1

To my parents, to whom I owe everything and more.

2
 3

Intermediate Greek Vocabulary in Context

Juan Coderch
4

Intermediate Greek Vocabulary in Context

First Edition

© 2018 by Juan Coderch

All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form beyond that copying
permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law.

ISBN: 978-0-9571387-5-9

Printed by CreateSpace (South Carolina, United States)

 5

Intermediate Greek Vocabulary in Context

Index of contents

Preface 6

Preliminary part: core vocabulary 9

Main part: exercises (Melevthma) for more advanced vocabulary 42

Key to the exercises 184

Index of authors 200

Index of vocabulary 201

6

Preface

1/ Usual problem with vocabulary

Although grammar is not easy, one of the main problems that students face when they read a text in a
foreign language is not grammar itself but an ever-increasing worrying lack of vocabulary. When
reading a text written in a foreign language, there will always be the odd word that you will not know
and maybe you can deduce an approximate meaning (for instance, some students of the English
language, when reading the sentence “They were there, in the garden, sitting under an oak”, could
perhaps not know what “oak” means, but it would not be too difficult to deduce that it’s a kind of tree),
but the wider your vocabulary knowledge is, the more easily you will be able to understand the
message of the text.

2/ A Greek example

The same happens in Greek. Observe this sentence from Demosthenes:

pavlin e[xarno~ ejtovlmhse genevsqai

You have studied the strong aorist of givgnomai, you immediately recognize it in this sentence in its form
of aorist infinitive, you recognise also an aorist indicative in another word… but what do the words
e[xarno~ and tolmavw mean? No matter how excellent your grammar is and your capacity for detecting
strong aorists and infinitives, either you know the meaning of those words or you will not understand
what Demosthenes is saying.

3/ How to learn vocabulary

Learning it from a list of words to be memorised does not bring very good results, as words learnt out of
context tend to be easily forgotten, but learning them in context is much more useful for embedding
them in your memory. With this in mind, we offer here a series of texts, glosses and exercises that may
help you to consolidate and enhance your knowledge of it.
 7

4/ But take into account…

It must be mentioned that one of the difficulties of any language is the large amount of meanings that
some words may have. Think for instance of the word lovgo~: word, speech, rational reasoning... It is
impossible to present all the meanings for each word, therefore the word you learn here with a concrete
meaning may appear in another context with another meaning. Allow not some flexibility to the
language but much flexibility, just remember what a surprise it is for a student of English language to
find out that “well” means both a pleasant state of health and a hole in the ground from which you take
water (or oil, if you are lucky).

For each word, the meaning that is given is the meaning that it has in that text. For instance, you will
find in Melevthma 57 the word ajnairevw defined as “to undertake” because this is the meaning it has in
that text, but in another text it may have the meaning “to destroy”. So, if you ever come across the
sentence to;n tw`n polemivwn strato;n hJdevw~ ajnei`len do not translate it as "He undertook the enemy's army
with pleasure" just because "to undertake" is the meaning you had learnt in this book.

5/ What will you find in this book?

a) A preliminary part on core vocabulary.

The main 520 words that form the 65% of any standard Greek prose text. More details about it at the
beginning of that section.

b) A main part of exercises (Melethvmata) for more advanced vocabulary.

More advanced vocabulary in groups of ten new words per exercise (with an additional part on very
basic vocabulary again). More details about it at the beginning of that section.

6/ Appendixes

At the end of the book there is a key for the exercises related to the ten glossed words in each
Melevthma (there is no key either for the preliminary part, as the result is sentences that you create on
your own, or for the additional exercises on very basic vocabulary after each Melevthma).
8

There is also an index of authors from whom the texts have been taken. A quick glance will allow you to
select the authors you prefer to deal with.

Fnally, you will find an alphabetical vocabulary for the glossed terms, with an indication of the Melevthma
in which each term appears. You will see that some appear in more than one.

7/ Final purpose

As important as learning the 520 core words and the ten glossed words for each Melevthma, or maybe
even more important, is making sure that you know the meaning of all the words of each text, not only
the ten selected ones, as the probability that you come across any of the other words of the text is
much higher. It would not make much sense to learn the meaning of proterevw but to let pass the
meaning of such an important word like ajlhqhv~ in the same text (if you see that you have forgotten its
meaning or that for some reason you have never known it) just because it is not one of the chosen ten.

There is no magic book in the style of “Study this book and you will have solved the problem of a lack
of vocabulary for the rest of your life,” unless you memorise a whole Greek dictionary. So, this book is
not intended to solve this problem once and for all, but only to give a little help.

8/ Acknowledgements

It must be mentioned that most of this book was written during one of my periods of stay at the
Fondation Hardt, in Geneva. I would like to express my gratitude to the Fondation Hardt for providing
me with some wonderful stays and an excellent working environment.
 9

a) Preliminary part: core vocabulary

1/ What will you find here?

In this part we present around 520 words that generate approximately the 65% of any standard Greek
prose text. The list was created by Prof. Wilfred E. Major (Lousiana State University) and a team at
Dickinson College led by Prof. Christopher Francese using advanced detectors of frequency for each
word in the TLG. These are the very basic words that any student should know without hesitation at the
end of any standard 1st year course. The words have been distributed here into 32 groups of 16-17
words each, at random, without following any alphabetical or grammatical order, and this "disorder" has
been produced on purpose for pedagogical reasons.

2/ How to proceed?

As words are better remembered if used as part of a sentence rather than on their own, we recommend
that, after making sure that you know what the word means, on the line under it you write a whole
sentence containing the word, however short it may be. For instance, under poihthv~, -ou` it would be
enough to write tou`ton to;n poihth;n filw`. Of course you can make the sentence more complicated if you
want: ta;~ touvtou tou` poihtou` bivblou~ hJdevw~ ajnagignwvskw, for example.

In the case that the word to be revised is a verb, it is recommended that you write the sentences in the
aorist tense, to help you learn it. For example, if you must practise the verb sumbaivnw, once you know
that it means "to happen" do not write just dustuvchma sumbaivnei nu`n, try to make the effort of finding out
(and learning) its aorist in any dictionary (and if you learn also other tenses, much better) and of writing
dustuvchma sunevbh cqev~. And in the case of a noun or a pronoun or an adjective that presents an
irregular declension, like ajnhvr, do not write just oJ ajnh;r ajgaqov~ ejstin, try to make the effort of writing to;n
a[ndra oJrw`, using a declined form.

[In some cases two words have been grouped together for the sake of space on the page, use both
words in the same sentence if possible.]
10

1
ojrqov~ -hv -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
plhvn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ceivrwn -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
peiravw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ou\n
.....................................................................................................................................................................
metav
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oJrmavw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
fovbo~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
plh`qo~ -ou~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mavrtu~ -uro~ oJ / hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
o{s- h{- o{per
.....................................................................................................................................................................
tovte
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mevso~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
o{sti~ h{ti~ o{ ti
.....................................................................................................................................................................
povtero~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pou`
.....................................................................................................................................................................
 11

2
stratov~ -ou`
.....................................................................................................................................................................
suv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kaiv [use the double form]
.....................................................................................................................................................................
luvw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
makrov~ -av -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
a[nw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
calepov~ -hv -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
poihthv~ -ou`
.....................................................................................................................................................................
a[xio~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pivsti~ -ew~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajdelfov~ -ou`
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oujranov~ -ou`
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mevro~ -ou~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
tosou`to~ -auvth -ou`to
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajdikevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kairov~ -ou`
.....................................................................................................................................................................
12

3
poievw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
swv/zw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
fw`~ fwtov~ tov
.....................................................................................................................................................................
caivrw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
poi`o~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
aujtov~ -hv -ov
.....................................................................................................................................................................
baivnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
polemevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
aijscrov~ -av -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mavch -h~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
povte
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oujdeiv~ -miva -evn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
aijtevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pa`~ pa`sa pa`n
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ai[tio~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
fravzw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
 13

4
o{so~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
sumbaivnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kaqivsthmi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajkouvw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mavla
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajntiv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
a[llo~ -h -o
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kreivttwn -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
a{ma
.....................................................................................................................................................................
bavrbaro~ -o~ -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pauvw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
baruv~ -ei`a -uv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
uJpov
.....................................................................................................................................................................
o{plon
.....................................................................................................................................................................
crhv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejlavttwn -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
14

5
patriv~ -ivdo~ hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kratevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajnavgkh -h~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajnav
.....................................................................................................................................................................
cravomai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
krivnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
tevcnh -h~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
crh`ma -ato~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
tivqhmi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ou[te
.....................................................................................................................................................................
calkou`~ -h` -ou`n
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajeiv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oJravw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
a{pa~ -asa -an
.....................................................................................................................................................................
qugavthr -trov~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pevmpw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
 15

6
aJplw`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
u{stero~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
faivnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajxiovw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajpallavttw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mavlista
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pisteuvw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajkribhv~ -ev~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pemptov~ -hv -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
qeov~ -ou` oJ/hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pevnte
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ai|ma -ato~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
cwvra -a~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e[nato~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
aijtiva -a~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
fhmiv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
16

7
peivqw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
o{pou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kovsmo~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
fivlo~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
metaxuv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ai[rw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
povli~ -ew~ hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oujkevti
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajduvnato~ -o~ -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ceivr ceirov~ hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pote
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oujkou`n
.....................................................................................................................................................................
aijsqavnomai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pavqo~ -ou~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajpodivdwmi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
dovxa -h~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
 17

8
ajpokrivnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pneu`ma -ato~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
manqavnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
fobevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajllhvlou~ -a~ -a
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejnneva
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ktavomai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
o{pw~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
tevttare~ -a
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejntau`qa
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajpov
.....................................................................................................................................................................
bavllw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
uJpolambavnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e{x
.....................................................................................................................................................................
aiJrevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mevnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
18

9
plei`sto~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
deinov~ -hv -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajgwvn -w`no~ oJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mevntoi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
fronevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
duvnamai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
lanqavnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
beltivwn -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
divkaio~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
tuvch -h~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
u{dwr u{dato~ tov
.....................................................................................................................................................................
dravw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajnairevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
laov~ -ou`
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mhvn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
blevpw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
 19

10
grafhv -h`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
levgw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mhdeiv~ -miva -evn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
gravfw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
deivknumi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
a[diko~ -o~ -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
diafqeivrw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
crovno~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e{neka
.....................................................................................................................................................................
dou`lo~ -ou parevcw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kataskeuavzw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajpoqnhv/skw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e[nqa
.....................................................................................................................................................................
diaforav -a`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
didavskw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e{w~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
20

11
zavw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
trovpo~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kakov~ -hv -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
eJkatovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mhvte
.....................................................................................................................................................................
bivo~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
eJkatostov~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
suvn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajpokteivnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
tugcavnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
zhtevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
divdwmi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mhvthr -trov~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
duvnami~ -ew~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejpiv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
h{kw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
 21

12
kaivtoi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
a[rcw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
sch`ma -ato~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
h{lio~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
hJmei`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejmov~ -hv -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pw~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
rJav/dio~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
qumov~ -ou`
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejrgavzomai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kuvklo~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajlhvqeia -a~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
safhv~ -ev~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
gunhv gunaikov~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
daivmwn -ono~ oJ/hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
dev
.....................................................................................................................................................................
22

13
ajrchv -h`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
trofhv -h`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
devdoika
.....................................................................................................................................................................
sumforav -a`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
hJmevra -a~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
qei`o~, -a, -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajlhqhv~ -ev~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
katav
.....................................................................................................................................................................
dunatov~ -hv -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
gnwvmh -h~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
gravmma -ato~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
punqavnomai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
lovgo~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mavcomai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e[ti
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kei`mai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
 23

14
i[dio~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pu`r purov~ tov
.....................................................................................................................................................................
murivo~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
naiv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
naov~ -ou`
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pravttw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
quvw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
dokevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
eJptav
.....................................................................................................................................................................
prevsbu~ -ew~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
bohqevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e{pomai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pw`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
nau`~ newv~ hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
o{de h{de tovde
.....................................................................................................................................................................
duvo
.....................................................................................................................................................................
24

15
ejavn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
toiou`to~ -auvth -ou`to
.....................................................................................................................................................................
dei`
.....................................................................................................................................................................
fwnhv -h`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
basileuv~ -evw~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
a[neu
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e[rgon -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
komivzw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajnhvr ajndrov~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
nivkh -h~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
keleuvw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
nevo~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejnantivo~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
cavri~ -ito~ hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
diwvkw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
aJlivskomai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
 25

16
ejpeiv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e[xw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
hJdonhv -h`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
i[sw~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kalov~ -hv -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
crhvsimo~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
katalambavnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
divkh -h~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kwluvw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e[romai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
i{ppo~ -ou oJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
devkato~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
novmo~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e[rcomai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
iJppeuv~ -evw~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
novso~ -ou hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
26

17
o[gdoo~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejrwtavw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e{tero~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
livqo~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e[peita
.....................................................................................................................................................................
a[nqrwpo~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ka[n
.....................................................................................................................................................................
fuvw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
i[so~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e[to~ -ou~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kathgorevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
i{sthmi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejpisthvmh -h~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
movno~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
zw`/on -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
h[
.....................................................................................................................................................................
 27

18
kinevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
i{hmi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
lambavnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
h{ttwn -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
qavlatta -h~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
lamprov~ -av -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajllav
.....................................................................................................................................................................
nuvx nuktov~ hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
xevno~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oJ hJ tov
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mimnhvskw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e[po~ -ou~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
movnon
.....................................................................................................................................................................
bouleuvw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
glw`tta -h~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
28

19
oijkiva -a~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
meivgnumi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oi|o~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
leivpw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mevga~ -avlh -a
.....................................................................................................................................................................
o{moio~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e[cw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
nikavw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oJmologevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
hJgevomai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
h[dh
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejcqrov~ -av -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
nomivzw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kefalhv -h`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
o{mw~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
devcomai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
 29

20
paraskeuavzw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
o{te
.....................................................................................................................................................................
palaiov~ -av -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
eijrhvnh -h~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
o[ro~ -ou~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
bouvlomai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mevgeqo~ -ou~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
o[noma -ato~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
prov
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kalevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
suvmmaco~ -o~ -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e{kasto~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oujdev
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pai`~ paidov~ oJ/hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
eJkavtero~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mevllw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
30

21
tevtarto~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mevn ² nu`n
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oi\ko~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mikrov~ -av -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
nou`~ -ou`
.....................................................................................................................................................................
iJkanov~ -hv -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
o{~ h{ o{
.....................................................................................................................................................................
fanerov~ -av -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oJdov~ -ou` hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e[oika
.....................................................................................................................................................................
o{qen
.....................................................................................................................................................................
despovth~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
privn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
i{na
.....................................................................................................................................................................
lalevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oi[omai / oi\mai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
 31

22
newv~ -wv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
nh`so~ -ou hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
eujquv~ -ei`a -uv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
koinov~ -hv -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oi\da
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pavlin
.....................................................................................................................................................................
euJrivskw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
prov~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
i{ppo~ -ou hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
fulavttw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
o{ti ² ouj
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pavntw~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
cwrivon -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
fuvsi~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
paradivdwmi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ojxuv~ -ei`a -uv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
32

23
o{tan
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mevcri
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pavscw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ojnomavzw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mhv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
prw`to~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
deuvtero~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pavreimi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
feuvgw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
devw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
polevmio~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejkei`no~ -h -o
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e{kto~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pouv~ podov~ oJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pra`gma -ato~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
dh`mo~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
 33

24
tiv~ / tiv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
uJpevr
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejleuvqero~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
diav
.....................................................................................................................................................................
trevpw ² eij~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oijkei`o~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
dhv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
wJ~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
gignwvskw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
au\
.....................................................................................................................................................................
triavkonta
.....................................................................................................................................................................
aJmartavnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pavnu
.....................................................................................................................................................................
gh` gh`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
boulhv -h`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
34

25
au\qi~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
tavttw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
a[risto~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
tacuv~ -ei`a -uv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ou|to~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
politeiva -a~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
hJduv~ -ei`a -uv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ijscurov~ -av -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
h\
.....................................................................................................................................................................
hJgemwvn -wvno~ oJ/hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kivnduno~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
w|de
.....................................................................................................................................................................
kuvrio~ -ou ² te
.....................................................................................................................................................................
iJerov~ -av -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
w{sper
.....................................................................................................................................................................
mhdev
.....................................................................................................................................................................
 35

26
ojktwv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ojlivgo~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
gevno~ -ou~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
timavw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
stratiwvth~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
povlemo~ -ou ² gavr
.....................................................................................................................................................................
eu\
.....................................................................................................................................................................
cwriv~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
yuchv -h`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
w\
.....................................................................................................................................................................
poluv~, pollhv, poluv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
o{lo~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
bou`~ boov~ oJ/hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pathvr -trov~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajriqmov~ -ou`
.....................................................................................................................................................................
bracuv~ -ei`a -uv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
36

27
ponhrov~ -av -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
devka
.....................................................................................................................................................................
proshvkw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
hJmevtero~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
qavnato~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
provtero~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
w{ste
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pivptw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oijkevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
fevrw ² ge
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ei|~ miva e{n
.....................................................................................................................................................................
sumfevrw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
tolmavw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejkei`
.....................................................................................................................................................................
per
.....................................................................................................................................................................
timhv -h`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
 37

28
periv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
dh`lo~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
dhlovw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajggevllw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
potamov~ -ou ² pivnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
a[gw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajmeivnwn -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
diafevrw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajgaqov~ -hv -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pra`xi~ -ew~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
shmei`on -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ei\ta
.....................................................................................................................................................................
qaumavzw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
prostivqhmi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
skopevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
aujtivka
.....................................................................................................................................................................
38

29
poreuvw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
loipov~ -hv -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
plevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
sofov~ -hv -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejgwv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
a[n
.....................................................................................................................................................................
triakostov~ -hv -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejqevlw ² eij
.....................................................................................................................................................................
trei`~ triva
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e[qno~ -ou~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ojfqalmov~ -ou`
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ei\don
.....................................................................................................................................................................
strathgov~ -ou`
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajfiknevomai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
uJmei`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
plevwn -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
 39

30
ou{tw~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ma`llon
.....................................................................................................................................................................
tei`co~ -ou~ [use it in plural]
.....................................................................................................................................................................
sov~ shv sovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
uJmevtero~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
stratiav -a`~ ² a[ra
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejautovn -hvn -ov
.....................................................................................................................................................................
provswpon -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ei[te
.....................................................................................................................................................................
trevfw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
givgnomai
.....................................................................................................................................................................
pollavki~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
povno~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajpovllumi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
stavdion -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
e{bdomo~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
40

31
tivktw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
parav
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejavw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajmfovtero~ -a -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
trivto~ -h -on
.....................................................................................................................................................................
eijkov~ -ovto~ tov
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajrguvrion -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ei\do~ -ou~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
stovma -ato~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajrethv -h`~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
tevlo~ -ou~ ² ei[kosi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
eijkostov~ -hv -ovn
.....................................................................................................................................................................
toivnun
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ejlpiv~ -ivdo~ hJ
.....................................................................................................................................................................
tovpo~ -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
toiovsde -avde -ovnde
.....................................................................................................................................................................
 41

32
ejlauvnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
sw`ma -ato~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
tevmnw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
uiJov~ -ou`
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajfairevw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
eijmi ² a\ra
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ti~ / ti
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajfivhmi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
uJpavrcw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ei\mi
.....................................................................................................................................................................
oujsiva -a~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
tevknon -ou
.....................................................................................................................................................................
swthriva -a~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
tavxi~ -ew~
.....................................................................................................................................................................
ajmfiv
.....................................................................................................................................................................
teleutavw
.....................................................................................................................................................................
42

b) Main part: exercises (melethvmata) for more advanced vocabulary

1/ Structure for each melevthma

On the left-hand page you will be given a text to read, with a short introduction to give you the context.
You will see that ten of the words in the text are in italics. The texts have been taken from classical
authors, and only in some cases has a line been ellided or has some Greek word been added to make
the text a little easier for the student. These scarce additions always appear between square brackets
[like this].

After the text we deal with those ten words in italics, words that may be new for you. Regarding what
words may be new for a student that has covered the usual introductory course and what words are
not, it will depend on the book that the student has used. The ten words chosen in each text will never
be very basic ones like a[nqrwpo~ or mikrov~, while others like periptuvssw have a higher probability of
being unknown to most students at the stage for which this book is intended. Concerning middle-level
words like e[kplou~, they may be known to some and new to others.

By means of synonyms or opposites or a very short explanation we try to offer the meaning for each
word, but not an English translation. The purpose of glossing the words in Greek itself rather than just
giving an English translation is not only to try to make you go through the text without the need of an
exact translation into English but also to make more Greek vocabulary go through your mind and
increase your knowledge of synonims and opposites. In fact it is in the exercises where you will find an
English equivalent for each word.

On the right-hand page you are asked to do some exercises in which you are requested to use the ten
glossed words, just once each, and here you will find an English equivalent for each. The exercises will
be a combination of incomplete Greek sentences to be filled as indicated and whole English sentences
to be translated into Greek. The sentences are rather simple, because the purpose is not to practise
grammar or high-level prose composition but just to make you practise the vocabulary, something fast
that makes the language run fluidly through your mind. For the English sentences to be translated into
Greek the terms for which you must use one of the ten glossed words are indicated in italics.
 43

Finally, after these exercises that deal with the ten glossed words you will find a final short exercise in
which you are requested to produce the Greek translation for six English words. You will observe that
the requested words are really easy words, much more frequent than the ten glossed ones (and most
probably included into the 520 elementary words of the preliminary part of the book), and they are
related to specific words in the text other than the ten glossed ones. The purpose is just to reinforce the
knowledge of basic vocabulary, as it is a proved fact that, especially for Prose Composition, lack of
knowledge of even very basic terms is really a hindrance for fluency.

Note: Some of the English sentences in the exercises may appear in a not very natural English. English
sentences have been “forced” in some cases to make the needed Greek word more evident.

2/ How to proceed?

There are several possibilities, what follows is just a suggestion.

a/ After reading the introductory heading just to know what the text is about, read the text trying to get a
general idea about it. b/ Study the glossed words. c/ Read the text again, now knowing what the ten
words mean. You should now get a wider understanding of the content. d/ Do the exercises, through
which you will get an English translation for those ten words. e/ Read the text for the third and final
time.

Or possibly you will prefer to start studying the meaning of the ten selected words, doing the exercises
and reading the text just as the final step. Do as you feel more comfortable.
44

Melevthma 1

Lucian, in his True Stories, offers a description of a meeting between the space-travellers
and two inhabitants of a new planet; after the initial astonishment from both sides, they
begin talking:

Spoudh`/ ou\n badivzonte~ ejfistavmeqa presbuvth/ kai; neanivskw/ mavla proquvmw~ prasiavn tina
ejrgazomevnoi~ kai; u{dwr ajpo; th`~ phgh`~ ejp∆ aujth;n dioceteuvousin: hJsqevnte~ ou\n a{ma kai; fobhqevnte~
e[sthmen: kajkei`noi dev, taujto; hJmi`n wJ~ to; eijko;~ paqovnte~, a[naudoi pareisthvkesan: crovnw/ de; oJ
presbuvth~ e[fh, ÆTivne~ uJmei`~ a[ra ejstev, w\ xevnoi… povteron tw`n ejnalivwn daimovnwn h] a[nqrwpoi
dustucei`~ hJmi`n paraplhvsioi…Æ

spoudh`/ = tacevw~ « bradevw~

ejfivstamai aujtw`/ = oujkevti baivnw ajlla;; mevnw para; aujtw`,/ e{sthka para; aujtw`/
prasiav = paravdeiso~, tovpo~ a[nqh e[cwn
phghv = krhnhv, tovpo~ ejx ou| u{dwr rJei`
dioceteuvw = u{dwr ejlauvnw
hJsqevnte~ < h{domai
wJ~ to; eijkov~ = ou{tw~ wJ~ hJ fuvsi~ keleuvei
a[naudo~ = o}~ oujde;n levgei, a[fwno~
ejnavlio~ = qalavssio~
paraplhvsio~ = o{moio~ « diavforo~
 45

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) pavnta hjkouvsamen [with pleasure] ……………………. kai; [without uttering a word]

……………………. .

b) The marine gods are really cruel, as expected.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) ta; ejn ejkeivnh/ th`/ [garden] ……………………. a[nqh [very similar] …………………….

ejsti; ejkeivnoi~ a} oi[koi e[cw.

d) We arrived eagerly and stood there.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) ejn ejkeivnh/ th`/ cwvra/ trei`~ [fountains] ……………………. ei[domen.

z) We channeled the water from the river to the city.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to fear ……………………… to suffer ………………………

to work ……………………… to walk ………………………

unfortunate ……………………… fountain ………………………

46

Melevthma 2

Plato’s Republic. Kephalos receives Socrates and encourages him to come more often to
visit his friends; Socrates agrees and says why he likes visiting them:

Eujqu;~ ou\n me ijdw;n oJ Kevfalo~ hjspavzetov te kai; ei\pen: «W Swvkrate~, ouj de; qamivzei~ hJmi`n
katabaivnwn eij~ to;n Peiraia`. crh`n mevntoi. eij me;n ga;r ejgw; e[ti ejn dunavmei h\ tou` rJa/divw~ poreuvesqai
pro;~ to; a[stu, oujde;n a]n se; e[dei deu`ro ijevnai, ajll∆ hJmei`~ a]n para; se; h\/men: nu`n dev se crh; puknovteron
deu`ro ijevnai. wJ~ eu\ i[sqi o{ti e[moige o{son aiJ a[llai aiJ kata; to; sw`ma hJdonai; ajpomaraivnontai,
tosou`ton au[xontai aiJ peri; tou;~ lovgou~ ejpiqumivai te kai; hJdonaiv. mh; ou\n a[llw~ poivei, ajlla; toi`sdev
te toi`~ neanivskoi~ suvnisqi kai; deu`ro par∆ hJma`~ foivta wJ~ para; fivlou~ te kai; pavnu oijkeivou~.

