JU MUZEJI I GALERIJE PODGORICE

PI MUSEUMS AND GALLERIES OF PODGORICA

UDK 902/904(497.16) ISSN 2337-0165

NOVA ANTIČKA DUKLJA X / 2019 1-225 PODGORICA 2019

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PI MUSEUMS AND GALLERIES OF PODGORICA

NEW ANTIQUE

DOCLEA
X

PODGORICA 2019

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JU MUZEJI I GALERIJE PODGORICE

NOVA ANTIČKA

DUKLJA
X

PODGORICA 2019

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 Nova antička Duklja X New Antique Doclea X

Izdavač: Publisher:
JU Muzeji i galerije Podgorice Museums and Galleries of Podgorica
Marka Miljanova 4 Marka Miljanova 4
81000 Podgorica, Crna Gora 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro

www.pgmuzeji.me
email: [email protected]
tel: + 382 20 242 543

Za izdavača: For the publisher:

Vučić Ćetković Vucic Cetkovic

Urednik: Editor:
Dragan Radović Dragan Radovic

Redakcija: Editorial board:

Doc. dr Dejan Radičević, Dejan Radicevic,
Filozofski fakultet Beograd Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade
Prof. dr Mirjana Sanader, Mirjana Sanader,
Filozofski fakultet Zagreb Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb
Prof. dr Irena Lazar, Irena Lazar,
Univerza na Primorskem Koper University of Primorska Koper
Dr Silvana Blaževska, NU Stobi Silvana Blazevska, NI Stobi
Mr Miloš Živanović, Centar za Milos Zivanovic, Center for conzervation and
konzervaciju i arheologiju Crne Gore archaeology of Montenegro

Prevod: Translation:
Dimitar Nikolovski, Dimitar Nikolovski,
Branislav Pantović, Branislav Pantovic,
Ivana Živanović, Ivana Zivanovic,
Mirjana Živanović Mirjana Zivanovic

Lektura: Proofreading:
Lidija Kaluđerović Lidija Kaluđerovic

Dizajn: Design:
Milica Vukanović Milica Vukanovic

Štampa: Print:
Golbi Print Golbi Print

Tiraž: 300 Print run: 300

Časopis se referira u: The journal is indexed in:
DYABOLA. Sachkatalog der Bibliothek - Römisch - Germanische Kommission
des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts
Časopis štampan uz finansijsku pomoć: Magazine printed with support:

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Sadržaj / Contents:

Boris KAVUR
Ti si moje sunce... Jedna staklena perla iz Momišića
You are my sunshine… A single glass bead from Momišići..................................................................................................7

Smiljan GLUŠČEVIĆ
Općenito o svetiljkama iz rimske luke u Zatonu s posebnim obzirom na svjetiljke
istočnomediteranskog podrijetla
Generally about lamps from the Roman port in the Zaton with special consideration on
lamps eastern mediterranean origin....................................................................................................................................21

Irena LAZAR
A doctor in the town - The family plot no V. with Roman medical instruments in Budva
Doktor u gradu - Porodična grobnica br. V sa rimskim medicinskim instrumentima u Budvi......................................81

Anton LULGJURAJ
Vuksanlekići – antički / kasnoantički lokalitet i novi arheološki podaci
Vuksanlekići – Roman / Late Roman site and New Archaeological Data........................................................................95

Gezim HOXHA
Some local coarse/cooking wares, as evidence of mobility from Western Balkan provinces
Praevalis and Dardania
Neke od lokalnih kuhinjskih posuda, kao dokaz mobilnosti zapadnih balkanskih provincija
Praevalis i Dardanija ................................................................................................................................................................111

Mladen ZAGARČANIN
О металним налазима из рановизантијских утврђења Стари Улцињ и Ђутеза, са освртом на налазе
раносредњовјековних сјекира из ријеке Зете
About the metal finds from the Early Byzantine forts Stari Ulcinj and Djuteza, with an overview of
Early Medieval axes from the Zeta river.............................................................................................................................145

Dragana VULOVIĆ
Preliminarna antropološka analiza sa lokaliteta Brskovo - Doganjice
Preliminary anthropological analysis of site Brskovo - Doganjice.................................................................................171

Smiljan GLUŠČEVIĆ – Helga ZGLAV MARTNAC

Nalazi kratkog sondažnog istraživanja brodoloma iz 17. stoleća uz južni greben kod otoka Silbe
Finds from the short sondage excavation of a 17th century shipwreck along the south reef of the
island Silba...........................................................................................................................................................................191

Uputstvo saradnicima časopisa Nova Antička Duklja

Instructions for contributors to almanac New Antique Doclea......................................................................................223

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PRELIMINARNA ANTROPOLOŠKA PRELIMINARY ANTHROPOLOGICAL
ANALIZA SA LOKALITETA ANALYSIS OF SITE
BRSKOVO-DOGANJICE BRSKOVO - DOGANJICE

Dragana Vulović UDK 904:572.7(497.16)

Arheološki institut, Beograd
Kneza Mihaila 35/IV
11000 Beograd
[email protected]

Apstrakt: Abstract:

U tekstu će biti prikazani preliminarni rezu- The paper will present preliminary results of
ltati antropološke analize humanog osteološkog an anthropological analysis of human osteologi-
materijala, pohranjenog u podrumu prostorije na cal material, stored in the basement of the room
srednjovekovnom lokalitetu Brskovo – Doganjice. at the medieval site of Brskovo – Doganjice. The
Analiza je obuhvatila samo materijal iskopan to- analysis included the material excavated during
kom kampanje 2017. godine. S obzirom na to da the campaign in 2017 year. Since it is a secondary
je reč o sekundarnoj sahrani i da skeleti nisu bili burial and the skeletons were not in an anatomi-
u anatomskom položaju, u tekstu će se poseb- cal position, the paper will pay special attention to
na pažnja usmeriti na metodologiju istraživanja the research methodology of such burials, whose
ovakvih sahrana, čiji je primarni zadatak da se primary task is to determine the minimum num-
odredi minimalan broj individua. Utvrđivanje indi- ber of individuals. Determination of individual sex
vidualnog pola i starosti, paleopatološke promene, and age, paleopathological changes, intensity of
intenzitet izraženosti enteza na mišićima, ligamen- enthesis prominence on muscles, ligaments and
tima i tetivama, beležene su za svaku kost pojedi- tendons, were recorded for each bone individually.
načno.

