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IFAC PapersOnLine 51-31 (2018) 685–689
A bidirectional LLC-C Resonant DC-DC Converter Based on Normalized
A
A bidirectional LLC-C Resonant DC-DC Converter Based on Normalized
A bidirectional
bidirectional LLC-C
LLC-C Resonant
SymmetryDC-DC
Resonant DC-DC
Resonant Converter
Tank Based
Converter Based on
on Normalized
Normalized
Symmetry
A bidirectional LLC-C Resonant
Symmetry Resonant
DC-DC
Resonant Tank
Converter
Tank Based on Normalized
Symmetry Resonant Tank
Dongjiang Yang,Symmetry Resonant
Bin Duan, Wenlong Tank
Ding, Jinqiu Song, Chenghui Zhang*
Dongjiang
Dongjiang Yang, Bin Duan, Wenlong Ding, Jinqiu Song, Chenghui Zhang*
Dongjiang Yang, Yang, Bin Bin Duan,
Duan, Wenlong
Wenlong Ding, Ding, Jinqiu
Jinqiu Song, Song, Chenghui Chenghui Zhang* Zhang*
∗ Shandong University, Shandong, China (Tel:18660718110; e-mail: [email protected], Zhang*
Dongjiang Yang, Bin Duan, Wenlong Ding, Jinqiu Song, Chenghui [email protected],
∗ Shandong University, Shandong, China (Tel:18660718110; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected],
∗∗ Shandong
Shandong University,
University, [email protected]
Shandong, China
Shandong, , [email protected],
China (Tel:18660718110;
(Tel:18660718110; e-mail:
e-mail: [email protected].).
[email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
[email protected] ,, [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected].).
[email protected].).
∗ Shandong University, Shandong, China (Tel:18660718110;
[email protected] , [email protected], e-mail: [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected].).
Abstract: A bidirectional LLC-C resonant converter with a normalized symmetry resonant tank is proposed
Abstract: [email protected] , [email protected], [email protected].).
for energyA
Abstract:
Abstract: A
bidirectional
Astorage system.LLC-C
bidirectional
bidirectional In the resonant
LLC-C
LLC-C proposedconverter
resonant
resonant converter
converter
with
with aaa normalized
LLC-C converter,
with two auxiliary
normalized
normalized
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry switches resonant
resonant
resonant
tank
tank is
are added
tank istoproposed
is provide
proposed
proposed
for
for energy
bypass
energy path storage
for each system.
resonant In the proposed
capacitor. In LLC-C
either converter,
forward or two
backward auxiliary operatingswitches mode, are added
the to
converter provide can
Abstract:
for energy Astorage
storage system.
bidirectional
system. In
In the
LLC-C the proposed
resonant
proposed LLC-C
converter
LLC-C converter, two
two auxiliary
with a normalized
converter, auxiliarysymmetry switches
switches resonantare
are theadded
tank isto
added provide
toproposed
provide
bypass
work as path for
traditional each LLCresonant
resonant capacitor.
converter, In either
which forward
has more or backward
methods to operating
analysis mode,
and design. converter
In addition, can
bypass
for energy
bypass
work as
path
path for
for each
storage
traditional each LLC
resonant
system.
resonant
resonant
capacitor.
In the proposed
capacitor.
converter,
In either
In LLC-C
either
which
forward
converter,
forward
has more
or backward
two auxiliary
ormethods
backward to
operating
operatingswitches
analysis
mode,
mode,
and
are theadded
the
design.
converter
In
to provide
converter
addition, canaa
can
design
work
bypass
work asprocedure
traditional
path
asprocedurefor each
traditional is introduced
LLC
LLC resonant
resonant
resonant to optimally
converter,
capacitor.
converter, design
which
In either the
has
whichforward
has LLC-C
more
more converters.
ormethods
backward
methods to
to operating An
analysis
analysis accurate
and
mode,
and algorithm
design.
design. In
In addition,
the converter based
addition, onaa
can
design
enumeration
design procedure of the is
is introduced
ratio of
introducedtwo to
to optimally
resonant
optimally design
inductors
design is the
the LLC-C
introduced
LLC-C converters.
to find
converters. the An
required
An accurate
peak
accurate algorithm
gain
algorithm at the based
full
based on
load.
on
work
design asprocedure
traditionalisLLC resonant
introduced to converter,
optimally which has
design the more
LLC-C methods
converters. to analysis An accurate and design. algorithm In addition, based ona
enumeration
Severalprocedure
design of the ratio
options of
can two resonant
be evaluated inductors
and design is
the optimal introduced
one can tobefind the
selected required peak gain at the full load.
enumeration
design
enumeration of
of the
the isratio
ratio of
introduced
of two
two resonant
to optimally
resonant inductors
inductors is
is introduced
the LLC-C
introduced to find
converters.
to find the
the Anforaccurate
required
required respective
peak
peak gain applications.
algorithm
gain at
at the
the full
based
full At
load.
on
load.
Several
last,
Several a design
simulation
design options
was
options can
can be
performed
be evaluated
with
evaluated and
and the
Simulink
the optimal
to one
verify
optimal one can
the
can be
usability
be selected
selected of for
the
for respective
proposed
respective applications.
topology
applications. and At
the
At
enumeration
Several design of options
the ratiocan of two resonant inductors
be evaluated is introduced
and the optimal onethecan tobefind the required
selected forproposed peak gainapplications.
respective at the full load. At
last, aa simulation
effectiveness thewas performed with Simulink to verify usability of the topology and the
last,
Several
last, a designofoptions
simulation
simulation proposed
was
was can be design
performed
performed with
evaluated
with method.
Simulink to
and the optimal
Simulink to verify
onethe
verify can
the usability
be selected
usability of
of the
forproposed
the respectivetopology
proposed applications.
topology and
and the
At
the
effectiveness
effectiveness of
of the
the proposed
proposed design
design method.
method.
last, a simulation
© 2018, IFAC
effectiveness was performed
(International
of the proposed with
Federation
design Simulink
of resonant
method.Automatic to verify the
Control) zero usability
Hosting of
by Elsevier the proposed
Ltd.(ZVS), topology
All rights reserved. and the
Keywords: Bidirectional converter, LLC converter, voltage switching ESS systems
effectiveness
Keywords: of the proposed
Bidirectional designLLC
converter, method.
resonant converter, zero voltage switching (ZVS), ESS systems
Keywords: Bidirectional converter, LLC
Keywords: Bidirectional converter, LLC resonant converter, resonant converter, zero
zerotank. voltage
voltage switching (ZVS), ESS systems
Theswitchingproposed(ZVS), ESS systems