Kai; mhvn, h\n d∆ ejgwv, w\ Kevfale, caivrw ge dialegovmeno~ toi`~ sfovdra presbuvtai~: dokei` gavr moi
crh`nai par∆ aujtw`n punqavnesqai, w{sper tina; oJdo;n proelhluqovtwn h}n kai; hJma`~ i[sw~ dehvsei
poreuvesqai, poiva tiv~ ejstin, tracei`a kai; calephv, h] rJa/diva kai; eu[poro~.

ajspavzomai aujtovn = Æcai`reÆ levgw aujtw`/ kai; ta;~ cei`ra~ peribavllw

qamivzw soi = pollavki~ e[rcomai para; sev
puknov~ « spavnio~
ajpomaraivnomai = gevraio~ givgnomai, bradevw~ ajpoqnhv/skw. ta; a[nqh ajpomaraivnontai
ejpiqumiva = tou`to o} bouvlomai, tou`to o} ejpiqumw`
suvneimi soi = eijmi; su;n soiv
foitavw = pollavki~ ejkei`se e[rcomai kai; ejkei`qen ejpanevrcomai
sfovdra = mavlista
punqavnomai = manqavnw, ajkouvw
tracuv~ « hJduv~, aJpalov~
 47

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) nu`n tauvthn th;n [desire] ……………………. e[cw, toi`~ ejmoi`~ fivloi~ [to be with]

……………………. .

b) The children go frequently to school through a rough road.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) ei[domen [many] ……………………. ajnqrwvpou~ [strongly] ……………………. ajmfisbhtou`nta~.

d) I got to know that his flowers had faded.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) dei` tou;~ xevnou~ [welcome] ……………………. .

z) He goes frequently to Athens.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to go forward ……………………… to enjoy ………………………

to travel ……………………… easy ………………………

to know ……………………… strength ………………………

48

Melevthma 3

Lysias, in Against Agoratus, presents to the judges the reasons why he is taking part in
this trial:

Proshvkei mevn, w\ a[ndre~ dikastaiv, pa`sin uJmi`n timwrei`n uJpe;r tw`n ajndrw`n oi} ajpevqanon eu\noi o[nte~
tw`/ plhvqei tw`/ uJmetevrw/, proshvkei de; kajmoi; oujc h{kista: khdesth;~ gavr moi h\n Dionusovdwro~ kai;
ajnevyio~. tugcavnei ou\n ejmoi; hJ aujth; e[cqra pro;~ ∆Agovraton toutoni; kai; tw`/ plhvqei tw`/ uJmetevrw/
uJpavrcousa: e[praxe ga;r ou|to~ toiau`ta, di∆ a} uJp∆ ejmou` nuni; eijkovtw~ misei`tai, uJpov te uJmw`n, eja;n qeo;~
qevlh/, dikaivw~ timwrhqhvsetai.

proshvkei = prevpei, dei`

timwrw` uJpe;r aujtou` = kolavzw tou;~ aujto;n ajpokteivnanta~
plh`qo~ = oiJ poli`tai, oJ dh`mo~, oiJ plei`stoi
h{kista « mavlista
khdesthv~ = ajdelfo;~ th`~ gunaikov~
ajnevyio~ = uiJo;~ ajdelfou` tino~ tou` patrov~
e[cqra « filiva
uJpavrcei = pavrestin, tugcavnei w[n/ou\sa
eijkovtw~ = ou{tw~ wJ~ hJ fuvsi~ keleuvei
misevw « filevw
 49

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oJ lovgo~ ÆoijkavtaÆ ouj [exists] ……………………. ejn tauvth/ th`/ glwvtth/.

b) As it seems, they hate him.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) [Not at all] ……………………. bouvlomai tou`to [to the crowd] ……………………. levgein.

d) I decided to avenge my brother in law.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) a\ra tiv [is convenient] ……………………. tw`/ ejmw`/ [cousin] ……………………. nu`n poiei`n…

z) I see enmity in his eyes.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to happen to ……………………… judge ………………………

to die ……………………… fair ………………………

such ……………………… to do ………………………

50

Melevthma 4

A friend of Socrates tells him very excitedly about Protagoras’ arrival to the city:

Th`~ parelqouvsh~ nukto;~ tauthsiv, e[ti baqevo~ o[rqrou, ÔIppokravth~ oJ ∆Apollodwvrou uiJov~, Favswno~
de; ajdelfov~, th;n quvran th`/ bakthriva/ pavnu sfovdra e[kroue, kai; ejpeidh; aujtw`/ ajnevw/xev ti~, eujqu;~ ei[sw
h[/ei ejpeigovmeno~, kai; th`/ fwnh`/ mevga levgwn «W Swvkrate~, e[fh, ejgrhvgora~ h] kaqeuvdei~… kai; ejgw; th;n
fwnh;n gnou;~ aujtou`, ÔIppokravth~, e[fhn, ou|to~. mhv ti newvteron ajggevllei~… Oujdevn g∆, h\ d∆ o{~, eij mh;
ajgaqav ge. Eu\ a]n levgoi~, h\n d∆ ejgwv: e[sti de; tiv, kai; tou` e{neka thnikavde ajfivkou… Prwtagovra~, e[fh,
h{kei, sta;~ par∆ ejmoiv. Prwv/hn, e[fhn ejgwv: su; de; a[rti pevpusai…

hJ parelqou`sa hJmevra = hJ proteraiva hJmevra

o[rqro~ = to; prw`ton th`~ hJmevra~ mevro~
sfovdra = karterw`~, mavlista
krouvw = kovptw, tuvptw
ajnoivgnumi « kleivw
ejpeivgw = ejpotruvnw, parormavw
ejgeivrw « kaqeuvdw
thnikavde = deu`ro « ejkei`se
h{kw = ajfikovmeno~ ejnqavde pavreimi
prwv/hn, cqev~, thvmeron, au[rion ...
 51

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) a\ra h[dh [has he arrived and is here] ……………………. … naiv, [at first light]

……………………. .

b) They opened the door and went in quickly very excited.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) oJ me;n pai`~ oujkevti [is awake] ……………………. , ejgw; de; bouvlomai aujto;n [here]

……………………. ejlqei`n.

d) He read this book before yesterday.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) [The day before] ……………………. oJ ∆Acilleu;~ trei`~ stratiwvta~ ajpevkteinen.

z) He hit him strongly with a stone.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

very ……………………… brother ………………………

voice ……………………… because of ………………………

by ……………………… deep ………………………

52

Melevthma 5

Demosthenes presents the advantages and disadvantages of taking some action now,
because allowing Philippos to get too much power would be dangerous:

Eij dev tw/ dokei` tau`ta kai; dapavnh~ megavlh~ kai; povnwn pollw`n kai; pragmateiva~ ei\nai, kai; mavl∆
ojrqw`~ dokei`: ajll∆ eja;n logivshtai ta; th`/ povlei meta; tau`ta genhsovmena, a]n tau`ta mh; qevlh/, euJrhvsei
lusitelou`n to; eJkovnta~ poiei`n ta; devonta. […] eij de; mhdeni; tou`to dokei`, toujnantivon de; provi>smen
a{pante~ o{ti, o{sw/ a]n pleiovnwn ejavswmen ejkei`non genevsqai kuvrion, tosouvtw/ calepwtevrw/ kai;
ijscurotevrw/ crhsovmeq∆ ejcqrw`/, poi` ajnaduovmeqa…

tw/ = tiniv
dapavnh = ta; crhvmata a} ajnalivskomen
pragmateiva = ejrgasiva, povno~
logivzomai = nomivzw, ajriqmevw
lusitelevw = crhvsimov~ eijmiv
eJkwvn « a[kwn
prooi`da < pro-oi\da
ijscurov~ = karterov~, dunatov~
ejcqrov~ « fivlo~
ajnaduvomai = to;n kivndunon feuvgw
 53

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) h[dh tou`to [I knew in advance] ……………………. , o{mw~ de; au\qi~ [calculated]

……………………. pavnta.

b) They will go willingly, they are friends, not enemies.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) eij tou`tov [to somebody] ……………………. levgei~, mw`ro~ ei\.

d) They made a big expense in Athens.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) to; manqavnein ajei; [is beneficial] ……………………. , oujdevpote [a toil] …………………….

ejstivn.

z) Being strong, she could escape the danger.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

master ……………………… duty ………………………

opposite ……………………… toil ………………………

strong ……………………… to be willing ………………………

54

Melevthma 6

Gorgias, in his Encomium of Helen, tries to make us pity her rather than consider her
guilty:

Eij de; biva/ hJrpavsqh kai; ajnovmw~ ejbiavsqh kai; ajdivkw~ uJbrivsqh, dh`lon o{ti oJ aJrpavsa~ h] uJbrivsa~
hjdivkhsen, hJ de; aJrpasqei`sa h] uJbrisqei`sa ejdustuvchsen. a[xio~ ou\n oJ me;n ejpiceirhvsa~ bavrbaro~
bavrbaron ejpiceivrhma kai; lovgw/ kai; novmw/ kai; e[rgw/ lovgw/ me;n aijtiva~, novmw/ de; ajtimiva~, e[rgw/ de;
zhmiva~ tucei`n: hJ de; biasqei`sa kai; th`~ patrivdo~ sterhqei`sa kai; tw`n fivlwn ojrfanisqei`sa pw`~ oujk
a]n eijkovtw~ ejlehqeivh ma`llon h] kakologhqeivh… oJ me;n ga;r e[drase deinav, hJ de; e[paqe.

biavzw = biva/ crw`mai

dustucevw « eujtucevw
ejpiceirevw = peirw` poiei`n, a[rcomai
ejpiceivrhma = tou`to o} ejpiceirw`
zhmiva « dw`ron
tugcavnw touvtou = ktw`mai tou`to, devcomai tou`to
ojrfanivzw se = tou;~ goneva~ sou ajpokteivnw
ejleevw se = nomivzw se kakodaivmona ei\nai
kakologevw = kaka; levgw (periv tino~)
dravw = poievw, pravttw
 55

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) aujto;n [they pitied] ……………………. , megavlhn ga;r [fine] ……………………. ejdevxato.

b) They are always insulting him because he did that.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) oJ basileu;~ bouvletai tou`ton to;n povlemon [to attempt] ……………………. .

d) In this enterprise, he was unlucky.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) oiJ polevmioi [treated violently] ……………………. tou;~ polivta~, polloi; de; touvtwn [were

made orphans] ……………………. .

z) The arrow did not hit the centre.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

dishonour ……………………… homeland ………………………

to deprive of ……………………… force ………………………

illegal ……………………… to offend ………………………

56

Melevthma 7

Socrates, in his defence, says that, rather than being sentenced, he should be rewarded
for what he has done, and he recalls the tradition of feeding benefactors of the city
free of charge in the Prytaneion:

tiv ou\n prevpei ajndri; pevnhti eujergevth/, deomevnw/ a[gein scolh;n ejpi; th`/ uJmetevra/ parakeleuvsei… oujk
e[sq∆ o{ ti ma`llon, w\ a[ndre~ ∆Aqhnai`oi, prevpei, wJ~ to;n toiou`ton a[ndra ejn prutaneivw/ sitei`sqai, poluv
ge ma`llon h] ei[ ti~ uJmw`n i{ppw/ h] sunwrivdi h] zeuvgei nenivkhken ∆Olumpivasin. oJ me;n ga;r uJma`~ poiei`
eujdaivmona~ dokei`n ei\nai, ejgw; de; [uJma`~ poiw` eujdaivmona~] ei\nai: kai; oJ me;n trofh`~ oujde;n dei`tai, ejgw;
de; devomai. eij ou\n dei` me kata; to; divkaion th`~ ajxiva~ tima`sqai, touvtou timw`mai, ejn prutaneivw/
sithvsew~. i[sw~ ou\n uJmi`n kai; tauti; levgwn paraplhsivw~ dokw` levgein w{sper peri; ... ,
ajpauqadizovmeno~.

eujergevth~ = o}~ pro;~ tou;~ a[llou~ eu\ ejrgavzetai

devomai tou`to poiei`n = ajnagkai`ovn ejstiv moi tou`to poiei`n
parakevleusi~ = paideiva, divdaxi~
sitevw aujtovn = si`ton divdwmi aujtw`/, trevfw aujtovn
sunoriv~ = a{rma duoi`n iJppoi`n
zeu`go~ = a{rma tettavrwn i{ppwn
trofhv < trevfw, si`to~
sivthsi~ < sitevw
paraplhvsio~ « diavforo~
ajpauqadivzomai = uJbristikw`~ levgw
 57

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) to; manqavnein, o} [similar] ……………………. ejsti tw`/ didavskein, [food] ……………………. th`~

yuch`~ ejstin.

b) The ambassadors spoke with arrogance to the king, a man benefactor to the citizens.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) dia; th`~ [teaching] ……………………. touvtou tou` didaskavlou, o}~ [chariot of two horses]

……………………. ejlauvnwn ajfivketo, polla; manqavnomen.

d) The father fed him every day.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) dia; th`~ tw`n aijcmalwvtwn [feeding] ……………………. e[ndoxo~ ejgevneto para; aujtoi`~.

z) He needed to go to Athens as quickly as possible with a chariot of four horses.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

than ……………………… to need ………………………

to seem ……………………… it is necessary ………………………

poor ……………………… leisure ………………………

58

Melevthma 8

Thucydices describes what the Athenians were doing and how the Syracusans react at the
arrival of some news:

oiJ de; [∆Aqhnai`oi] pro;~ ta; ejn th`/ Sikeliva/ pravgmata ejskovpoun o{tw/ trovpw/ a[rista prosoivsontai: kai;
ta;~ provplou~ nau`~ ejk th`~ ∆Egevsth~ a{ma prosevmenon, boulovmenoi eijdevnai peri; tw`n crhmavtwn eij
e[stin a} e[legon ejn tai`~ ∆Aqhvnai~ oiJ a[ggeloi. toi`~ de; Surakosivoi~ ejn touvtw/ pollacovqen te h[dh kai;
ajpo; tw`n kataskovpwn safh` hjggevlleto o{ti ejn ÔRhgivw/ aiJ nh`ev~ eijsi, kai; wJ~ ejpi; touvtoi~
pareskeuavzonto pavsh/ th`/ gnwvmh/ kai; oujkevti hjpivstoun. kai; ei[~ te tou;~ Sikelou;~ perievpempon, e[nqa
me;n fuvlaka~, pro;~ de; tou;~ prevsbei~, kai; eij~ ta; peripovlia ta; ejn th`/ cwvra/ froura;~ eijsekovmizon

prosfevrw = poievw, pravttw

provplou~ = nau`~ h} pro; tw`n a[llwn pevmpetai
prosmevnw = mevnw
pollacovqen = ajpo; pollw`n tovpwn
katavskopo~ = stratiwvth~ o}~ tou;~ polemivou~ lavqra/ qea`tai
gnwvmh = bouvleuma
peripevmpw = pevmpw pro;~ pollou;~ tovpou~
peripovlion = stratovpedon e[xw th`~ povlew~ keivmenon
frourav = stratiw`tai oi} to; stratovpedon fulavttousin
eijskomivzw = eijsfevrw
 59

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) pavnte~ [were waiting] ……………………. trei`~ hJmevra~ e{w~ [the garrison] …………………….

ajfivketo.

b) The spies were caught by our guards.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) hJ th`~ boulh`~ [plan] ……………………. h\n ta; [outside camps] ……………………. diafqeivrein.

d) They brought food in from everywhere.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) [They sent around] ……………………. pevnte [advanced] ……………………. nau`~ ejpi; tw`n

nhvswn.

z) How could we do this without money?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

money ……………………… matter ………………………

to know ……………………… not to trust ………………………

to look at ……………………… method ………………………

60

Melevthma 9

In a trial for murder, Antiphon makes clear to the jury that the defendant is the killer,
as he had real motives, especially the result of former trials with the killed person:

∆Apoluomevnh~ de; th`~ uJpoyiva~ aJpavsh~, aujto;~ oJ qavnato~ ejx ejpiboulh`~ ajpoqanovnta mhnuvei aujtovn.
ejpiqevsqai de; tivna ma`llon eijkov~ ejstin h] to;n megavla me;n kaka; propeponqovta, e[ti de; meivzona
ejpivdoxon o[nta pavscein… e[sti d∆ oJ diwkovmeno~ ou|to~: ejk palaiou` ga;r ejcqro;~ w]n aujtou` polla;~ me;n
kai; megavla~ grafa;~ diwvxa~ oujdemivan ei|len, e[ti de; meivzou~ kai; pleivou~ diwcqei;~ oujdepwvpot∆
ajpofugw;n iJkano;n mevro~ tw`n o[ntwn ajpobevblhken.

ajpoluvw = ejkbavllw, ouj bouvlomai tou`to

uJpoyiva < uJpopteuvw = nomivzw ti ajlhqe;~ ei\nai
ejpiboulhv = kako;n bouvleuma ejpiv tina
mhnuvw = deivknumi, dhlovw
ejpitivqemai = prosbavllw, ejpibavllw
propavscw = pavscw ti pro; a[llwn genomevnwn
ejpivdoxov~ eijmi gravfein = pavnte~ aijsqavnontai me gravfonta
aiJrevw tou`to = nikavw ejn touvtw/, ktavomai tou`to
iJkanov~ = mevgisto~
ajpobavllw « ktavomai
 61

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) [A big] ……………………. mevro~ tw`n kthmavtwn [he lost] ……………………. .

b) They attacked him because of the suspicion.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) pro; touvtou [a conspiracy] ……………………. [he suffered previously] ……………………. .

d) They ruled out this plan.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) tou`to [indicates] ……………………. se; nikhvsonta.

z) It’s probable that he will obtain this.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to pursue ……………………… evident ………………………

enough ……………………… suit (judicial) ………………………

part ……………………… larger ………………………

62

Melevthma 10

In this judicial speech from Lysias, the defendant complains that, if the unfair execution
of two innocent people was something horrible, the current state of their children is even
worse, as nothing is left for them:

∆Enqumei`sqe ou\n o{ti Nikovfhmo~ kai; ∆Aristofavnh~ a[kritoi ajpevqanon, pri;n paragenevsqai tina;
aujtoi`~ ejlegcomevnoi~ wJ~ hjdivkoun. oujdei;~ ga;r oujd∆ ei\den ejkeivnou~ meta; th;n suvllhyin: oujde; ga;r
qavyai ta; swvmat∆ aujtw`n ajpevdosan, ajll∆ ou{tw deinh; hJ sumfora; gegevnhtai w{ste pro;~ toi`~ a[lloi~ kai;
touvtou ejstevrhntai. ajlla; tau`ta me;n ejavsw: oujde;n ga;r a]n peraivnoimi: polu; de; ajqliwvteroi dokou`siv
moi oiJ pai`de~ oiJ ∆Aristofavnou~: oujdevna ga;r ou[t∆ ijdiva/ ou[te dhmosiva/ hjdikhkovte~ ouj movnon ta; patrw`/a
ajpolwlevkasin ajlla; kai; h} uJpovloipo~ ejlpi;~ h\n, ajpo; tw`n tou` pavppou ejktrafh`nai, ejn ou{tw deinw`/
kaqevsthken.

a[krito~ = a[neu dikaiva~ divkh~

ejlevgcw = ejrwtavw, ejxetavzw
suvllhyi~ < sullambavnw = biva/ aiJrevw
qavptw = eij~ th;n gh`n tivqhmi
sterevw touvtou « divdwmi tou`to
peraivnw = ktavomai, diatelevw, kevrdo~ devcomai
a[qlio~ « eujtuchv~
uJpovloipo~, -o~, -on = o}~ e[ti mevnei
pavppo~ = oJ tou` patro;~ pathvr
ejktrevfw = trevfw
 63

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) [The grandfather] ……………………. oiJ oijkei`oi [feed] ……………………. .

b) They buried him, an ill-fated man.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) dia; th`~ [arrest] ……………………. ejbouvlonto aujto;n [cross-question] ……………………. .

d) The judges condemned him without trial.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) [They deprived] ……………………. aujto;n tw`n [remaining] ……………………. crhmavtwn.

z) By doing this, you will achieve nothing.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

public ……………………… to see ………………………

to give back ……………………… without trial ………………………

to think ……………………… private ………………………

64

Melevthma 11

Apollodorus tells us about the seventh labour of Heracles, and he makes some comments
about the different versions on where that bull came from:

”Ebdomon ejpevtaxen a\qlon to;n Krh`ta ajgagei`n tau`ron. tou`ton ∆Akousivlao~ me;n ei\naiv fhsi to;n
diaporqmeuvsanta Eujrwvphn Diiv, tine;~ de; to;n uJpo; Poseidw`no~ ajnadoqevnta ejk qalavssh~, o{te
kataquvsein Poseidw`ni Mivnw~ ei\pe to; fane;n ejk th`~ qalavssh~. kaiv fasi qeasavmenon aujto;n tou`
tauvrou to; kavllo~ tou`ton me;n eij~ ta; boukovlia ajpopevmyai, qu`sai de; a[llon Poseidw`ni: ejf∆ oi|~
ojrgisqevnta to;n qeo;n ajgriw`sai to;n tau`ron. ejpi; tou`to paragenovmeno~ eij~ Krhvthn ÔHraklh`~ ... labw;n
kai; pro;~ Eujrusqeva diakomivsa~ e[deixen.

ejpitavttw = keleuvw, ejn tai`~ a[llou tino;~ cersi; tivqhmi

Krhv~, Krhvto~ = Krhtikov~, ejk th`~ Krhvth~
diaporqmeuvw = fevrw dia; th`~ qalavtth~
ajnadivdwmi = divdwmi e[ndoqen eij~ to; e[xw, ejxievnai poiw`
kataquvw = quvw
faivnomai « ajfanivzomai
boukovlion = ajgevlh bow`n
ajgriovw se = a[griovn se poiw`
paragivgnomai = ajfiknevomai
diakomivzw = fevrw
 65

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) [Having transported] ……………………. ta;~ bivblou~ dia; th`~ qalavtth~, aiJ gunai`ke~

[appeared] ……………………. ejn th`/ povlei.

b) After arriving, the wolf made the dog angry.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) oJ poimh;n [brought] ……………………. [the herd of oxen] ……………………. eij~ to;n

staqmovn.

d) Poseidon sent upwards a monster from beneath the sea.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) [They ordered] ……………………. aujtw`/ toi`~ qeoi`~ [to make a sacrifice] …………………. .

z) I fought with the Cretan monster.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to sacrifice ……………………… to observe ………………………

to send back ……………………… beauty ………………………

when ……………………… prize ………………………

66

Melevthma 12

Antiphon tells us why murder crimes must deserve full attention, and tells us about the
origin of mankind:

Νενόµισται µὲν ὀρθῶς τὰς φονικὰς δίκας περὶ πλείστου τοὺς κρίνοντας ποιεῖσθαι διώκειν τε καὶ
µαρτυρεῖν κατὰ τὸ δίκαιον, µήτε τοὺς ἐνόχους ἀφιέντας µήτε τοὺς καθαροὺς εἰς ἀγῶνα καθιστάντας. ὅ
τε γὰρ θεὸς βουλόµενος ποιῆσαι τὸ ἀνθρώπινον φῦλον τοὺς πρῶτον γενοµένους ἔφυσεν ἡµῶν, τροφέας
τε παρέδωκε τὴν γῆν καὶ τὴν θάλασσαν, ἵνα µὴ σπάνει τῶν ἀναγκαίων προαποθνῄσκοιµεν τῆς γηραιοῦ
τελευτῆς. Ὅστις οὖν, τούτων ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ἀξιωθέντος τοῦ βίου ἡµῶν, ἀνόµως τινὰ ἀποκτείνει, ἀσεβεῖ
µὲν περὶ τοὺς θεούς, συγχεῖ δὲ τὰ νόµιµα τῶν ἀνθρώπων.

fonikov~ = peri; fovnou, peri; qanavtou

e[noco~ = ai[tio~
ajfivhmi = ejleuqerovw
kaqarov~ = ajnaivtio~ « ai[tio~
fu`lon = gevno~
fuvw = tivktw, poievw
trofeuv~, -evw~ = o}~ trevfei, o}~ si`ton parevcei
spavni~, -ew~ « eujporiva, ajfqoniva
ajxiovw tou`to timh`~ = nomivzw tou`to a[xion ei\nai timh`~
sugcevw = taravttw
 67

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oJ qeov~, pollou;~ pai`da~ [having produced] ……………………. , aujtou;~ [let go]

……………………. .

b) Prometheus gave fire to the human race.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) mh; [mix] ……………………. ta; keleuvsmata, i[sw~ ga;r [because of lack] …………………….

suntavxew~ ajpoqanou`men.

d) I considered him worthy of trial for murder.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) aujto;n [guilty] ……………………. nomivzousin, kai; eij [foster-father] …………………….

tosouvtwn paidw`n h\n.

z) They were not guilty, they were innocent.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to testify ……………………… to consider ………………………

to set ……………………… old ………………………

end ……………………… to judge ………………………

68

Melevthma 13

Gylippos tries to form a navy, and Hermocrates helps him to persuade the citizens, telling
them several reasons why they should not be afraid of facing the Athenians:

Ἐν δὲ τῇ Σικελίᾳ ὑπὸ τοὺς αὐτοὺς χρόνους τούτου τοῦ ἦρος καὶ ὁ Γύλιππος ἧκεν ἐς τὰς Συρακούσας,
ἄγων ἀπὸ τῶν πόλεων ὧν ἔπεισε στρατιὰν ὅσην ἑκασταχόθεν πλείστην ἐδύνατο. καὶ συγκαλέσας τοὺς
Συρακοσίους ἔφη χρῆναι πληροῦν ναῦς ὡς δύνανται πλείστας καὶ ναυµαχίας ἀπόπειραν λαµβάνειν·
ἐλπίζειν γὰρ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ τι ἔργον ἄξιον τοῦ κινδύνου ἐς τὸν πόλεµον κατεργάσεσθαι. συνανέπειθε δὲ καὶ ὁ
Ἑρµοκράτης οὐχ ἥκιστα τοῦ ταῖς ναυσὶ µὴ ἀθυµεῖν ἐπιχειρῆσαι πρὸς τοὺς Ἀθηναίους, λέγων οὐδ'
ἐκείνους πάτριον τὴν ἐµπειρίαν οὐδ' ἀίδιον τῆς θαλάσσης ἔχειν, ἀλλ' ἠπειρώτας µᾶλλον τῶν
Συρακοσίων ὄντας καὶ ἀναγκασθέντας ὑπὸ Μήδων ναυτικοὺς γενέσθαι. καὶ πρὸς ἄνδρας τολµηρούς,
οἵους καὶ Ἀθηναίους, τοὺς ἀντιτολµῶντας χαλεπωτάτους ἂν [αὐτοῖς] φαίνεσθαι.

e[ar, h\ro~ = to; tou` e[tou~ mevro~ meta; to;n ceimw`na

eJkastacovqen = ejk eJkavstou tovpou
plhrovw = pivmplhmi « kenovw
ajpovpeira = pei`ra (<peiravw)
katergavzomai = ktavomai, devcomai
sunanapeivqw = wjfelevw peivqein
ejpiceirevw = prosbavllw, mavcomai
ajivdio~, -on = o}~ eij~ ajei; mevnei
hjpeirwvth~, -ou « nhsiwvth~
ajntitolmavw = tolmw` diovti kai; oJ a[llo~ tolma`/
 69

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oiJ ∆Aqhnai`oi [help to persuade] ……………………. hJmi`n aujtou`~ ta;~ nau`~ [to fill]

……………………. .

b) They decided to attack the inhabitants of the mainland.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) crhvmata ejdevxanto [from each place] ……………………. .

d) On that spring the heat was permanent.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) dei` se [dare in return] ……………………. kai; [attempt] ……………………. lambavnein.

z) I think that he will get it.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

experience ……………………… minimally ………………………

to feel demoralised ……………………… to lead ………………………

to be able ……………………… difficult ………………………

70

Melevthma 14

Lysias speaks about the priorities of some Athenians about marrying women with or
without dowry and also the priorities of the parents about this:

ἐκεῖνος γὰρ ὅτ' ἦν ἐν τῇ ἡλικίᾳ, παρὸν µετὰ πολλῶν χρηµάτων γῆµαι ἄλλην, τὴν ἐµὴν µητέρα ἔλαβεν
οὐδὲν ἐπιφεροµένην, ὅτι δὲ Ξενοφῶντος ἦν θυγάτηρ τοῦ Εὐριπίδου ὑέος, ὃς οὐ µόνον ἰδίᾳ χρηστὸς
ἐδόκει εἶναι, ἀλλὰ καὶ στρατηγεῖν αὐτὸν ἠξιώσατε, ὡς ἐγὼ ἀκούω. τὰς τοίνυν ἐµὰς ἀδελφὰς ἐθελόντων
τινῶν λαβεῖν ἀπροίκους πάνυ πλουσίων οὐκ ἔδωκεν, ὅτι ἐδόκουν κάκιον γεγονέναι, ἀλλὰ τὴν µὲν
Φιλοµήλῳ τῷ Παιανιεῖ, ὃν οἱ πολλοὶ βελτίω ἡγοῦνται εἶναι ἢ πλουσιώτερον, τὴν δὲ πένητι γεγενηµένῳ
οὐ διὰ κακίαν, ἀδελφιδῷ δὲ ὄντι Φαίδρῳ τῷ Μυρρινουσίῳ, ἐπιδοὺς τετταράκοντα µνᾶς […]. πρὸς δὲ
τούτοις ἐµοὶ πολλὴν ἐξὸν πάνυ προῖκα λαβεῖν ἐλάττω συνεβούλευσεν, ὥστε εὖ εἰδέναι ὅτι κηδεσταῖς
χρησοίµην κοσµίοις καὶ σώφροσι.

pavresti = e[xesti
ejpifevromai = eij~ to;n gavmon fevrw
ijdiva/ « dhmosiva/
crhstov~ = ajgaqov~, eujfuhv~, pistov~
a[proiko~ = crhvmata eij~ to;n gavmon ouj ferovmeno~
hJgevomai = nomivzw
ajdelfidov~ = oJ th`~ ajdelfh`~ uiJov~
proi`x, -ikov~ hJ = ta; crhvmata a} oJ path;r th`/ qugatri; gamoumevnh/ divdwsin
ejlavttwn « meivzwn
khdesthv~, -ou` = suggenhv~
 71

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) nomivzw to;n [sister’s son] ……………………. [honest] ……………………. ei\nai.

b) Your relatives never want to marry women without dowry.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) au{th hJ gunh; oujde;n eij~ to;n gavmon [brought as dowry] ……………………. .

d) Being it possible to obtain a large dowry, I did not want to.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) tou`to ajei; [privately] ……………………. pravttw, oujdevpote dhmosiva/.

z) I think that this army is smaller than yours.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to consider worthy ……………………… age ………………………

to give ……………………… to be willing ………………………

it is possible ……………………… to marry ………………………

72

Melevthma 15

Lucian offers here the well-known tale of the magician who made brooms and other
things become human in order to serve him:

“Καὶ τέλος πείθει µε τοὺς µὲν οἰκέτας ἅπαντας ἐν τῇ Μέµφιδι καταλιπεῖν, αὐτὸν δὲ µόνον ἀκολουθεῖν
µετ' αὐτοῦ, µὴ γὰρ ἀπορήσειν ἡµᾶς τῶν διακονησοµένων· καὶ τὸ µετὰ τοῦτο οὕτω διήγοµεν. ἐπειδὴ δὲ
ἔλθοιµεν εἴς τι καταγώγιον, λαβὼν ἂν ὁ ἀνὴρ ἢ τὸν µοχλὸν τῆς θύρας ἢ τὸ κόρηθρον ἢ καὶ τὸ ὕπερον
περιβαλὼν ἱµατίοις ἐπειπών τινα ἐπῳδὴν ἐποίει βαδίζειν, τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν ἄνθρωπον εἶναι δοκοῦντα.
τὸ δὲ ἀπιὸν ὕδωρ τε ἐµπίπλη καὶ ὠψώνει καὶ ἐσκεύαζεν καὶ πάντα δεξιῶς ὑπηρέτει καὶ διηκονεῖτο ἡµῖν·
εἶτα, ἐπειδὴ ἅλις ἔχοι τῆς διακονίας, αὖθις κόρηθρον τὸ κόρηθρον ἢ ὕπερον τὸ ὕπερον ἄλλην ἐπῳδὴν
ἐπειπὼν ἐποίει ἄν.

oijkevth~, -ou = a[nqrwpo~ (ei[te dou`lo~ ei[te suggenh;~) o{~ soi oijkei`
ajporevw touvtou « tou`to e[cw
diakonevw = qeravpwn eijmiv, qerapeuvw
diavgomai = biovw, to;n bivon a[gw
katagwvgion = oijkiva ejn h|/ oiJ poreuovmenoi kaqeuvdousin
moclov~ = o} th;n quvran kleivei
kovrhqron = w|/ crwvmeqa i{na to; e[dafo~ kaqairw`men
u{peron = w|/ crwvmeqa i{na to;n si`ton suntrivbwmen
ejpw/dhv = magikoi; lovgoi
uJphretevw = wjfelevw, diakonevw
 73

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oiJ [servants] ……………………. ajei; tw`/ [pestle] ……………………. ejn tw`/ mageireivw/

crw`ntai.