Ključne reči: Brskovo – Doganjice, sekundar- Key words: Brskovo – Doganjice, secondary
na sahrana, rudari, minimalan broj individua, met- burials, miners, minimum number of individuals,
odologija methodology

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Nova Antička Duklja X Vulović, Preliminarna antropološka...

Srednjovjekovni grad Brskovo predstavljao The medieval town of Brskovo was an im-
je značajan rudarski centar na Balkanu tokom XIII portant mining center in the Balkans during the
i XIV veka. Za njega se, prema istorijskoj građi, ve- 13th and 14th century. According to the historical
zuju počeci rudarstva u srednjovekovnoj Srbiji, a sources the beginnings of mining in medieval Ser-
njegov prvi pomen nalazimo u kotorskoj ispravi od bia belonged to Brskovo, and it was first mentioned
22. avgusta 1243. godine. Uvreženo je mišljenje da in the Kotor’s document of August 22, 1243. It is
sredinom XIV veka prosperitet Brskova opada i da believed that in the middle of the 14th century, the
pada pod tursku vlast, najverovatnije 1396. godine, prosperity of Brskovo started dropping and eventu-
posle sloma oblasnog gospodara Vuka Brankovića, ally fell under Turkish rule, most probably in 1396,
dok ga u pismu iz 1433. godine Dubrovčani pomin- after the collapse of the regional ruler Vuk Brankov-
ju kao napušteno trgovačko mesto (Živanović, ić, while in a letter from 1433, people of Dubrovnik
2018: 87). mentioned it as an abandoned trading place (Živa-
Arheološka iskopavanja u Brskovu, na lo- nović 2018: 87).
kalitetu Doganjice, započeta su 2017. godine od Archaeological excavations in Brskovo, at
strane JU Centra za konzervaciju i arheologiju Crne Doganjice site, began in 2017 and were conducted
Gore pod rukovodstvom M. Živanovića. Tom prili- by the PI Center for Conservation and Archeology
kom, istražena je prostorija,1 čiji je podrum, još u of Montenegro and M. Živanović, as head of the
vreme njene upotrebe, poslužio kao sekundarna project. On that occasion, the room was explored1,
grobnica. Za sada nije poznat razlog zašto su un- whose basement, at the time of its use, served as a
utar njega premeštene sve ove kosti. I pored toga secondary tomb. So far, there is no known reason
što se stiče utisak da su kosti razbacane, prilikom why all this bones have been moved within it. In
sekundarne sahrane, vođeno je računa da pojedine spite of the fact that there is an impression that the
kosti, uglavnom lobanje, budu pohranjene u uglovi- bones are scattered, during the secondary burial,
ma prostorije (Živanović 2018: 90) (Slikе 1 и 2; Ta- it is taken into account that certain bones, mainly
ble 1 i 2). Ovakvi primeri sahranjivanja nisu poznati the skull, were stored in the corners of the room
kod nas (Живановић 2020, u štampi), dok su na (Živanović 2018: 90) (Figures 1 and 2; Tables 1 and
Zapadu poznati slučajevi tzv. kosturnica (eng. os- 2). Such examples of burials are not known in our
suary). Bez obzira na to što se kulturološki i istori- country (Живановић 2020, in the press), while in
jski ove kosturnice ne mogu povezati sa sahranom the West, there are known cases of so-called os-
na Brskovu, prilikom njihovih istraživanja nastalo suary. Regardless of the fact that these ossuaries
je nekoliko studija o metodologiji antropoloških cannot be connected with the burial at the Brsko-
istraživanja ovog tipa kosturnica, koje su poslužile vo both culturally and historically, during their re-
kao osnova prilikom naše analize (Panakhyo 2013; search, several studies have been developed on
Puskarich 1982; Ubelaker 1974; Tran 2014). the methodology of anthropological research of
Iskopavanje masovnih sahrana (masovne this type of ossuaries, which served as the basis
grobnice, kosturnice, sekundarne sahrane, itd.) for our analysis (Panakhyo 2013; Puskarich 1982;
predstavlja veliki izazov, kako za arheologe, tako Ubelaker 1974; Tran 2014).
i za antropologe. Položaj i veza između samih The excavation of mass burials (mass
kostiju znatno utiču na metodologiju iskopavanja, graves, ossuaries, secondary burials, etc.) creates
ali i na dalju antropološku analizu.2 Na Brskovu, a big challenge for both archaeologists and anthro-
naime, nije reč o klasičnoj masovnoj grobnici, jer pologists. The position and connection between
su pokojnici premešteni u ovaj objekat znatno the bones significantly affected on excavation
nakon sahranjivanja u primaran grob (kosti methodology, and also further anthropological
1 Prema arhitekti B. Vuloviću (Вуловић 1952) ova prostorija je analysis.2 Namely, this is not a classic mass grave,
deo jedne veće građevine, sada prekrivene velikim nanosom 1 According to architect B. Vulović (Вуловић 1952), this room
jalovine, radom savremenog rudnika. is part of a larger building, now covered with a large layer of
2 Humani osteološki materijal, pohranjen u kosturnice i tailings, by the work of a modern mine.
masovne grobnice, može se razvrstati u četiri kategorije: 2 Human osteological material, stored in ossuaries and mass
kompletno artikulisani skeleti; delimično artikulisani delovi graves, can be classified into four categories: completed
skeleta; snopovi i artikulisanih i deartikulisanih kostiju; i articulated skeletons; partially articulated skeletal parts;
rasute disartikulisane kosti (Ubelaker 1974: 18, 28). bundles of both articulated and disarticulated bones; and

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Nova Antička Duklja X Vulović, Preliminarna antropološka...

Sl. 1 – Nagomilane ljudske kosti u prostoriji.