resonant resonant tank is symmetry when

1. Bidirectional converter, LLC resonant converter, zerotank. voltage switching (ZVS), ESS systems


Keywords: INTRODUCTION resonant The proposed resonant tank is symmetry

convertwhen


work in forward and backward. But the voltage ratio



resonant tank. The proposed resonant tank is

is symmetry when


1.
1. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION resonant
work in tank. The
forward and proposed
backward. resonant
But tank
the voltage symmetry
convert when
ratio
1. INTRODUCTION


Isolated bidirectional dc-dc converters have been playing of

work the
resonant
work inconverter
forward
tank.
inconverter
forward and The is
and narrow
backward.
proposed
backward. for its
But
resonant
But working
the
tank voltage
the voltage is scheme.
convert
symmetry
convert Wei ratio
when
ratioC
Isolated bidirectional 1. INTRODUCTION
dc-dc converters have been playing of the
proposed
of the a
converter CLLC is
is narrow
resonant
narrow for
converter
for its
its working
whose
working scheme.
resonant
scheme. Wei
tank
Wei C
has
C
increasing
Isolated
Isolated important
bidirectional
bidirectional role
dc-dc
dc-dcin electrochemical
converters have
converters haveenergy energy
been storage
playing
been playing work
of in forward
the converter and
isresonantbackward.
narrowconverter But
for its working the voltage convert
scheme.tank ratio
Weihas C
increasing important role in electrochemical storage proposed
an added
proposed a
series
a CLLC
CLLC resonantresonant capacitor
converter on whose
the
whose resonant
secondary
resonant side
tankof the
has
system
increasing
increasingto interface
important
Isolated bidirectional
important the
role dc
dc-dc
role in
in voltage bus
electrochemical and
converters haveenergy
electrochemical energy storage
been playing
storage of the
proposed converter
a CLLC is narrow
resonant for
converter its working
whose scheme.
resonant Wei
tank C
has
system such
to interface
interface the dc dc voltage
voltage bus andand energy
energy storage
storage an
LLC
an added
resonant
added series
series resonant
converter.
resonant capacitor
When
capacitor on
operating
on the
the secondary
in forward
secondary side
mode,
side of
of the
the
device
system
increasing
system to as super-capacitors
importantthe
to interface the
roledcinvoltage and batteries.
bus
electrochemical
bus and energy storage proposed
an added a CLLC
seriesconverter. resonant
resonant capacitor converter whose
on the secondary resonant tank
side of thehas
device bidirectional
such as super-capacitors
super-capacitors and batteries. LLC
resonant
LLC resonant
resonant tankconverter. can When
be regarded
When operating
as
operating a LLC-C in
in forward
forward tank, mode,
and
mode, the
in
Many
device
system
device such as
to interface
such as topologies,
the dc voltage
super-capacitors suchbatteries.
and
and busas and
bidirectional
batteries. PWM
energy storage an
LLC added
resonant series resonant
converter. capacitor
When on the
operating secondary
in forward side
mode, of the
Many bidirectional topologies, such as bidirectional PWM resonant
backward,
resonant tank
tank can becan
can seenbe
be regarded
as CLL-C
regarded as
tank.
as a
a LLC-C
Either
LLC-C tank,
LLC-C
tank, and
tank
and in
or
in
isolated
Many
device
Many converters,
bidirectional
such as
bidirectional dual
topologies,
super-capacitors
topologies,active andbridge
such
such as (DAB)
batteries.
as bidirectional converters,
bidirectional PWM
PWM LLC resonant
resonant tank converter.
canseen be as When
regarded operating
as a Either in forward
LLC-CLLC-C mode,
tank, tank and or the
in
isolated converters, dual active bridge (DAB) converters, backward,
CLL-C
backward, tank can
can is be
be not seensimilar as CLL-C
as
CLL-C tank.
traditional
tank. Either LLC converter,
LLC-C tank of
or
resonant
isolated
Many
isolated bidirectional
converters,
bidirectional
converters, converters,
dual
topologies,
dual active
active and
bridge
such
bridge so
as on, are
(DAB)
(DAB) derived from
converters,
bidirectional PWM
converters, resonant
backward, tank can becan seenbe regarded
as CLL-C as
tank. a LLC-C
Either tank,
LLC-C and