b) I closed the door with the bolt.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) oJ path;r ejkevleuse tou;~ [servants] ……………………. to; e[dafo~ [with the broom]

……………………. kaqairei`n.

d) Being in such perplexity, I need a spell.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) eu\ [he lives] ……………………. , polloi; ga;r aujtw`/ [serve] ……………………. .

z) They remained in that inn for four days.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

door ……………………… to accompany ………………………

to prepare ……………………… cloack ………………………

to leave ……………………… again ………………………

74

Melevthma 16

Demosthenes tells us about a conflict between two families, and it seems that the
problems started when both groups had some clashes when they were at the same camp
in their military duties:

Ἐξῆλθον ἔτος τουτὶ τρίτον εἰς Πάνακτον φρουρᾶς ἡµῖν προγραφείσης. ἐσκήνωσαν οὖν οἱ υἱεῖς οἱ
Κόνωνος τουτουὶ ἐγγὺς ἡµῶν, ὡς οὐκ ἂν ἐβουλόµην, ἡ γὰρ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἔχθρα καὶ τὰ προσκρούµατ' ἐκεῖθεν
ἡµῖν συνέβη· ἐξ ὧν δέ, ἀκούσεσθε. ἔπινον ἑκάστοθ' οὗτοι τὴν ἡµέραν, ἐπειδὴ τάχιστ' ἀριστήσαιεν, ὅλην,
καὶ τοῦθ', ἕως περ ἦµεν ἐν τῇ φρουρᾷ, διετέλουν ποιοῦντες. ἡµεῖς δ' ὥσπερ ἐνθάδ' εἰώθειµεν οὕτω
διήγοµεν καὶ ἔξω. ἣν οὖν δειπνοποιεῖσθαι τοῖς ἄλλοις ὥραν συµβαίνοι, ταύτην ἂν ἤδη ἐπαρῴνουν οὗτοι.

frourav = strateiva ejn stratopevdw/ tiniv

progravfw = dia; grafh`~ keleuvw
skhnovw = th;n skhnh;n ajnativqhmi
provskrouma = u{bri~, prosbolhv
sumbaivnw = givgnomai
ajristavw = tou` hJlivou ajnatevllonto~ ejsqivw
diatelevw « pauvomai
e[qw tou`to poiei`n = pollavki~ tou`to poiw`
diavgw = to;n crovnon diatrivbw
paroinevw = a[dika ei[te poiw` ei[te levgw polu;n oi\non piwvn
 75

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) nu`n dei` uJma`~ [pitch the tent] ……………………. , dia; tiv ejsqivonte~ [you go on]

……………………. …

b) We received many offences from them.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) [After having breakfast] ……………………. , pou` th;n hJmevran [will be spend]

……………………. …

d) We are used to remaining in the garrison.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) tiv [happens] ……………………. … kaq∆ hJmevran, eJspevra~ genomevnh~, [you behave as a

drunk man] ……………………. .

z) The archontes enlisted them for the army.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

near ……………………… to drink ………………………

son ……………………… year ………………………

while ……………………… hatred ………………………

76

Melevthma 17

Appian’s Roman History: the dictator Sulla has died, right after his funeral the main
chieftains quarrel about who will be the next leader, and the senate tries to prevent
more violence:

Καὶ Σύλλα µὲν τοῦτο τέλος ἦν, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς πυρᾶς χωροῦντες εὐθὺς οἱ ὕπατοι λόγοις βλασφήµοις ἐς
ἀλλήλους διεφέροντο, καὶ τὸ ἀστικὸν ἐς αὐτοὺς διῄρητο. Λέπιδος δὲ καὶ τοὺς Ἰταλικοὺς προσποιούµενος
ἔλεγεν ὅτι τὴν γῆν αὐτοῖς, ἣν ὁ Σύλλας ἀφῄρητο, ἀποδώσει. ἄµφω µὲν οὖν ἡ βουλὴ δείσασα ὥρκωσε µὴ
πολέµῳ διακριθῆναι, κληρωσάµενος δ' ὁ Λέπιδος τὴν ὑπὲρ Ἄλπεις Γαλατίαν ἐπὶ τὰ ἀρχαιρέσια οὐ
κατῄει ὡς πολεµήσων τοῖς Συλλείοις τοῦ ἐπιόντος ἔτους.

u{pato~ = a[rcwn
diafevromai « oJmologevw
ajstikovn = oJ dh`mo~
diairevw « sunairevw
prospoievomai aujtouv~ = aujtou;~ wJ~ fivlou~ kta`sqai peirw`
oJrkovw = ojmnuvnai ajnagkavzw
diakrivnomai = krivnw tiv~ nika`/
klhrovomai = dia; klhvrou ktavomai
ajrcairevsia, -wn = hJ sumfora; ejn h|/ oiJ poli`tai tou;~ a[rconta~ aiJrou`ntai
ejpiwvn, ovnto~ = ejpigignovmeno~ « proterai`o~
 77

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) ejn toi`~ [elections] ……………………. oiJ poli`tai ajei; [get divided] ……………………. .

b) They never agree, they are always quarrelling.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) ejbouvleto tou;~ polivta~ [to win over] ……………………. th`/ [following] …………………….

eJbdomavdi.

d) I must decide which consul will go to Athens.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) dei` me aujto;n [make swear] ……………………. mh; th;n povlin diafqerei`n.

z) The people did not give it to him, he got it by lot.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to take ……………………… end ………………………

walk ……………………… to fear ………………………

year ……………………… to come down ………………………

78

Melevthma 18

Andocides tells us about a case against Alcibiades in which we also hear about the
Athenian procedure of granting immunity to a witness:

Ἦν µὲν γὰρ ἐκκλησία τοῖς στρατηγοῖς τοῖς εἰς Σικελίαν, Νικίᾳ καὶ Λαµάχῳ καὶ Ἀλκιβιάδῃ, καὶ τριήρης
ἡ στρατηγὶς ἤδη ἐξώρµει ἡ Λαµάχου· ἀναστὰς δὲ Πυθόνικος ἐν τῷ δήµῳ εἶπεν· “ὦ Ἀθηναῖοι, ὑµεῖς µὲν
στρατιὰν ἐκπέµπετε καὶ παρασκευὴν τοσαύτην, καὶ κίνδυνον ἀρεῖσθαι µέλλετε· Ἀλκιβιάδην δὲ τὸν
στρατηγὸν ἀποδείξω ὑµῖν τὰ µυστήρια ποιοῦντα ἐν οἰκίᾳ µεθ' ἑτέρων, καὶ ἐὰν ψηφίσησθε ἄδειαν ᾧ ἐγὼ
κελεύω, θεράπων ὑµῖν ἑνὸς τῶν ἐνθάδε ἀνδρῶν ἀµύητος ὢν ἐρεῖ τὰ µυστήρια· εἰ δὲ µή, χρῆσθέ µοι ὅ τι
ἂν ὑµῖν δοκῇ, ἐὰν µὴ τἀληθῆ λέγω”. ἀντιλέγοντος δὲ Ἀλκιβιάδου πολλὰ καὶ ἐξάρνου ὄντος, ἔδοξε τοῖς
πρυτάνεσι τοὺς µὲν ἀµυήτους µεταστήσασθαι, αὐτοὺς δ' ἰέναι ἐπὶ τὸ µειράκιον ὃ ὁ Πυθόνικος ἐκέλευεν.
καὶ ᾤχοντο, καὶ ἤγαγον θεράποντα Πολεµάρχου.

strathgiv~, -ivdo~ = hJ tou` strathgou` trihvrh~

ejxormei` hJ nau`~ = hJ nau`~ e[xw tou` limevno~ mevnei
a[rnumai = devcomai, ktavomai
a[deian e[cw = oujde;n pavscw kai; ei[ ti levgw o} a[llou~ taravttei
ajmuvhto~ = o}~ peri; ta; musthriva oujde;n gignwvskei
ajntilevgw = ajpokrivnomai, to; ejnantivon levgw
e[xarno~ = o}~ levgei crh`ma ti oujk ajlhqe;~ ei\nai
meqivstamai = ajpevrcomai
meiravkion = neaniva~, pai`~
oi[comai « h{kw
 79

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) pa`si ajrevskei dw`ra [to get] ……………………. : tiv touvtw/ [do you reply] ……………………. …

b) He went to live somewhere else, as he was ignorant about mysteries.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) th;n [ship of the general] ……………………. katevdusan.

d) That one who denied everything is already gone.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) [Were lying at anchor] ……………………. ei[kosi nh`e~ e[xw tou` limevno~.

z) Although he killed that boy, he has immunity.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

so big ……………………… servant ………………………

to stand up ……………………… assembly ………………………

with ……………………… to use ………………………

80

Melevthma 19

Isocrates, in the Panegyricus, says that Athens deserves much praise for all the good it
has made to society, and tells us how we must recount these favours:

ὅσων δὲ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀγαθῶν αἴτιοι γεγόναµεν, οὕτως ἂν κάλλιστ' ἐξετάσαιµεν, εἰ τόν τε χρόνον ἀπ'
ἀρχῆς καὶ τὰς πράξεις τὰς τῆς πόλεως ἐφεξῆς διέλθοιµεν. Εὑρήσοµεν γὰρ αὐτὴν οὐ µόνον τῶν πρὸς τὸν
πόλεµον κινδύνων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἄλλης κατασκευῆς, ἐν ᾗ κατοικοῦµεν καὶ µεθ' ἧς πολιτευόµεθα καὶ δι'
ἣν ζῆν δυνάµεθα, σχεδὸν ἁπάσης αἰτίαν οὖσαν. Ἀνάγκη δὲ προαιρεῖσθαι τῶν εὐεργεσιῶν µὴ τὰς διὰ
µικρότητα διαλαθούσας καὶ κατασιωπηθείσας, ἀλλὰ τὰς διὰ τὸ µέγεθος ὑπὸ πάντων ἀνθρώπων καὶ
πάλαι καὶ νῦν πανταχοῦ καὶ λεγοµένας καὶ µνηµονευοµένας.

ejxetavzw tou`to = ajkribevstata pro;~ tou`to blevpw

ejfexh`~ « a[neu kovsmou
dievrcomai = ejxhgevomai, dihgevomai
kataskeuhv = politeiva, oiJ th`~ povlew~ novmoi
katoikevw = oijkevw
politeuvomai = ejn th`/ povlei a{ma toi`~ a[lloi~ polivtai~ sunoikw`
scedo;n pavnte~ = pavnte~ plh;n eJno;~ h] duoi`n
dialanqavnw = oujdei;~ oJra`/ me parovnta
katasiwpavw = sigavw, siwpavw, oujde;n levgw
pantacou` « oujdamou`
 81

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) [Almost] ……………………. pavnte~ th;n th`~ povlew~ [social structure] …………………….

ejpainou`sin.

b) If you want to live here, you must keep silence about those affairs.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) pavsa~ ta;~ bivblou~ [in order] ……………………. ajnevgnwn.

d) I want to investigate why he is always unnoticed at meetings.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) dei` hJma`~ eu\ [to live as citizens] ……………………. eja;n boulwvmeqa [everywhere]

……………………. eu\ ajkouvein.

z) The father narrated the myth to the children.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to prefer ……………………… to find ………………………

good deed ……………………… as many as ………………………

action ……………………… beginning ………………………

82

Melevthma 20

Dio Chrysostom gives some advice about the kind of training exercises that somebody
should undertake if he wants to be a good speaker, and clearly he gives priority to
speaking rather than writing, although some writing exercises must be done:

γράφειν µὲν οὖν οὐ συµβουλεύω σοι αὐτῷ ἀλλ' ἢ σφόδρα ἀραιῶς, ἐπιδιδόναι δὲ [τὸ γράφειν] µᾶλλον.
πρῶτον µὲν γὰρ ὁµοιότερος τῷ λέγοντι ὁ ὑπαγορεύων τοῦ γράφοντος· ἔπειτα ἐλάττονι πόνῳ γίγνεται·
ἔπειτα πρὸς δύναµιν µὲν [to; uJpagoreuvein] ἧττον συλλαµβάνει τοῦ γράφειν, πρὸς ἕξιν δὲ πλεῖον. καὶ
γράφειν δὲ οὐ ταῦτά σε ἀξιῶ τὰ σχολικὰ πλάσµατα, ἀλλ', εἴπερ ἄρα [gravfein dei`], [ajxiw` se labei`n]
τινὰ τῶν λόγων, οἷς ἂν ἡσθῇς ἐντυγχάνων, µάλιστα τῶν Ξενοφωντείων, [kai; gravfein] ἢ ἀντιλέγοντα
τοῖς εἰρηµένοις ἢ τὰ αὐτὰ ἕτερον τρόπον ὑποβάλλοντα.

ajraiw`~ « pollavki~
ejpidivdwmi = a[llw/ tini; divdwmi
uJpagoreuvw = levgw i{na a[llo~ ti~ gravfh/ o} levgw
sullambavnw = wjfelevw
e{xin e[cw = e{toimov~ eijmi
scolikov~ = didaskalikov~
plavsma = melevthma
hJsqh`/~ < h{domai
eijrhmevno~ < ei[rhmai < levgw
uJpobavllw = wJ~ paravdeigma protivqhmi
 83

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) megavlhn [readiness] ……………………. e[cein ajei; toi`~ rJhvtwrsi [helps] ……………………. .

b) Pass this over to your slave, he will do it.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) pai`~ w]n ajei; ta; [school-related] ……………………. pragvmata ejmivsoun oi|~ su; cqe;~

[enjoyed] ……………………. .

d) He proposed this, but Pericless, having heard what had been said, opposed.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) th;n ejpistolhvn soi [I will dictate] ……………………. .

z) I hardly ever do this kind of exercises.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

similar ……………………… smaller ………………………

more ……………………… very ………………………

to advise ……………………… to come across ………………………

84

Melevthma 21

In the Anabasis, Cyrus makes a speech to the Greek mercenaries and tries to encourage
them:

Ku`ro~ de; sugkalevsa~ tou;~ strathgou;~ kai; locagou;~ tw`n ÔEllhvnwn sunebouleuvetov te pw`~ a]n th;n
mavchn poioi`to kai; aujto;~ parhv/nei qarruvnwn toiavde: Æ«W a[ndre~ ”Ellhne~, oujk ajnqrwvpwn ajporw`n
barbavrwn summavcou~ uJma`~ a[gw, ajlla; nomivzwn ajmeivnona~ kai; kreivttou~ pollw`n barbavrwn uJma`~
ei\nai, dia; tou`to prosevlabon. ”Opw~ ou\n e[sesqe a[ndre~ a[xioi th`~ ejleuqeriva~ h|~ kevkthsqe kai; h|~
uJma`~ ejgw; eujdaimonivzw. Eu\ ga;r i[ste o{ti th;n ejleuqerivan eJloivmhn a]n ajnti; w|n e[cw pavntwn kai; a[llwn
pollaplasivwn. ”Opw~ de; kai; eijdh`te eij~ oi|on e[rcesqe ajgw`na, uJma`~ eijdw;~ didavxw: ...Æ

sumbouleuvomai = meta; tw`n a[llwn dialevgomai tiv dei` poiei`n

qarruvnw = ejpotruvnw, a[llon tina; ajndrei`on poiw`
ajporevw touvtou = oujk e[cw tou`to
kreivttou~ = kreivttona~
proslambavnw = meta; a[llwn lambavnw
kevkthmai = e[cw
eujdaimonivzw se = nomivzw se eujdaivmona ei\nai
pollaplavsioi = polloi; pleivone~
eijdh`te < oi\da
eijdwv~ < oi\da
 85

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) tou`to levgw i{na [you may know it] ……………………. , ejgw; ga;r [knowing it]

……………………. tugcavnw.

b) I must have stronger allies and I want to add these hoplites.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) pw`~ e[xestiv moi tou;~ stratiwvta~ [to encougare] ……………………. …

d) Now I lack money, and Pericles possesses nothing.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) bouvlomai toi`~ a[lloi~ strathgoi`~ [to deliberate] ……………………. .

z) We consider happy the generals that have very many soldiers.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to advise ……………………… to know ………………………

to choose ……………………… captain ………………………

to convoke ……………………… better ………………………

86

Melevthma 22

Apollodorus tells us about the myth of the giants attacking the sky and offers a
description of them:

Gh` de; peri; Titavnwn ajganaktou`sa genna`/ Givganta~ ejx Oujranou`, megevqei me;n swmavtwn
ajnuperblhvtou~, dunavmei de; ajkatagwnivstou~, oi} foberoi; me;n tai`~ o[yesi katefaivnonto, kaqeimevnoi
baqei`an kovmhn ejk kefalh`~ kai; geneivwn, ei\con de; ta;~ bavsei~ folivda~ drakovntwn, ... hjkovntizon de;
eij~ oujrano;n pevtra~ kai; dru`~ hJmmevna~.

ajganaktevw = ojrgivzomai
ajnupevrblhto~ = ajnivkhto~
ajkatagwvnisto~ = ajnivkhto~
o[yi~, -ew~ = qevama, o} e[xestin oJra`n
kaqivhmi = pevmpw kavtw
bavsi~, -ew~ = pou`~
foliv~, -ivdo~ = devrma o} ouj lei`ovn ejstin
ajkontivzw = o{ploi~ bavllw
dru`~, druov~ = gevno~ ti devndrou
a{ptw = pivmprhmi
 87

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) ejkei`noi oiJ stratiw`tai [unbeatable] ……………………. h\san.

b) They shot all the arrows downwards towards the feet.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) pro;~ to; qhvrion [they hurled the weapons] ……………………. .

d) He became angry because the house caught fire.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) tauvthn th;n [rough skin] ……………………. e[cwn, [invincible] ……………………. ei\.

z) The appearance of the oak was very nice.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

terrible ……………………… to beget ………………………

size ……………………… long hair ………………………

to appear ……………………… deep ………………………

88

Melevthma 23

Lucian narrates about an imaginary world: incredible animals, a sea of milk, an island
that is a giantic cheese…

Πλεύσαντες οὖν ὅσον τριακοσίους σταδίους νήσῳ µικρᾷ καὶ ἐρήµῃ προσηνέχθηµεν, ἀφ' ἧς ὕδωρ
λαβόντες – ἐπελελοίπει γὰρ ἤδη – καὶ δύο ταύρους ἀγρίους κατατοξεύσαντες ἀπεπλεύσαµεν. οἱ δὲ ταῦροι
οὗτοι τὰ κέρατα οὐκ ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς εἶχον, ἀλλ' ὑπὸ τοῖς ὀφθαλµοῖς, ὥσπερ ὁ Μῶµος ἠξίου. µετ' οὐ
πολὺ δὲ εἰς πέλαγος ἐνεβαίνοµεν, οὐχ ὕδατος, ἀλλὰ γάλακτος· καὶ νῆσος ἐν αὐτῷ ἐφαίνετο λευκὴ
πλήρης ἀµπέλων. ἦν δὲ ἡ νῆσος τυρὸς µέγιστος συµπεπηγώς, ὡς ὕστερον ἐµφαγόντες ἐµάθοµεν, σταδίων
εἴκοσι πέντε τὸ περίµετρον· αἱ δὲ ἄµπελοι βοτρύων πλήρεις, οὐ µέντοι οἶνον, ἀλλὰ γάλα ἐξ αὐτῶν
ἀποθλίβοντες ἐπίνοµεν.

o{son devka = oujk ajkribw`~ devka, i[sw~ ejnneva h] e{ndeka

ejpileivpw = a[peimi
katatoxeuvw = tovxw/ ajpokteivnw
ajxiovw = bouvlomai
pevlago~, ou~ = qavlatta
turov~ = o} ejk tou` gavlakto~ givgnetai kai; ejsqivomen
sumphvgnumi « ajsqenovw
ejnesqivw = ejsqivw
bovtru~, -uo~ oJ = o} hJ a[mpelo~ fuvei
ajpoqlivbw = pievzw, ejxopivzw
 89

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) [Around] ……………………. tettaravkonta a[nqrwpoi to; zw`/on [killed with an arrow]

……………………. .

b) The children ate all the cheese.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) pevnte nau`~ ei\don ejn tw`/ [sea] ……………………. .

d) We squeezed all the grapes and obtained wine.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) ejn ajporiva/ ejsmevn, to; ga;r u{dwr [has finished] ……………………. .

z) They wanted to solidify that liquid.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

milk ……………………… full ………………………

water ……………………… to sail ………………………

horn ……………………… island ………………………

90

Melevthma 24

Dio Chrysostom gives an example of an oracle wrongly interpreted because two places
shared the same name, and the consequences were really bad:

πάλιν τοίνυν Ἀθηναίοις ἐρωτῶσι περὶ τῆς νήσου Σικελίας ἔχρησε [ὁ θεὸς] προσλαβεῖν τῇ πόλει τὴν
Σικελίαν, λόφον τινὰ ἐγγὺς ὄντα τῆς πόλεως. οἱ δὲ τῶν µὲν παρακειµένων καὶ τῶν ἐν ὀφθαλµοῖς
ἠµέλησαν· οὕτως δ' ἔκφρονες ὑπῆρχον διὰ τὴν ἐπιθυµίαν τοῦ πλείονος, ὥστε τὸν θεὸν αὐτοῖς ἐνόµιζον
λέγειν ἐν ἑνὶ τείχει περιλαβεῖν τὰς Ἀθήνας καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ µυρίων που σταδίων οὖσαν νῆσον. τοιγαροῦν
ἐκεῖσε πλεύσαντες οὐ µόνον Σικελίας διήµαρτον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἐστερήθησαν, καὶ τὴν πόλιν
αὐτὴν ἐπεῖδον ἐπὶ τοῖς πολεµίοις γεγενηµένην. καὶ τὰ µὲν τοιαῦτα εἰ θέλοι τις ἐπεξιέναι, δῆλον ὡς οὐδ'
ἐν ἔτει ἐπιλείψει.

cravw = dia; crhsmou` ajpokrivnomai

proslambavnw tou`to th`/ cwvra/ = a{ma tivqhmi tou`tov te kai; th;n cwvran
parakei`mai = ejggu;~ kei`mai
ajmelevw « ejpimelevw
uJpavrcw = eijmiv
diamartavnw touvtou = ouj ktw`mai tou`to
sterevw se touvtou « divdwmiv soi tou`to
ejforavw = oJrw` kai; ejavn moi oujk ajrevskh/
ejpexevrcomai = eij~ to; tevlo~ dihgevomai
ejpileivpw = televw, teleutavw, eij~ to; tevlo~ ajfiknou`mai
 91

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) eja;n tauvthn th;n cwvran th`/ ajrch`/ [we add] ……………………. , oiJ polevmioi [will deprive]

……………………. hJma`~ aujth`~.

b) There are no bad people in this city.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) kaivper tou` qeou` nivkhn megavlhn [announced through the oracle] ……………………. , megavlhn

h|ttan [we had to see] ……………………. .

d) This general always neglects his soldiers.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) oujdevpote [I will finish] ……………………. ajriqmw`n ta;~ [nearby] ……………………. nhvsou~.

z) Pericles explained why the Athenians could not get the other city.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

desire ……………………… wall ………………………

more ……………………… to ask ………………………

hill ……………………… mindless ………………………

92

Melevthma 25

The battle between the Greeks and the king’s army in the Anabasis: Tissaphernes seems
to experience some difficulties, but finally he joins forces with the king and some
strategic movements take place. As usual, no army wants to be surrounded by the enemy:

ÔO d∆ ou\n Tissafevrnh~ wJ~ mei`on e[cwn ajphllavgh, pavlin me;n oujk ajnastrevfei, eij~ de; to; stratovpedon
ajfikovmeno~ to; tw`n ÔEllhvnwn ejkei` suntugcavnei basilei`, kai; oJmou` de; pavlin suntaxavmenoi
ejporeuvonto. ∆Epei; d∆ h\san kata; to; eujwvnumon tw`n ÔEllhvnwn kevra~, e[deisan oiJ ”Ellhne~ mh;
prosavgoien pro;~ to; kevra~ kai; periptuvxante~ ajmfotevrwqen aujtou;~ katakovyeian: kai; ejdovkei
aujtoi`~ ajnaptuvssein to; kevra~ kai; poihvsasqai o[pisqen to;n potamovn.

mei`on = mikrovtero~, kakivwn

ajpallavttw = ajpevrcomai
suntugcavnw = tuvch/ euJrivskw
oJmou` = a{ma
eujwvnumo~ « ajristerov~
deivdw = fobevomai
prosavgw = proselauvnw
periptuvssw = kuklovw
ajnaptuvssw = strevfw
poievomai = ejmauto;n tivqhmi
 93

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) pro;~ to; [left] ……………………. kevra~ ajph`lqon.

b) They feared that the enemy might arrive.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) oiJ polevmioi to; dexio;n kevra~ [turned] ……………………. kai; [position themselves]

……………………. o[pisqen tw`n teicw`n.

d) They coincided with the allies and advanced together.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) OiJ Pevrsai [worse] …………………. e[conte~ pro;~ th;n povlin [withdrew] …………………. .

z) They decided to advance to the city and surround it.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to travel ……………………… camp ………………………

there ……………………… horn ………………………

behind ……………………… to go back ………………………

94

Melevthma 26

In Syracuse, the Athenians realise that the enemy has put a barrier along the entrance
of the harbour, and then they take some strategical decisions about what areas
containing what are to be defended:

Toi`~ de; ∆Aqhnaivoi~, thvn te ajpovklh/sin oJrw`si kai; th;n a[llhn diavnoian aujtw`n aijsqovmenoi~, bouleuteva
ejdovkei. kai; sunelqovnte~ oi{ te strathgoi; kai; oiJ taxivarcoi pro;~ th;n parou`san ajporivan, o{ti ta;
ejpithvdeia ou[te aujtivka e[ti ei\con ou[te to; loipo;n e[mellon e{xein eij mh; naukrathvsousin,
ejbouleuvsanto ta; me;n teivch ta; a[nw ejklipei`n, pro;~ de; aujtai`~ tai`~ nausi;n ajpolabovnte~
diateicivsmati o{son oi|ovn te ejlavciston toi`~ te skeuvesi kai; toi`~ ajsqenou`sin iJkano;n genevsqai, tou`to
me;n frourei`n.

ajpovklh/si~ < ajpokleivw, oujk ejw` ejxelqei`n

diavnoia = bouvleuma, o} ejn nw/` e[cw poiei`n
aijsqavnomai = oJrw`, manqavnw, tou`to ouj lanqavnei me
ejpithvdeio~ = ajnagkai`o~
naukratevw = ejn naumaciva/ nikavw, kratevw
to;n tovpon ajpolambavnw = to;n tovpon a[baton poiw`, to;n tovpon kleivw
diateivcisma = tei`co~
skeu`o~, -ou~ = a} oiJ stratiw`tai ajei; fevrousin
ajsqenevw « uJgiaivnw
to;n tovpon frourevw = to;n tovpon teivcei fulavttw
 95

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) pavnta ta; [supplies] ……………………. h[negkon toi`~ [winners of the naval battle]

……………………. .

b) They brought in all the equipment and the ill ones.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) tevlo~ de; th;n tw`n ∆Aqhnaivwn [plan] ……………………. [they realised] ……………………. .

d) The Persians, having seen the blockage, were afraid.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) kai; tovpon megavlw/ [wall] ……………………. [they isolated] ……………………. .

z) They fortified the city.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

remaining ……………………… to deliberate ………………………

present ……………………… at once ………………………

upwards ……………………… to meet ………………………

96

Melevthma 27

Apollodorus tells us about the episode of Jason having to yoke the savage bulls and
Medea helping him with her magic arts:

δεδοικυῖα δὲ µὴ πρὸς τῶν ταύρων διαφθαρῇ, κρύφα τοῦ πατρὸς συνεργήσειν αὐτῷ πρὸς τὴν κατάζευξιν
τῶν ταύρων ἐπηγγείλατο καὶ τὸ δέρας ἐγχειριεῖν, ἐὰν ὀµόσῃ αὐτὴν ἕξειν γυναῖκα καὶ εἰς Ἑλλάδα
σύµπλουν ἀγάγηται. ὀµόσαντος δὲ Ἰάσονος φάρµακον δίδωσιν, ᾧ καταζευγνύναι µέλλοντα τοὺς
ταύρους ἐκέλευσε χρῖσαι τήν τε ἀσπίδα καὶ τὸ δόρυ καὶ τὸ σῶµα· τούτῳ γὰρ χρισθέντα ἔφη πρὸς µίαν
ἡµέραν µήτ' ἂν ὑπὸ πυρὸς ἀδικηθήσεσθαι µήτε ὑπὸ σιδήρου. ἐδήλωσε δὲ αὐτῷ σπειροµένων τῶν
ὀδόντων ἐκ γῆς ἄνδρας µέλλειν ἀναδύεσθαι ἐπ' αὐτὸν καθωπλισµένους.

devdia = fobevomai
kruvfa « ejn tw`/ fanerw`/
sunergevw = wjfelevw, bohqevw
katavzeusi~, -ew~ = to; toi`~ bousi; to; zugo;n ejpiqei`nai
ejpaggevllomai = ajggevllw, levgw
ejgceirivzw = divdwmi, ejn tai`~ cersi; a[llou tino;~ tivqhmi
crivzw ejmauto;n ejlaivw/ = ejlaivw/ to; sw`ma ajleivfw
speivrw = futeuvw, [to; spevrma] eij~ th;n gh`n bavllw
ajnaduvomai « kataduvomai (quevllh~ genomevnh~, aiJ nh`e~ pollavki~ kataduvontai)
kaqoplivzomai = o{pla paraskeuavzw ejmautw`/
 97

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) tw`/ ajqlhth`/ [I helped] ……………………. to; sw`ma [to anoint] ……………………. .