Fig. 1 – Commingled human bones in the room.

skeleta su bile nabacane, skeleti nisu bili u because the deceased were moved to this room af-
anatomskom položaju, što znači da su meka tkiva ter the burial in the primary grave (the bones of the
već bila razgrađena, za šta je potreban duži niz go- skeletons were commingled, the skeletons were
dina). S obzirom na to da je reč o sekundarnoj sah- not in the anatomical position, which means that
rani, nije moguće koristiti preciznije opisne šeme the soft tissues had already been decomposed,
o stepenu očuvanosti skeletnog materijala, i može which only happens after a number of years). Be-
se samo konstatovati da li je skeletni materijal, cause of secondary burial, for the degree of skel-
odnosno pokosnica kosti, dobro ili loše očuvana. etal preservation it is not posible to use precise
Iako stepen očuvanosti kostiju zavisi od prirodnih descriptive schemes, and it can only be assumed
faktora, odnosno uslova u zemlji (kiselost zemlje, whether the skeletal material, i.e. bone cortex, is
podzemne vode i sl.), same prirode kosti (kosti well or poorly preserved. Although the degree of
dečijih individua i starih individua su podložnije preservation of the bones depends on the natu-
destrukciji), zavisi i od pogrebne prakse (da li se ral factors, namely, the conditions in the soil (the
pokojnici pokopavaju brižljivo ili ne, kakav je inten- acidity of the soil, the groundwater, etc.), the nature
zitet sahranjivanja, da li postoje grobne konstrukci- of bone itself (the bones of the children individu-
je ili ne i sl.) (Миладиновић-Радмиловић 2008a: als and elderly individuals are more vulnerable to
446–447). Takođe, na stepen očuvanosti utiče i destruction) depends also on the funeral practice
samo arheološko iskopavanje, kao i tretman nakon scattered disarticulated bones (Ubelaker 1974: 18, 28).

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Nova Antička Duklja X Vulović, Preliminarna antropološka...

Sl. 2 – Nagomilane ljudske kosti u prostoriji, detalj.

Fig. 2 – Commingled human bones in the room, detail.

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Nova Antička Duklja X Vulović, Preliminarna antropološka...

iskopavanja groba, slučajan gubitak pre i nakon (whether the deceased are buried carefully or not,
iskopavanja, dok na različitu učestalost skeletnog what is the intensity of burial, whether there have
materijala u sekundarnim grobnicama, utiče i gubi- grave constructions or not, etc.) (Миладиновић-
tak kostiju, bilo slučajan, bilo kao namerna kultur- Радмиловић 2008a: 446–447). In addition, the de-
na selekcija, prilikom sekundarnog pohranjivanja gree of preservation is affected by archaeological
(Ubelaker, 1974: 33). excavation itself, as well as a treatment after exca-
Kako humani osteološki materijal nije u vation of the grave, accidental loss before and after
celosti iskopan, za sad je obrađen samo deo ma- excavation, while the different frequency of skele-
terijala koji je iskopan u kampanji tokom 2017. go- tal material in secondary graves is affected by the
dine. U daljem tekstu će biti predstavljeni rezultati loss of bones, either by accidental or by deliberate
antropološke analize, čiji je cilj, prvenstveno, bio cultural selection, during secondary burial process
određivanje minimalnog broja individua, a zatim i (Ubelaker 1974: 33).
procena individualnog pola i starosti, kao i prelim- As human osteological material has not
inarna analiza paleopatoloških promena na prisut- been completely excavated; only a material found
nim kostima. during the campaign in 2017 year has been anal-
ysed. In this paper the results of the anthropolog-
Metodologija rada ical analysis will be presented, and the aim of the
analysis was primarily to determine the minimum
Zbog same prirode pohranjenog materijala u number of individuals, and then the estimation of
ovoj prostoriji, antropološka analiza je umnogome individual sex and age, as well as the preliminary
bila ograničena i zahtevala je poseban pristup analysis of paleopathological changes on the
analizi osteološkog materijala. Kada su u pitanju bones.
masovne sahrane, primarni zadatak je da se odre-
di minimalan broj individua (MBI), koji se utvrđuje Methodological framework
na osnovu skeletnog elementa, jedne strane tela,
koji se najviše konstatuje u materijalu, kako bi Because of the nature of the stored materi-
se izbegla mogućnost da se jedna individua broji als in this room, anthropological analysis has large-
dva puta (Adams and Konigsberg 2004: 138–139; ly been limited and required a special approach to
Konigsberg and Adams 2014: 198). Kada su u pi- the analysis of skeletal remains. When it comes to
tanju dečije individue, u ovom slučaju i morfološ- massive burials, the primary task is to define the
ki i metrički elementi su uzimani u obzir. Kosti su minimum number of individuals (MNI), which is de-
podeljene u pojedinačne grupe (posebno desna i termined on the basis of the one skeletal element,
leva strana tela, posebno dečije i odrasle individue), on one side of the body, which is most prevalent,
kako bi se utvrdio MBI (Tabela 1), a tamo gde je to in order to avoid the possibility that one individual
bilo moguće, određene su i individualna starost i being counted twice (Adams and Konigsberg 2004:
pol (za svaku kost pojedinačno) (Tabela 2). Sitne, 138–139; Konigsberg and Adams 2014: 198).
fragmentovane kosti, kao i rebra nisu antropološ- When it comes to children individuals, in this case
ki analizirane. Sve kosti su pregledane kako bi se both morphological and metric elements are taken
zabeležile patološke i traumatske promene, epi- into account. The bones were divided into individu-
genetske varijacije (Ђурић-Срејић, 1995; Hauser al groups (right and left side of the body were sep-
and De Stefano, 1989), kao i intenzitet izraženosti arated into groups as well as children and adult in-
enteza na mišićima, ligamentima i tetivama ali, kao dividuals) in order to determine MNI (Table 1), and
što je već napomenuto, zbog nedostatka vremena, where it was possible, the individual age and gender
nije se detaljno pristupilo ovim analizama. were determined (for each bone individually) (Table
Utvrđivanje pola izvršeno je posmatranjem 2). Small, fragmented bones, as well as ribs, are not
morfoloških elemenata (posebno kosti lobanje i anthropologically analyzed. All bones were exam-
kosti karlice (Buikstra and Ubelaker, 1994; Ferem- ined to record pathological and traumatic changes,
bach, Schwidetzky and Stloukal, 1980) i metrikom epigenetic variations (Ђурић-Срејић, 1995; Hauser
(skapula, humerus, femur i tibija (Bass 1995)), za and De Stefano 1989), as well as the intensity of
svaku grupu kostiju pojedinačno (Tabela 2). Kod entheses prominence on muscles, ligaments and

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Nova Antička Duklja X Vulović, Preliminarna antropološka...

Tabela 1. Minimalan broj individua prema pojedinačnim grupama kostiju.