tank in
or
resonant bidirectional
bidirectional converters, and so so on,
on, are derived
derived from CLL-C
which gain
CLL-C tank
tank is not
characteristics
is not similar
similar are as
as traditional
difficult
traditional toEither LLC
analysis.
LLC converter,
converter, of
of
ordinary
resonant
isolated
resonant unidirectional
converters,
bidirectional dual isolated
converters,
active
converters, DC-DC
and
bridge
and so on, converters
are
(DAB) to meet
from
converters,
are derived from backward,
CLL-C tank can is be not seensimilar as CLL-C
as tank.
traditional LLC LLC-C
converter, tank or
of
ordinary unidirectional isolated DC-DCDC-DC converters to meet which
Based gain
on the characteristics are difficult in to analysis.
the requirement
ordinary
resonant
ordinary bidirectionalfor application.
unidirectional
unidirectional isolated
converters,
isolated and so on,
DC-DC converters
are derived
converters to
to meet
from
meet which
CLL-C
which gain
tank
gain istopologies
characteristics
not similar
characteristics investigated
are
are asdifficult
traditional
difficult to literature
to analysis.
LLC converter,
analysis. Wei C, of in
the requirement for application. Based
this paper
Based gain on
on thethe
the thetopologies
resonant
topologies investigated investigated
tank
investigated of the in
in literature
CLLC
literature Wei
converter
Wei C, C,
C, in is
in
Among
the
ordinary
the them,
requirement
requirement the
for
unidirectional
for DAB converter
application.
isolated
application. DC-DCis appreciated
convertersbyto many meet which
Based on characteristics
topologies are difficult in to literature
analysis. Wei in
Among them, the DAB converter is appreciated by many this paper
converted
this paper into the a resonant
thetopologies LLC tank
resonant
resonant investigated
tank of of the
converter
of the thein CLLC CLLC
CLLC through converter
auxiliary
converter is
is
researchers
Among
the them,
requirement
Among them, forthe itsDAB
for
the advantages
converter
application.
DAB converter of is
iszero-voltage-switching,
appreciated
appreciated by
by many
many Basedpaper
this on thethe resonant tank literature Wei C, in
converter is
researchersbuck-boost
for its advantages ofHowever,
zero-voltage-switching, converted
switches
converted into
ininto a
forward
a LLC
LLC resonant
mode,
resonant converter
andofconverter
athe CLL through
resonant
through auxiliary
tank in
auxiliary
adjustable
researchers
Among
researchersthem, for theits DAB voltage
advantages
for its advantages gain.
converter of is DAB
appreciated converter
zero-voltage-switching,
by many this paper
converted into the a resonant
LLC tank
resonant converter CLLC through converter
auxiliary is
adjustable buck-boost
unavoidably loses voltage gain.ofHowever,
zero-voltage-switching,
DAB converter switches
backward
switches
converted in
in mode. forward
intoforward a And
mode,
the
mode, CLLand and aa CLL
resonant CLL tankresonant is equivalent
resonant tank
tank in
to
in
researchersbuck-boost
adjustable for its ZVS characteristics
advantages
voltage gain.ofHowever, whenDAB theconverter
zero-voltage-switching,voltage switches
backward in mode. forward And
LLC resonant
mode, and converter
a CLL through
resonant auxiliary
tank in
unavoidably
variation get loses ZVS characteristics
wider, when lossthe voltage the LLC resonant
backward mode. tank.the
And the CLL
According
CLL resonant
toa the
resonant tank is
characteristics
tank is equivalent
is equivalent of the to
to
unavoidably
adjustable
unavoidably
variation get loses resulting
loses
buck-boost
wider,
ZVS
ZVS
resulting
ingain.
higher
characteristics
voltage
characteristics
in higher
turn-off
However, when
when
turn-off
DAB
loss
the
theand
and
higher
voltage
converter
voltage
higher
switches
backward
the LLC
in mode.
resonant
forward And
tank.
mode,
the CLLand
According resonant
to
CLL
the tankresonant
characteristics equivalent tank
of
in
to
the
circulating
variation get
unavoidably current.
get wider,
wider, Many
resulting
loses resulting scholars
in higher conducted
higher turn-off
ZVS characteristics turn-off
when research
losstheandvoltage
higher on port
the
the voltage
LLC
backward