b) I announced that the soldiers were already armed.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) [I fear] ……………………. mh; tou`to to; kako;n spevrma [they may plant] ……………………. .

d) Putting the oxen under the yoke was very difficult.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) [They appeared] ……………………. ejk th`~ gh`~ [secretly] ……………………. nuktov~.

z) I will put this in your hands if you tell me the truth.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to swear ……………………… sailing mate ………………………

shield ……………………… to destroy ………………………

iron ……………………… to yoke ………………………

98

Melevthma 28

Plato shows us Thrasymachus sweating and blushing but agreeing to go on in his

conversation with Socrates but under some conditions:

Ὁ δὴ Θρασύµαχος ὡµολόγησε µὲν πάντα ταῦτα, οὐχ ὡς ἐγὼ νῦν ῥᾳδίως λέγω, ἀλλ' ἑλκόµενος καὶ µόγις,
µετὰ ἱδρῶτος, θαυµαστοῦ ὅσου, ἅτε καὶ θέρους ὄντος (τότε καὶ εἶδον ἐγώ, πρότερον δὲ οὔπω,
Θρασύµαχον ἐρυθριῶντα)· ἐπειδὴ δὲ οὖν διωµολογησάµεθα τὴν δικαιοσύνην ἀρετὴν εἶναι καὶ σοφίαν,
τὴν δὲ ἀδικίαν κακίαν τε καὶ ἀµαθίαν, “Εἶεν,” ἦν δ' ἐγώ, “τοῦτο µὲν ἡµῖν οὕτω κείσθω, ἔφαµεν δὲ δὴ
καὶ ἰσχυρὸν εἶναι τὴν ἀδικίαν. ἢ οὐ µέµνησαι, ὦ Θρασύµαχε;” “Μέµνηµαι,” ἔφη· “ἀλλ' ἔµοιγε οὐδὲ ἃ
νῦν λέγεις ἀρέσκει, καὶ ἔχω περὶ αὐτῶν λέγειν. εἰ οὖν λέγοιµι, εὖ οἶδ' ὅτι δηµηγορεῖν ἄν µε φαίης. ἢ οὖν
ἔα µε εἰπεῖν ὅσα βούλοµαι, ἤ, εἰ βούλει ἐρωτᾶν, ἐρώτα· ἐγὼ δέ σοι, ὥσπερ ταῖς γραυσὶν ταῖς τοὺς
µύθους λεγούσαις, ‘εἶεν’ ἐρῶ καὶ κατανεύσοµαι καὶ ἀνανεύσοµαι.”

e{lkw = ajnagkavzw
movgi~ « rJa/divw~
iJdrwv~ = to; u{dwr o} ejk tou` devrmato~ ejkrei` oJpovtan kavmnwmen
ejruqriavw = to; ejmo;n provswpon ejruqro;~ givgnetai
diomologevw = oJmologevw
ajmaqiva « sofiva
e[cw gravfein = duvnamai gravfein
dhmhgorevw = pro; tou` dhvmou ajgoreuvw
kataneuvw = Ænai;Æ th`/ kefalh`/ levgein
ajnaneuvw = ÆoujÆ th`/ kefalh`/ levgein
 99

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) ejgw; ei\don polu; [of sweat] ……………………. ejn tw`/ tou` [orator] …………………….

proswvpou.

b) When I said this, he blushed.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) ejgw; me;n hjrovmhn Æa\ra [were you compelled] ……………………. …Æ ou|to~ de; [denied with the

head] ……………………. .

d) Finally they agreed that Socrates was wiser.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) oJ me;n ejmo;~ didavskalo~ [can] ……………………. tou`to poiei`n, su; de; [hardly]

……………………. .

z) He nodded to say “yes”, and it was easy for us to realise his ignorance.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to please ……………………… to remember ………………………

justice ……………………… to agree ………………………

easy ……………………… old woman ………………………

100

Melevthma 29

Demosthenes tells the judges how Athens got to control the Chersonese: three chieftains
fighting for power after the death of the former king and trying to obtain the favour of
the Athenians, but finally some people, fed up with the state of affairs, decide to favour
one of the three candidates: (some help with articular infinitives and participles is provided)

Ἀνάγκη δὲ ἐστὶ πρῶτον ἁπάντων εἰπεῖν καὶ δεῖξαι τί ποτ' ἐστὶ τὸ [τὴν] Χερρόνησον ὑµᾶς ἀσφαλῶς ἔχειν
πεποιηκός (τὸ … πεποιηκός)· διὰ γὰρ τοῦ µαθεῖν τοῦτο καὶ τἀδίκηµα σαφῶς ὄψεσθε. ἔστι τοίνυν, ὦ
ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοῦτο, τὸ τελευτήσαντος Κότυος Βηρισάδην καὶ Ἀµάδοκον καὶ Κερσοβλέπτην τρεῖς
ἀνθ' ἑνὸς [βασιλέως] γενέσθαι (τὸ … γενέσθαι) Θρᾴκης βασιλέας· συµβέβηκε γὰρ ἐκ τούτου αὑτοῖς µὲν
ἀντιπάλους εἶναι τούτους, ὑµᾶς δ' ὑπέρχεσθαι καὶ θεραπεύειν. τοῦτο τοίνυν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι,
βουλόµενοί τινες παῦσαι καὶ καταλῦσαι µὲν τοὺς ἑτέρους βασιλέας, παραδοῦναι δ' ἑνὶ τῷ Κερσοβλέπτῃ
τὴν ἀρχὴν ἅπασαν, διαπράττονταί σφισι τοῦτο γενέσθαι τὸ προβούλευµα.

ajsfalw`~ « ajsqenw`~
o[yomai < oJravw
teleutavw = ajpoqnhv/skw
sumbaivnei = givgnetai
ajntivpalo~ « fivlo~
uJpevrcomaiv se = peirw` se peivqein
qerapeuvw se = eu\ pravttw se, peirw` soi ajrevskein
kataluvw = pauvw
diapravttomaiv moi tou`to poiei`n = dokei` moi tou`to poiei`n
probouvleuma = prw`ton bouvleuma, oujdamw`~ to; teleutai`on
 101

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) tou`to to; [previous plan] ……………………. gnouv~, [opponent] ……………………. aujtou`

ejgevneto.

b) You will see her putting an end to the war.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) pavnte~ oiJ a[nqrwpoi ajei; tou;~ crhvmata e[conta~ [try to persuade] ……………………. .

d) He controls the country firmly.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) tou` basilevw~ [having died] ……………………. , oiJ ui|oi [decided] ……………………. th;n

cwvran katalipei`n.

z) He flattered the Athenians a lot after this had happened.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

one ……………………… to show ………………………

to hand over ……………………… need ………………………

clear ……………………… to learn ………………………

102

Melevthma 30

Demosthenes tells us of the well-known tactics of Archidamus: by ravaging the fields,

provoke the Athenians to make them go out of the walls and fight in the open field:

γνώµῃ δὲ τοιᾷδε λέγεται τὸν Ἀρχίδαµον περί τε τὰς Ἀχαρνὰς ὡς ἐς µάχην ταξάµενον µεῖναι καὶ ἐς τὸ
πεδίον ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἐσβολῇ οὐ καταβῆναι· τοὺς γὰρ Ἀθηναίους ἤλπιζεν, ἀκµάζοντάς τε νεότητι πολλῇ καὶ
παρεσκευασµένους ἐς πόλεµον ὡς οὔπω πρότερον, ἴσως ἂν ἐπεξελθεῖν καὶ τὴν γῆν οὐκ ἂν περιιδεῖν
τµηθῆναι. ἐπειδὴ οὖν αὐτῷ ἐς Ἐλευσῖνα καὶ τὸ Θριάσιον πεδίον οὐκ ἀπήντησαν, πεῖραν ἐποιεῖτο περὶ
τὰς Ἀχαρνὰς καθήµενος εἰ ἐπεξίασιν· ἅµα µὲν γὰρ αὐτῷ ὁ χῶρος ἐπιτήδειος ἐφαίνετο ἐνστρατοπεδεῦσαι,
ἅµα δὲ καὶ οἱ Ἀχαρνῆς µέγα µέρος ὄντες τῆς πόλεως (τρισχίλιοι γὰρ ὁπλῖται ἐγένοντο) οὐ περιόψεσθαι
ἐδόκουν τὰ σφέτερα διαφθαρέντα, ἀλλ' ὁρµήσειν καὶ τοὺς πάντας ἐς µάχην.

eijsbolh;n poiw` = eij~ th;n tw`n polemivwn cwvran eijsbavllw

ajkmavzw crhvmasi = polla; crhvmata e[cw
hJ neovth~, -hto~ = oiJ neanivai
ou[pw « ajeiv
perioravw = ejavw, oJrw` kai; oujde;n poiw`
tevmnw = diafqeivrw
ajpantavw = ajnqivstamai, mavcomai
ejpithvdeio~ = kaivrio~, ajgaqov~
ejnstratopedeuvw = to; stravteuma ejnivsthmi
oJrmavw « pauvw
 103

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oiJ Lakedaimovnioi, boulovmenoi th`/ ∆Aqhnaiva/ [youth] ……………………. mavcesqai, ejkei`

[encamped] ……………………. .

b) The enemy destroyed that place, a place suitable for cultivating.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) oJ basileu;~ ejkeivnh/ th`/ [invasion] ……………………. ta;~ ∆Aqhvna~ oujc ei|len.

d) Philosophy was flourishing in that period.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) [Never] ……………………. [they confronted] ……………………. aujtw`/.

z) He overlooked them urging the enemy.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

part ……………………… plan ………………………

to prepare ……………………… to destroy ………………………

to remain ……………………… to hope ………………………

104

Melevthma 31

Xenophon shows an example of Persian discipline: army offices do not mind getting dirty
when it gets to working in the mud:

καὶ δή ποτε, στενοχωρίας καὶ πηλοῦ φανέντος ταῖς ἁµάξαις δυσπορεύτου, ἐπέστη ὁ Κῦρος σὺν τοῖς περὶ
αὐτὸν ἀρίστοις καὶ εὐδαιµονεστάτοις καὶ ἔταξε Γλοῦν καὶ Πίγρητα λαβόντας τοῦ βαρβαρικοῦ στρατοῦ
συνεκβιβάζειν τὰς ἁµάξας. ἐπεὶ δ' ἐδόκουν αὐτῷ σχολαίως ποιεῖν, ὥσπερ ὀργῇ ἐκέλευσε τοὺς περὶ αὐτὸν
Πέρσας τοὺς κρατίστους συνεπισπεῦσαι τὰς ἁµάξας. ἔνθα δὴ µέρος τι τῆς εὐταξίας ἦν θεάσασθαι.
ῥίψαντες γὰρ τοὺς πορφυροῦς κάνδυς ὅπου ἔτυχεν ἕκαστος ἑστηκώς, ἵεντο ὥσπερ ἂν δράµοι τις ἐπὶ νίκῃ
καὶ µάλα κατὰ πρανοῦς γηλόφου.

stenocwriva = steno;~ tovpo~

phlov~ = gh` u{dati summemeigmevnh
duspovreuto~, -o~, -on = calepo;~ tw`/ poreuvesqai
sunekbibavzw = su;n toi`~ a[lloi~ ejkfevrw
scolaivw~ « spoudaivw~
sunepispeuvdw = su;n toi`~ a[lloi~ oJrmavw
eujtaxiva « ajkolasiva
kavndu~, -uo~ oJ = Persiko;~ citwvn
pranhv~ = ejpiklinhv~, kataferhv~
ghvlofo~ = lovfo~
 105

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) [Lazily] ……………………. proh`lqon dia; ejkeivnou tou` [difficult to pass through]

……………………. tovpou.

b) I had to collaborate to speed up the army.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) dia; tauvth~ th`~ [narrow path] ……………………. ajfikovmeqa eij~ [an inclined]

……………………. leimw`na.

d) We could observe the discipline of those who were on that hill.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) hu{romen to;n [Persian cloack] ……………………. aujtou` ejn tw`/ [mud] …………………….
keivmenon.

z) We helped them to get the horse out of the water.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to throw ……………………… anger ………………………

blessed ……………………… to appear ………………………

wagon ……………………… each ………………………

106

Melevthma 32

Diodorus of Sicily offers a description of tactical movements on the battlefield between

Agesilaos and the Thebans and how victory seems to be shifting between them:

οὐ πολλῷ δ' ὕστερον χρόνῳ, πάλιν τῶν Λακεδαιµονίων τῇ αὐτῇ δυνάµει στρατευσάντων ἐπὶ τὰς Θήβας,
οἱ µὲν Θηβαῖοι δυσχωρίας τινὰς ἑτέρας καταλαµβανόµενοι διεκώλυον µὲν τοὺς πολεµίους λεηλατεῖν τὴν
χώραν, κατὰ στόµα δὲ πρὸς ἅπασαν τὴν δύναµιν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις οὐκ ἐτόλµων παρατάξασθαι. τοῦ δ'
Ἀγησιλάου προσµαχοµένου, συγκατέβησαν […] κατ' ὀλίγον πρὸς τὸν ἀγῶνα. γενοµένης δὲ µάχης ἐπὶ
πολὺν χρόνον ἰσχυρᾶς, τὸ µὲν πρῶτον οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἀγησίλαον προετέρουν, µετὰ δὲ ταῦτα, τῶν ἐκ τῆς
πόλεως Θηβαίων ἐκχυθέντων πανδηµεί, θεωρῶν τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἐπιρρεόντων ὁ Ἀγησίλαος ἀνεκαλέσατο
τῇ σάλπιγγι τοὺς στρατιώτας ἀπὸ τῆς µάχης.

duscwriva = calepo;~ tovpo~

katalambavnw « kataleivpw
lehlatevw = porqevw, diafqeivrw
kata; stovma = ejnantivwn, ejgguv~
paratavttw = paraskeuavzw eij~ mavchn
sugkatabaivnw = eij~ mavchn katabaivnw
proterevw = nikavw
ejkcevomai = tacevw~ ejkbaivnw
ejpirrevw « ajnacwrevw
ajnakalevw = ajnacwrei`n keleuvw
 107

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oiJ polevmioi oujk ejboulhvqhsan [face to face] ……………………. mavcesqai.

b) They prevailed because they had deployed the army correctly.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) eij~ ejkeivnhn th;n [difficult place] ……………………. tacevw~ [they flowed in]

……………………. .

d) The enemy occupied the three cities.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) bradevw~ ejk th`~ povlew~ [they poured out] ……………………. kai; [went down]

……………………. eij~ th;n mavchn.

z) After ravaging the land, they were called back to retreat.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to dare ……………………… trumpet ………………………

in group ……………………… later ………………………

again ……………………… plain ………………………

108

Melevthma 33

Apollodorus tells us about the famous enigma of the Sphynx, solved by Oedipus:

χρησµοῦ δὲ Θηβαίοις ὑπάρχοντος τηνικαῦτα ἀπαλλαγήσεσθαι τῆς Σφιγγὸς ἡνίκα ἂν τὸ αἴνιγµα λύσωσι,
συνιόντες εἰς ταὐτὸ πολλάκις ἐζήτουν τί τὸ λεγόµενόν ἐστιν, ἐπεὶ δὲ µὴ εὕρισκον, ἁρπάσασα ἕνα
κατεβίβρωσκε. πολλῶν δὲ ἀπολοµένων καὶ τὸ τελευταῖον Αἵµονος τοῦ Κρέοντος, κηρύσσει Κρέων τῷ
τὸ αἴνιγµα λύσοντι καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν καὶ τὴν Λαΐου δώσειν γυναῖκα. Οἰδίπους δὲ ἀκούσας ἔλυσεν,
εἰπὼν τὸ αἴνιγµα τὸ ὑπὸ τῆς Σφιγγὸς λεγόµενον ἄνθρωπον εἶναι· γίγνεσθαι γὰρ τετράπουν βρέφος ὄντα
τοῖς τέτταρσιν ὀχούµενον κώλοις, τελειούµενον δὲ δίπουν, γηρῶντα δὲ τρίτην προσλαµβάνειν βάσιν τὸ
βάκτρον.

uJpavrcw = pavreimi, ejkei` givgnomai

thnikau`ta = tovte, ejkeivnw/ tw`/ crovnw/
ajpallavttw = ajpwqevw, ejkbavllw
hJnivka = o{te
katabibrwvskw = katesqivw
ajpovllumai = ajpoqnhv/skw
brevfo~, -ou~ = mikro;~ pai`~ oujkevti badivzwn
ojcevw = fevrw, komivzw
kw`lon = mevro~ tou` swvmato~ (ei[te bracivwn ei[te skevlo~)
bavsi~, -ew~ = pou`~
 109

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) [When] ……………………. to; [baby] ……………………. dakruvei, oJ path;r pro;~ aujto; trevcei.

b) The cyclops ate all the limbs of the body.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) oJ pai`~ tai`~ [feet] ……………………. [moves around] ……………………. .

d) At that time the Athenians defeated all their enemies.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) ouj boulovmenoi [to die] ……………………. , tou;~ polemivou~ [they rejected]

……………………. .

z) This word does not exist in this language

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to look for ……………………… oracle ………………………

when ……………………… stick ………………………

kingdom ……………………… to seize ………………………

110

Melevthma 34

Thucydides tells us that the Syracusians were in a hurry to fight the Athenians now that
they seem to be weak, as not doing so would give them advantage. And the fight starts:

Οἱ δὲ Συρακόσιοι καὶ αὐτοὶ τοῦτο πυθόµενοι πολλῷ µᾶλλον ἐπηρµένοι ἦσαν µὴ ἀνιέναι τὰ τῶν
Ἀθηναίων, ὡς καὶ αὐτῶν κατεγνωκότων ἤδη µηκέτι κρεισσόνων εἶναι σφῶν µήτε ταῖς ναυσὶ µήτε τῷ
πεζῷ (οὐ γὰρ ἂν τὸν ἔκπλουν ἐπιβουλεῦσαι), καὶ ἅµα οὐ βουλόµενοι αὐτοὺς ἄλλοσέ ποι τῆς Σικελίας
καθεζοµένους χαλεπωτέρους εἶναι προσπολεµεῖν, ἀλλ' αὐτοῦ ὡς τάχιστα καὶ ἐν ᾧ σφίσι συµφέρει
ἀναγκάσαι αὐτοὺς ναυµαχεῖν. τὰς οὖν ναῦς ἐπλήρουν καὶ ἀνεπειρῶντο ἡµέρας ὅσαι αὐτοῖς ἐδόκουν
ἱκαναὶ εἶναι. ἐπειδὴ δὲ καιρὸς ἦν, τῇ µὲν προτέρᾳ πρὸς τὰ τείχη τῶν Ἀθηναίων προσέβαλλον, καὶ
ἐπεξελθόντος µέρους τινὸς οὐ πολλοῦ καὶ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν καὶ τῶν ἱππέων κατά τινας πύλας
ἀπολαµβάνουσί τε τῶν ὁπλιτῶν τινὰς καὶ τρεψάµενοι καταδιώκουσιν.

ejpaivrw = ejpotruvnw, parainevw

ajnivhmi = ajmelevw, to;n nou`n ouj prosevcw
katagignwvskw = oJmologevw, oi\da
e[kplou~ « ei[splou~
ejpibouleuvw = poiei`n bouvlomai, paraskeuavzw
aujtou` = ejkei`
ajnapeiravomai = meletavw, ajskevw
protevra = protevra hJmevra
ajpolambavnw aujtouv~ = ajprosdokhvtou~ aujtou;~ lambavnw
trevpomai = feuvgein ajnagkavzw
 111

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oiJ kubernh`tai [were practising] ……………………. [sailing out] ……………………. pro; th`~

naumaciva~.

b) All recognised that he is a great general.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) oiJ iJppei`~ [took by surprise] ……………………. aujtou;~ [there] ……………………. .

d) I do not want to neglect the enemy but to rout them.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) nu`n tau`ta pavnta [we are planning] ……………………. .

z) On the day before they exhorted the allies.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

hoplite ……………………… to get to know ………………………

horseman ……………………… to fill ………………………

opportunity ……………………… infantry ………………………

112

Melevthma 35

Isocrates knows that, in order to encourage war, those in favour of fighting against
Persia will mention all the benefits that others obtained in former wars against that
country, but he also wants to speak about those who were not so successful:

Περὶ µὲν οὖν τούτων οὐδεὶς ἂν ἀντειπεῖν τῶν εὖ φρονούντων τολµήσειεν, οἶµαι δὲ τῶν µὲν ἄλλων εἴ
τισιν δόξειε περὶ τῆς στρατείας τῆς εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν συµβουλεύειν, [τινὰς] ἐπὶ ταύτην ἂν ἐπιπεσεῖν τὴν
παράκλησιν, λέγοντας ὡς ὅσοι περ ἐπεχείρησαν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα πολεµεῖν, ἅπασιν συνέπεσεν ἐξ
ἀδόξων µὲν γενέσθαι λαµπροῖς, ἐκ πενήτων δὲ πλουσίοις, ἐκ ταπεινῶν δὲ πολλῆς χώρας καὶ πόλεων
δεσπόταις. Ἐγὼ δ' οὐκ ἐκ τῶν τοιούτων µέλλω σε παρακαλεῖν, ἀλλ' ἐκ τῶν ἠτυχηκέναι δοξάντων, λέγω
δ' ἐκ τῶν µετὰ Κύρου καὶ Κλεάρχου συστρατευσαµένων.

fronw` eu\ = sofov~ te kai; swfrwvn eijmi

sumbouleuvw tou`to poiei`n = nomivzw dei`n tou`to poiei`n
ejpipivptw ejpi; tou`to = crw`mai touvtw/
paravklhsi~, -ew~ = paraivnesi~, tou`to w|/ bouvlomai a[llou~ peivqein
ejpiceirevw = peiravw, a[rcomai poiw`n
sumpivptei moi = givgnetaiv moi, tugcavnw
a[doxo~, -on « e[ndoxo~
tapeinov~ = a[neu crhmavtwn, a[neu fhvmh~, pevnh~
parakalevw = ejrwtavw, ejxetavzw
ajtucevw = kakw`~ pravttw
 113

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) [Those who have bad luck] ……………………. ajei; ejpi; ta;~ aujta;~ profavsei~ [resort to]

……………………. .

b) Although he had no fame, he made this exhortation to the soldiers.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) i[sw~ [humble] ……………………. eijsivn, ajlla; a[rista [they use their mind]

……………………. .

d) They advised not to make war against Persia.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) tou`tov moi [happened] ……………………. , o{ti me peri; touvtou [he questioned]

……………………. .

z) We tried to arrive there in time.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

famous ……………………… poor ………………………

as many as ……………………… to reply ………………………

to dare ……………………… master ………………………

114

Melevthma 36

Plato tells us that Thrasymachos is fed up with not being allowed into the conversation
and finally butts in quite abruptly:

Καὶ ὁ Θρασύµαχος πολλάκις µὲν καὶ διαλεγοµένων ἡµῶν µεταξὺ ὥρµα ἀντιλαµβάνεσθαι τοῦ λόγου,
ἔπειτα ὑπὸ τῶν παρακαθηµένων διεκωλύετο βουλοµένων διακοῦσαι τὸν λόγον· ὡς δὲ διεπαυσάµεθα καὶ
ἐγὼ ταῦτ' εἶπον, οὐκέτι ἡσυχίαν ἦγεν, ἀλλὰ συστρέψας ἑαυτὸν ὥσπερ θηρίον ἧκεν ἐφ' ἡµᾶς ὡς
διαρπασόµενος. Καὶ ἐγώ τε καὶ ὁ Πολέµαρχος δείσαντες διεπτοήθηµεν· ὁ δ' εἰς τὸ µέσον φθεγξάµενος,
Τίς, ἔφη, ὑµᾶς πάλαι φλυαρία ἔχει, ὦ Σώκρατες; καὶ τί εὐηθίζεσθε πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὑποκατακλινόµενοι
ὑµῖν αὐτοῖς;

oJrmavw gravfein = a[rcomai gravfein, peirw` gravfein

ajntilambavnomai touvtou = lambavnw tou`to o} nu`n a[lloi e[cousin
sustrevfw ejmautovn = paraskeuavzomaiv te kai; ejpotruvnw ejmautovn
diarpavzw = ejn polloi`~ mevresi scivzw, pantelw`~ diafqeivrw
deivdw = fobevomai
diaptoevw = fobevw, ejkplhvttw
fqevggomai = boavw, megavlh/ fwnh`/ levgw
fluariva = mikrovtaton crh`ma o} oujdeno;~ a[xiovn ejstin
eujhqivzw = eujhvqh~ eijmiv, mw`ro~ eijmiv
uJpokataklivnomaiv = ei[kw
 115

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) to; qhrivon [tore apart] ……………………. to;n kunhgevthn.

b) They felt fear when they heard that man bawling out.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) rJav/diovn ejstin [to make an attempt to] ……………………. mevmfesqai [those who are

simple-minded] ……………………. .

d) I scared them because they were yielding.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) tou` a[rconto~ ajpoqanovnto~, oiJ strathgoi; [took control of] ……………………. th`~ povlew~.

z) I had to gather myself up to say such a nonsense.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

as if ……………………… beast ………………………

each other ……………………… calm ………………………

to prevent ……………………… like ………………………

116

Melevthma 37

Andocides tells us about the disastrous decision of the Athenians of not accepting a
treaty offer from Syracusa and its bad consequences, followed by another bad decision:

Συρακόσιοι δ' ὅτε ἦλθον ἡµῶν δεόµενοι, φιλότητα µὲν ἀντὶ διαφορᾶς ἐθέλοντες, εἰρήνην δ' ἀντὶ πολέµου
ποιεῖσθαι, τήν τε συµµαχίαν ἀποδεικνύντες ὅσῳ κρείττων ἡ σφετέρα εἴη τῆς Ἐγεσταίων καὶ Καταναίων,
εἰ βουλοίµεθα πρὸς αὐτοὺς ποιεῖσθαι, ἡµεῖς τοίνυν εἱλόµεθα καὶ τότε πόλεµον µὲν ἀντὶ εἰρήνης,
Ἐγεσταίους δὲ ἀντὶ Συρακοσίων, στρατεύεσθαι δ' εἰς Σικελίαν ἀντὶ τοῦ µένοντες οἴκοι συµµάχους ἔχειν
Συρακοσίους· ἐξ ὧν πολλοὺς µὲν Ἀθηναίων ἀπολέσαντες ἀριστίνδην καὶ τῶν συµµάχων, πολλὰς δὲ
ναῦς καὶ χρήµατα καὶ δύναµιν ἀποβαλόντες, αἰσχρῶς διεκοµίσθησαν οἱ σωθέντες αὐτῶν. ὕστερον δὲ ὑπ'
Ἀργείων ἐπείσθηµεν, οἵπερ νῦν ἥκουσι πείθοντες πολεµεῖν, πλεύσαντες ἐπὶ τὴν Λακωνικὴν εἰρήνης ἡµῖν
οὔσης πρὸς Λακεδαιµονίους ἐντεῖναι αὐτῶν τὸν θυµόν, ἀρχὴν πολλῶν κακῶν.

devomai sou` = aijtevw se

filovth~, -hto~ = filiva « diaforav
diaforav = e[cqra, duvsnoia « filovth~
kreivttwn = ajmeivnwn
sfevtero~ = eJautou`, eJauth`~, eJautw`n
aiJrevomai = ma`llon bouvlomai
ajristivndhn = kata; th;n ajristeivan (prw`ton me;n oiJ a[ristoi, e[peita de; oiJ a[lloi)
diakomivzw = fevrw
h{kw = ajfikovmeno~ pavreimi
ejnteivnw = ojrgivzw
 117

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oiJ neanivai [first the best ones] ……………………. ta;~ pro;~ tou;~ Lakeadimonivou~

[differences] ……………………. e[deixan.

b) After arriving he said that his brother had won.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) kaq∆ hJmevran [he asked] ……………………. mou ta; crhvmata ajpodou`nai.

d) I prefer to take them to Athens.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) [He made angry] ……………………. tou;~ to; provteron [friendship] …………………….

pro;~ aujto;n e[conta~

z) I see a stronger spirit in him than in myself.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

at home ……………………… when ………………………

shameful ……………………… instead of ………………………

alliance ……………………… to save ………………………

118

Melevthma 38

Dio Chrysostom tells us why being a sculptor is so difficult, and moreover, no matter
what a popular saying may declare, it is much more difficult to deceive the eyes than
the ears: (given the difficulty of the passage, some additional help has been supplied)

τὸ δὲ πάντων χαλεπώτατον, ἀνάγκη [ἐστὶ] παραµένειν τῷ δηµιουργῷ τὴν εἰκόνα ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ τὴν αὐτὴν
ἀεί, µέχρις ἂν ἐκτελέσῃ τὸ ἔργον, πολλάκις καὶ πολλοῖς ἔτεσι. καὶ δὴ τὸ λεγόµενον, ὡς ἔστιν ἀκοῆς
πιστότερα ὄµµατα, ἀληθὲς ἴσως [ἐστίν]· πολύ γε µὴν δυσπειστότερα καὶ πλείονος δεόµενα ἐναργείας. ἡ
µὲν γὰρ ὄψις αὐτοῖς τοῖς ὁρωµένοις συµβάλλει, τὴν δὲ ἀκοὴν οὐκ ἀδύνατον [ἐστὶ ποιητήν τινα]
ἀναπτερῶσαι καὶ παραλογίσασθαι, µιµήµατα εἰσπέµποντα γεγοητευµένα µέτροις καὶ ἤχοις.