Table 1. Minimum number of individuals represented by each type of bone.

dečijih individua pol nije utvrđivan. tendons, however, as already mentioned, due to the
Utvrđivanje individualne starosti dečijih in- lack of time, these analysis did not go into detail.
dividua je izvršeno merenjem dužine dugih kostiju, Determination of sex was performed by
posmatranjem stepena sraslosti epifiza, i stepena observing morphological elements (especially in
erupcije mlečnih i stalnih zuba u mandibulama i the skull and pelvis (Buikstra and Ubelaker, 1994;
maksilama (Bass, 1995: 155, 168, 176, 228, 247, Ferembach, Schwidetzky and Stloukal 1980)) and
257; Buikstra and Ubelaker, 1994: 51; Ferembach, metric (scapula, humerus, femur and tibia (Bass
Schwidetzky and Stloukal, 1980: 531, 532). Kod 1995)), for each bone group individually (Table 2).
juvenilnih i odraslih individua utvrđivanje sta- In the case of children individuals, the sex was not
rosti izvršeno je na osnovu atricije zuba maksile determined.
i mandibule (posmatrane su promene na oklu- Individual age estimation in children was
zalnim površinama zuba, koje su se upoređivale based on length of long bones, by observing the de-
sa numeričkom klasifikacijom ojedenosti gornje gree of ossification of the epiphysis-diaphysis con-
površine svih zuba prema životnom dobu koje je nections and degree of eruption od deciduous and
definisao Lavdžoj, u rasponu od 12 do 55 godina permanent teeth in mandibles and maxillae (Bass,

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Nova Antička Duklja X Vulović, Preliminarna antropološka...

Tabela 2. Distribucija pola prema određenoj grupi kostiju.

Table 2. Distribution of sex represented by each type of bone.

(Lovejoy, 1985)), sraslosti epifiza dugih kostiju (Fer- 1995: 155, 168, 176, 228, 247, 257; Buikstra and
embach, Schwidetzky and Stloukal, 1980: 531), Ubelaker, 1994: 51; Ferembach, Schwidetzky and
sternalnog okrajka klavikule (Black and Scheuer, Stloukal, 1980: 531, 532). Individual age of juvenile
1996), pubične simfize (Todd, 1920, 1921a, 1921b) and adult individuals was determined on the basis
i sraslosti sakralnih pršljenova (Buikstra and Ube- of: changes on the maxillary and mandibular teeth

177
Nova Antička Duklja X Vulović, Preliminarna antropološka...

laker, 1994: 43). (we compared the changes on the occlusal surface
of the dental material with the numeric classifica-
Rezultati atropološke analize tion of the wear-out level of the upper surface of all
Dečije individue teeth according to the life age defined by Lovejoy,
ranging from 12 to 55 years (Lovejoy 1985)), epiph-
U očuvanom osteološkom materijalu su ug- yseal fusion of long bones (Ferembach, Schwi-
lavnom prisutne duge kosti ruku i nogu, kao i ko- detzky and Stloukal 1980: 531), morphological
sti lobanje (nedostaju kosti šake i stopala, patele, changes on the medial end of the clavicle (Black
epifize). Minimalan broj dečijih individua je utvrđen and Scheuer 1996), morphological changes on the
na osnovu kosti koja se najčešće pojavljuje u oču- joint surface of the pubic symphysis (Todd 1920,
vanom osteološkom materijalu, femura. Prilikom 1921a, 1921b) and fusion sacral vertebra (Buikstra
određivanja MBI posmatrane su obe strane tela, and Ubelaker 1994: 43).
metrički i morfološki elementi. Minimalan broj
dečijih individua je 22. Starost dečijih individua (ut- Results of anthropological analysis
vrđena na osnovu svih prisutnih kostiju) se kreće Children individuals
od 38–40 gestacijskih nedelja (novorođenče) do
15 godina. U materijalu su prisutne i juvenilne in- In the preserved osteological material, the
dividue, ali su one posmatrane u okviru odraslih bones of upper and lower limbs are mostly pre-
individua. served, as well as skull bones (the bone of hands
Kako nije bilo moguće utvrditi koja kost ko- and feet, patella and epiphysis are mising). The
joj individui pripada, učestalost paleopatoloških minimum number of children is determined by
promena je posmatrana u odnosu na ukupan broj the bone most commonly found in preserved os-
pojedinačne grupe kostiju. Od paleopatoloških teological material, i.e. femur. When determining
promena konstatovana je cribra orbitalia (Slika 3) the MNI, both sides of the body are observed, as
na minimum devet individua (9/19; na tri frontalne well as metric and morphological elements. The
kosti (obe orbite), na tri desne i šest levih orbita), minimum number of children individuals is 22. The
cribra femora (3/22; na tri desna i tri leva femu- age of children individuals (based on all bones in
ra). Osteoporotične lezije, koje bi mogle da ukažu material) ranges from 38 to 40 weeks of gestation
na prisustvo skorbuta, ili neke druge metaboličke (newborn) to 15 years. The material also contains
bolesti, vidljive su na sledećim kostima: na jed- juvenile individuals, but they are observed within
nom fragmentu kosti lobanje, na frontalnoj kosti adult individuals.
(takođe, prisutna je i cribra orbitalia), na jednoj bazi Since it was not possible to determine which
okcipitalne kosti (1/3), na tri desne (3/6) i tri leve bone belongs to which individual, the frequency of

Slika 3 – Cribra orbitalia, dečija individua Slika 4 – Porotične lezije na sfenoidalnoj kosti,
Figure 3 – Cribra orbitalia, child individual dečija individua
Figure 4 – Porotic lesions on sphenoid bone,
child individual

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Nova Antička Duklja X Vulović, Preliminarna antropološka...