LLC resonant of
mode. And
resonant the energy
tank.
tank. the storage
According
CLL resonant
According battery,
to
to the
the a hybrid
characteristics
tank is equivalent
characteristics modulation
of
of the
to
the
variation in loss and higher port voltage of the energy storage battery, aa hybrid
circulating
these limitations
circulating
variation
current.
current.
getcurrent.
wider,
Many scholars
of resulting
DAB
Manyand inproposed
scholars
conducted
various
conducted
higherconducted
turn-off
research on
optimization
lossresearch
and higher on method
port
the
port voltage
LLC
voltage based
resonant of
of the
theontank. pulseAccording
energy
energy width
storagemodulation
storage battery,
to the characteristics
battery, plus modulation
a hybrid
hybrid phaseofshift
modulation
modulation the
circulating Many scholars research on method based on pulse width modulation plus phase
these limitations
modulate and
these limitations
limitations
circulating current.
of
control DAB
of DAB
DAB
Manyand
and
methods
and
proposed
proposed
scholars
various
respectively, optimization
and achieved
various optimization
conducted optimization
research on modulation
method
port
method voltage based
based is
of proposed
theon
on pulse
energy
pulse to achieve
width
storage
width voltage
modulation
battery,
modulation a converting
plus
hybrid
plus phase in shift
modulation
phase step
shift
shift
these
modulate of
and control methods proposed various
respectively, and achieved modulation is proposed to achieve voltage converting in step
good results. up or stepbased
modulation down is
is proposed modespulsewith to highmodulation
achieve efficiency
voltage
voltage converting in a wider phaseinrange.step
modulate
these
modulate
good results. andHowever,
and
limitations control
of DAB
control
However,
those
and proposed
methods
methods
those
methods
respectively,
proposed variousand
respectively,
proposed methods
are achieved
and
are
not used
optimization
achieved
not used
method
modulation
up or step down
on
proposedmodes towidth
with achieve
high efficiency in
plus
converting
a wider in shift
range.step
widely
good
good for
results.
modulate
results. their complexity.
However,
andHowever, those
control methods
those proposed
proposed methods
respectively,
methods are
and
are not used
achieved
not used up or
modulation
up or step step down is proposed
down modes modes with
to
with high
achieve efficiency
voltage
high efficiency in a
converting wider
in a wider range. range.
in step
widely for their complexity. 2. Topology of the LLC-C Resonant Converter
Recently,
widely
good for
widelyresults. series
their
for their resonant
complexity.
However,
complexity. converter and LLC
those proposed methods are not used resonant up or step
2. down
Topology modes of with
the LLC-Chigh efficiency
Resonant in a
Converter wider range.
Recently, series resonant converter and LLC resonant 2. Topology
2. Topology of of the the LLC-C
LLC-C Resonant Resonant Converter Converter
converter
widely forhave
Recently,
Recently, series
their
series been investigated
resonant
complexity.
resonant to change
converter
converter and for
and LLC
LLCbidirectional
resonant
resonant
converter have been investigated to change for bidirectional 2.1 2. Topology of the LLC-C Resonant Converter
Configuration
power
converter
Recently,
converter transmission.
have
series
have been
been Chen Q
investigated
resonant
investigated C toproposed
converter changeand foraLLCbidirectional
resonant
power transmission.
CLLLC resonant DC Chen Q C toproposed
transformer,
change
and
for
a bidirectional
analyzed bidirectional
its voltage
2.1
2.1 Configuration
2.1 Configuration
Configuration
power
converter
power transmission.
have
transmission. been Chen
investigated
Chen Q
Q C
C toproposed
change
proposed a
for
a bidirectional H1 H2
CLLLC
gain resonant DC
characteristics transformer,
based on FHA and analyzed
method. Then its
the voltage
author 2.1 Configuration
CLLLC
power
CLLLC resonant
transmission.
resonant DC
DC transformer,
Chen Q
transformer, C and
proposed
and analyzed
a
analyzed its
its voltage
bidirectional
voltage S1
H1
H S113 S5
H2
HS72
gain characteristics