dhmiourgov~ = a[nqrwpo~ o}~ tai`~ cersi;n ejrgavzetai

mevcri~ a]n th;n bivblon gravfh/~ = oujdevpote privn se th;n bivblon gravfein
duspeistov~ ejstin oJ pai`~ = calepovn ejsti to;n pai`da peivqein
ejnavrgeia « skovto~
o[yi~ = o} oJrw`men, qevama
sumbavllw = oJmologevw, sumfwnevw
ajnapterovw = ejpotruvnw, parormavw
paralogivzomai = ajpatavw
mivmhma = eijkwvn, ei[dwlon
gohteuvw = mageuvw, qaumasto;n poiw`
 119

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) dia; tiv ou{tw [mistrustful] ……………………. ei\… ejgw; aujto;~ tou`to to; [image]

……………………. ejpoivhsa!

b) The action did not agree with Pericles’ plan.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) peiravsomai to;n [worker] ……………………. [to deceive] ……………………. mu`qovn tina

levgwn.

d) I hate darkness, I prefer clarity.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) ou|to~ oJ ajnh;r ajei; pavnta~ [enchanted] ……………………. [until] ……………………. aujtw`/

pauvsasqai e[doxe tou`to poiw`n.

z) He was encouraged by the sight of the battle.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

year ……………………… image ………………………

sound ……………………… difficult ………………………

to finish ……………………… impossible ………………………

120

Melevthma 39

Thucydides speaks of a siege in which the Spartans ask the Athenians for help to take
the besieged city, but later, because of some suspicion, they change their mind and ask
them to leave:

Λακεδαιµόνιοι δέ, ὡς αὐτοῖς πρὸς τοὺς ἐν Ἰθώµῃ ἐµηκύνετο ὁ πόλεµος, ἄλλους τε ἐπεκαλέσαντο
ξυµµάχους καὶ Ἀθηναίους· οἱ δ' ἦλθον Κίµωνος στρατηγοῦντος πλήθει οὐκ ὀλίγῳ. µάλιστα δ' αὐτοὺς
ἐπεκαλέσαντο ὅτι τειχοµαχεῖν ἐδόκουν δυνατοὶ εἶναι, τοῖς δέ, πολιορκίας µακρᾶς καθεστηκυίας, τούτου
ἐνδεᾶ ἐφαίνετο· βίᾳ γὰρ ἂν εἷλον τὸ χωρίον. καὶ διαφορὰ ἐκ ταύτης τῆς στρατείας πρῶτον
Λακεδαιµονίοις καὶ Ἀθηναίοις φανερὰ ἐγένετο. οἱ γὰρ Λακεδαιµόνιοι, ἐπειδὴ τὸ χωρίον βίᾳ οὐχ
ἡλίσκετο, δείσαντες τῶν Ἀθηναίων τὸ τολµηρὸν καὶ τὴν νεωτεροποιίαν, καὶ [αὐτοὺς] ἀλλοφύλους ἅµα
ἡγησάµενοι, µή τι, ἢν παραµείνωσιν, ὑπὸ τῶν ἐν Ἰθώµῃ πεισθέντες νεωτερίσωσι, µόνους τῶν ξυµµάχων
ἀπέπεµψαν, τὴν µὲν ὑποψίαν οὐ δηλοῦντες, εἰπόντες δὲ ὅτι οὐδὲν προσδέονται αὐτῶν ἔτι.

mhkuvnw to;n polemon = oujk ejw` to;n povlemon tevlo~ e[cein

kaqevsthka = mevnw, tevlo~ oujk e[cw
ejndehv~ « e[cwn
aJlivskomai = aiJrevomai, nikavomai
deivdw = fobevomai
newteropoiiva = tou` pavnta metabavllein ejpiqumiva
ajllovfulo~ = ejx a[llou gevnou~
newterivzw = peirw` pavnta metabavllein, pro;~ tou;~ a[rconta~ mavcomai
uJpoyiva < uJpopteuvw
prosdevomai = aijtevw
 121

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) hJ povli~ rJa/divw~ [was taken] ……………………. .

b) I feared that they might make a revolution.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) ejkeivnh hJ [suspicion] ……………………. e[ti kai; nu`n [remains] ……………………. para; toi`~

polivtai~.

d) Those men from another race were in need of water.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) [They requested] ……………………. aujtou` mh; th;n mavchn [to lengthen] ……………………. .

z) He decided to become the leader of the revolution.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

able ……………………… crowd ………………………

to be general ……………………… to appear ………………………

to persuade ……………………… to convoke ………………………

122

Melevthma 40

Apollodorus tells us about both Heracles and his opponent recruiting an army, then
something unexpected prevents him from winning, but finally after an initial defeat he
beats the enemy:

Μετ' οὐ πολὺ δὲ ἐπ' Αὐγείαν ἐστρατεύετο, συναθροίσας Ἀρκαδικὸν στρατὸν καὶ παραλαβὼν ἐθελοντὰς
τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἀριστέων. Αὐγείας δὲ τὸν ἀφ' Ἡρακλέους πόλεµον ἀκούων κατέστησεν Ἠλείων
στρατηγοὺς Εὔρυτον καὶ Κτέατον συµφυεῖς, οἳ δυνάµει τοὺς τότε ἀνθρώπους ὑπερέβαλλον, παῖδες δὲ
ἦσαν Μολιόνης καὶ Ἄκτορος, ἐλέγοντο δὲ Ποσειδῶνος· Ἄκτωρ δὲ ἀδελφὸς ἦν Αὐγείου. συνέβη δὲ
Ἡρακλεῖ κατὰ τὴν στρατείαν νοσῆσαι· διὰ τοῦτο καὶ σπονδὰς πρὸς τοὺς Μολιονίδας ἐποιήσατο. οἱ δὲ
ὕστερον, ἐπιγνόντες αὐτὸν νοσοῦντα, ἐπιτίθενται τῷ στρατεύµατι καὶ κτείνουσι πολλούς. τότε µὲν οὖν
ἀνεχώρησεν Ἡρακλῆς. αὖθις δὲ τῆς τρίτης ἰσθµιάδος τελουµένης, Ἠλείων τοὺς Μολιονίδας πεµψάντων
συνθύτας, ἐν Κλεωναῖς ἐνεδρεύσας τούτους Ἡρακλῆς ἀπέκτεινεν.

sunaqroivzw = a{ma eij~ to;n aujto;n tovpon a[gw, a{ma ajgeivrw

sumfuhv~, -ev~ = th;n aujth;n fuvsin / to;n aujto;n nou`n e[cwn
uJperbavllw aujtovn = ajmeivnwn eijmi; aujtou`
sumbaivnei = givgnetai
ejpigignwvskw = aijsqavnomai, ajkouvw
ajnacwrevw = ajpo; th`~ mavch~ ajpevrcomai kai; feuvgw
ijsqmiav~, -avdo~ hJ = ajgw;n ejn tw`/ ijsqmwv/ gignovmeno~
televomai = tevlo~ e[cw, teleutavw
sunquvth~, -ou = o}~ su;n a[lloi~ qusivan poiei`
ejnedreuvw = ejmauto;n kruvptw wJ~ ejpibalw`n
 123

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) peri; touvtou [having heard] ……………………. , ejnouqevthsan [those who were making a

sacrifice together] ……………………. .

b) When the battle finished, the enemy withdrew.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) ou|toi oiJ duvo ajdelfoi; [equal in mind] ……………………. eijsin.

d) They gathered many athletes for the Isthmian games.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) tiv [happened] ……………………. cqe;~ ejn th`/ povlei…

z) Making an ambush they defeated them completely.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

third ……………………… against ………………………

to kill ……………………… to appoint ………………………

treaty ……………………… brother ………………………

124

Melevthma 41

Appian comments about the suspicion that Julius Caesar was involved in Catilina’s
conspiracy, but Cicero prefers not to accuse him, and Caesar makes some proposals about
what to do with the arrested conspirators: (some help provided with a case and also in the last line
combining the two parts of a periphrastical verbal form)

Γάιός τε Καῖσαρ οὐ καθαρεύων µὲν ὑπονοίας µὴ συνεγνωκέναι τοῖς ἀνδράσι, Κικέρωνος δ' οὐ
θαρροῦντος καὶ τόνδε, ὑπεραρέσκοντα τῷ δήµῳ, ἐς τὸν ἀγῶνα προβαλέσθαι, προσετίθει διαθέσθαι τοὺς
ἄνδρας Κικέρωνα τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐν πόλεσιν αἷς ἂν αὐτὸς δοκιµάσῃ, µέχρι Κατιλίνα (Gen.)
καταπολεµηθέντος ἐς δικαστήριον ὑπαχθῶσι, καὶ µηδὲν ἀνήκεστον ἐς ἄνδρας ἐπιφανεῖς ᾖ πρὸ λόγου καὶ
δίκης ἐξειργασµένος (ᾖ … ἐξειργασµένος).

kaqareuvw = kaqarov~ eijmi, ajnaivtiov~ eijmi

suggignwvskw = oJmologevw
uJperarevskw = mavlista ajrevskw, pavnte~ me mavlista filou`sin
prostivqhmiv se tou`to poiei`n = nomivzw dei`n se tou`to poiei`n
diativqhmi aujtouv~ = tivqhmi a[llou~ ejn a[lloi~ tovpoi~
katapolemw` aujtovn = ejn polevmw/ nikw` aujtovn
uJpavgw = biva/ fevrw
ajnhvkesto~ = ajmetavblhto~
ejpifanhv~ = e[ndoxo~
ejxergavzomai = pravttw, poievw
 125

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oJ Periklh`~ pa`si [was very pleasant] ……………………. kaivper [famous] …………………….

oujk w[n.

b) We must distribute them around Greece.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) nomivzw aujto;n oujk [be without guilt] ……………………. , dei` de; aujto;n pro;~ tou;~ a[rconta~ [be
taken] ……………………. .

d) They proposed not to do anything that would have no remedy.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) ejpeidh; tosauta kaka; [he carried out] ……………………. , tacevw~ [he was defeated in
battle] ……………………. .

z) They were in connivance with the enemy.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to dare ……………………… suspicion ………………………

to decide ……………………… courtroom ………………………

nothing ……………………… struggle ………………………

126

Melevthma 42

Xenophon tells us of Cyrus’ efforts to recruit an army against Tissaphernes, the latter’s
reaction to Cyrus’ move, etc.:

ὧδε οὖν ἐποιεῖτο τὴν συλλογήν. ὁπόσας εἶχε φυλακὰς ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι παρήγγειλε τοῖς φρουράρχοις
ἑκάστοις λαµβάνειν ἄνδρας Πελοποννησίους ὅτι πλείστους καὶ βελτίστους, ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοντος
Τισσαφέρνους ταῖς πόλεσι. καὶ γὰρ ἦσαν αἱ Ἰωνικαὶ πόλεις Τισσαφέρνους τὸ ἀρχαῖον, ἐκ βασιλέως
δεδοµέναι, τότε δὲ ἀφειστήκεσαν πρὸς Κῦρον πᾶσαι πλὴν Μιλήτου· ἐν Μιλήτῳ δὲ Τισσαφέρνης
προαισθόµενος [αὐτοὺς] τὰ αὐτὰ ταῦτα βουλευοµένους, ἀποστῆναι πρὸς Κῦρον, τοὺς µὲν αὐτῶν
ἀπέκτεινε, τοὺς δ' ἐξέβαλεν. ὁ δὲ Κῦρος ὑπολαβὼν τοὺς φεύγοντας, συλλέξας στράτευµα, ἐπολιόρκει
Μίλητον καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν καὶ ἐπειρᾶτο κατάγειν τοὺς ἐκπεπτωκότας. καὶ αὕτη αὖ ἄλλη
πρόφασις ἦν αὐτῷ τοῦ ἁθροίζειν στράτευµα.

sullogh;n poiw` = stratiwvta~ devcomai i{na stravteumav ti kaqistw`

frouvrarco~ = oJ froura`~ (fulakh`~) tino;~ a[rcwn
ajfivstamai = tou;~ ejmou;~ katalipw;n pro;~ tou;~ polemivou~ diabaivnw
proaisqavnomai = aijsqavnomai eij~ kairo;n privn ti givgnesqai
uJpolambavnw = devcomai
sullevgw « diaspeivrw
katavgw aujtovn = au\qi~ aujto;n a[gw ejkei`se ou| to; provteron h\n
ejkpivptw = ejkbavllomai ejk th`~ cwvra~
provfasi~ = yeudh;~ aijtiva
aJqroivzw = sullevgw, a{ma tivqhmi
 127

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) th;n kakh;n [excuse] ……………………. ajkouvsasa, hJ gunh; aujtivka pavnta [realised on time]

……………………. .

b) After the war, the Athenians received all fugitives.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) ejk th`~ povlew~ [he was expelled] ……………………. meta; [the recruitment]

……………………. .

d) After recruiting many soldiers, he left.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) cqe;~ oiJ [captains of the garrisons] ……………………. tou;~ fugavda~ [put back in their
former place] ……………………. .

z) After gathering many soldiers, they defected.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

beginning ……………………… guard post ………………………

each ……………………… thus ………………………

except ……………………… to conspire ………………………

128

Melevthma 43

Diodorus of Sicily presents an episode of ships carrying food and of some soldiers really
in need of it:

Μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Διονύσιος µὲν στρατηγὸν ἀπέστειλεν εἰς τὰς Συρακούσας Νύψιον τὸν Νεαπολίτην,
ἀνδρείᾳ καὶ συνέσει στρατηγικῇ διαφέροντα· συνεξέπεµψε δ' αὐτῷ καὶ φορτηγὰ πλοῖα σίτου καὶ τῆς
ἄλλης ἀγορᾶς γέµοντα. οὗτος µὲν οὖν ἐκ Λοκρῶν ἀναχθεὶς ἐτέλει τὸν εἰς Συρακούσας πλοῦν. οἱ δὲ κατὰ
τὴν ἀκρόπολιν µισθοφόροι τοῦ τυράννου, κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν καιρὸν ἐπιλιπόντος τοῦ σίτου, καὶ τῇ σπάνει
τῶν ἀναγκαίων δεινῶς πιεζούµενοι, µέχρι µέν τινος [χρόνου] ὑπέµενον εὐψύχως τὴν ἔνδειαν.

ajpostevllw = ajpopevmpw
suvnesi~ = sofiva
forthgov~, -ov~, -ovn = o}~ kata; qavlattan fovrtia (si`ton ktl.) fevrei
gevmw = plhrhv~ eijmi
ajnavgomai = eij~ th;n qavlattan ajpoplevw
televw to;n plou`n = plevwn ajfiknevomai
ejpileivpw = oujc uJpavrcw, oujc iJkanov~ eijmi
spavni~ « eujporiva
pievzw = lupevw, baruvnw
e[ndeia = to; mh; e[cein
 129

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) ta;~ [cargo] ……………………. nau`~ th`~ [lack of supplies] ……………………. e{neka

ejpevmyamen.

b) He completed the journey within five days.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) [He was sent] ……………………. wJ~ tou;~ polivta~ [to oppress] ……………………. .

d) There is a lack of water, we need to send a ship full of water.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) tevttare~ nau`~ [were taken to sea] ……………………. .

z) His cleverness prevented the lack of food.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

mercenary ……………………… after ………………………

bravery ……………………… until ………………………

ship ……………………… navigation ………………………

130

Melevthma 44

Thucydides shows that the Athenians which in that moment were in Sparta decide to tell
the Spartans to think twice before going to war: (help with a postponed preposition provided)

Τοιαῦτα µὲν οἱ Κορίνθιοι εἶπον. τῶν δὲ Ἀθηναίων ἔτυχε γὰρ πρεσβεία πρότερον ἐν τῇ Λακεδαίµονι περὶ
ἄλλων παροῦσα, καὶ ὡς ᾔσθοντο τῶν λόγων, ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς παριτητέα ἐς τοὺς Λακεδαιµονίους εἶναι,
τῶν µὲν ἐγκληµάτων πέρι (περὶ τῶν εγκληµάτων) µηδὲν ἀπολογησοµένους ὧν αἱ πόλεις ἐνεκάλουν,
δηλῶσαι δὲ περὶ τοῦ παντὸς ὡς οὐ ταχέως αὐτοῖς βουλευτέον εἴη, ἀλλ' ἐν πλέονι σκεπτέον. καὶ ἅµα τὴν
σφετέραν πόλιν ἐβούλοντο σηµῆναι ὅση εἴη δύναµιν, καὶ ὑπόµνησιν ποιήσασθαι τοῖς τε πρεσβυτέροις
ὧν ᾔδεσαν καὶ τοῖς νεωτέροις ἐξήγησιν ὧν ἄπειροι ἦσαν, νοµίζοντες µᾶλλον ἂν αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῶν λόγων
πρὸς τὸ ἡσυχάζειν τραπέσθαι ἢ πρὸς τὸ πολεµεῖν.

parithtevon ejstiv = dei` parievnai

e[gklhma = kathgoriva, aijtiva, mevmfi~
ajpologevomai = levgw o{ti oujk ai[tiov~ eijmi
ejgkalevw = kathgorevw, mevmfomai
bouleutevon ejstiv = dei` bouleuvesqai
skeptevon = dei` skevptesqai
shmaivnw = dhlovw
uJpovmnhsin poiw` soi = oujk ejavw se ejpilanqavnesqai
ejxhvghsi~ < ejxhgevomai
a[peiro~, -on « e[mpeiro~
 131

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oj Swkravth~ [inexperienced] ……………………. h\n peri; tou` [defending himself]

……………………. .

b) Remind him that it is necessary to deliberate this matter slowly.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) eij~ ta;~ ∆Aqhvna~ moi [to pop by] ……………………. ejstivn.

d) He did not make any explanation, he complained about that.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) tacevw~ moi ta; [complaints] ……………………. [they indicated] ……………………. .

z) This plan must be considered as slowly as possible.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

quick ……………………… power ………………………

to get to know ……………………… embassy ………………………

such ……………………… to show ………………………

132

Melevthma 45

Demosthenes tells the Athenians how their ancestors dealt with Alcibiades, given all he
had done for the people, and recounts his merits and those of his ancestors:

Λέγεται τοίνυν ποτ' ἐν τῇ πόλει κατὰ τὴν παλαιὰν ἐκείνην εὐδαιµονίαν Ἀλκιβιάδης γενέσθαι, ᾧ,
σκέψασθε, τίνων ὑπαρχόντων καὶ ποίων τινῶν πρὸς τὸν δῆµον, πῶς ἐχρήσανθ' ὑµῶν οἱ πρόγονοι, ἐπειδὴ
βδελυρὸς καὶ ὑβριστὴς ᾤετο δεῖν εἶναι. […] ἐκεῖνος γάρ, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, λέγεται πρὸς πατρὸς µὲν
Ἀλκµεωνιδῶν εἶναι (τούτους δέ φασιν ὑπὸ τῶν τυράνων ὑπὲρ τοῦ δήµου στασιάζοντας ἐκπεσεῖν, καὶ
δανεισαµένους χρήµατ' ἐκ Δελφῶν ἐλευθερῶσαι τὴν πόλιν καὶ τοὺς Πεισιστράτου παῖδας ἐκβαλεῖν),
πρὸς δὲ µητρὸς Ἱππονίκου καὶ ταύτης τῆς οἰκίας ἧς ὑπάρχουσι πολλαὶ καὶ µεγάλαι πρὸς τὸν δῆµον
εὐεργεσίαι. οὐ µόνον δὲ ταῦθ' ὑπῆρχεν αὐτῷ, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὸς ὑπὲρ τοῦ δήµου θέµενος τὰ ὅπλα δὶς µὲν
ἐν Σάµῳ, τρίτον δ' ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ πόλει, τῷ σώµατι τὴν εὔνοιαν, οὐ χρήµασιν οὐδὲ λόγοις, ἐνεδείξατο τῇ
πατρίδι.

skevptomai = skopevw, qeavomai

uJpavrcei tou`tov moi = tou`to deivknusiv me ajgaqo;n a[nqrwpon o[nta
bdelurov~ « hJduv~, glukuv~
oi[omai = nomivzw
pro;~ tou` basilevw~ = ajpo; tou` basilevw~
stasiavzw = peirw` tou;~ a[rconta~ ejkbalei`n
ejkpivptw = oi{ a[rconte~ ejkbavllousiv me ejk th`~ cwvra~
daneivzw = ajllovtria crhvmata devcomai
div~ = a{pax, div~, triv~, tetravki~, ...
ejndeivknumi = deivknumi
 133

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oiJ poli`tai [thought] ……………………. pavnta~ tou;~ kakou;~ a[rconta~ [to have been

expelled] ……………………. .

b) On his mother’s side, he was a real Athenian.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) oiJ poli`tai [twice] ……………………. [revolted] ……………………. .

d) You must observe how revolting he is.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) tivne~ ajgaqai; pravxei~ [speak in favour] ……………………. soi…

z) I will show that he borrowed money.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to deal with ……………………… good deed ………………………

benevolence ……………………… insolent ………………………

old ……………………… happiness ………………………

134

Melevthma 46

Plato, after dealing with the cases in which death penalty should be applied, now moves
on to present in what kind of circumstances somebody who has killed another would be
declared innocent: (help with word order provided)

Καὶ τὰ µὲν περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα µέχρι τούτων οὕτως [ἔστω]· ὧν δὲ ὁ κτείνας ἐφ' οἷς (ἐφ' οἷς ὁ κτείνας) τε
ὀρθῶς ἂν καθαρὸς εἴη, τάδε ἔστω· Νύκτωρ φῶρα εἰς οἰκίαν εἰσιόντα ἐπὶ κλοπῇ χρηµάτων ἐὰν ἑλὼν
κτείνῃ, καθαρὸς ἔστω· καὶ ἐὰν λωποδύτην ἀµυνόµενος ἀποκτείνῃ, καθαρὸς ἔστω· καὶ ἐὰν ἐλευθέραν
γυναῖκα βιάζηταί τις ἢ παῖδα περὶ τὰ ἀφροδίσια, νηποινὶ τεθνάτω ὑπό τε τοῦ ὑβρισθέντος βίᾳ καὶ ὑπὸ
πατρὸς ἢ ἀδελφῶν ἢ ὑέων· ἐάν τε ἀνὴρ ἐπιτύχῃ γαµετῇ γυναικὶ βιαζοµένῃ, κτείνας τὸν βιαζόµενον ἔστω
καθαρὸς ἐν τῷ νόµῳ· καὶ ἐάν τις πατρὶ βοηθῶν θάνατον, µηδὲν ἀνόσιον δρῶντι, κτείνῃ τινά, ἢ µητρὶ ἢ
τέκνοις ἢ ἀδελφοῖς […], πάντως καθαρὸς ἔστω.

kaqarov~ = ajnaivtio~
nuvktwr « th`~ hJmevra~
fwvr, fwrov~ = a[nqrwpo~ o}~ klevptei
klophv < klevptw
lwpoduvth~, -ou = fwvr
nhpoiniv = a[neu kolavsew~
ejpitugcavnw soi = tuvch/ euJrivskw se
bohqevw soi qavnaton = swv/zw se tou` ajpoqanei`n
ajnovsio~, -o~, -on = ajsebhv~
dravw = poievw, pravttw
 135

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oiJ [thieves] ……………………. polla; [sacrilegious acts] ……………………. ejpoivhsan.

b) I came across him at night.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) eij~ th;n oijkivan eijsevbh [theft] ……………………. e{neka.

d) Although he has done this, they consider him innocent.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) oiJ [thieves] ……………………. aujtw`/ qavnaton [saved his life] ……………………. .

z) He killed many prisoners with impunity.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to force ……………………… to defend ………………………

to enter ……………………… such ………………………

until ……………………… law ………………………

136

Melevthma 47

Xenophon narrates that the Athenians are eager to go to war, even more eager than
their own general Iphicrates, while the enemy seem rather inclined to abandon the fight:

Μετὰ ταῦτα ἐβουλεύοντο οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι, καὶ τῶν µὲν ἀντιλεγόντων οὐκ ἠνείχοντο ἀκούοντες, ἐψηφίσαντο
δὲ βοηθεῖν πανδηµεί, καὶ Ἰφικράτην στρατηγὸν εἵλοντο. ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ ἱερὰ [καλῶς] ἐγένετο καὶ
παρήγγειλεν ἐν Ἀκαδηµείᾳ δειπνοποιεῖσθαι, πολλοὺς ἔφασαν προτέρους αὐτοῦ Ἰφικράτους ἐξελθεῖν. ἐκ
δὲ τούτου ἡγεῖτο µὲν ὁ Ἰφικράτης, οἱ δ' ἠκολούθουν, νοµίζοντες ἐπὶ καλόν τι ἔργον ἡγήσεσθαι. ἐπεὶ δὲ
ἀφικόµενος εἰς Κόρινθον διέτριβέ τινας ἡµέρας, εὐθὺς µὲν ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ διατριβῇ πρῶτον ἔψεγον αὐτόν·
ὡς δ' ἐξήγαγέ ποτε, προθύµως µὲν ἠκολούθουν ὅποι ἡγοῖτο, προθύµως δ', εἰ πρὸς τεῖχος προσάγοι,
προσέβαλλον. τῶν δ' ἐν τῇ Λακεδαίµονι [γῇ] πολεµίων Ἀρκάδες µὲν καὶ Ἀργεῖοι καὶ Ἠλεῖοι πολλοὶ
ἀπεληλύθεσαν, ἅτε ὅµοροι οἰκοῦντες […]. οἱ δὲ Θηβαῖοι καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι τὰ µὲν καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἀπιέναι
ἐβούλοντο ἐκ τῆς χώρας, ὅτι ἑώρων ἐλάττονα τὴν στρατιὰν καθ' ἡµέραν γιγνοµένην, τὰ δέ, ὅτι
σπανιώτερα τὰ ἐπιτήδεια ἦν· τὰ µὲν γὰρ ἀνήλωτο, τὰ δὲ διήρπαστο, τὰ δὲ ἐξεκέχυτο, τὰ δὲ κατεκέκαυτο.

ajnevcomai = ajsmenw`~ devcomai

pandhmeiv = pantelw`~, pavsh/ th`/ biva/
deipnopoievomai = to; dei`pnon ejsqivw
diatrivbw = mevnw oujde;n poiw`n
yevgw « timavw
prosbavllw = ejpibavllw, ejpitivqemai
o{moro~ = o}~ ejggu;~ tou` o{rou oijkei`
ajnalivskw = tosouvtw/ crw`mai w{ste oujde;n mevnei
ejkcevw = kakw`~ cravomai
katakaivw = pantelw`~ kaivw
 137

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oiJ stratiw`tai [attacked] ……………………. [with all the forces] ……………………. .

b) They criticised him for using up all the money.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) ta;~ [border-neighbouring] ……………………. kwvma~ dievfqeiran.

d) I do not intend to put up with this.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) [Having lunch] ……………………. pavnta a} ei\con [they wasted] ……………………. .

z) While they waited there, they burned down some abandoned houses.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

willing ……………………… to deliberate ………………………

to vote ……………………… to accompany ………………………

to live ……………………… immediately ………………………

138

Melevthma 48

Diodorus of Sicily tells us that the Cretans stationed at Sparta were really efficient in
carrying out orders, and almost miraculously the Spartans are not defeated; finally, there
is some praise for the two generals:

ἐκέλευεν οὖν [αὐτοὺς] τοῖς ἐν τῇ Σπάρτῃ παραφυλάττειν τὴν πόλιν µηδὲν καταπεπληγµένους, [εἶπε]
ταχὺ γὰρ αὐτὸν ἐπιφανέντα βοηθήσειν. τῶν δὲ Κρητῶν συντόµως τὸ παραγγελθὲν ποιησάντων,
παραδόξως οἱ Λακεδαιµόνιοι τὴν ἅλωσιν τῆς πατρίδος ἐξέφυγον· µὴ προδηλωθείσης γὰρ τῆς ἐπιθέσεως
ἔλαθεν ἂν ὁ Ἐπαµεινώνδας εἰσπεσὼν εἰς τὴν Σπάρτην. τὴν µὲν οὖν ἐπίνοιαν τῶν στρατηγῶν ἀµφοτέρων
δικαίως ἄν τις ἀποδέξαιτο, συνετωτέραν δὲ στρατηγίαν τὴν τοῦ Λάκωνος ἡγήσαιτο [ἄν].

kataplhvttomai = fobevomai
ejpifaivnomai « ajfanivzomai
suntovmw~ = tacevw~
paradovxw~ = par∆ ejlpivda
a{lwsi~ « ejleuqevrwsi~
prodhlovw = dhlovw pro; a[llou tinov~
ejpivqesi~ = prosbolhv
ejpivnoia = sofiva
ajpodeivknumi = timw`n deivknumi, timw`n dhlovw,
sunetov~ = sofov~
 139

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) ou|to~ oJ pai`~ [against what we expected] ……………………. [clever] …………………….

tugcavnei w[n.

b) He appeared on time to prevent the attack against the city.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) toi`~ maqhtai`~ [I praised] ……………………. th;n sofivan aujtou`.

d) The capture of the city took place quickly.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) [I was struck] ……………………. th`/ tou` didaskavlou [cleverness] ……………………. .

z) The plan was shown in advance.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to lead ……………………… both ………………………

quick ……………………… to order ………………………

to help ……………………… homeland ………………………

140

Melevthma 49

Demosthenes justifies that, even if he knew that the person on trial was guilty of
several crimes, he did not complain about him when the city was praising him because,
among other reasons, not saying anything could have its advantages in that moment,
regardless of whatever evil that man could have previously done:

