Isolated DC/DC

Converters
Chapter 5
Advanced Power Electronics
 Introduction
 Features of Isolated DC/DC
Converters
 Developed from common
non-isolated DC/DC
converters
 High frequency transformer
built in
 Ferrite cores
 Electrical isolation
Introduction
 Advantages:
 Wide range of voltage
conversion ratio
 Electrical isolation
 Low EMI
 Meeting international
regulations/standards
 Disadvantages:
 Higher cost than non-isolated DC/DC Converters
Introduction
 Most common isolated
DC/DC Converters
 Flyback converters
 from buck-boost converters
 Forward converters
 from buck converters
 Phase-shift converters
 similar to full-bridge inverters
 Flyback Converters
in Continuous Mode
vD
 States of Operation Tx
 On-state
1:N
ip D is
 Off-state

+
vp Lp Ls vs C R Vo
 Transformer + iC
 coupled Inductor Vin -
 continuous T vT
magnetising current
 Low power
applications Circuit Diagram of a Flyback Converter
Flyback Converters from Buck-boost
Converters

+
+
Vo Vo
-
+
+
-

+
- Vo
+
Principle of Operation of Flyback
Converters in Continuous Mode
 On-state Tx
T ON ip D iC

+
 D reverse biased + Lp Ls C R
Vin -
 Lp charged
T
 ip increases
 C discharging
Principle of Operation of Flyback
Converters in Continuous Mode
 Off-state D
Tx
T OFF

+
 D forward biased + Lp Ls iC C R
Vin is
 Ls discharging -
 is decreases T
 C charged
Principle of Operation of Flyback
Converters in Continuous Mode
vgs
 Volt-second balancing: 0
DTs (1-D)Ts
t
ip
Vo Iin ΔIp
Vin DTs  (1  D)Ts t
N is
0
On-state Off-state
Io+Iin/N ΔIs
 Voltage conversion ratio:
0 t
Vo ND iC
 ΔIs
Vin 1  D -Io
0 t

vT
Vin+Vo/N
0 t
vD
NVin +Vo
0 t
t0 t1 t2
Conversion Ratio of Flyback
Converters in Continuous Mode
 D<1 Vo ND
Vo 
 Conversion ratio 0   Vin 1  D
Vin
 Load independent
 Turn ratio
dependent
Current of Flyback Converters in
Continuous Mode
Vin DTs I p Vin DTs
I p  I s  
Lp N NLp

Vin  ND 
2
I p
i p  I in    iˆp   I in
R 1 D  2
Ripple Voltage of Flyback Converters
in Continuous Mode

 Same as buck-boost Vo
converters Vo  DTs
RC
Vo DTs

Vo RC
Principle of Operation of Flyback
Converters in Discontinuous Mode
vgs
 On-state
DTs (1-D)Ts
Tx 0 t
ip On-state Off-state
ip D iC 1 2
a b

+
Lp Ls C R ΔIp
+
Vin 0 t
- is
T ΔIs t
0
iC
δTs
 Off-state 1a ΔIs
0 t
D -Io
Tx vT Vin+Vo/N
Vin
+

+ Lp Ls iC C R 0 t
Vin is vD NVin+Vo
-
Vo
T 0 t
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4
Principle of Operation of Flyback
Converters in Discontinuous Mode
vgs
 Off-state 1b
DTs (1-D)Ts
D 0 t
Tx ip On-state Off-state
iC 1 2
ΔIp a b

+
+ Lp Ls C R 0 t
Vin is is
-
T ΔIs t
0
iC
δTs
 Off-state 2 ΔIs
0 t
Tx -Io
D iC vT Vin+Vo/N
+

+ Lp Ls C R Vin
Vin -
0 t
vD NVin+Vo
T Vo
0 t
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4
Voltage Conversion Ratio of Flyback
Converters in Discontinuous Mode
Vin DTs VoTs NVin D
I p   
Lp NLp Vo

I p  Vin DT 
Pin  Vin i p  Vin D  Vin D 
2  2L 
 p 
Voltage Conversion Ratio of Flyback
Converters in Discontinuous Mode
 Not related to turn ratio
 Directly proportional to D
Vo D 2Lp
 K
Vin K RTs
 Boundary condition
2
1 D 
K  
 N 
 Forward Converters

 States of vD2 vL
N1 : N3 : N2
Operation L
D2
 On-state vD1 C

+
v1 v3 v2 D1 R Vo
 Off-state 1 iC
+ Tx i2 iD1 iL
 Off-state 2 Vin -
 Medium power T vT D3 vD3
applications i1 i3
 Principle of Operation of Forward
Converters in Continuous Mode
N1 : N3 : N2 D2 L N1 : N3 : N2 L
D2
i1 i3