temporalne kosti (3/7), na tri leva krila (Slika 4) i na paleopathological changes was observed in rela-
jednom telu sfenoidalne kosti (3/3), na jednoj des- tion to the total number of individual bone groups.
noj (1/5) i jednoj levoj (1/10) maksili, oko mentuma Paleopathological analysis showed presence of
jedne mandibule (1/15), na jednoj grani mandibule, cribra orbitalia (Figure 3) on minimum nine individ-
na jednoj desnoj ilijačnoj kosti (1/8). Od paleopa- uals (9/19; on three frontal bones (both orbits), on
toloških promena prisutan je i periostitis (na jed- three right and six left orbits), cribra femora (3/22;
nom femuru, i na desnom humerusu (periostitis i on three right and three left femora). Osteoporot-
novoformirana kost duž celog tela, posebno na dis- ic lesions, which could indicate the presence of
talnom okrajku)). scurvy, or some other metabolic disease, are visi-
U maksilama i mandibulama su, u najvećem ble on the following bones: one skull fragment, on
procentu, očuvani molari, zatim premolari, dok su the frontal bone (also cribra orbitalia is present),
incizivi i kanini u najvećem procentu postmortalno on one base of the occipital bone (1/3), on three
izgubljeni. right (3/6) and three left temporal bones (3/7), on
three left ala major (Figure 4) and on one body of
Juvenilne i odrasle individue sphenoid bone (3/3), on one right (1/5) and one left
(1/10) maxilla, around the mentum of a mandibula
U osteološkom materijalu su prisutne gotovo (1/15), on one ramus mandibula, on one right iliac
sve kosti skeleta (kosti šaka i stopala, kao i pate- bone (1/8). Periostitis is visible on one femur, and
la su prisutne u znatno manjem broju). Minimalan on right humerus (periostitis and new bone forma-
broj individua je određen na osnovu kosti koja se tions are visible along entire bone, especially on
najviše pojavljuje, a to je mandibula i iznosi 73 distal part of the body).
individue. Na kostima postkranijalnog skeleta su In maxillae and mandibulae molars are pre-
mereni samo oni elementi koji su relevantni za ut- served in the largest percentage, then goes pre-
vrđivanje pola. Starost juvenilnih i odraslih individ- molars, while the incisors and canines are in the
ua se kretala od 15 do 50+ godina. largest percentage postmortem lost.
Iako se nije pristupilo detaljnoj paleo-pa-
tološkoj analizi, prilikom antropološke analize Juvenile and adult individuals
uočene su sledeće patološke promene: cribra orbit-
alia (5/36), cribra femora (jedan desni i jedan levi Almost all skeletal bones are present in the
femur (moguće od iste individue, jer se na oba vidi osteological meterial (the bones of the hand and
linija srašćivanja glave femura)), periostitis (jedno feet, and the patella are present in a significantly
telo femura i jedno telo desne tibije), osteomijeli- smaller number). The minimum number of indi-
tis (leva tibija), osteoartritis (oba humerusa, oba viduals was at least 73 individuals, determined by
radijusa, obe ulne, obe klavikule, obe skapule, oba the most common bone, i.e. mandible. Only metric
femura, obe tibije, manubrium, sternum, karlične elements of the postcranial skeleton witch are rel-
kosti, kosti stopala), Šmorlov defekt je prisutan na evant for determining sex were measured. The age
gornjim i donjim površinama tela pršljenova (43/50 of juvenile and adult individuals is ranged from 15
na grudnim i 29/48 na slabinskim, dimenzije 0,3– to 50+ years.
2,5 cm) (Slika 5), osteofiti (oko tela pršljenova), Although a detailed paleopathological anal-
spondiloza i spondilartroza (četiri vratna pršljeno- ysis was not conducted, during the anthropologi-
va), prelomi kostiju (dve leve ulne u distalnoj polo- cal analysis, the following pathological changes
vini tela; prelom distalnog humerusa sa dodatnim were noticed: cribra orbitalia (5/36), cribra femora
kalusom na posteriornoj strani, prelom proksimal- (on one right and one left femur (possible from the
nog okrajka leve ulne, prelom femura(?)), itd. same individual, because on both femurs is visible
U maksilama i mandibulama su, u na- fusion of the femurs head), periostitis (on one fe-
jvećem procentu, očuvani molari, zatim pre- mur and one tibia) osteomyelitis (left tibia), osteo-
molari, dok su incizivi i kanini u najvećem procentu arthritis (both humeri, both radii, both ulnae, both
postmortalno izgubljeni, kao i kod dečijih individua. claviculae, both scapulae, both femora, both tibi-
Prisutan je i zaživotan gubitak zuba (od 70 celih ae, manubrium, sternum, pelvic bone, foot bone).
Schmorl’s nodes is present on the upper and low-

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Sl. 5 – Šmorlov defekt na slabinskim pršljenovima.

Fig. 5 – Schmorl’s nodes on lumbar vertebrae.

i fragmentovanih mandibula odraslih individua,3 er surfaces of the vertebral bodies (43/50 on tho-
minimum jedan zaživotno izgubljen zub konstan- racic and 29/48 on lumbar vertebrae, dimensions
tovan je na 33 mandibule). Karijes i kamenac su 0.3–2.5 cm) (Figure 5), osteophytes (around the
manje konstantovani. Na maksilama je, takođe, vertebral body), spondylosis and spondylarthrosis
prisutan zaživotan gubitak zuba (6/31), dok su kari- (four cervical vertebrae), bone fractures (in the dis-
jes i kamenac manje konstatovani. tal part of the body of two left ulnae; fracture of
Izražene enteze na hvatištima mišića, liga- the distal humerus with an additional callus on the
menata i tetiva prisutne su na sledećim kostima: posterior side, fracture of the proximal part of left
oba humerusa (posebno m. deltoideus, m. pectora- ulna, femur fracture (?)), etc.
lis major, m. latissimus dorsi, m. teres major, i pripoji In maxillae and mandibulae molars are pre-
oko distalnog okrajka), oba radijusa (posebno m. served in the largest percentage, then goes pre-
biceps brachii) (Slika 6), obe ulne (posebno m. bra- molars, while the incisors and canines are in the
chialis, m. supinator), oba femura (duž linea aspera), largest percentage postmortal lost, as well as in
3 Odraslim individuama je pripadalo 70 mandibula, dok children individuals. There is also present antemor-
juvenilnim tri.

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Sl. 6 – Izražena hvatišta mišića na levim radijusima (m. biceps brachii).