Ἴσως τοίνυν ἐκεῖν' ἄν τίς µ' ἔροιτο, τί δήποτε ταῦτ' εἰδὼς οὕτως ἀκριβῶς ἐγὼ καὶ παρηκολουθηκὼς
ἐνίοις τῶν ἀδικηµάτων εἴασα, καὶ οὔθ' ὅτ' (ὅτε) αὐτὸν ἐποιεῖσθε πολίτην οὐδὲν ἀντεῖπον, οὔθ' ὅτε
ἐπῃνεῖτε, οὔθ' ὅλως πρότερον, πρὶν τὸ ψήφισµα τουτὶ γενέσθαι, λόγον οὐδέν' ἐποιησάµην. ἐγὼ δ', ὦ
ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πρὸς ὑµᾶς ἅπασαν ἐρῶ τὴν ἀλήθειαν. καὶ γὰρ ὡς ἀνάξιος ἦν ᾔδειν, καὶ παρῆν ὅτε
τούτων ἠξιοῦτο, καὶ οὐκ ἀντεῖπον· ὁµολογῶ. διὰ τί; ὅτι, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πρῶτον µὲν ἀσθενέστερον
ἡγούµην ἔσεσθαι πολλῶν ψευδοµένων ἑτοίµως περὶ αὐτοῦ πρὸς ὑµᾶς ἕνα τἀληθῆ λέγοντ', ἐµαυτόν·
ἔπειθ' ὧν µὲν ἐκεῖνος εὑρίσκετ' ἐξαπατῶν ὑµᾶς, µὰ τὸν Δία καὶ θεοὺς πάντας, οὐδενὸς [τούτων] εἰσῄει
µοι φθονεῖν, κακὸν δ' οὐδὲν ἑώρων ὑπερφυὲς πεισοµένους ὑµᾶς, εἴ τιν' ἠδικηκότα πόλλ' ἀφίετε καὶ
προὐκαλεῖσθέ τι τοῦ λοιποῦ [χρόνου] ποιεῖν ὑµᾶς ἀγαθόν.

hjrovmhn = hjrwvthsa
parakolouqevw = pavreimi
ajntilevgw = ajnqivstamai
h[/dein < oi\da
euJrivskw = ktavomai
ei[seisiv moi = eij~ to;n ejmo;n nou`n eijsbaivnei
fqonevw touvtou = ajpwqevw tou`to, mevmfomai tou`to
uJperfuhv~ = mevgisto~
peivsomai < pavscw
prokalevw = ejpotruvnw
 141

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oJ Swkravth~ [attended] ……………………. pa`si toi`~ dialovgoi~.

b) He knew that this was a very big project.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) oJ Swkravth~ [asked] ……………………. tivna [he obtained] ……………………. .

d) The idea of encouraging him came into my mind.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) e[gwge [opposed] ……………………. , ei\don ga;r aujtou;~ polla; kai; kaka; [would suffer]

……………………. .

z) They always rejected these crimes.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

weak ……………………… accurate ………………………

to deceive ……………………… perhaps ………………………

to allow ……………………… ready ………………………

142

Melevthma 50

Thucydides narrates the end of Pausanias; first, somebody sets a trap so that Pausanias
speaks to him freely without realising that the ephors too are listening, and further
ahead, when he sees that he is going to be detained, thanks to the warning given by a
friend, he manages to flee:

τότε δὴ οἱ ἔφοροι, δείξαντος αὐτοῦ τὰ γράµµατα, µᾶλλον µὲν ἐπίστευσαν, αὐτήκοοι δὲ βουληθέντες ἔτι
γενέσθαι αὐτοῦ Παυσανίου τι λέγοντος, ἀπὸ παρασκευῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐπὶ Ταίναρον [ὡς] ἱκέτου
οἰχοµένου καὶ σκηνησαµένου διπλῆν διαφράγµατι καλύβην, ἐς ἣν τῶν [τε] ἐφόρων ἐντός τινας ἔκρυψε,
καὶ Παυσανίου ὡς (πρὸς) αὐτὸν ἐλθόντος καὶ ἐρωτῶντος τὴν πρόφασιν τῆς ἱκετείας, ᾔσθοντο πάντα
σαφῶς. […] ἀκούσαντες δὲ ἀκριβῶς τότε µὲν ἀπῆλθον οἱ ἔφοροι, βεβαίως δὲ ἤδη εἰδότες ἐν τῇ πόλει
τὴν ξύλληψιν ἐποιοῦντο. λέγεται δ' αὐτὸν µέλλοντα ξυλληφθήσεσθαι ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ, ἑνὸς µὲν τῶν ἐφόρων
τὸ πρόσωπον προσιόντος ὡς εἶδε, γνῶναι ἐφ' ᾧ ἐχώρει, ἄλλου δὲ νεύµατι ἀφανεῖ χρησαµένου καὶ
δηλώσαντος εὐνοίᾳ, πρὸς τὸ ἱερὸν τῆς Χαλκιοίκου χωρῆσαι δρόµῳ καὶ προκαταφυγεῖν.

aujthvkoo~ = o}~ aujto;~ ajkouvei

iJkevth~, -ou = o}~ pro;~ to;n qeo;n baivnei wJ~ aijthvsonto~
skhnevomai = th;n skhnh;n kaqivsthmi
diavfragma = tei`co~ h] a[llo ti o} diamerivzei
kaluvbh = mikra; skhnhv
provfasi~ = yeudh`~ aijtiva
eijdwv~ < oi\da
suvllhyi~, -ew~ < sullambavnw se = biva/ katevcw se i{na mh; feuvgh/~
neuvmati crw`mai = shmei`on th`/ kefalh`/ poiw`
eu[noia « kakovnoia
 143

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) [Knowing] ……………………. ta; gegenhmevna, [the separation wall] …………………….

dievfqeiran.

b) He nodded and the other one went into the hut.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) kaivper pisteuvwn soi, bouvlomai [who hears it with my own ears] …………………….
genevsqai.

d) They went into the temple as suppliants in order to avoid arrest.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) aujto;n e[peise [an excuse] ……………………. crwvmeno~, ajlhqh` ga;r [good will]

……………………. pro;~ aujto;n oujk e[cei.

z) They pitched the tent there, by the fence.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to ask ……………………… face ………………………

unclear ……………………… to show ………………………

firm ……………………… to trust ………………………

144

Melevthma 51

In this speech of Isocrates, the defendant claims that, when Thrasylochus fell ill, he was
the only one who took care of him from beginning to end, and even those who came
were not of much help:

Καὶ µὴν οὐδὲ τοῦθ' ἕξουσιν εἰπεῖν ὡς εὖ µὲν πράττοντος Θρασυλόχου πάντα ταῦθ' [ἐγὼ] ὑπέµενον,
δυστυχήσαντα δ' αὐτὸν ἀπέλιπον· ἐν αὐτοῖς γὰρ τούτοις ἔτι σαφέστερον καὶ µᾶλλον ἐπεδειξάµην τὴν
εὔνοιαν ἣν εἶχον εἰς ἐκεῖνον. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ εἰς Αἴγιναν κατοικισάµενος ἠσθένησεν ταύτην τὴν νόσον ἐξ
ἧσπερ ἀπέθανεν, οὕτως αὐτὸν ἐθεράπευσα ὡς οὐκ οἶδ' ὅστις πώποθ' ἕτερος ἕτερον, τὸν µὲν πλεῖστον
τοῦ χρόνου πονήρως µὲν ἔχοντα, περιιέναι δ' ἔτι δυνάµενον, ἓξ µῆνας δὲ συνεχῶς ἐν τῇ κλίνῃ κείµενον.
Καὶ τούτων τῶν ταλαιπωριῶν οὐδεὶς τῶν συγγενῶν µετασχεῖν ἠξίωσεν, ἀλλ' οὐδ' ἐπισκεψόµενος
ἀφίκετο πλὴν τῆς µητρὸς καὶ τῆς ἀδελφῆς αἳ πλέον θάτερον ἐποίησαν· ἀσθενοῦσαι γὰρ ἦλθον ἐκ
Τροιζῆνος ὥστ' αὐταὶ θεραπείας ἐδέοντο.

e[cw gravfein = duvnamai gravfein

uJpomevnw = pavscw, ejaw
v
safhv~ = dh`lo~, fanerov~
katoikivzw eij~ ta;~ ∆Aqhvna~ = eij~ ta;~ ∆A. e[rcomai i{na ejkei` oijkw`
ajsqenevw « uJgiaivnw
periveimi = a[nw kai; kavtw baivnw
talaipwriva = pavqhma, dustuvchma
suggenhv~ = oJ pathvr, hJ mhvthr, oJ ajdelfov~, hJ ajdelfhv, oiJ ui|oi, ...
metevcw touvtou = mevro~ e[cw touvtou
qavteron = to; e{teron
 145

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) qaumavqw pw`~ duvnatai [put up with] ……………………. tousauvta~ [disgraces]

……………………. .

b) After settling in this city, he fell ill.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) a\ra [can you] ……………………. ou{tw tacevw~ trevcein wJ~ ou|to~ oJ dromeuv~…

d) He is walking up and down through the city.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) [Clear] ……………………. ejstin o{ti tou;~ [relatives] ……………………. misei`.

z) They took part in the battle, but abandoned the other matter.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

care ……………………… to need ………………………

illness ……………………… continually ………………………

to fare ……………………… benevolence ………………………

146

Melevthma 52

Same text as in Melevthma 24, but longer and with new words dealt with except two. Dio
Chrysostom offers an example of oracles wrongly interpreted that lead to disaster, and
then he goes on to say that nobody should have too much strength:

ἀλλ' ὅµως διὰ τὴν πλεονεξίαν οὐδὲ ὦτα ἔχουσιν οἱ πολλοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων οὐδὲ τῶν λεγοµένων
αἰσθάνονται. πάλιν τοίνυν Ἀθηναίοις ἐρωτῶσι περὶ τῆς νήσου Σικελίας ἔχρησε προσλαβεῖν τῇ πόλει τὴν
Σικελίαν, λόφον τινὰ ἐγγὺς ὄντα τῆς πόλεως. οἱ δὲ τῶν µὲν παρακειµένων καὶ τῶν ἐν ὀφθαλµοῖς
ἠµέλησαν· οὕτως δ' ἔκφρονες ὑπῆρχον διὰ τὴν ἐπιθυµίαν τοῦ πλείονος, ὥστε τὸν θεὸν αὐτοῖς ἐνόµιζον
λέγειν ἐν ἑνὶ τείχει περιλαβεῖν τὰς Ἀθήνας καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ µυρίων που σταδίων οὖσαν νῆσον. τοιγαροῦν
ἐκεῖσε πλεύσαντες οὐ µόνον Σικελίας διήµαρτον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἐστερήθησαν, καὶ τὴν πόλιν
αὐτὴν ἐπεῖδον ἐπὶ τοῖς πολεµίοις γεγενηµένην. καὶ τὰ µὲν τοιαῦτα εἰ θέλοι τις ἐπεξιέναι, δῆλον ὡς οὐδ'
ἐν ἔτει ἐπιλείψει. σκοπεῖτε δ' ὅτι τὴν ἰσχὺν οἱ πλεῖστοι τῶν ἀγαθῶν εἶναι νοµίζουσιν· ἀλλ' οἶµαι τοῖς ἐπ'
ἄκρον ἰσχύουσι καὶ λίαν ὑπερβάλλουσι τῇ κατὰ τὸ σῶµα εὐεξίᾳ συµφέρει µέρος τι αὐτῆς ἀφελεῖν· τὸ
γὰρ πλέον οἶµαι τοῦ συµµέτρου παγχάλεπον.

pleonexiva = to; povqo~ tou` plei`on e[cein

ou\~, wjtov~ tov = to; o[rganon w|/ ajkouvomen
ejforavw = oJravw kai; ejavn moi oujk ajrevskh
ejpexevrcomai = eij~ to; tevlo~ ejxhgevomai
ijscuv~, -uvo~ oJ = rJwvmh
ijscuvw « ajsqenevw
eujexiva = uJgiveia, eujtuciva
ajfairevw « divdwmi
suvmmetro~, -on = ou[te mikro;~ ou[te mevga~
pagcavlepo~ = calepwvtato~
 147

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oujk ejqevlw th;n ejmh;n povlin diafqarei`san [to see] ……………………. .

b) The gods removed the strength from him.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) qaumavzw th;n [health] ……………………. aujtou`, oujdamw`~ ga;r

[moderate] ……………………. ejstivn.

d) As his empire is strong, this king’s avarice is growing.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) oiJ a[nqrwpoi duvo [ears] ……………………. e[comen.

z) Now I will relate that myth, a very bad one.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to attach ……………………… to watch ………………………

it is convenient ……………………… mindless ………………………

most ……………………… to disregard ………………………

148

Melevthma 53

Plato depicts Socrates defending himself and commenting the accusations made against
him:

Ἀναλάβωµεν οὖν ἐξ ἀρχῆς τίς ἡ κατηγορία ἐστὶν ἐξ ἧς ἡ ἐµὴ διαβολὴ γέγονεν, ᾗ δὴ καὶ πιστεύων
Μέλητός µε ἐγράψατο τὴν γραφὴν ταύτην. εἶεν· τί δὴ λέγοντες διέβαλλον οἱ διαβάλλοντες; ὥσπερ οὖν
κατηγόρων τὴν ἀντωµοσίαν δεῖ ἀναγνῶναι αὐτῶν· “Σωκράτης ἀδικεῖ καὶ περιεργάζεται ζητῶν τά τε ὑπὸ
γῆς καὶ οὐράνια καὶ τὸν ἥττω λόγον κρείττω ποιῶν καὶ ἄλλους ταὐτὰ ταῦτα διδάσκων.” τοιαύτη τίς
ἐστιν· ταῦτα γὰρ ἑωρᾶτε καὶ αὐτοὶ ἐν τῇ Ἀριστοφάνους κωµῳδίᾳ, Σωκράτη τινὰ ἐκεῖ περιφερόµενον,
φάσκοντά τε ἀεροβατεῖν καὶ ἄλλην πολλὴν φλυαρίαν φλυαροῦντα, ὧν ἐγὼ οὐδὲν οὔτε µέγα οὔτε µικρὸν
πέρι ἐπαΐω.

diabolhv = yeudh`~ kathgoriva

diabavllw = yeudh` levgw periv tino~
ajntwmosiva = (ajntiv + o[mnumi) o{rko~ pro;~ ajllhvlou~
periergavzomai = a[gan ejrgavzomai
h{ttwn « ijscurwvtero~
kreivttwn = ijscurwvtero~
perifevromai = a[nw kai; kavtw baivnw
fluarevw = fluariva~ levgw
touvtou pevri = peri; touvtou
ejpai?w = sunivhmi, oi\da
 149

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) ejpeida;n scolhv moi h\/, ajei; peri; th`~ povlew~ [I walk around] ……………………. .

b) He is always talking nonsense and throwing defamations against me.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) ei[h, dialegwvmeqa th`~ [mutual oath] ……………………. [about] …………………….

h}n w[mosan.

d) He puts too much effort into learning.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) ou|toi me;n oiJ pai`de~ [stronger] ……………………. eijsivn, ejkei`noi de;

[weaker] ……………………. .

z) He slanders Socrates, but he knows how to defend himself.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

accusation ……………………… to trust ………………………

to seek ……………………… to read ………………………

to say ……………………… beginning ………………………

150

Melevthma 54

Lucian praises Hesiod but objects that he (Hesiod) boasts that the gods entrusted him
with two tasks, because it seems that he has performed only the first one, which Lucian
describes in detail:

Ἀλλὰ ποιητὴν µὲν ἄριστον εἶναί σε, ὦ Ἡσίοδε, καὶ τοῦτο παρὰ Μουσῶν λαβεῖν µετὰ τῆς δάφνης αὐτός
τε δεικνύεις ἐν οἷς ποιεῖς – ἔνθεα γὰρ καὶ σεµνὰ πάντα – καὶ ἡµεῖς πιστεύοµεν οὕτως ἔχειν. ἐκεῖνο δὲ
ἀπορῆσαι ἄξιον [ἐστίν], τί δήποτε προειπὼν (διὰ τί εἶπες) ὑπὲρ σαυτοῦ ὡς διὰ τοῦτο λάβοις τὴν
θεσπέσιον ἐκείνην ᾠδὴν παρὰ τῶν θεῶν ὅπως κλείοις καὶ ὑµνοίης τὰ παρεληλυθότα καὶ θεσπίζοις τὰ
ἐσόµενα· θάτερον µὲν καὶ πάνυ ἐντελῶς ἐξενήνοχας θεῶν τε γενέσεις διηγούµενος ἄχρι καὶ τῶν πρώτων
ἐκείνων, χάους καὶ γῆς καὶ οὐρανοῦ καὶ ἔρωτος – ἔτι δὲ γυναικῶν ἀρετὰς καὶ παραινέσεις γεωργικάς,
καὶ ὅσα περὶ Πλειάδων καὶ ὅσα περὶ καιρῶν ἀρότου καὶ ἀµήτου καὶ πλοῦ καὶ ὅλως τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων.

e[nqeo~ = qei`o~
qespevsio~, -o~, -on = qei`o~
kleivw = ajeivdwn timavw
qespivzw = levgw tiv genhvsetai
ejntelhv~ = plhvrh~, o}~ pavnta ta; mevrh e[cei
ejkfevrw = teleutavw, televw
a[cri = mevcri
cavo~, -ou~ « kovsmo~, eujtaxiva
paraivnesi~ = lovgo~ peri; o} poiei`n dei`
a[mhto~ = sugkomidhv, to; tou;~ karpou;~ h[dh wJraivou~ labei`n
 151

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oujk e[xestiv moi ta; genhsovmena [to predict] ……………………. .

b) He lived here until the time of the harvest.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) pavnta~ touvtou~ tou;~ [divine] ……………………. muvqou~ h[dh

[I have finished] ……………………. gravfwn.

d) The gods ordered this poet to celebrate the time of chaos.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) pavnta ta; tou` ÔOmhvrou poihvmata ajlhqw`~ [inspired by the gods] ……………………. h\n.

z) This woman wrote many pieces of advice in a complete book.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

birth ……………………… field-related ………………………

song ……………………… sacred ………………………

the past ……………………… laurel ………………………

152

Melevthma 55

In Xenophon, we can see Cyrus’ soldiers telling him about the death of one of his
generals and his reaction:

τῶν οὖν ὑπηρετῶν τις ἀπεκρίνατο ὅτι Ὦ δέσποτα, οὐ ζῇ, ἀλλ' ἐν τῇ µάχῃ ἀπέθανεν ἐµβαλὼν τὸ ἅρµα εἰς
τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους· οἱ δ' ἄλλοι πλὴν τῶν ἑταίρων αὐτοῦ ἐξέκλιναν, ὥς φασιν, ἐπεὶ τὸ στῖφος εἶδον τὸ τῶν
Αἰγυπτίων. καὶ νῦν γε, ἔφη, λέγεται αὐτοῦ ἡ γυνὴ ἀνελοµένη τὸν νεκρὸν καὶ ἐνθεµένη εἰς τὴν
ἁρµάµαξαν, ἐν ᾗπερ αὐτὴ ὠχεῖτο, προσκεκοµικέναι αὐτὸν ἐνθάδε ποι πρὸς τὸν Πακτωλὸν ποταµόν. καὶ
τοὺς µὲν εὐνούχους καὶ τοὺς θεράποντας αὐτοῦ ὀρύττειν φασὶν ἐπὶ λόφου τινὸς θήκην τῷ τελευτήσαντι·
τὴν δὲ γυναῖκα λέγουσιν ὡς κάθηται χαµαὶ κεκοσµηκυῖα οἷς εἶχε τὸν ἄνδρα, τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ ἔχουσα
ἐπὶ τοῖς γόνασι. ταῦτα ἀκούσας ὁ Κῦρος ἐπαίσατο ἄρα τὸν µηρὸν καὶ εὐθὺς ἀναπηδήσας ἐπὶ τὸν ἵππον
λαβὼν χιλίους ἱππέας ἤλαυνεν ἐπὶ τὸ πάθος (ἐπὶ τὸν τοῦ πάθους τόπον). Γαδάταν δὲ καὶ Γωβρύαν
ἐκέλευσεν ὅ τι δύναιντο λαβόντας καλὸν κόσµηµα ἀνδρὶ φίλῳ καὶ ἀγαθῷ τετελευτηκότι µεταδιώκειν.

ejkklivnw = ei[kw, ajnacwrevw, feuvgw

sti`fo~, ou~ = plh`qo~
aJrmavmaxa = a{maxa
ojcevw = aJmavxh/ poreuvomai
proskomivzw = fevrw, komivzw
ojruvttw = ejn th`/ gh`/ o[rugma poiw` i{na nevkron tiqw`
camaiv = ejpi; th`~ gh`~
paivw = krouvw, kovptw
mhrov~ = to; tou` skevlou~ uJyhlo;n mevro~
metadiwvkw = ajkolouqevw, e{pomai
 153

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) pavsa~ ta;~ bivblou~ cqe;~ [they brought] ……………………. .

b) She went with her own chariot to see the host of the enemy.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) ejn th`/ mavch/ to;n [thigh] ……………………. aujtou` [I hit] ……………………. .

d) Having seen the enemy, our soldiers yielded.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) aujto;n [having followed] ……………………. , o[rugma [we dug] ……………………. .

z) Sitting on the ground, we were looking at her standing on the chariot.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

hill ……………………… horseman ………………………

knee ……………………… servant ………………………

ornament ……………………… to pick up ………………………

154

Melevthma 56

In Demosthenes, the orator tries to persuade the jury that the accused man has tried to
introduce an unfair law knowing very well what he was doing, as he has already done
something similar before in exchange for money rather than trying to help people:

Ὅτι µὲν τοίνυν καὶ παρὰ τούτους τοὺς νόµους καὶ παρὰ τοὺς προειρηµένους, καὶ µικροῦ δέω παρὰ
πάντας εἰπεῖν τοὺς ὄντας ἐν τῇ πόλει, τέθηκε τὸν νόµον, οἶµαι δῆλον ἅπασιν ὑµῖν εἶναι. θαυµάζω δ'
αὐτοῦ τί ποτε καὶ τολµήσει λέγειν περὶ τούτων. οὔτε γὰρ ὡς οὐκ ἐναντίος ἔσθ' ὁ νόµος τοῖς ἄλλοις
δεικνύειν ἕξει, οὔθ' ὡς δι' ἀπειρίαν ἰδιώτην αὐτὸν ὄντα τοῦτ' ἔλαθεν δύναιτ' ἂν πεῖσαι· πάλαι γὰρ µισθοῦ
[ἕνεκα] καὶ γράφων καὶ νόµους εἰσφέρων ὦπται. καὶ µὴν οὐδ' ἐκεῖνό γ' ἔνεστιν αὐτῷ, ἀδίκηµα µὲν εἶναι
τὸ πρᾶγµ' ὁµολογῆσαι, συγγνώµης δὲ τυχεῖν ἀξιοῦν· οὐ γὰρ ἄκων οὐδ' ὑπὲρ ἠτυχηκότων οὐδ' ὑπὲρ
συγγενῶν καὶ ἀναγκαίων αὐτῷ τεθηκὼς φαίνεται τὸν νόµον, ἀλλ' ἑκὼν ὑπὲρ [ανθρώπων] µεγάλ'
ἠδικηκότων ὑµᾶς, οὐδὲν προσηκόντων αὐτῷ, πλὴν εἰ συγγενεῖς ὑπολαµβάνειν (νοµίζειν) φησὶν τοὺς
µισθουµένους αὐτόν. ὡς τοίνυν οὐδ' ἐπιτήδειον νόµον ὑµῖν οὐδὲ συµφέροντ' εἰσενήνοχεν, τοῦτ' ἤδη
πειράσοµαι νυνὶ δεικνύειν.

proeirhmevno~ < prolevgw

mikrou` devw eijpei`n = i[sw~ duvnamai eijpei`n
ajpeiriva « ejmpeiriva
ijdiwvth~, -ou = polivth~ movno~
w\ptai < oJravw
e[nesti = e[xesti
suggnwvmh~ tugcavnw = ouj kolavzomai kaivper ajdivkhma ajdikhvsa~
a[kwn « eJkwvn
plhvn = cwriv~, e[kto~
tou`tov moi sumfevrei = tou`tov moi ajgaqovn ejstin
 155

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) pollavki~ [he has been seen] ……………………. crhvmata para; tou` basilevw~ decovmeno~.

b) I could almost defeat all of them, but you can’t defeat me.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) aujtou;~ [forgiveness] ……………………. tucei`n toi`~ polemivoi~

[it is of interest] ……………………. .

d) All that has been previously said is true.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) tou`to [unwillingly] ……………………. ejpoivhsa, [inexperience] ……………………. e{neka.

z) In spite of being a simple layman, I can do everything except this.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to try ……………………… to hire ………………………

injustice ……………………… to dare ………………………

to agree ……………………… to set ………………………

156

Melevthma 57

Thucydides tells us that the Athenians are unaware of what they are letting themselves
in for and gives us a description of the island of Sicily (size, population, etc.), including
even how far it is separated from the mainland and by whom it has been inhabited:

Τοῦ δ' αὐτοῦ χειµῶνος Ἀθηναῖοι ἐβούλοντο αὖθις, µείζονι παρασκευῇ τῆς µετὰ Λάχητος καὶ
Εὐρυµέδοντος, ἐπὶ Σικελίαν πλεύσαντες καταστρέψασθαι, εἰ δύναιντο, ἄπειροι οἱ πολλοὶ ὄντες τοῦ
µεγέθους τῆς νήσου καὶ τῶν ἐνοικούντων τοῦ πλήθους καὶ Ἑλλήνων καὶ βαρβάρων, καὶ [ἀγνοοῦντες]
ὅτι οὐ πολλῷ τινὶ ὑποδεέστερον πόλεµον ἀνῃροῦντο ἢ τὸν πρὸς Πελοποννησίους. Σικελίας γὰρ
περίπλους µέν ἐστιν ὁλκάδι οὐ πολλῷ τινὶ ἔλασσον ἢ ὀκτὼ ἡµερῶν, καὶ τοσαύτη οὖσα ἐν εἰκοσισταδίῳ
µάλιστα µέτρῳ τῆς θαλάσσης διείργεται τὸ µὴ ἤπειρος εἶναι· ᾠκίσθη δὲ ὧδε τὸ ἀρχαῖον, καὶ τοσάδε
ἔθνη ἔσχε [αὐτὴν] τὰ σύµπαντα. παλαίτατοι µὲν λέγονται ἐν µέρει τινὶ τῆς χώρας Κύκλωπες καὶ
Λαιστρυγόνες οἰκῆσαι, ὧν ἐγὼ οὔτε γένος ἔχω εἰπεῖν οὔτε ὁπόθεν ἐσῆλθον ἢ ὅποι ἀπεχώρησαν·
ἀρκείτω δὲ ὡς ποιηταῖς τε εἴρηται καὶ ὡς ἕκαστός πῃ γιγνώσκει περὶ αὐτῶν.

katastrevfw = nikavw
uJpodehv~, -ev~ = ejlavttwn, ceivrwn, mikrovtero~
ajnairevw = ejpiceirevw, devcomai
oJlkav~ = mevga~ nau`~ h|/ oiJ e[mporoi crw`ntai i{na fortiva komivzwsin
ejlavttwn < ejlacuv~
dieivrgw = scivzw « sunavptw
h[peiro~ hJ « nh`so~ hJ
e[qno~, -ou~ = gevno~ ajnqrwvpwn (”Ellhne~, Pevrsai, “Italoi...)
ajrkevw = iJkanov~ eijmi
ei[rhmai < levgw
 157

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) hJ porei`a oujk [shorter] ……………………. ejsti;n h] pevnte hJmerw`n.

b) The sea divides the island from the mainland.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) oiJ Pevrsai pavnta ta; tovte [peoples] ……………………. [subdued] ……………………. .

d) I have said that this city is rather inferior to that one.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) ei[kosi [cargo ships] ……………………. pevmyai [will be enough] ……………………. .

z) I think that you should undertake this war.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

crowd ……………………… beginning ………………………

part ……………………… winter ………………………

where from ……………………… size ………………………

158

Melevthma 58

Dio Chrysostom tells us what “withdrawing-retiring” means: Skipping your duties as a

citizen? Yielding to the enemy? Not taking care of your friends?

