THE BASIC FORMULA FOR STRESS & STRAIN
Stress ,
F PL
L
A AE
Strain,
L
L The elongation by force,
Young’s Modulus,
E
Example:
Solution:
Continue…..
Continue…..
Compound Bar on Parallel Connection
Figure 4.2 below shows the bars in parallel
connection. Extension or shorten of the both bars
is the same.
The total load carried by each bars is same with
the external load acting, even if forces acting on
each bars is different each other.
Therefore:
If the original length of each bars is same, so that the
strain for each bar also is same.
EXAMPLE:-
Solution:-
Continue……
Continue……
STRESS FORMULAS APPLIED IN
PARALLEL CONNECTION WITH THE
AXIAL FORCE
Stress in material 1:-
E 1P
1
A 1E1 A 2 E 2
Stress in materials 2:-
E 2P
2
A1 E 1 A 2 E 2
Stresses Due to Temperature Changes in the
Series Connection Bar Compound
Continue…….
Continue…….
Continue…….
Continue…….
Example:-
Solution example:
Continue…….
Sambungan…….
THERMAL STRESS FORMULAS APPLIED IN SERIES
CONNECTION WITH TEMPERATURE CHANGES
Stress in material 1:-
t(1L1 2 L 2 )
1
L1 L2
A1
A1 E 1 A 2 E 2
Stress in materials 2:-
t(1L1 2 L 2 )
2
L1 L2
A 2
A1 E 1 A 2 E 2
Stresses Due to Temperature Changes in the Parallel
Connection Bar Compound
Continue…….
Continue…….
Continue…….
THERMAL STRESS FORMULAS APPLIED IN
PARALLEL CONNECTION WITH TEMPERATURE
CHANGES
Stress in material 1:-
t( 2 - 1 )
1
1 1
A1
A1 E 1 A 2 E 2
Stress in materials 2:-
t( 2 - 1 )
2
1 1
A 2
A1 E 1 A 2 E 2
EXAMPLE:
Continue…….
Continue…….
Continue…….
Continue…….
Continue…….
Continue…….
EXERCISE:
1. Give defination of ‘coefficient of linear’.
2. Skecth the diagram for siries and parallel
compound bar.
3. Calculate the stress that occurs in copper bar if
the temperature is increased from 150 oC to 600 oC
with all expansion is blocked.
Given E = 100 GN/m2 ; = 16.5 x 10-6 / oC.
4. A one meter long steel tubes with outer diameter
is 50 mm and inner diameter is 30 mm was
installed in a copper tube with 5 mm thick. This
intallation was applied with an axial force and its
produces 70 MN/m2 stress in steel. Calculate the
force and the stresses that to required in the