Fig. 6 – Pronounced ligament attachment points on lefts radii (m. biceps brachii).

obe tibije, obe skapule, obe klavikule (na gotovo tem teeth lost (out of 70 whole and fragmented
svim klavikulama, jako je izražen lig. costoclavicu- adult mandibulae, at least one antemortem tooth
lare, koji je na obe klavikule, praćen velikim lezijama lost is found on 33 mandibulae). Caries and calcu-
(od 28 desnih klavikula, čak 24 ima izražen ovaj lig- lus are less determined. On maxillae, there is also
ament, dok 13 ima leziju) (Slika 7)). a antemortem teeth lost (6/31), while caries and
Takođe, konstatovane su i anomalija u razvo- calculus are less found.
ju posteriornog luka atlasa (jedan atlas), a od epi- Prominent entheses at the muscles, liga-
genetskih karakteristika sutura metopica, biparttite ments, and tendons are present on the following
os inca (dve velike prekobrojne kosti na okcipitalnoj bones: both humeri (particularly m. deltoideus, m.
kosti), ossa suturae lambdoideae, perforatio fossae pectoralis major, m. latissimus dorsi, m. teres major,
olecrani (dva leva humerusa). and entheses around distal part), both radii (par-
ticularly m. biceps brachii) (Figure 6), both ulnae
Kosti pronađene zapadno od ulaza u prostoriju (particularly m. brachialis, m. supinator), both fem-
ora (along linea aspera), both tibiae, both scapulae,
Zapadno od ulaza u prostoriju pronađeno je both claviculae (almost all claviculae have very
nekoliko fragmenata postkranijalnog skeleta na os- prominent lig. costoclaviculare, followed by large
novu kojih je zaključeno da su u njemu prisutni skel- lesions on both claviculae (of 28 right clavicles, 24
etni ostaci najmanje dve individue, jedne odrasle i have very prominent this ligament, while 13 have a
jedne dečije individue (starosti 3–4 godine). lesion) (Figure 7)). Also, there is an anomaly in the
development of the posterior arch of one atlas and
the epigenetic characteristics of sutura metopica,
biparttite os inca (two large supernumerary bones
on the occipital bone), ossa suturae lambdoideae,

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Sl. 7 – Izražena hvatišta ligamenata na desnim klavikulama (lig. costoclaviculare).

Fig. 7 – Pronounced ligament attachment points on rights clavicles (lig. costoclaviculare).

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Zaključna razmatranja perforatio fossae olecrani (two left humeri), etc.

Pohranjen skeletni materijal u podrumu Bones found west of the entrance to the room
prostorije pripada biološkoj populaciji (prisutan je
osteološki materijal oba pola, svih starosnih kate- To the west of the entrance into the room,
gorija) i predstavlja sekundarnu sahranu individua several fragments of the postcranial skeleton were
sa obližnje nekropole.4 U materijalu su prisutne found, based on which it was concluded that skel-
gotovo sve kosti skeleta (u odnosu na sveukupan etal remains of at least two individuals, one adult,
pohranjeni skeletni materijal, u najvećem broju ne- and one child individual (aged 3-4 years) are pres-
dostaju kosti šaka i stopala, kao i patele), koje su ent.
bile vrlo dobro očuvane. S obzirom na to da je u
ovom slučaju pokosnica kosti dobro očuvana, da Conclusion
su u materijalu prisutne i duge kosti novorođenče-
ta, kao i to da je prilikom začišćavanja i iskopavanja The skeletal material stored in the basement
ove jedinstvene situacije primećeno da sitne kosti of the room belongs to the biological population
nisu prisutne, za sada se može pretpostaviti da je (the osteological material of both sexes and all
skeletni materijal, koji je prisutan u malom procen- age categories are present) and represents the
tu, izgubljen prilikom sekundarnog pohranjivanja, secondary burial of the individuals from the near-
ali dalja istraživanja će potvrditi ili opovrgnuti ova by necropolis.3 Almost all skeletal bone (very well
razmišljanja. preserved) are present in material (in relation to the
Minimalni broj pohranjenih individua u SJ total buried skeletal material, in highest percentage
104A (kampanja 2017) je iznosio 95 (73 odrasle missing bones of hand and feet, as well as patel-
i juvenilne i 22 dečije individue). S obzirom na to lae). Since that in this case the bone cortex is well
da nije iskopan, a samim tim ni obrađen, ceo os- preserved, that the long bones of the newborn can
teološki materijal iz prostorije, ne možemo da pris- be found in the material, and that when this unique
tupimo statističkim analizama, niti da donosimo situation was excavated, it was noticed that small
značajne zaključke o populaciji koja je sahranjena bones were not present, up to now, it can be as-
na Brskovu, ali ono što se uočava jeste da nijedna sumed that the skeletal material which is present
zabeležena patološka promena ne ukazuje da je in a small percentage, lost during secondary burial,
ovde reč o nekoj masovnoj epidemiji, kao ni to da je but further research will confirm or disprove these
bila prisutna nasilna smrt (na materijalu nisu zabe- theories.
ležene povrede koje bi dovele do smrti individua). Minimal number of buried individuals in SJ
Kod dečijih individua najviše je konstatova- 104A (campaign 2017) was 95 (73 adults and ju-
na cribra orbitalia, promena koja se ispoljava u vidu veniles and 22 children individuals). Since that all
sitnih, rupičastih lezija na krovovima orbita. Cribra osteological material has not been excavated yet,
orbitalia predstavlja dobar pokazatelj subadultnog we cannot approach to statistical analysis, nor can
stresa i uslova života arheoloških populacija. Veći- we make significant conclusions about the popula-
na autora smatra da se pojava cribra orbitalia vezu- tion that was buried at Brskovo, but what is noticed
je za anemiju na koju mogu da utiču različiti faktori is that no recorded pathological change indicates
kao što su: loša i neadekvatna ishrana, nehigijenski that this is a massive epidemic, or that there was
uslovi života, hronične gastrointestinalne bolesti i a violent death (no injuries that would lead to the
parazitske infekcije, trovanje olovom, promene u death of individuals were reported on the material).
nutricionim navikama, kao i ishrana bogata fitatima In children individuals the cribra orbitalia, is
koji sprečavaju apsorpciju gvožđa (Миладиновић mostly noticed. It is a pathological change that
- Радмиловић, 2012, 229–230, sa navedenom lit- appears in the form of tiny, hole-like lesions on or-
eraturom). Novija istraživanja Walker-a i saradnika bital roofs. Cribra orbitalia represents a good indi-
(Walker et al. 2009), pokazuju da su ove lezije posl- cator of the sub-adult stress and living conditions
edica megaloblastične anemije kod dojenčadi, kao of archaeological populations. Most authors have
4 Među humanim osteološkim materijalom su bili prisutni i 3 Among the human osteological material, animal bone
fragmenti životinjskih kostiju (sitni i krupni sisari). fragments (small and large mammals) were also present.