Τί γάρ ποτε τὸ τῆς ἀναχωρήσεώς ἐστι καὶ τίνας χρὴ τιθέναι (νοµίζειν) τοὺς ἀναχωροῦντας; ἆρά γε τοὺς
ἀπὸ τῶν προσηκόντων ἔργων αὐτοῖς καὶ πράξεων ἀφισταµένους, τούτους χρὴ φάσκειν ἀναχωρεῖν; οἷον
εἴ τις Ἀθηναῖος ὤν, δέον αὐτὸν στρατεύεσθαι ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος Λακεδαιµονίων εἰσβεβληκότων εἰς τὴν
Ἀττικὴν ἢ Φιλίππου ἐπιόντος ἢ ἄλλων πολεµίων, ὁ δὲ ἀναχωρήσειεν εἰς Μέγαρα ἢ Αἴγιναν ἕνεκα τοῦ
µὴ στρατεύεσθαι µηδὲ κινδυνεύειν, οὗτος ἂν ἀνακεχωρηκέναι λέγοιτο; ἢ εἴ τις συχνὴν οὐσίαν
κεκτηµένος ἕνεκα τοῦ διαφυγεῖν τὰς λειτουργίας ἀπέλθοι ἐκ τῆς πόλεως; ἢ εἴ τις ἰᾶσθαι τοὺς νοσοῦντας
ἱκανὸς ὤν, καὶ φίλων δὴ καὶ ἐπιτηδείων αὐτῷ καµνόντων, ὅπως µὴ κακοπαθῇ καὶ πράγµατα ἔχῃ τούτους
θεραπεύων, ἀπολίποι τε αὐτοὺς καὶ ἀποδηµήσειεν εἰς ἕτερον τόπον;

ajnacwvrhsi~ = to; tou` e[rgou pauvesqai

proshvkwn, -onto~ = prevpwn, sumfevrwn
ajfivstamai ajpo; touvtou = tou`to kataleivpw
sucnov~ « ejlacuv~
oujsiva = crhvmata
leitourgiva = o} tou;~ polivta~ kat∆ ejniauto;n th`/ povlei dei` poiei`n
ijavomai = ijatreuvw
ejpithvdeio~ = fivlo~
kavmnw = ajsqenevw
ajpodhmevw « ejpidhmevw
 159

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) tau`ta tav soi [convenient] ……………………. e[rga teleuta`n ouj bouvlei…

b) I must perform many civic duties, more than you.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) oJ Swkravth~ oujkevti oijkei` ejn tai`~ ∆Aqhvnai~, h[dh to; trivton e[to~

[he is abroad] ……………………. .

d) His friends have a great fortune.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) th;n tou` ijatrou` [retirement] ……………………. ojdurovmeqa, pollou;~ ga;r hJmw`n

[he healed] ……………………. .

z) He was always falling ill, he had to give up working

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

action ……………………… to invade ………………………

place ……………………… to march ………………………

to take care of ……………………… on behalf of ………………………

160

Melevthma 59

Isocrates, through a couple of examples, makes clear that the most important thing for
whoever is in power is to remain alive: the Spartans want their kings alive before
anything else, and Xerxes also offers a good example with the amount of things he could
do thanks to remaining alive:

Ἴδοις δ' ἂν καὶ Λακεδαιµονίους περὶ τῆς τῶν βασιλέων σωτηρίας πολλὴν ἐπιµέλειαν ποιουµένους καὶ
τοὺς ἐνδοξοτάτους τῶν πολιτῶν φύλακας αὐτῶν καθιστάντας, οἷς αἴσχιόν ἐστιν ἐκείνους τελευτήσαντας
περιιδεῖν ἢ τὰς ἀσπίδας ἀποβαλεῖν. Ἀλλὰ µὴν οὐδ' ἐκεῖνά σε λέληθεν, ἃ Ξέρξῃ τε τῷ καταδουλώσασθαι
τοὺς Ἕλληνας βουληθέντι καὶ Κύρῳ τῷ τῆς βασιλείας ἀµφισβητήσαντι συνέπεσεν. Ὁ µὲν γὰρ
τηλικαύταις ἥτταις καὶ συµφοραῖς περιπεσὼν ἡλίκας οὐδεὶς οἶδεν ἄλλοις γενοµένας, διὰ τὸ περιποιῆσαι
τὴν αὑτοῦ ψυχὴν τήν τε βασίλειαν κατέσχεν καὶ τοῖς παισὶν τοῖς αὑτοῦ παρέδωκεν καὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν οὕτω
διῴκησεν ὥστε µηδὲν ἧττον αὐτὴν εἶναι φοβερὰν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἢ πρότερον.

ejpimevleia = qerapeiva, qeravpeuma

aijscivwn < aijscrov~
perioravw = oJrw` kai; kwluvein ouj duvnamai
levlhqa < lanqavnw
katadoulovw « ejleuqerovw
ajmfisbhtevw = ajgwnivzomai
thlikou`to~ = tosou`to~
h|tta « nivkh
hJlivko~ = o{so~
h|tton « ma`llon
 161

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) tosauvthn [defeat] ……………………. ouj duvnamai [overlook] ……………………. .

b) They are always struggling about money.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) pollh;n [care] ……………………. poiou`mai mh; [less] ……………………. sofo;~ givgnwmai.

d) We did not suffer as big disgraces as you did.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) i[sw~ se [has missed] ……………………. tou`to [more shameful] ……………………. o]n

h] oJ qavnato~…

z) Xerxes enslaved all the citizens.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

famous ……………………… to hand over ………………………

terrible ……………………… to administer ………………………

disgrace ……………………… salvation ………………………

162

Melevthma 60

Plato shows Socrates talking about his public life: fortunately he did not get into
politics, he speaks about his usual activities, and he proves that he has never damaged
anybody, as nobody has ever taken revenge on him:

Ἆρ' οὖν ἄν µε οἴεσθε τοσάδε ἔτη διαγενέσθαι εἰ ἔπραττον τὰ δηµόσια, καὶ [εἰ] πράττων ἀξίως ἀνδρὸς
ἀγαθοῦ ἐβοήθουν τοῖς δικαίοις καὶ ὥσπερ χρὴ τοῦτο περὶ πλείστου ἐποιούµην; πολλοῦ γε δεῖ, ὦ ἄνδρες
Ἀθηναῖοι· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν ἄλλος ἀνθρώπων οὐδείς. […] Ἀλλὰ διὰ τί δή ποτε µετ' ἐµοῦ χαίρουσί τινες
πολὺν χρόνον διατρίβοντες; […] ὅτι ἀκούοντες χαίρουσιν ἐξεταζοµένοις τοῖς οἰοµένοις µὲν εἶναι
σοφοῖς, οὖσι δ' οὔ. ἔστι γὰρ [τοῦτο] οὐκ ἀηδές. ἐµοὶ δὲ τοῦτο, ὡς ἐγώ φηµι, προστέτακται ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ
πράττειν καὶ ἐκ µαντείων καὶ ἐξ ἐνυπνίων […]. ταῦτα, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, καὶ ἀληθῆ ἐστιν καὶ
εὐέλεγκτα. εἰ γὰρ δὴ ἔγωγε τῶν νέων τοὺς µὲν διαφθείρω, τοὺς δὲ διέφθαρκα, χρῆν [ἂν] δήπου, εἴτε (εἰ)
τινὲς αὐτῶν πρεσβύτεροι γενόµενοι ἔγνωσαν ὅτι νέοις οὖσιν αὐτοῖς ἐγὼ κακὸν πώποτέ τι
συνεβούλευσα, νυνὶ αὐτοὺς ἀναβαίνοντας ἐµοῦ κατηγορεῖν καὶ τιµωρεῖσθαι· εἰ δὲ µὴ αὐτοὶ ἤθελον,
[χρῆν ἂν] τῶν οἰκείων τινὰς τῶν ἐκείνων, πατέρας καὶ ἀδελφοὺς καὶ ἄλλους τοὺς προσήκοντας, εἴπερ
ὑπ' ἐµοῦ τι κακὸν ἐπεπόνθεσαν αὐτῶν οἱ οἰκεῖοι, νῦν µεµνῆσθαι καὶ τιµωρεῖσθαι.

diagivgnomai = zavw, biovw

dhmovsio~ = politikov~
peri; pleivstou tou`to poiou`mai = nomivzw tou`to pollou` a[xion ei\nai
ajhdhv~ « carivei~
prostavttw = keleuvw
mantei`on = o} oiJ qeoi; hJmi`n ejrwtw`si levgousin
ejnuvpnion = o[neiro~
tou`to eujevlegktovn ejsti = rJav/diovn ejsti deiknuvnai tou`to ajlhqe;~ o[n
proshvkwn = ei[te suggenhv~ ei[te fivlo~
ejpepovnqesan < pavscw
 163

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) tau`ta ta; [oracles] ……………………. [easy to prove] ……………………. ejstivn.

b) I always give a lot of importance to dreams.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) oiJ filovsofoi mavlista [politics] ……………………. e[pratton.

d) If he had suffered so many disgraces, he had to tell me about it.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) oiJ qeoi; [ordered] ……………………. aujtw`/ kata; tou;~ novmou~ [to live] ……………………. .

z) None of his relatives did anything unpleasant.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to spend time ……………………… manner ………………………

to decide ……………………… to destroy ………………………

to help ……………………… to believe ………………………

164

Melevthma 61

A servant tells Clytemnestra about Orestes' victory in the Delphic Games:

Κεῖνος γὰρ ἐλθὼν εἰς τὸ κλεινὸν Ἑλλάδος

πρόσχηµ' ἀγῶνος, Δελφικῶν ἄθλων χάριν,
ὅτ' ᾔσθετ' ἀνδρὸς ὀρθίων κηρυγµάτων
δρόµον προκηρύξαντος, οὗ (τοῦ ἀγῶνος) πρώτη κρίσις [ἐστίν],
εἰσῆλθε λαµπρός, πᾶσι τοῖς ἐκεῖ σέβας·
δρόµου δ' ἰσώσας τῇ φύσει (τῇ ἑαυτοῦ ῥώµῃ) τὰ τέρµατα,
νίκης ἔχων ἐξῆλθε πάντιµον γέρας.
χὤπως (καὶ ὅπως) µὲν ἐν πολλοῖσι παῦρά σοι λέγω
οὐκ οἶδα [ἄλλου] τοιοῦδ' ἀνδρὸς [ἄλλα] ἔργα καὶ κράτη·

kleinov~ = e[ndoxo~
provschma = paraskeuhv, kovsmo~, kovsmhma
prokhruvttw = ajggevllw
krivsi~ = a\qlo~, ajgwvn
sevba~ = qau`ma, o} pavnte~ qaumavzousin
ijsovw tou;~ duvo qhsaurouv~ = tou;~ duvo qhsaurou;~ i[sou~ poiw`
tevrma « ajrchv
gevra~ = a\qlon
pau`ro~ « poluv~
kravto~ = duvnami~, rJwvmh
 165

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) tou`to [something admirable] ……………………. ejstivn, toiou`to ga;r

[strength] ……………………. e[cei.

b) It's a difficult decision, to whom we give the reward.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) oiJ ∆Aqhnai`oi e[mpeiroi h\san tou` tw`n ajgwvnwn [paraphernalia] ……………………. .

d) The herald announced just a few things.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) to; tou` drovmou [finish] ……………………. ejn ejkeivnh/ th`/ [famous] …………………….

kwvmh/ h\n.

z) I ordered him to make both armies equal.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

because of ……………………… task ………………………

to know ……………………… struggle ………………………

nature ……………………… victory ………………………

166

Melevthma 62

Plato tells us that people rely on those who are the best experts in the speciality, even
the king of Persia will prefer Greek cooks:

– Εἶεν, ἦν δ' ἐγώ, ὦ ἄριστε· οὐκ ἄρα τὴν ἡλικίαν σου περιµένει ὁ πατὴρ ἐπιτρέπειν (ἵνα ἐπιτρέπῃ) πάντα
[σοι], ἀλλ' ᾗ ἂν ἡµέρᾳ ἡγήσηταί σε βέλτιον αὑτοῦ φρονεῖν, ταύτῃ ἐπιτρέψει σοι καὶ αὑτὸν καὶ τὰ αὑτοῦ.
– Οἶµαι ἔγωγε, ἔφη. – Εἶεν, ἦν δ' ἐγώ· τί δέ; τῷ γείτονι ἆρ' οὐχ ὁ αὐτὸς ὅρος ὅσπερ τῷ πατρὶ περὶ σοῦ;
πότερον οἴει αὐτὸν ἐπιτρέψειν σοι τὴν αὑτοῦ οἰκίαν οἰκονοµεῖν, ὅταν σε ἡγήσηται βέλτιον περὶ
οἰκονοµίας ἑαυτοῦ φρονεῖν, ἢ αὐτὸν ἐπιστατήσειν; – Ἐµοὶ ἐπιτρέψειν οἶµαι. [...] – Πρὸς Διός, ἦν δ'
ἐγώ, τί ἄρα ὁ µέγας βασιλεύς; πότερον τῷ πρεσβυτάτῳ ὑεῖ, οὗ ἡ τῆς Ἀσίας ἀρχὴ γίγνεται, µᾶλλον ἂν
ἐπιτρέψειεν ἑψοµένων κρεῶν [ἐµβάλλειν] ὅτι ἂν βούληται ἐµβαλεῖν εἰς τὸν ζωµόν, ἢ ἡµῖν, εἰ
ἀφικόµενοι παρ' ἐκεῖνον ἐνδειξαίµεθα αὐτῷ ὅτι ἡµεῖς κάλλιον φρονοῦµεν ἢ ὁ ὑὸς αὐτοῦ περὶ ὄψου
σκευασίας; – Ἡµῖν δῆλον ὅτι, ἔφη. – Καὶ τὸν µέν γε οὐδ' ἂν σµικρὸν ἐάσειεν ἐµβαλεῖν· ἡµᾶς δέ, κἂν
εἰ βουλοίµεθα δραξάµενοι τῶν ἁλῶν, ἐῴη ἂν ἐµβαλεῖν. – Πῶς γὰρ οὔ;

hJlikiva = oJ tw`n ejtw`n ajriqmo;~ a} h[dh gegovnamen

geivtwn = oJ ejggu;~ hJmw`n oijkw`n
ejpistatevw = despovth~ eijmiv, a[rcomai
e{yw = ejn qermwtavtw/ u{dati paraskeuavzw i{na ejsqivw
oiJ levonte~ kreva~ ejsqivousin
zwmov~ = o} ejpi; to; kreva~ tivqemen i{na bevltion geu`ma e[ch/
o[yon = si`to~
skeuasiva = paraskeuhv
dravssw touvtou = th`/ ceiri; polu; touvtou lambavnw
a{l~ « savkcaron
 167

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) tou` basilevw~ ajpoqanovnto~, pavnte~ [to be in command] ……………………. bouvlontai.

b) This cook knows the best preparation for the sauce.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) ouj bouvlomaiv soi th;n ejmh;n [age] ……………………. eijpei`n.

d) I always grab meat, I like it.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) oiJ ejmoi; [neighbours] ……………………. ta; wj/a` [boil] ……………………. .

z) I always sprinkle salt on the food.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to prove ……………………… limit ………………………

to administer ……………………… to consider ………………………

to expect ……………………… to allow ………………………

168

Melevthma 63

Tecmessa tells us about the moment when Ajax, in a state of anger, goes out of his tent
at night, and she, surprised, tries unsuccessfully to stop him:

Ἅπαν µαθήσῃ τοὔργον, ὡς κοινωνὸς ὤν.

Κεῖνος γὰρ ἄκρας νυκτός, ἡνίχ' (ὅτε) ἕσπεροι
λαµπτῆρες οὐκέτ' ᾖθον, ἄµφηκες λαβὼν
ἐµαίετ' ἔγχος ἐξόδους ἕρπειν κενάς (ἀχρήστους).
Κἀγὼ 'πιπλήσσω καὶ λέγω· «Τί χρῆµα δρᾷς,
Αἴας; τί τήνδ' ἄκλητος οὔθ' ὑπ' ἀγγέλων
κληθεὶς ἀφορµᾷς πεῖραν οὔτε του κλύων
σάλπιγγος; ἀλλὰ νῦν γε πᾶς εὕδει στρατός.»
Ὁ δ' εἶπε πρός µε βαί', ἀεὶ δ' ὑµνούµενα·
«Γύναι, γυναιξὶ κόσµον ἡ σιγὴ φέρει.»
Κἀγὼ µαθοῦσ' ἔληξ', ὁ δ' ἐσσύθη µόνος·

koinwnov~ = o}~ koinou` bouleuvmato~ metevcei

ai[qw = kaivomai
ajmfhvkh~ = diplh`n ajkmh;n e[cwn
e[gco~, -ou~ = xi`fo~
ejpiplhvttw = mevmfomai
kluvw = ajkouvw
baiov~ = ojlivgo~
uJmnevw = ejpainevw, timavw
lhvgw = pauvomai
seuvomai = oJrmavomai
 169

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) pa`sai aiJ lampavde~ [were burning] ……………………. .

b) I was hearing him taking the sword.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) ajei; [we celebrate] ……………………. ejkei`non to;n e[ndoxon stratiwvthn

[double-edged] ……………………. xi`fo~ e[conta.

d) Our accomplice set off immediately.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) ejmoi; [reproaching] ……………………. [a few words] ……………………. ajpekrivnato.

z) I will stop tomorrow.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

evening ……………………… top ………………………

silence ……………………… empty ………………………

to creep ……………………… to learn ………………………

170

Melevthma 64

Plutarch makes clear that choosing the best teachers is the most important, and there is
a nice comparison between the education of children and the cultivation of plants (note:
there are some doubts about the authorship of this work "The education of children"):

Τὸ δὲ πάντων µέγιστον καὶ κυριώτατον τῶν εἰρηµένων ἔρχοµαι φράσων. διδασκάλους γὰρ ζητητέον
τοῖς τέκνοις, οἳ καὶ τοῖς βίοις εἰσὶν ἀδιάβλητοι καὶ τοῖς τρόποις ἀνεπίληπτοι καὶ ταῖς ἐµπειρίαις ἄριστοι·
πηγὴ γὰρ καὶ ῥίζα καλοκαγαθίας τὸ νοµίµου τυχεῖν παιδείας. καὶ καθάπερ τὰς χάρακας οἱ γεωργοὶ τοῖς
φυτοῖς παρατιθέασιν, οὕτως οἱ νόµιµοι τῶν διδασκάλων ἐµµελεῖς τὰς ὑποθήκας καὶ παραινέσεις
παραπηγνύουσι τοῖς νέοις, ἵν' ὀρθὰ τούτων βλαστάνῃ τὰ ἤθη.

ajdiavblhto~ = o}n diabavllein oujdeni; e[xestin

ajnepivlhpto~ = o}n mevmfesqai oujdeni; e[xestin
rJivza = to; tou` fitou` mevro~ uJpo; th`~ gh`~ keivmenon
novmimo~, -o~, -on = kata; tou;~ novmou~
cavrax, -ako~ = bakthriva h} ta; neva futa; uJposthrivzei
ejmmelhv~ = ajgaqov~, eujprephv~, proshvkwn
uJpoqhvkh = sumboulhv, paraivnesi~
paraphvgnumi (paraphgnuvw) = parativqhmi, divdwmi
to; futo;n blastavnei = to; futo;n givgnetai kai; aujxavnetai
h\qo~, -ou~ = divaita, o} kaq∆ hJmevran poiou`men
 171

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) hJ [root] ……………………. ajsqhnh;~ h\n, e[dei de; [a stake] ……………………. paraqei`nai.

b) His customs were irreprochable indeed.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) ou|to~ oJ [competent] ……………………. didavskalo~ polla; ajgaqa; aujtw`/

[set beside] ……………………. .

d) These young boys grew up without criticism.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) ajei; tai`~ [precepts] ……………………. aujtou` peivsomai.

z) Citizens who abide by the law are the best ones.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

plant ……………………… the same as ………………………

advice ……………………… manner ………………………

biggest ……………………… to look for ………………………

172

Melevthma 65

Philostratus tells us about a native from India who has learnt Greek really well,
something that Damis had not expected, and even less that he can express himself so
well in Greek. Then, after a while, a problem of diabolical possession interrupts the
meeting:

Ταῦτα τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ διελθόντος ἐκπεσεῖν ὁ Δάµις ἑαυτοῦ φησιν ὑπ' ἐκπλήξεως καὶ ἀναβοῆσαι µέγα, µὴ γὰρ
[ἔφη] ἄν ποτε νοµίσαι ἄνδρα Ἰνδὸν ἐς τοῦτο ἐλάσαι γλώττης Ἑλλάδος, µηδ' ἄν, εἴπερ τὴν γλῶτταν
ἠπίστατο, τοσῇδε εὐροίᾳ καὶ ὥρᾳ διελθεῖν ταῦτα. ἐπαινεῖ δὲ αὐτοῦ καὶ βλέµµα καὶ µειδίαµα καὶ τὸ µὴ
ἀθεεὶ δοκεῖν ἐκφέρειν τὰς δόξας. [...] Μεταξὺ δὲ τῶν λόγων τούτων ἐφίσταται τοῖς σοφοῖς ὁ ἄγγελος
Ἰνδοὺς ἄγων σωτηρίας δεοµένους. καὶ παρῆγε γύναιον ἱκετεῦον ὑπὲρ παιδός, ὃν ἔφασκε µὲν ἑκκαίδεκα
ἔτη γεγονέναι, δαιµονᾶν δὲ δύο ἔτη, τὸ δὲ ἦθος τοῦ δαίµονος εἴρωνα εἶναι καὶ ψεύστην.

tou`tov moi e[kplhxin parevcei = tou`to qaumavzw

ajnaboavw = megavlh/ fwnh`/ ejpainevw
eu[roia = eujporiva, ajfqoniva
w{ra = cavri~, kavllo~
blevmma = o[yi~, ei\do~
meidivama < meidiavw = mikro;n gelavw
ajqeeiv = tw`n qew`n oujk wjfelouvntwn
guvnaion = mikra; gunhv
daimonavw = daimonivzw, daivmwn ti~ to;n ejmo;n nou``n katevcei
ei[rwn = o}~ prospoiei`tai kai; pro;~ tou;~ a[llou~ paivzei
 173

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) megavlhn [aboundance] ……………………. lovgwn ei\cen oJ rJhvtwr,

[without help from the gods] ……………………. de; pavnta~ e[peisen.

b) By his appearance it was possible to see that he was possessed by a devil.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) tou`to megavlhn [astonishment] ……………………. parevsce moi.

d) The little woman showed a nice smile.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) oi\da aujto;n [a mocker] ……………………. o[nta, o{mw~ de; th;n

[charm] ……………………. aujtou` qaumavzw.

z) When the speaker stopped talking, the listeners praised him loudly.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

plant ……………………… the same as ………………………

advice ……………………… manner ………………………

biggest ……………………… to look for ………………………

174

Melevthma 66

Nicias, talking about the expedition to Sicily, warns the Athenians that the only thing
they will get is even more enemies and that they should not rely on the recent treaty, a
treaty accepted by the enemy because they were not in a position to reject it, but
things may change soon:

Φηµὶ γὰρ ὑµᾶς, πολεµίους πολλοὺς ἐνθάδε ὑπολιπόντας, καὶ ἑτέρους ἐπιθυµεῖν, ἐκεῖσε πλεύσαντας,
δεῦρο ἐπαγαγέσθαι. καὶ οἴεσθε ἴσως τὰς γενοµένας ὑµῖν σπονδὰς ἔχειν (εἶναι) τι βέβαιον, αἵ,
ἡσυχαζόντων µὲν ὑµῶν, ὀνόµατι σπονδαὶ ἔσονται, οὕτω γὰρ ἐνθένδε τε ἄνδρες ἔπραξαν αὐτὰ καὶ ἐκ τῶν
ἐναντίων, σφαλέντων δέ που [ὑµῶν] ἀξιόχρεῳ δυνάµει, ταχεῖαν τὴν ἐπιχείρησιν ἡµῖν οἱ ἐχθροὶ
ποιήσονται, οἷς πρῶτον µὲν διὰ συµφορῶν ἡ σύµβασις καὶ ἐκ τοῦ αἰσχίονος ἢ ἡµῖν [εἶναι] (ἐκ τοῦ
εἶναι...) κατ' ἀνάγκην ἐγένετο, ἔπειτα [δὲ] ἐν αὐτῇ ταύτῃ [τῇ συµβάσει] πολλὰ τὰ ἀµφισβητούµενα
ἔχοµεν. εἰσὶ δ' οἳ οὐδὲ ταύτην πω τὴν ὁµολογίαν ἐδέξαντο, καὶ οὐχ οἱ ἀσθενέστατοι.

uJpoleivpw = kataleivpw
ejpavgomai = fevrw pro;~ ejmev
hJsucavzw = oujde;n poiw`, ouj mavcomai, hJsucivan a[gw
ejnqevnde a[ndre~ = a[ndre~ th`~ hJmetevra~ cwvra~
sfavllomai « nikavw
ajxiovcrew~, -wn = iJkanov~, mevga~
ejpiceivrhsi~ = ejpiceivrhma< ejpiceirevw = peiravw
sumforav = dustuciva
suvmbasi~ = sunqhvkai
oJmologiva = sunqhvkai
 175

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) toi`~ [people from here] ……………………. e[doxe mh; mavcesqai.

b) Not everybody wanted to sign that worthy agreement.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) eja;n tou`to poih`/~, pleivou~ polemivou~ eij~ th;n patrivda [you will bring] ……………………. .

d) I know that you will fail in that enterprise.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) tauvthn th;n [misfortune] ……………………. paqovnti e[doxe th;n povlin

[to abandon] ……………………. .

z) When they Spartans accepted the agreement, the Athenians could be at ease.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to think ……………………… weak ………………………

safe ……………………… power ………………………

to accept ……………………… other ………………………

176

Melevthma 67

The prosecutor asks the judges and everybody else to be impartial, and insists on the
point that they themselves would get angry if somebody with power asked them not to
be impartial but to favour someone in a trial:

Ἐγὼ µέν, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, καὶ ὑµᾶς αἰτοῦµαι τὰ δίκαια ψηφίσασθαι, καὶ τῶν στρατηγῶν δέοµαι, ἐπεὶ
καὶ ἐν τῇ ἄλλῃ ἀρχῇ πολλοῦ ἄξιοι τῇ πόλει γεγόνασι, καὶ περὶ τῶν τῆς ἀστρατείας γραφῶν κοινοὺς εἶναι
τῷ τε διώκοντι καὶ τῷ φεύγοντι, καὶ µὴ βοηθοῦντας ᾧ ἂν βούλωνται, πᾶσαν προθυµίαν ἔχειν παρὰ τὸ
δίκαιον ὑµᾶς ψηφίσασθαι, ἐνθυµουµένους ὅτι σφόδρ' ἂν ἠγανακτεῖτε, εἰ ἐν τῇ ὑµετέρᾳ δοκιµασίᾳ οἱ
θεσµοθέται ἀναβάντες ὑµῶν ἐδέοντο καταψηφίσασθαι, ἡγούµενοι δεινὸν εἶναι εἰ οἱ τιθέντες τὸν ἀγῶνα
καὶ τὴν ψῆφον διδόντες παρακελεύσονται τῶν µὲν µὴ καταψηφίζεσθαι, τῶν δὲ καταψηφίζεσθαι. τί δ' ἂν
αἴσχιον ἔθος ἢ δεινότερον πρᾶγµα τούτου ἐν τῇ πόλει γένοιτο, εἰ τολµήσει ὁ µὲν ἄρχων ἐν ταῖς τῶν
ἐπικλήρων δίκαις ἀντιβολεῖν καὶ ἱκετεύειν τοὺς δικαστὰς ὅ τι ἂν βούληται πραχθῆναι, ὁ δὲ πολέµαρχος
καὶ οἱ ἕνδεκα δεήσονται ἐν ταῖς δίκαις ταῖς ὑφ' ἑαυτῶν εἰσαγοµέναις, ὥσπερ καὶ νῦν;

eja;n yhfizovmeqa, tou;~ a[rconta~ ejleuqerw`~ aiJrouvmeqa

ajstrateiva = to; tw`/ strateuvmati mh; parei`nai
proqumiva = povqo~, ejpiqumiva
ejnqumevw = nomivzw
dokimasiva = ejxevtasi~
qesmoqevth~ = o}~ novmou~ tivqhsin
parakeleuvomai = ejpotruvnw
ejpivklhro~ = o}~ ta; tou` ajpoqanovnto~ patro;~ crhvmata devcetai
ajntibolevw = aijtevw
iJketeuvw = pro; tw`n qew`n aijtevw
 177

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) oJ neaniva~ [begged] …………………….