further studied based on FHA method. Then the author H
H1 H
H22
CLLLC
gain resonantitsDC
characteristics characteristics
transformer,
based on FHA method. of soft
and start,its
analyzed
Then direction
the voltage
author S1
SS11
S3
SS133 T
S5
SS55
S7
SS772
further studied
switching control its
and characteristics
the influence ofofthesoft
gain start, direction
characteristics S1 H S3 n:1 S5 H S7
further
gain
further studied
characteristics
studied its
its characteristics
based on
characteristicsFHA of
method.
of soft
soft start,
Then
start, direction
the author
direction Lr T
switching
for secondary control and
switching the influence
junction of the
capacitance gain characteristics
on. Jiang TY V1 S 1 S 3 Lr n:1
T
T
T S 5 S7
V2
switching
further
switching control
studied
control and
its
and the
the influence
characteristics
influence of
ofofthe
the gain
soft
gain characteristics
start, direction
characteristics V1 C1 CL
L r
Lr1rr Lm n:1
n:1
n:1
Cr2 C2
for secondary
proposes acontrolswitching
method junction capacitance on. Jiang T Y V11 T V2
for
for secondary
switching
secondary andtothe
switching
switching add a magnetizing
junction
influence
junction capacitance
of the gain
capacitance inductance
on.
on. Jiang
JianginT
characteristics Tthe
Y
Y
V
V1 C1 C
C
r1
Lr1r L
L
m n:1 Cr2 C2 V
V222
V
proposes
traditional a method to add a magnetizing inductance in the C
C
C1
11 C
C r1
r1 L
L
m
m
m Cr
Cr
Cr2
22 C
C
C2
22
proposes
for secondary
proposes aa LLC
method topological
switching
method to
to add junction
add converter,
aa magnetizing
capacitance
magnetizing forms on.the
inductance
inductance πinT
Jiang type
the
Y V 1 V2
traditional LLC topological converter, forms the πintype the
S2
C1
S4
Cr1 Lm Cr2 S8 C2
traditional
traditionala LLC
proposes method
LLC topological converter,
converter, forms
to add a magnetizing
topological the
the π
inductance
forms πintypethe
type S2 S4
S-P S-S
S6
S8
S6
SS22 SS44 S-P S-S S6 SS88
traditional LLC topological converter, forms the π type S2 S4 S-P
S-P
S-P
S-S
S-S
S-S
SS66 S8
* This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of S2 S4 S6 S8
* This (No.61527809,
paper was supported by the 61320106011,
National Natural Science Foundation of S-P S-S
China
* This paper was U1764258,
supported by the National 61473172),
Natural Science National key
Foundation of Fig.1 Bidirectional LLC-C resonant converter topology
* Thisprogram
China paper was
of supported
(No.61527809, andbyShandong
U1764258,the 61320106011,
National Natural Science
61473172), Foundation of
National key
R&D
China China
(No.61527809, U1764258, Province (No. 2018YFB0104000, Fig.1 Bidirectional LLC-C resonant converter topology
China
*
R&D (No.61527809,
Thisprogram
paper was
2016ZDJS03A02), U1764258,
of supported
China
which and the 61320106011,
61320106011,
bygratefully
are National
Shandong
61473172),
61473172),
Natural
Province Science
(No.
acknowledged.
National
National key
Foundation
2018YFB0104000,key
of Fig.1
Fig.1 Bidirectional
Bidirectional LLC-C
LLC-C resonant
resonant converter
converter topology
topology
R&D
R&D
China program
program of
of China
China
(No.61527809, and
and Shandong
Shandong
U1764258, Province
Province
61320106011, (No.
(No. 2018YFB0104000,
2018YFB0104000,
61473172), National key
2016ZDJS03A02),
2016ZDJS03A02),
which
which
are gratefully
are gratefully
acknowledged.
acknowledged. Fig.1 Bidirectional LLC-C resonant converter topology
2016ZDJS03A02),
R&D whichand
program of China are gratefully
Shandongacknowledged.
Province (No. 2018YFB0104000,
Copyright
2405-8963 © 2018,
© 2018which
2016ZDJS03A02), IFAC
IFACare(International Federation of Automatic Control)
gratefully acknowledged. 729Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Copyright
Peer review© 2018
under IFAC
responsibility of International Federation of 729Control.
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Copyright ©
Copyright © 2018
2018 IFAC
IFAC 729
729
10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.10.158
Copyright © 2018 IFAC 729
IFAC E-CoSM 2018
686 Dongjiang Yang et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 51-31 (2018) 685–689
Changchun, China, September 20-22, 2018