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posledica deficita vitamina B12 kod majke, kao i considered that the occurrence of cribra orbitalia is
nehigijenskih uslova koji dovode do dodatnih nutri- associated with anemia and that can be influenced
tivnih gubitaka putem gastroinstestinalnih infekci- by various factors such as: poor and inadequate
ja u periodu prelaska dojenčeta na čvrstu ishranu. diet, unhygienic conditions of life, chronic gastro-
Porotične lezije koje su vidljive na kostima intestinal disease and parasitic infections, lead
lobanje dečijih individua (maksila i mandibula, kosti poisoning, changes in nutritional habits, and nutri-
kalote, sfenoidalna kost, okcipitalna kost, temporal- tion rich in phytate, that prevents iron absorption
na kost), mogu da ukažu na prisustvo metaboličkih (Миладиновић-Радмиловић, 2012, 229–230, with
oboljenja, kao što je skorbut. Skorbut je metabo- cited bibliography). Recent research by Walker et
ličko oboljenje koje nastaje usled nedovoljnog un- al. (Walker et al. 2009), show that these lesions are
ošenja vitamina C. Namirnice koje su bogate ovim due to megaloblastic anemia in infants as a result
vitaminom su voće i povrće, a u manjim količinama of the deficiency of maternal vitamin B12, as well
ga ima u mesu, ribi i mleku. Skladištenje hrane i nje- as unhygienic conditions that lead to additional nu-
na priprema, takođe, utiču na očuvanost vitamina tritional losses through gastrointestinal infections
C u namirnicama (Brown and Ortner, 2009: 197). around the time of weaning.
Da bi preživeo, čovek mora imati dovoljnu količinu Porous lesions visible on bones of children
ovog vitamina u ishrani, jer se ne može sintetisati skulls (maxilla and mandibula, bone calotte, sphe-
u ljudskom organizmu (Šlaus, 2006: 165). Bolest se noide bone, occipital bone, temporal bone) can
različito manifestuje kod dece i odraslih; ali u oba indicate the presence of metabolic diseases, such
oblika, međutim, javljaju se povremene hemoragi- as scurvy. Scurvy is a metabolic disease that oc-
je (krvarenja) u koži, sluzokoži, desnima, mišićima curs due to insufficient vitamin C intake. Foods
i kostima, što može da uzrokuje anemiju (Ђурић- rich in this vitamin are fruits and vegetables, and
Срејић, 1995: 336). in smaller quantities, it is found in meat, fish, and
Kod odraslih individua najviše je prisutan milk. Food storage and its preparation also affect
osteoartritis i Šmorlov defekt, ali prisutne su i the preservation of vitamin C in foods (Brown and
spondiloza i spondilartroza, oboljenja koja mogu Ortner, 2009: 197). To survive, a person must have
da ukažu na obavljanje težih fizičkih aktivnosti. a sufficient amount of this vitamin in the diet be-
Osteoartritis se obično javlja već u trećoj deceniji cause it cannot be synthesized in the human organ-
života i može da se koristi kao jedan od parame- ism (Šlaus, 2006: 165). The disease is manifested
tara za utvrđivanje individualne starosti skeleta. differently in children and adults; but in both forms,
Međutim, činioci koji najviše dovode do razvoja however, occasional haemorrhage (bleeding) oc-
osteoartritisa jesu mehanički stres i fizička ak- curs in the skin, mucous membranes, gums, mus-
tivnost. Najvažniji parametri za procenu količine cles and bones, which can cause anemia (Ђурић-
fizičkog rada u arheološkim populacijama jesu Срејић, 1995: 336).
učestalost, jačina ispoljavanja i osteoartritičnih In adults, osteoarthritis and Schmorl’s nodes
promena na okrajcima dugih kostiju i na kičmi are most present, but spondylosis and spondylar-
(Миладиновић - Радмиловић, 2008b: 154, sa throsis, diseases that may indicate severe physical
navedenom literaturom). Dok učestalost osteo-ar- activity, are also present. Osteoarthritis usually
tritisa u nekoj zajednici daje preciznu sliku o koli- occurs in the third decade of life and can be used
čini fizičkog rada koju su pripadnici te zajednice as one of the parameters for determining the in-
obavljali, ona ne omogućuje preciznu rekonstruk- dividual age of the skeleton. However, the factors
ciju specifičnih aktivnosti i zanimanja. Međutim, that lead most to the development of osteoarthritis
postoji dosta studija u kojima naučnici pokušavaju are mechanical stress and physical activity. The
da nađu vezu između određenih fizičkih aktivno- most important parameters for estimating the
sti i mesta ispoljavanja degenerativnih promena amount of physical work in archaeological pop-
i stepena izraženosti enteza određenih mišićnih ulations are the frequency, severity of manifes-
hvatišta i hvatišta ligamenata i tetiva (Molnar, tation and osteoarthritic changes on the bones
Ahlstrom, and Leden 2011; Stirland, and Waldron of long bones and on the spine (Миладиновић-
1997; Zhang et al. 2017, itd.). Prisutnost Šmorlo- Радмиловић 2008b: 154, with cited bibliography).
vog defekta (plitki okrugli ili bubrežasti defekti na While the incidence of osteoarthritis in a communi-

