Forth International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE2008)

22-24 July 2008, Zurich, Switzerland

Behavior comparison of passive & active frp confined rectangular

& wall-like columns

Asghar Vatani Oskouie1, Susan Valizadeh2&Mousa Aminnejad3

1
Department of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee University, Tehran,IRAN
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Azad University&TEHRAN GAS Company, Tehran,IRAN
3
Water Resources Management Organization, Tehran,IRAN

ABSTRACT: Concrete columns have an important function in the structural concepts of

structures. Recent earthquakes demonstrated that columns with insufficient seismic detailing
leading to partial and total structural collapse. External confinement of concrete can
significantly enhance its strength & load carrying capacity. This is effect of ductility & energy
dissipation of such columns. In this study the effectiveness of Aramid Fiber Reinforced
Polymers (AFRP) on confinement behaviour of RC columns are investigated.
This paper presents the results of an analytical study of active and passive confinement on
behaviour of reinforced-concrete (RC) columns with different b/h aspect ratios. For active
confinement, three pre-stressing levels were used. The axial loading levels with cyclic loading
similar to strong ground motion were applied. The results showed the enhancement in energy
dissipation & ductility of columns on active confinement but decreasing of them in large aspect
depth/width ratios of section.

1 INTRODUCTION
Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) are very effective for retrofitting of concrete members, it has
been drawing more & more attention especially for improving the ductility and energy absorption of
reinforced concrete columns. Existing studies on FRP-confined concrete were mainly concentrated
on passive confinement and few researchers were aimed at investigating the active confinement. In
addition confinement effectiveness of square and rectangular sections was less than that of their
circular counterparts (Harajli 2006).

There are more parameters that effect on behavior of rectangular concrete columns confined with
FRP, such as shape of section, depth/width aspect ratio and passive or active confinement. Based on
experimental results in rectangular cross-sections with 3 aspect ratios (1, 2.3, 2.7), enhancement of
aspect ratio leads to fracture of specimen in little strain and decreases its axial stress (Harajli
2006).The result of experimental work showed that FRP is not more effective for cross sections
with aspect ratio more than 3 in rectangular columns (Prota et al 2006). The behavior of concrete
rectangular columns confined with post tensioned FRP was studied by Pantelides et al (2006). The
effective of tensioning of FRP in columns with rectangular sections with the depth/width aspect
ratio equal or more than 3 is less. The objective of this study is to comprise the behavior of
rectangular columns confined passive and active with different b/h aspect ratios and effect of them
on energy absorption and their ductility. The pre-stressing is a good method for retrofitting of
vulnerable RC columns (Sadoughi et al 2004).
 Forth
h International C
Conference on FRP
F Composite
es in Civil Engin
neering (CICE20
008)
22-2
24 July 2008, Zu urich, Switzerlan
nd

2 EX
XPERIMENT
TAL PROGR
RAM

Squarre columns w with shear sppan to depth ratio of 2.5 were cast hoorizontally annd tested und
der lateral
cyclicc loading annd constant axial load, simultaneouusly Figure.66. The coluumn dimensiions were
250XX250 mm annd 625 mm height with h strong stubb at the botttom Figure.22. The colum mns were
reinfoorced longituudinally withh twelve Φ122 deformed bars,
b Φ4 was used as trannsverse reinfoorcements
with 100 mm spaace at througghout the enntire height oof columns and a 50 mm spaced the regions
r of
lateraal load at thee top of the columns.
c Thhe yield strenngth of longiitudinal and transverse bars for all
specimens was 4000 MPa and 200 MPa, respectively. Details of sppecimens aree presented in i table 1.
Tablee 2 shows m mechanical properties
p off AFRP materials. Alongg the verticaal edge of columns
c a
radiuus of 25 mm m fillet was formed
f by inncluding suiitable block outs in the wooden form mwork to
preveent stress cooncentration that may cause c premaature failure of FRP att the cornerrs. Before
retroffitting the coolumns with FRP all speecimens weree well prepaared by grindding and puttty so that
smoooth surfaces w were provideed.

2.1 Lateral Loadiing

The column
c was subjected too a constantt axial load and cyclic lateral
l forcess. The lateraal loading
system
m has displlayed in Figgure.1.Cyclicc shear forcee was contrrolled by deeflection ang gle of the
∆
colum
mn, R = ; where ∆ iss the horizonntal displacemment of the upper
u end off column an nd L is the
L
colum
mn height. The similar laateral loadingg patterns offfered by Alpper Ilki et al (2004) & Yong
Y Tage
Lee et
e al (2004).

Figure 1.Laateral loading graph

g for moddels

F
Figure 2.Test setup
 Forth International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE2008)
22-24 July 2008, Zurich, Switzerland

Table 1. Details of specimens and retrofitting

Pre-
Dimension Concrete
Height of stressing
Specimen Steel b/h of cross- cylindrical Axial Retrofitting
column Level
ratio (%) section strength Load system
(cm) (Micro
(cm) (MPa)
strain)
RRC1L1F1* 2.7 62.5 1 25*25 18 0.2 f'cAg Passive 0
ARRC1L1F1* 2.7 62.5 1 25*25 18 0.2 f'cAg Active 10000
RRC2L1F1 2.7 62.5 2 50*25 18 0.2 f'cAg Passive 0
ARRC2L1F1 2.7 62.5 2 50*25 18 0.2 f'cAg Active 10000
RRC6L1F1 2.7 62.5 6 150*25 18 0.2 f'cAg Passive 0
ARRC6L1F1 2.7 62.5 6 150*25 18 0.2 f'cAg Active 10000
*Tested specimens

Table2. Mechanical properties of FRP materials

Fiber σU (MPa) εU (%) E-Modulus(MPa) Thickness(mm)

Aramid 2900 2.5 120000 0.44

The pre-stressing method details of AFRP strips are shown in Figure.3. The column stubs were
fastened to the strong floor with eight high-strength rods, each rod was pre-stressed to 200 KN to
prevent slip and overturning under large lateral load that simulated earthquake loads. A vertical
hydraulic jack was used to apply the constant axial load which was controlled by load cell.