This paper proposes a bidirectional LLC-C resonant converter Lr

topology, which is shown in Fig.1, to interface the dc voltage T Cr2
bus and the energy storage device in the energy storage system
(ESS).The primary side of the transformer is defined as the dc V1 Lm V2
voltage bus and the energy storage batteries are put at the
secondary side.
Taking the batteries charging mode as forward mode, the
primary-side MOSFETs S1-S4 constitute a chopping
full-bridge H1, and the secondary-side MOSFETs S5-S8 Fig.3 Backward CLL network
constitute a rectification full-bridge H2. Between the chopper
full bridge and the rectification full bridge, a resonant tank is On the contrary, the switch S-P is turned on and S-S is turned
formed by the resonant inductor Lr, the transformer T, and the off to bypass the resonant capacitor Cr1 when the converter
resonant capacitor Cr1/Cr2. At the same time, the MOSFETs works in the discharging operation mode. Resonant elements
S-S and S-P are connected in parallel to the resonant Cr2, Lr, and Lm constitute a CLL resonant tank.
capacitors Cr1 and Cr2 as auxiliary switch to reform the
topology to meet the requirement in different working 2.3 CLL Resonant Network and Its Equivalence
conditions. V1 is defined as dc voltage bus, C1 is defined as bus
capacitor, V2 is defined as output voltage at the battery side, The CLL resonant tank has the similar resonant characteristics
and C2 is defined as output capacitor. as the LLC resonant tank, and can be transformed into an LLC
Some assumptions as follows are made to simplify the circuit resonant tank by equivalent transformation. The CLL resonant
analysis: tank can be equivalently transformed into an LLC resonant
1) Assume that all devices in the circuit are ideal, including network. The equivalent relationship is as follows:
switches, inductors, capacitors, and so on.  Lr '  Lr Lm / ( Lr  Lm )n 2
2) Assume that the filter capacitor C1 and C2 is large enough to 
 Lm'  Lm / ( Lm  Lr )n
2
guarantee the input voltage to be constant, and the voltage (1)
ripple can be neglected.  n '  n( L  L ) / L
3) Assume that the output capacitors of the switch S1-S8 are  m r m

completely the same. From Equation (1), the CLL resonant tank in the discharge
mode can be equivalent to the LLC resonant tank, as shown in
2.2 Operation Principles of the Converter Fig.4. In this way, the two topologies of the bi-directional
DC-DC converter in the forward and backward modes can be
The converter charges the batteries of the ESS when operating equivalently unified into the LLC resonant topology.
in the forward mode. The switch S-P is turned off and the Lr' Cr2
switch S-S is turned on, then and the secondary resonant T
capacitor Cr2 of the transformer is bypassed. At this time, the
resonant capacitor Cr1, the resonant inductor Lr, and the V1 Lm' V2
magnetizing inductance Lm constitute a standard LLC resonant
tank, and the equivalent circuit shows in Fig.2. n':1
Cr1 Lr T
Fig.4 Equivalent circuit of CLL
V1 Lm V2
Let the characteristic impedances of the resonant tank of
forward and backward to be same, Z1=Z2, then an expression
could be obtained
1
Cr 2  C (2)
Fig.2 Forward LLC network 2 k  1 r1
n
In this mode of operation, define the following k
parameters: In this way, the equivalent circuit model in the forward and
backward operation modes of the converter can be obtained
Series resonant frequency f r1  1/ 2 Lr Cr1 respectively, and it can be seen that the two equivalent models
Inductance ratio m  ( Lm  Lr ) / Lr are symmetrical.
Compared with the existing bidirectional CLLC resonant
Positive characteristic impedance Z1  Lr / Cr1 converter when the converter is operating in the forward and
Transformer ratio n  n1 / n2 reverse directions, the operating characteristics of the
proposed converter are similar as conventional LLC resonant
converter. Based on the extensive methods of traditional LLC
converter, the design methods of the bidirectional converter
could be simplified largely.