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telima torokalnih i lumbalnih pršljenova) svedoči o ty gives a precise picture of the amount of physical
jakim mehaničkim opterećenjima kičme. Analizom work that members of the community do, it does
učestalosti Šmorlovih defekata u različitim arheo- not allow precise reconstruction of specific activ-
loškim populacijama može se imati uvid u kvalitet ities and occupations. However, there are many
života drevnih populacija, kao i to, da li su se pri- studies in which scientists try to find a connec-
padnici neke populacije eventualno bavili teškim tion between certain physical activities and the
fizičkim poslovima (Миладиновић-Радмиловић и place of manifestation of degenerative changes
Вуловић, 2013). and the degree of prominence of the entheses of
Spondiloza, ili degenerativno oboljenje di- certain muscles, ligaments and tendons (Molnar,
ska, je poseban oblik osteoartritisa koji zahvata Ahlstrom, and Leden 2011; Stirland, and Waldron
tela pršljenova, dok spondilartrozis označava de- 1997; Zhang et al. 2017, etc.). The presence of
generativne promene na artikularnim površi-nama Schmorl’s nodes (shallow round or oval defects on
zigapofilijalnih zglobova (Miladinović-Radmilović, the bodies of torocal and lumbar vertebrae) testi-
Vulović i Đukić, 2017). Oba oboljenja su kod star- fies to the strong mechanical loads of the spine.
ijih ljudi uobičajena pojava, usled dugogodišnjeg By analyzing the frequency of Schmorl’s nodes in
opterećenja cervikalne kičme težinom glave, kao different archaeological populations, one can have
i njene izloženosti stalnim mikrotraumama usled an insight into the quality of life of ancient popu-
velike pokretljivosti. Pojava spondiloze i spondilar- lations, as well as whether the members of some
troze kod mlađih osoba obično ukazuje na neku population may have engaged in difficult physical
vrstu aktivnosti u kojoj je vratni deo kičme izlo- labor (Миладиновић-Радмиловић и Вуловић,
žen neprekidnim i ponavljajućim mehaničkim 2013).
opterećenjima, kao što su npr. nošenje teških tereta Spondylosis, or degenerative disc disease,
na glavi (Lovell, 1994: 161), nošenje teškog tereta is a special form of osteoarthritis that involves the
na leđima pomoću neke vrste nosača koji su zate- vertebrae bodies, while spondylartrosis indicates
gnuti na čelu (Bridges, 1994: 91) ili rad koji iziskuje degenerative changes on the articular surfaces of
konstantnu zabačenost glave. Naravno, nije iskl- the zygapofillial joints (Miladinović-Radmilović, Vu-
jučeno i da su se neke od starijih osoba kod kojih lović and Đukić, 2017). Both diseases are common
su pronađene ovakve degenerativne promene još in older people due to the long-term load of the cer-
od mladosti bavile teškim fizičkim poslovima (Mila- vical spine with the weight of the head, as well as
dinović-Radmilović, Vulović i Đukić, 2017: 129). its exposure to permanent microtrauma due to high
Prilikom ispitivanja savremenih rudarskih mobility. The occurrence of spondylosis and spon-
populacija, zaključeno je da su osteoartritis lak- dylarthrosis in younger people usually indicates an
ta, ručnog zgloba i šake, kao i kuka, učestaliji kod activity in which the neck of the spine is exposed
rudara, nego u drugim grupama zanimanja (Kell- to continuous and recurrent mechanical loads,
gren and Lawrence, 1952: 206; Lawrence, 1955: such as, for example, carrying heavy loads on the
260). Takođe, radiološkim ispitivanjem ustanovlje- head (Lovell, 1994: 161), carrying heavy loads on
na je veća učestalost degenerativnih promena na the back using a type of carrier that is tightened
pršljenovima, i prisustvo artritisa kolena kod ruda- on the forehead (Bridges, 1994: 91) or work re-
ra, nego kod drugih fizičkih radnika (Kellgren and quiring a constant head extension. Of course, it is
Lawrence, 1952: 206). Prisustvo osteoartritičnih not excluded that some of the elderly with whom
promena na distalnim okrajcima humerusa i prok- such degenerative changes have been found have
simalnim okrajcima radijusa i ulni, kao i izražene been dealing with difficult physical labour since
enteze hvatišta mišića na humerusima, radijusima they were young (Miladinović-Radmilović, Vulović i
i ulnama, možda bi išle u prilog ovoj tezi, međutim, Đukić, 2017: 129).
nažalost, situacija u kojoj je pronađen skeletni ma- During research on modern mining popula-
terijal, kao i to da radijus i ulna, kao kosti, nisu po- tions, it was concluded that osteoarthritis of the el-
godni za utvrđivanje pola ne možemo sa sigurnošću bow, wrist and hand, as well as hip, were more com-
da se oslonimo na ovu interpretaciju. Takođe, pris- mon in miners than in other occupational groups
ustnost, za sada, samo tri patele u materijalu, nije (Kellgren and Lawrence, 1952: 206; Lawrence,
omogućilo posmatranje artritičnih promena na nji- 1955: 260). Also, by radiological examination, the

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ma. Ali, sumirajući za sada dobijene rezultate, na miners showed a higher incidence of degenerative
osnovu izraženosti enteza na hvatištima mišića, changes in spine and the presence of knee arthri-
ligamenata i tetiva na kostima ruku i nogu, osteo- tis than other physical workers (Kellgren and Law-
artritisa i Šmorlovog defekta, može se zaključiti da rence, 1952: 206). The presence of osteoarthritic
su ove individue obavljale teže fizičke aktivnosti, a changes in the distal epiphysis of the humerus
verovatno i nosile težak teret, na leđima i rukama. and proximal radii and ulnae, as well as the pro-
Dalja istraživanja, i obrada celokupnog humanog nounced enthesis of muscles on the humerus, radii
osteološkog materijala će pružiti potpuniju sliku o and ulnae, might support this thesis, however, un-
kvalitetu života rudarske populacije na Brskovu. fortunately, the situation in which the skeletal ma-
terial was found, as well that the radius and ulna,
are not good for determining the sex, we cannot
rely on this interpretation. Moreover, the presence,
for now, only three patellae in the material did not
allow observation of arthritic changes on them.
Summarizing the results obtained so far, based
on the prominent entheses on muscles, ligaments
and tendons on upper and lower limbs, osteoarthri-
tis and Schmorl’s nodes, it can be concluded that
these individuals performed more severe physical
activity, and probably also carried heavy loads on
their back and in their hands. Further research, and
analysis of the entire human osteological material
will provide a more complete picture of the quality
of life of the mining population in Brskovo.

The text results from the project Urbanization pro-

Tekst je rezultat projekta Procesi urbanizacije i razvo- cesses and development of medieval society (No. 177021),
ja srednjovekovnog društva (br. 177021) Ministarstva prosve- funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technologi-
te, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije. cal Development of the Republic of Serbia.

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Adams, Konigsberg 2004 – B. J. Adams, L. W. Konigsberg, Estimation of the Most Likely Number of Individ-

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Tabla 1 – Lobanjske projekcije, ženski pol, starost 20–35 godina

Plate 1 – Skull projections, female, aged 20–35

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Nova Antička Duklja X Vulović, Preliminarna antropološka...

Tabla 2 – Lobanjska projekcija, muški pol, starost 50 + godina

Plate 2 – Skull projections, male, aged 50+

190