Figure 3. Typical pre-stressed wrapped case

2.2 Test Results

The Base shear-Relative displacement hysteretic responses for two specimens are shown in
Figure.4. In specimen RRC1L1F1, the hysteresis loops showed the maximum shear strength was
107.3kN. It is occurred in the positive loading direction. Failure was happened at 0.1m of relative
displacement. In the second specimen, ARRC1L1F1, as shown in Figure.5 the number of hysteresis
 Forth International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE2008)
22-24 July 2008, Zurich, Switzerland

loops increased, that means the energy absorption capacity enhances by pre stressing the FRP. That
is also in result of more ductility of second specimen, the failure happened at 0.12m of relative
displacement. The maximum shear strength was 139.8kN in the positive loading direction.

Figure 4. Base shear-Relative displacement responses of passive confined specimens

Figure 5. Base shear-Relative displacement responses of active confined specimens

3 ANALITICAL PROGRAM
 Forth International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE2008)
22-24 July 2008, Zurich, Switzerland

Figure 6.configuration of models

The specimens according to Table.1 were modeled and using FIBER analysis has investigated. The
chosen specimens are in well condition to investigate the effect of aspect ratio as comparing as
active and passive confinement. For analytical study three aspect ratios (b/h=1,2and6) are chosen.
The square specimen (b/h=1) analyzed in passive and active confinement under axial and lateral
loading same experimental work that described above. The load-displacement diagram between
numerical and experimental specimens have displayed in Figure 4.and Figure 5. The comparison
between numerical and experimental study shows the modeling is in correct way. Energy
dissipation versus ultimate drift angle diagram Figure 7.shows the result of numerical study with
passive and active confinement. The active specimen fails on a larger ultimate drift angle therefore
it contains more ductility and high amount of energy dissipation compare with passive confinement.

35
RRc1L1f1
30
ARRc1f1L1
25
Energy Dissipation(KJ)

20

15

10

0
0 2 4 6 R(%)8 10 12 14
Figure 7.Energy dissipation-drift angle curve for passive and active confined specimens (b/h=1)

After the satisfying of numerical modeling the other specimens were studied. Energy dissipation
versus ultimate drift angle diagram of specimens with (b/h=2and 6) has displayed in Figure.8. The
results show that with increasing of aspect ratio the effectiveness of confinement in two patterns
(passive and active) is less.
 Forth International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE2008)
22-24 July 2008, Zurich, Switzerland

180 70
160 ARRc6f1L1

Energy Disipation(KJ)
60 RRc2L1f1
140 RRc6L1f1
Energy Dissipation(KJ)

50 ARRc2f1L1
120
100 40
80 30
60
20
40
20 10
0 0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 0 2 4 6 8
R(%) R(%)

Figure 8.Energy dissipation-drift angle curve for passive and active confined specimens (b/h=2)& (b/h=6)

4 CONCLUSIONS

From the behavior observed during the flexure-shear experiment on the FRP strap was used for
lateral pre-stressed concrete column and results, the following conclusions can be drawn:

− Active confinement has a notable increasing effect in ductility and energy absorption especially
in small aspect ratios (square cross-section), as increasing as aspect ratio the effect of active
confinement will approach to zero. The increasing of drift angle in square specimen was 16%,
but for (b/h=2)is 13.5%and (b/h=6)is 0.The increasing of energy dissipation in square specimen
was 39.5%,but for (b/h=2)is 28.4%and (b/h=6)is only 0.17%.
− Pre-stressing is a use full method for enhancement and improve the confinement effect of FRP in
the concrete columns.
− By introducing of lateral pre-stress, improvement of the base shear capacity of column could be
recognized.

5 REFFERENCES

A.Mortazavi,A., Pilakoutas,K. & Sang son,K.2003. RC column strengthening by lateral pre-tensioning of

FRP.construction and building materials,vol.17,pp491-497.
H.Harajli,M.2006. Axial Stress-Strain Relationship For FRP Confined Circular & Rectangular Concrete
Columns. Cement & Concrete Composites;vol 28,pp938-948.
Ilki,A., Tezcan,A., Koc,V. & Kumbasar,N.2004. Seismic Retrofit of Non-Ductile Rectangular Reinforced
Concrete Columns By CFRP Jacketing. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
LEE,Y.T., KIM,S.H., HWANG,H.S., LEE,L.H.2004. Evaluation On The Shear Strengthening Effect Of RC
Columns With Carbon Fiber Sheets. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
Maalej, M., Tanwongsval, S.Paramasivam,P.2003. Modeling Of Rectangular RC Columns Strengthened
With FRP.Cement &Concrete Composites;vol 2,pp263-276.
Prota,A., Manfredi,G., Cosenza,E.2006. Ultimate Behavior Of Axially Loaded RC Wall-like Columns
Confined With GFRP.Composites,part B,pp670-678.
Sadoughi.Y,M., Saatcioglu ,M.& Foo,S.2004.Rectangular Concrete Columns Retrofitted By External
Prestressing For Seismic Shear Resistance. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
Yan, Z., Pantelides, C. & D.Reaveley, L.2006. Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Jacketed & Shape-Modified
Compression Members:1-Experimental Behavior. ACI structural journal/NovemberDecember2006,pp885-
893.