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Changchun, China, September 20-22, 2018
Dongjiang Yang et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 51-31 (2018) 685–689 687

3. Converter design To ensure that the secondary diode works in the ZCS mode
and the peak gain point is the PON mode, the expressions of
3.1 Operation of Step-Up Mode the parameters IrPn and IrNn are as follows:
I rPn  ( I rOn sin o0 ) 2  ( mI rOn cos O 0  1) 2 (4)
At present, LLC resonant converter mainly work in three
modulation modes, including pulse frequency modulation I rNn  ( I  1/ (m 1)
2
rOn

(PFM), pulse width modulation (PWM) and phase-shift The available output power of the peak gain point is as
modulation (PSM). Among them, the PFM is widely used for follows:
LLC resonant converter due to its features such as soft f m 1
pon  n [ ( I rOn cos  o0 ) 2  mI rOn cos O 0
switching within a wider voltage variation range.  2
The working process of LLC resonant converter can be （5）
 ( I rOn sin O 0 ) 2  ( mI rOn cos O 0  1) 2
summarized as P state, O state and N state respectively. In one
cycle, according to the different switching frequency and load  I rOn  1/ (m  1)  m / 2(m  1)]
state of the converter, there are three states form 11 operating Among them, IrOn is
modes. However, in the 11 operating modes, only a few f n  f nb
operating modes such as P, PO, and PON can realize soft I rOn ( f n )  ( I rOn 0  I rOnb )  I rOnb （6）
f n 0  f nb
switching characteristics.
When the switching frequency equals the resonant frequency, 
cos( )  sin( )  cos(  )(   )  sin(  )
the LLC resonant converter operates in the P state. This mode fn m （7）
O 0 
is the simplest mode of operation of the LLC resonant cos( )  cos(  )
converter, where Lr and Cr participate in the resonance, and 1  cos(  )(( / f n m )   )  sin(  ) （8）

the magnetizing inductance Lm is always clamped by the cos(  )
secondary output voltage. At this stage, the voltage gain of the O m （9）
converter is not affected by the load change and the   O 0  arccos( )
m (m 1) IrOn
normalized voltage gain is constant at 1. In half cycle, the peak voltage of the resonant capacitor can be
When the output voltage needs to be increased, the switching derived from the energy transferred by the resonant capacitor
frequency can be reduced, and the O state occurs during the as follows:
half cycle of the converter. In the O state, the resonant
Pfull
inductor Lr and the magnetizing inductor Lm are resonant with  Vbus Q  2Cr1VbusVcr1 （10）
the resonant capacitor Cr, and the transformer secondary f s ,min
output current is zero. During the half cycle, the converter Pfull （11）
works in the PO mode. When the converter operates in the PO Vcr1 
2 f s ,minVbus
mode, the switches of the primary bridge can operate with
ZVS, and the switches of the rectifying bridge can operate 3.2 Converter Design
with ZVS. At this point, the efficiency of the converter is
optimal, so this mode is the best operating mode of the LLC The LLC-C resonant converter can operate in four modes.
resonant converter. They are forward boost, forward step-down, backward step-up,
When the load of the converter is further increased or the and backward step-down
switching frequency is further reduced, the converter will The resonant converter design flow is divided into the
enter the PON operation mode. Compared with the PO following steps:
operating mode, the switches of rectifying bridge can still The steady-state operating point of the converter is set
implement ZCS, but the switches in primary side would lose according to the normal operating conditions of the energy
ZVS characteristics. In this mode, the converter voltage gain storage system and the output voltage characteristics of the
no longer monotonically increases as the switching frequency energy storage batteries. There are two forward and backward
decreases, thereby making the control loop be difficult to boost modes. The converter can operate in PFM mode, which
design. However, the point of peak gain, which is the increases the output voltage by lowering the switching
boundary of ZVS and ZCS for the switches of primary side. At frequency.
this moment, the resonant current crosses zero at the instant 1）the peak gain can be determined by
that the switching device is turned on or off. With this
condition applied, the peak gain of the peak gain point and the
GF , pk  nVbat ,max / Vbus （12）
corresponding output full power can be obtained. 2）The resonant frequency fr of the converter is selected
When the LLC resonant converter operates in the PON mode, according to the constraint conditions such as the power level,
its peak gain and corresponding output power are expressed as the characteristics of the switch and the volume requirements
follows: of the converter, and then the respective magnetic material is
2 (3) selected according to the operating frequency range.
M pk 
I rPn  I rNn Furthermore, according to the characteristics of the material of
the magnetic element, the minimum switching frequency for
optimizing the efficiency of the converter is set at fmin.