+
+
D1 C R D1 C R
+ +
Vin iL Vin iL
- Tx - Tx
T D3 T D3
On-state Off-state 1

N1 : N3 : N2 L
D2

+
D1 C R
+
Vin iL
- Tx
T D3
Off-state 2
Voltage Conversion Ratio of Forward
Converters in Continuous Mode
 Volt-second balancing:
N2
Vo (1  D)Ts  ( Vin  Vo ) DTs
N1
Vo N 2
 D
Vin N1
Maximum Duty Ratio of Forward
Converters in Continuous Mode

N1 Turns ratio Maximum

Dmax = Duty ratio
N1  N3
N1 = N3 0.5
N1 < N3 < 0.5
N1 > N3 > 0.5
Equivalent Circuit of Transformers
Rp Lkp im Lks' Rs'
vp Ep vs'
Lm Rc
ip is'

Lkp im Lks' im

vp vs' vp vs'
Lm Lm
ip is' ip is'
 Equivalent Circuit of Forward
Converters
vD2' vL'

i1 im L' N1
D2' i2' iC' Vo ' Vo
N2

+
Lm v1 vD1' D1' C' R' Vo'
vD3b'
iD1' iL'
N2
+
D3b' i2 '  i2
Vin vT D3a' vD3a' N1
- T
i3'

2 2 2
 N1   N1   N2 
R'    R L'    L C '    C
 N2   N2   N1 
 Overlapping Effect of Forward
Converters
N1:N2 vgs
Lk D2 L Io 0
Off-state On-state t

+
v1 v2 D1 C R Vo v2 N2Vin/N1
+
Vin Tx i2 iD1 iL 0 t
- iL Tov
T Io
0 t
iD2
Io
Equivalent circuit of Overlapping 0 t
iD1
Io
0 t
vD1 N2Vin/N1
0 t
Overlapping Effect of Forward
Converters
vgs
Off-state On-state
di2 N2 0 t
Lk  v2 _ on  Vin v2 N2Vin/N1
dt N1 0 t
iL Tov
N1 I o Io
Tov  Lk 0 t
N 2Vin iD2
Io
0 t
v2 _ onTov Io iD1
Vo   Lk 0
Io
t
Ts Ts vD1 N2Vin/N1
0 t
Voltage Ratings of Forward
Converters
 Off-state 1 N1 : N3 : N2 L
D2
N1 i3
v1_ off 1   v3 _ off 1

+
D1 C R
N3 +
iL
Vin - Tx
N1
v1_ off 1   Vin T D3
N3
 N1 
vT _ off 1  Vin 1  
 N3 
Voltage Conversion Ratio of Forward
Converters in Discontinuous Mode
 Operation similar to buck converters

Vo N 2 2

Vin N1 1  1  4 K / D 2
Single-ended Two-transistor
Forward Converters
 Transistor switched DB
TA
together + Tx
Vin -
 Voltage ratings of DA TB
transistors are Vin
 Higher power D2 L

+
D1 C R Vo
applications
 Phase-shift Full Bridge Converters
 For high power D1A D1B
T1A vAB T1B
 FB inverter + rectifier +
1 Tx
 Leg A and Leg B Vin - :
 Transistors of each leg T2A N T2B
switched alternately with D2A D2B
dead-time
L iL
 Phase difference D1 D3
between Legs A and B

+
 0 to 180° C R Vo

 Vo regulated by Phase D2 D4
shift in continuous mode
 Phase-shift Full Bridge Converters
T1A Ts
Dead-time
v1A
T2A 0 t
v2A
θTs/2π
0 t
v1B
D1A D1B
T1A vAB T1B 0 t
+ Tx
v2B
Vin - 1
: 0 t
T2A N T2B vAB
D2A D2B Vin
0 t
L iL
D1 D3 DTs/2 -Vin
iL
+

C R Vo
Io
D2 D4
0 t
Voltage Conversion Ratio of Phase-shift Full
Bridge Converters in Continuous Mode
 0   
0
Vo
N
D

Vin 
 Load independent Vo N
 Voltage conversion ratio similar to  ND 
forward converters Vin 
 Calculation of boundary condition
similar to buck converters
 Noted that frequency of the output
of the rectifier is 2fS
Features of Phase-shift Full Bridge
Converters in Continuous Mode
 High power applications v1A
 Transistors sharing heat dissipation 0 t

 Eliminating effect of switching v1B Switching Noise

noise 0 t
 AC gate signals applied
 ±15V

 Modifying to ZVS easily

 Wide range of ZVS
 Higher efficiency and lower EMI

 More components
 Higher costs