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688 Dongjiang Yang et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 51-31 (2018) 685–689
Changchun, China, September 20-22, 2018

3）Normalizing the resonant parameters (Lr, Cr1, Lm, Cr2), 0.7

8 1.1289 0.8468
characteristic parameters (fr, fs), and input/output state
parameters (Vin, Vout, Pfull) , then the impartant parameters for 0.7
7 1.1563 0.8539
analysis and design such as the inductance ratio m, the 0.7
6 1.1984 0.8354
minimum normalized switching frequency fsn,min, the load
power p, and the voltage gain G can be obtained by caculation. 0.7
5 1.2712 0.812
With the obtained inductance ratio m and the minimum 0.7
4 1.4238 0.7294
normalized switching frequency fsn,min, the peak gain and
corresponding output power of the LLC resonant converter in 0.7
3 1.9227 0.5446
the PON mode can be determined. 0.7
The value of m be set from 2 to 10 and a series of Mpk and Pout 2.5 3.0985 0.3272

calculated with equations (3) – (9). The maximum m value With the constraint conditions, m=5 is selected, and then the
should be select to satisfiy the peak gain requirement at the full following resonance parameters are calculated:
load. Lr = 38.7uH，Cr = 65.5nF，Lm =193.4uH，Cr2=78.6uF
4）According to the normalized switching frequency and the The forward and backward operating modes of the
rated full-load input power Pon, min corresponding to this m proposed converter is tested for the working conditon at
value, the resonant network characteristic impedance can be the maximum voltage gain, respectively.
obtained from the formula (13).
Vgs7
(nVbat ,max )2
Zr  Pon,pk （13）
Pfull
t
5 ） Thus, the resonant frequency and the characteristic i7
impedance are caculated, and the resonant inductance value
and the bus-side resonant capacitance value can be obtained. t
1 ir
f r1  （14）
2 Lr Cr1
t
Furthermore, the magnetizing inductance value and the
battery-side resonant capacitance value can be obtained. VCr
Lm  (m 1) Lr （15）
t
4. Simulation Results
An experimental LLC-C converter prototype has been built to
verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter topology. (a)
The specification is given in Table.1.

Tab.1 Specification of Design Requirements Vgs3

Parameters Value
DC Bus V in /V 380 t
Batteries Normal Voltage V out,nom /V 380 i3
Batteries Hign Voltage V out,max /V 450
Batteries Low Voltage V out,min /V 350
Full Power P out,max /kW 5.5 ir t
The converter can be set at normalized frequency 1 in normal
condition, and can operate with the minimum normalized t
frequency at 0.7 with the full power of 5.5kW and output
voltage at 450V. Following the design flow given in the VCr
section III, a table can get as shown in Table.1.
With the requirements in Table.1 and the design flow in the t
section 3, the design information shown in Table 2.

Tab.2 Enumeration Results of Design Flow (b)

f sn,min m G pk P on,pk
Fig.5 Waveforms of steady state in forward and backward
0.7
10 1.0958 0.8761
The steady state waveforms when the voltage gain is maximal
0.7 in both forward and backward modes are shown in Fig. 5 and
9 1.1098 0.8716
the normalized switching frequency is around 0.7. Fig. 5

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 IFAC E-CoSM 2018
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Dongjiang Yang et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 51-31 (2018) 685–689 689

shows the gate drive signal Vgs3, current i3 and resonant current same when operating in the forward and backward, which
ir and voltage of resonant capacitor VCr. As can be seen, the further simplifies the difficulty of design of controller of the
switches of bridge can just achieve ZVS. This indicates converter. For energy storage applications, a set of converter
the working point at which the voltage peak gain is design methods was proposed. To verify the usability of the
obtained. proposed topology and the effectiveness of the proposed
The relationship between voltage gain and the normalized design method, simulations were performed using the
switch frequency can be achieved by the Simulink. Fig. 6 plots Simulink tools.
the curves of the normalized voltage gain versus the duty cycle
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5. Conclusion
A bidirectional LLC-C resonant converter was proposed in
this paper which greatly simplified the analysis and design of
the CLLC resonant. By symmetrical resonant tanks design, the
normalized frequency-gain characteristic of the converter is

733