[exemption of military service] ……………………. crh`sqai.

b) The lawmakers entreated them not to kill the prisoners.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) toi`~ Lakedaimonivoi~ peri; touvtou [voted] ……………………. .

d) The boy, having become heir, was meditating about what had to be done.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) [Desire] ……………………. e[cw tou` mavcesqai.

z) I urged my students to do the test.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

to consider ……………………… matter ………………………

to help ……………………… strongly ………………………

vote ……………………… worthy ………………………

178

Melevthma 68

Socrates wants Euthyphro to help him to find out what holiness is, as it happens that
this man has prosecuted his own father for the sake of holiness. When he tries to leave,
Socrates tries to hold him back, and he says why:

Ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἄρα ἡµῖν πάλιν σκεπτέον τί ἐστι τὸ ὅσιον, ὡς ἐγὼ πρὶν ἂν µάθω ἑκὼν εἶναι οὐκ ἀποδειλιάσω.
ἀλλὰ µή µε ἀτιµάσῃς ἀλλὰ παντὶ τρόπῳ προσσχὼν τὸν νοῦν ὅτι µάλιστα νῦν εἰπὲ τὴν ἀλήθειαν· οἶσθα
γὰρ εἴπερ τις ἄλλος ἀνθρώπων, καὶ οὐκ ἀφετέος εἶ ὥσπερ ὁ Πρωτεὺς πρὶν ἂν εἴπῃς. εἰ γὰρ µὴ ᾔδησθα
σαφῶς τό τε ὅσιον καὶ τὸ ἀνόσιον, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως ἄν ποτε ἐπεχείρησας ὑπὲρ ἀνδρὸς θητὸς ἄνδρα
πρεσβύτην πατέρα διωκάθειν φόνου, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς θεοὺς ἂν ἔδεισας παρακινδυνεύειν µὴ οὐκ ὀρθῶς
αὐτὸ ποιήσοις, καὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ᾐσχύνθης· νῦν δὲ εὖ οἶδα ὅτι σαφῶς οἴει εἰδέναι τό τε ὅσιον καὶ µή.
εἰπὲ οὖν, ὦ βέλτιστε Εὐθύφρων, καὶ µὴ ἀποκρύψῃ ὅτι αὐτὸ ἡγῇ. {ΕΥΘ.} Εἰς αὖθις τοίνυν, ὦ Σώκρατες·
νῦν γὰρ σπεύδω ποι, καί µοι ὥρα ἀπιέναι. {ΣΩ.} Οἷα ποιεῖς, ὦ ἑταῖρε! ἀπ' ἐλπίδος µε καταβαλὼν
µεγάλης ἀπέρχῃ ἣν εἶχον, ὡς παρὰ σοῦ µαθὼν τά τε ὅσια καὶ [τὰ] µὴ [ὅσια], καὶ τῆς πρὸς Μέλητον
γραφῆς ἀπαλλάξοµαι, ἐνδειξάµενος ἐκείνῳ ὅτι σοφὸς ἤδη παρ' Εὐθύφρονος τὰ θεῖα γέγονα καὶ ὅτι
οὐκέτι ὑπ' ἀγνοίας αὐτοσχεδιάζω οὐδὲ καινοτοµῶ περὶ αὐτά (περὶ τὰ θεῖα).

o{sio~ = qei`o~
ajpodeiliavw = fobevomai
ajfetevo~ ei\ moi = e[xestiv moiv se ajfievnai / se ajpopevmpein
qhv~, qhtov~ oJ = ejleuvqero~ qerapw;n misqo;n decovmeno~ (oujdamw`~ dou`lo~)
diwkavqw = ejn divkh/ diwvkw, eij~ divkhn uJpavgw
parakinduneuvw = kinduneuvw
aijscuvnomai aujtouv~ = ouj bouvlomai aujtouv~ me ijdei`n a{te kakovn ti poihvsa~
ajgnoiva « gnw`si~
aujtoscediavzw = ouj paraskeuasavmeno~ dialevgomai
kainotomevw = metabavllw, nevon ti poiw`
 179

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) pavnte~ oiJ [innovators] ……………………. [to be released] ……………………. eijsivn.

b) This man wants to prosecute his own father.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) th;n eJautw`n [ignorance] ……………………. deiknuvnai

[they were afraid] ……………………. .

d) I feel ashamed in front of the priest, as I know nothing about holy matters.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) dehvsei me [to ad-lib] ……………………. , to;n ga;r lovgon ouj pareskeuvasa.

z) These servants will be in danger of being killed by the enemy.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

correctly ……………………… to get rid of ………………………

method ……………………… beginning ………………………

willing ……………………… clearly ………………………

180

Melevthma 69

It seems that the Athenian oligarchs do not manage to impose their political system, and
several cities try to regain freedom. Peisander, on the other side, goes the opposite
direction, helped by oligarchs in Athens:

περὶ µὲν οὖν τὴν Θάσον τἀναντία τοῖς τὴν ὀλιγαρχίαν καθιστᾶσι τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἐγένετο, δοκεῖν δέ µοι
καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις πολλοῖς τῶν ὑπηκόων· σωφροσύνην γὰρ λαβοῦσαι αἱ πόλεις καὶ ἄδειαν τῶν
πρασσοµένων, ἐχώρησαν ἐπὶ τὴν ἄντικρυς ἐλευθερίαν, τῆς ἀπὸ τῶν Ἀθηναίων ὑπούλου εὐνοµίας οὐ
προτιµήσαντες. οἱ δὲ ἀµφὶ τὸν Πείσανδρον παραπλέοντές τε, ὥσπερ ἐδέδοκτο, τοὺς δήµους (τὰς
δηµοκρατίας) ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι κατέλυον, καὶ [...] ἦλθον ἐς τὰς Ἀθήνας. καὶ καταλαµβάνουσι τὰ πλεῖστα
τοῖς ἑταίροις [ἤδη] προειργασµένα. καὶ γὰρ Ἀνδροκλέα τέ τινα, τοῦ δήµου µάλιστα προεστῶτα,
συστάντες τινὲς τῶν νεωτέρων κρύφα ἀποκτείνουσιν, ὅσπερ καὶ τὸν Ἀλκιβιάδην οὐχ ἥκιστα ἐξήλασε
[...]· καὶ ἄλλους τινὰς ἀνεπιτηδείους τῷ αὐτῷ τρόπῳ κρύφα ἀνήλωσαν (ἀπέκτειναν).

uJphvkoo~ = o}~ peivqetai, o}~ uJpakouvei

a[ntikru~ = eujquv~, ajovknw~
u{poulo~, -o~, -on = yeudhv~
eujnomiva = kovsmo~, ajgaqh; ajrchv
protimavw touvtou = touvtou ejpimelevomai, nomivzw tou`to pollou` a[xion ei\nai
proergavzomai tou`to = tou`to poiw` pri;n a[lla poiei`n
proivstamai aujtw`n = oJ aujtw`n prostavth~ eijmiv
sunivstantai oiJ neanivai = oiJ neanivai eJtaireivan pravttousin i{na ti poiw`sin
ejxelauvnw = ejk th`~ cwvra~ ejkbavllw, fugh;n katagignwvskw
ajnepithvdeio~ « ejpithvdeio~, crhvsimo~, fivlo~
 181

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) th`~ [law and order] ……………………. e{neka aujtou;~ [sent into exile] ……………………. .

b) The previous events prevented him from becoming a general.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) oiJ poli`tai [formed a team] ……………………. kai; [without hesitation] …………………….

tou;~ aijcmalwvtou~ ajpevkteinan.

d) All the subjects obeyed the leader of the soldiers.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) oiJ ∆Aqhnai`oi ouj [gave importance] ……………………. tou` tou;~

[inconvenient people] ……………………. ejkbalei`n.

z) Do not rely on this man, as he is deceitful.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

especially ……………………… minimally ………………………

to destroy ……………………… prudence ………………………

to sail along ……………………… opposite ………………………

182

Melevthma 70

(continuation of 69) A couple of agreements had taken place about the soldiers and about
who should share the power, and political life went on but with the assemblies under
control of those in power and with a sad destiny for those who opposed them:

λόγος τε ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ (φανερῶς) προείργαστο αὐτοῖς ὡς οὔτε µισθοφορητέον εἴη ἄλλους ἢ τοὺς
στρατευοµένους οὔτε µεθεκτέον [εἴη] τῶν πραγµάτων πλέοσιν ἢ πεντακισχιλίοις, καὶ τούτοις οἳ ἂν
µάλιστα τοῖς τε χρήµασι καὶ τοῖς σώµασιν ὠφελεῖν οἷοί τε ὦσιν. ἦν δὲ τοῦτο εὐπρεπὲς πρὸς τοὺς
πλείους, ἐπεὶ ἕξειν γε τὴν πόλιν οἵπερ καὶ [τὴν ἀρχὴν] µεθίστασαν ἔµελλον (ἕξειν τὴν πόλιν ἔµελλον).
[ὁ] δῆµος µέντοι ὅµως ἔτι καὶ [ἡ] βουλὴ ἡ ἀπὸ τοῦ κυάµου (ψήφοις ᾑρηµένα) συνελέγετο (ἔτι
συνελέγετο)· ἐβούλευον δὲ οὐδὲν ὅ τι µὴ τοῖς συνεστῶσι δοκοίη, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ λέγοντες ἐκ τούτων (ἐκ
τῶν ἀρχόντων) ἦσαν, καὶ τὰ ῥηθησόµενα πρότερον αὐτοῖς προύσκεπτο. ἀντέλεγέ τε οὐδεὶς ἔτι τῶν
ἄλλων, δεδιὼς καὶ ὁρῶν πολὺ [ὂν] τὸ συνεστηκός· εἰ δέ τις καὶ ἀντείποι, εὐθὺς ἐκ τρόπου τινὸς
ἐπιτηδείου ἐτεθνήκει, καὶ τῶν δρασάντων οὔτε ζήτησις οὔτ', εἰ ὑποπτεύοιντο, δικαίωσις ἐγίγνετο.

fanerov~ « kruptov~ , ajpovkrufo~

misqoforevw aujtovn = aujtw`/ crhvmata divdwmi i{na moi ejrgavzh/.
meqektevo~ < metevcw
meqivsthmi = metabavllw
kuvamo~ = mikro;n lavcanon w|/ ejyhfivzonto wJ~ mikra/ yhvfw/
rJhqhvsomai < levgw
proskevptomai = skevptomai pro; a[llou tino;~
to; sunesthkov~ = oJ h[dh pareskeuamevnon kei`tai
zhvthsi~ = hJ tou` qhtei`n pravxi~
dikaivwsi~ = kovlasi~, katadivkh
 183

Fill the blanks in a-g-e and translate b-d-z:

a) mikrou;~ livqou~ oujk e[comen, dehvsei hJma`~ [beans] ……………………. crwmevnou~ yhfivzesqai.

b) The punishment must be shared by everybody.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g) bouvlomai [check in advance] ……………………. pavnta a} [will be said] ……………………. .

d) He did this publicly.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) ejn nw`/ e[cw [what has been prepared] ……………………. [to change] ……………………. .

z) I hired many men to collaborate in the search.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Translate these easy words related to the text:

convenient ……………………… to fear ………………………

to gather ……………………… to suspect ………………………

to help ……………………… council ………………………

184

Key to the exercises

Melevthma 1

a) hJsqevnte~, a[naudoi
b) oiJ ejnavlioi qeoi; ajlhqw`~ calepoiv eijsin, wJ~ to; eijkov~.
g) prasia`/, paraplhvsia
d) spoudh`/ ajfikovmenoi ejkei` ejfevsthmen.
e) phga;~
z) to; u{dwr ajpo; tou` potamou; pro;~ th;n povlin diwceteuvsamen.

Melevthma 2

a) ejpiqumivan, sunei`nai
b) oiJ pai`de~ foitw`sin pro;~ to; didaskalei`on dia; traceiva~ oJdou`.
g) puknou;~, sfovdra
d) ejpuqovmhn ta; a[nqh aujtou` ajpomaranqeivsa~.
e) ajspavzesqai
z) pro;~ ta;~ ∆Aqhvna~ qamivzei.

Melevthma 3

a) uJpavrcei
b) eijkovtw~, aujto;n misou`sin.
g) h{kista, tw`/ plhvqei
d) e[doxev moi uJpe;r tou` khdestou` timwrei`n.
e) proshvkei, ajneyivw/
z) e[cqran oJrw` ejn toi`~ ojfqalmoi`~ aujtou`.

Melevthma 4

a) h{kei, tw`/ o[rqrw/

b) th;n quvran ajnevw/xan kai; tacevw~ eijsh`lqon ejpeigovmenoi.
g) ejgrhvgore, thnikavde
d) tauvthn th;n bivblon ajnevgnw prwv/hn.
e) th`/ parelqouvsh/ hJmevra/
z) aujto;n sfovdra e[krousa livqw/.
 185

Melevthma 5

a) proh/vdh, ejlogisavmhn
b) eJkovnte~ i[asin, fivloi gavr eijsin oujde; e[cqroi.
g) tw/
d) pollh;n dapavnhn ejn tai`~ ∆Aqhvnai~ ejpoivhsan.
e) lusitelei`, pragmateiva
z) ijscura; ou\sa, ajnaduvesqai ejdunhvqh.

Melevthma 6

a) hjlevoun, zhmivan
b) ajei; aujto;n kakologou`si diovti tou`to e[drasen.
g) ejpiceirei`n
d) ejn touvtw/ tw`/ ejpiceirhvmati ejdustuvchsen.
e) ejbivasan, wjrfanivsqhsan
z) to; bevlo~ tou` kevntrou oujk e[tucen.

Melevthma 7

a) paraplhvsiovn, trofh;
b) oiJ prevsbei~ ajphuqadivsanto pro;~ to;n basileva, eujergevthn pro;~ tou;~ polivta~ a[ndra.
g) parakeleuvsew~, xunorivda
d) oJ path;r aujto;n kaq∆ hJmevran ejsivtei.
e) sithvsew~
z) ejdei`to pro;~ ta;~ ∆Aqhvna~ wJ~ tavcista zeuvgei tini; ijevnai.

Melevthma 8

a) prosevmenon, hJ froura;
b) oiJ katavskopoi uJpo; tw`n hJmetevrwn fulavkwn h/Jrevqhsan.
g) gnwvmh, peripovlia
d) si`ton pollacovqen eijsekovmisan.
e) perievpemyan, provplou~
z) pw`~ a]n dunaivmeqa tou`to a[neu crhmavtwn prosfevrein…

Melevthma 9
a) iJkano;n, ajpevbalen
186

b) aujtw`/ ejpevqento dia; th;n uJpoyivan.

g) ejpiboulh;n, proevpaqen
d) tou`to to; bouvleuma ajpevlusan.
e) mhnuvei
z) ejpivdoxov~ ejsti tou`to aiJrhvsein.

Melevthma 10

a) to;n pavppon, ejktrevfousin

b) aujto;n e[qayan, a[qlion a[ndra.
g) sullhvyew~, ejlevgcein.
d) oiJ dikastai; aujtou` katevgnwsan ajkrivtou.
e) ejstevrhsan, uJpoloivpwn
z) tou`to poiw`n, oujde;n peranei`~.

Melevthma 11

a) diaporqmeuvsasai, ejfavnhsan
b) paragenovmeno~, oJ luvko~ to;n kuvna hjgrivwsen.
g) diekovmise, to; boukovlion
d) oJ Poseidw`n tevra~ ejk th`~ qalavtth~ ajnevdwken.
e) ejpevtaxan, kataquvein
z) tw`/ Krhvti tevrati ejmacesavmhn.

Melevthma 12

a) fuvsa~, ajfh`ken
b) oJ Promhqeu;~ to; pu`r tw/` ajnqrwpinw`/ fuvlw/ e[dwken.
g) suvgcei, spavnei
d) aujto;n hjxivwsa fonikh`~ divkh~.
e) e[nocon, trofeu;~
z) ai[tioi me;n oujk h\san, kaqaroi; dev.

Melevthma 13

a) sunanevpeisan, plhrou`n
b) aujtoi`~ e[doxe pro;~ tou;~ hjpeirwvta~ ejpiceirei`n.
g) eJkastacovqen
d) ejkeivnw/ tw`/ h\ri to; kau`ma ajivdion h\n.
 187

e) ajntitolma`n, ajpovpeiran
z) nomivzw aujto;n tou`to katergavsesqai.

Melevthma 14

a) ajdelfido;n, crhsto;n
b) oiJ soi; khdestai; oujdevpote bouvlontai ajproivkou~ gunai`ka~ gamei`n.
g) ejphnevcqh
d) paro;n megavlhn proi`ka kta`sqai, oujk ejboulhvqhn.
e) ijdiva/
z) nomivzw tou`to to; stravteuma e[latton ei\nai th`~ sh`~.

Melevthma 15

a) diakonou`nte~, uJpevrw/
b) e[kleisa th;n quvran tw`/ moclw`/.
g) oijkevta~, tw`/ korhvqrw/
d) ou{tw~ ajporw`n, devomai ejpw/dhv~ tino~.
e) diavgetai, uJphretou`sin
z) ejn ejkeivnw/ tw`/ katagwgivw/ tevttara~ hJmevra~ e[menon.

Melevthma 16

a) skhnou`n, diatelei`te
b) polla; proskrouvmata ajpo; aujtw`n ejdexavmeqa.
g) ajristhvsante~, diavxomen
d) eijwvqamen ejn th`/ froura`/ mevnein.
e) sumbaivnei, paroinei`~
z) oiJ a[rconte~ aujtou;~ tw`/ strateuvmati proevgrayan.

Melevthma 17

a) ajrcairesivoi~, diairou`ntai
b) ouJdevpote me;n oJmologou`sin, ajei; de; diafevrontai.
g) prospoiei`sqai, ejpiouvsh/
d) dei` me diakrivnesqai tiv~ u{pato~ pro;~ ta;~ ∆Aqhvna~ ei\si.
e) oJrkou`n.
z) to; me;n ajstiko;n oujk e[dwke tou`to aujtw`/, oJ de; ejklhrwvsato.
188

Melevthma 18

a) a[rnusqai, ajntilevgei~
b) metesthvsato a[lloqi, ajmuvhto~ ga;r h\n peri; ta; musthvria.
g) strathgivda
d) oJ pavnta e[carno~ h[dh oi[cetai.
e) ejxwvrmoun
z) kai; eij ejkei`no to; meiravkion ajpevkteinen, a[deian e[cei.

Melevthma 19

a) scedo;n, politeivan
b) eja;n bouvlh/ ejnqavde oijkei`n, dei` se peri; touvtwn tw`n pragmavtwn katasiwpa`n.
g) ejfexh`~
d) bouvlomai ejxetavzein dia; tiv ajei; ejn tai`~ sullogai`~ dialanqavnei.
e) politeuvesqai, pantacou`
z) oJ path;r to;n mu`qon toi`~ paisi; dih`lqen.

Melevthma 20

a) e{xin, sullambavnei
b) ejpido;~ tou`to tw`/ sw`/ douvlw/, ou|to~ ga;r poihvsei.
g) scolika;, h{sqh~
d) tou`to uJpevbalen, oJ de; Periklh`~, ta; eijrhmevna ajkouvsa~, ajntevsth.
e) uJpagoreuvsw
z) ajraiw`~ toiau`ta plavsmata poiw`.

Melevthma 21

a) eijdh`te, eijdw;~
b) dei` me kreivttou~ summavcou~ e[cein, bouvlomai de; touvtou~ proslabei`n.
g) qarruvnein
d) nu`n crhmavtwn ajporw`, oJ de; Periklh`~ oujde;n kevkthtai.
e) sumbouleuvesqai
z) eujdaimonivzomen tou;~ strathgou;~ pollaplasivou~ stratiwvta~ e[conta~.

Melevthma 22

a) ajkatagwnistoi;
 189

b) pavnta ta; bevlh pro;~ ta;~ bavsei~ kaqivesan.

g) hjkovntisan
d) hjganavkthse diovti hJ oijkiva h{yato.
e) folivda, ajnupevrblhtov~
z) hJ th`~ druo;~ o[yi~ kallivsth h\n.

Melevthma 23

a) o{son, katetovxeusan
b) oiJ pai`de~ pavnta to;n turo;n ejnevfagon.
g) pevlagei.
d) pavnta~ tou;~ bovtru~ ajpoqlivyante~ oi\non ejkthsavmeqa.
e) ejpilevloipen
z) hjxivwsan tou`to to; u{dwr sumphgnuvnai.

Melevthma 24

a) proslabw`men, sterhvsousin
b) kakoi; a[nqrwpoi oujc uJpavrcousin ejn tauvth/ th`/ povlei.
g) crhvsanto~, ejfeivdomen
d) ou|to~ oJ strathgo;~ ajei; tw`n stratiwtw`n ajmelei`.
e) ejpileivyw, parakeimevna~
z) oJ Periklh`~ ejpexh`lqe dia; tiv oiJ ∆Aqhnai`oi th`~ a[llh~ povlew~ dihvmarton.

Melevthma 25

a) eujwvnumon
b) e[deisan mh; oiJ polevmioi ajfivkointo.
g) ajnevptuxan, ejpoihvsanto
d) toi`~ summavcoi~ sunevtucon kai; oJmou` proucwvrhsan.
e) mei`on, ajphllavghsan
z) e[doxen aujtoi`~ pro;~ th;n povlin prosavgein kai; aujth;n periptuvssein.

Melevthma 26

a) ejpithvdeia, naukrathvsante~
b) pavnta ta; skeuh` kai; tou;~ ajsqenei`~ eijshvnegkon.
g) diavnoian, h[/sqonto
d) oiJ Pevrsai, ijdovnte~ th;n ajpovklh/sin, ejfobou`nto.
190

e) teicivsmati, ajpevlabon
z) th;n povlin ejfrouvrhsan.

Melevthma 27

a) sunhvrghsa, crivzein
b) ejphvggeila o{ti oiJ stratiw`tai h[dh kaqwplismevnoi h\san.
g) devdia, speivrwsin
d) hJ tw`n bow`n katavzeuxi~ calepwtavth ejgevneto.
e) ajnevdusan, kruvfa
z) tou`tov soi ejgceiriw` ejavn moi tajlhqh` levgh/~.

Melevthma 28

a) iJdrw`to~, dhmhgorou`nto~
b) ejmou` tou`to eijpovnto~, hjruqrivasen.
g) eiJlkuvsqh~, ajnevneusen
d) tevlo~ de; diwmolovghsan to;n Swkravth sofwvteron ei\nai.
e) e[cei, movgi~
z) katevneusen, rJa`/ston de; h\n hJmi`n th;n ajmaqivan aujtou` aijsqavnesqai.

Melevthma 29

a) probouvleuma, ajntivpalo~
b) o[yei aujth;n to;n povlemon kataluvousan.
g) uJpevrcontai
d) th;n cwvran ajsfalw`~ katevcei.
e) teleuthvsanto~, diepravxanto
z) ejpeidh; tou`to sunevbh, tou;~ ∆Aqhnaivou~ mavlista ejqeravpeusa.

Melevthma 30

a) neovthti, ejnestatopevdeusan
b) oiJ polevmioi e[temon ejkei`non to;n tovpon, tovpon tina; gewrgei`n ejpithvdeion.
g) eijsbolh`/
d) hJ filosofiva kata; ejkei`non to;n crovnon.
e) ou[pw, ajphvnthsan.
z) aujtou;~ periei`de tou;~ polemivou~ oJrmw`nta~.
 191

Melevthma 31

a) scolaivw~, dusporeuvtou
b) e[dei me to; stravteuma sunepispeuvdein.
g) stenocwriva~, pranh`
d) qewra`sqai ejdunavmeqa th;n tw`n ejpi; tou` ghlovfou eujtaxivan.
e) kavndun, phlw`/
z) to;n i{ppon ejk tou` u{dato~ sunexebibavsamen.

Melevthma 32

a) kata; stovma
b) proutevrhsan diovti to; stravteuma ojrqw`~ parevtaxan.
g) duscwrivan, ejpevrreusan
d) oiJ polevmioi ta;~ trei`~ povlei~ katevlabon.
e) ejxecuvqhsan, sugkatevbhsan
z) th;n cwvran lehlathvsante~, ajneklhvqhsan.

Melevthma 33

a) hJnivka, brevfo~
b) oJ kuvklwy pavnta ta; tou` swvmato~ kw`la katevbrwsen.
g) bavsesin, ojcei`tai
d) thnikau`ta oiJ ∆Aqhnai`oi pavnta~ tou;~ polemivou~ ejnivkhsan.
e) ajpovllusqai, ajpevllaxan
z) ou|to~ oJ lovgo~ oujc uJpavrcei ejn tauvth/ th`/ glwvtth/.

Melevthma 34

a) ajnepeirw`nto, to;n e[kploun

b) pavnte~ katevgnwsan aujto;n a[riston strathgo;n o[nta.
g) ajpevlabon, aujtou`
d) ouj bouvlomai tou;~ polemivou~ ajnei`nai ajlla; trevpesqai.
e) ejpibouleuvomen
z) th`/ protevra/ tou;~ summavcou~ ejph`ran.

Melevthma 35

a) oiJ ajtucou`nte~, ejpipivptousin

192

b) kaivper a[doxo~ w[n, tauvthn th;n paravklhsin toi`~ stratiwvtai~ ejpoivhsen.

g) tapeinoi;, fronou`sin
d) sunebouvleusan mh; pro;~ tou;~ Pevrsa~ polemei`n.
e) sunevpesen, parekavlesen
z) ejkei`se eij~ to;n kairo;n ajfivkesqai ejpeceirhvsamen.

Melevthma 36

a) dihvrpase
b) e[deisan ajkouvonte~ ejkeivnou tou` ajnqrwvpou fqeggomevnou.
g) oJrma`n, tou;~ eujhqivzonta~
d) aujtou;~ a{te uJpokataklinomevnou~ dieptovhsa.
e) ajntelavbonto
z) e[dei me sustrevfein i{na toiauvthn fluarivan ei[poimi.

Melevthma 37

a) ajristivndhn, diafora;~
b) h{kwn ei\pen o{ti oJ sfevtero~ ajdelfo;~ ejnivkhsen.
g) e{deito
d) aujtou;~ pro;~ ta;~ ∆Aqhvna~ diakomivzein aiJrou`mai.
e) ejnevteine, filovthta
z) kreivttona qumo;n ejn aujtw`/ oJrw` h] ejn ejmautw`/.

Melevthma 38

a) duspeisto;~, mivmhma
b) hJ pra`xi~ tw`/ tou` Periklevou~ bouleuvmati ouj sunevbalen.
g) dhmiourgo;n, paralogivzesqai
d) to; me;n skovto~ misw`, th;n de; ejnavrgeian proairou`mai.
e) ejgohvteuon, mevcri
z) th`/ th`~ mavch~ o[yei ajnepterwvqh.

Melevthma 39

a) eJavlw
b) e[deisa mh; newterivzoien.
g) uJpoyiva, kaqevsthke
d) ejkei`noi oiJ ajllovfuloi ejndeei`~ u{dato~ h\san.
 193

e) prosedehvqhsan, mhkuvnein
z) e[dexen aujtw`/ a[rconti/a[rconta th`~ newteropoiiva~ genevsqai.

Melevthma 40
a) ejpignovnte~, tou;~ sunquvta~
b) th`~ mavch~ telesamevnh~, oiJ polevmioi ajnecwvrhsan.
g) sumfuei`~
d) pollou;~ ajqlhta;~ pro;~ th;n ijsqmiavda sunhvqroisan.
e) sunevbh
z) ejnedreuvsante~ aujtou;~ pantelw`~ uJperevbalon.

Melevthma 41
a) uJperhvreske, ejpifanh;~
b) dei` hJma`~ aujtou;~ dia; th`~ ÔEllavdo~ diaqevsqai.
g) kaqareuvein, uJpavgesqai
d) prosevqesan mhde;n ajnhvkeston poiei`n.
e) ejxergavsato, katepolemhvqh
z) toi`~ polemivoi~ sunevgnwsan.

Melevthma 42
a) provfasin, proh/vsqeto
b) meta; to;n povlemon, oiJ ∆Aqhnai`oi pavnta~ tou;~ fugavda~ uJpevlabon.
g) ejxevpese, sulloghvn
d) pollou;~ stratiwvta~ sullevxa~, ajph`lqen.
e) frouvrarcoi, kathvgagon
z) pollou;~ stratiwvta~ aJqroivsante~, ajfevsthsan.

Melevthma 43
a) forthgou;~, spavnew~
b) pevnte hJmerw`n th;n poreivan ejtevlesen.
g) ajpestavlh, pievswn
d) to; u{dwr ejpileivpei, dei` hJma`~ nau`n u{dato~ gevmousan pevmyai.
e) ajnevcqhsan
z) hJ suvnesi~ aujtou` th;n e[ndeian ejkwvlusen.
194

Melevthma 44
a) a[peiro~, ajpologei`sqai
b) uJpovmnhsin poiou` aujtw`/ touvtou, o{ti tou`to to; pra`gma bradevw~ bouleutevon ejstivn.
g) parithtevon
d) oujdemivan me;n ejxhvghsin ejpoivhsen, tau`ta de; ejnekavlesen.
e) ejgklhvmata, ejshvmhnan
z) tou`to to; bouvleuma wJ~ braduvtata skeptevon ejstivn.

Melevthma 45
a) wj/hvqhsan, ejkpesei`n
b) pro; th`~ mhtro;~ ajlhqh;~ ∆Aqhnai`o~ h\n.
g) di;~, ejstasivasan
d) dei` se skevptesqai wJ~ bdelurov~ ejstin.
e) uJpavrcousi
z) ejndeivxw aujto;n crhvmata daneivsanta.

Melevthma 46
a) fwvre~, ajnovsia
b) aujtw`/ nuvktwr epevtucon.
g) kloph`~
d) kaivper tou`to poihvsanta kaqaro;n nomivzousin.
e) lwpoduvtai, ejbohvqhsan
z) pollou;~ aijcmalwvtou~ nhpoini; ajpevkteinen.

Melevthma 47
a) prosevbalon, pandhmeiv
b) aujto;n e[yexan a{te pavnta ta; crhvmata ajnalwvsanta.
g) oJmovrou~
d) ouj mevllw tou`to ajnevxein.
e) deipnopoiouvmenoi, ejxevcean
z) ejn w|/ dievtribon, oijkiva~ tina;~ kataleifqeivsa~ katevkausan.

Melevthma 48
a) paradovxw~, sunetov~
b) ejpefavnh eij~ kairo;n tw`/ th;n pro;~ th;n povlin ejpivqesin kwluvein.
g) ajpevdeixa
 195

d) hJ th`~ povlew~ a{lwsi~ suntovmw~ ejgevneto.

e) kateplavghn, ejpinoiva/
z) to; bouvleuma proudhlwvqh.

Melevthma 49
a) parekolouvqhse
b) h[/dei tou`to uJperfue;~ probouvleuma o[n.
g) h[reto, hu|ren
d) eijshv/ei moi aujto;n prokalei`n.
e) ajntei`pon, peisomevnou~
z) ajei; touvtwn tw`n ajdikhmavtwn ejfqovnoun.

Melevthma 50
a) eijdovte~, to; diavfragma
b) neuvmati ejcrhvsato, oJ de; eij~ th;n kaluvbhn eijsh`lqen.
g) aujthvkoo~
d) eij~ to; iJero;n eijsh`lqon wJ~ iJketai; i{na th;n suvllhyin fuvgoien.
e) profavsei, eu[noian
z) ejskhnhvsanto ejkei`, para; tw`/ e{rkei.

Melevthma 51
a) uJpomevnein, talaipwriva~
b) ejn tauvth/ th`/ povlei katoikivsa~, hjsqevnhsen.
g) e[cei~
d) dia; th`~ povlew~ periveisin.
e) safev~, suggenei`~
z) th`~ me;n mavch~ metevscon, ajpevlipon de; qavteron.

Melevthma 52
a) ejfidei`n
b) oiJ qeoi; th;n ijscu;n ajjp∆ aujtou` ajfei`lon.
g) eujexivan, suvmmetro~
d) th`~ ajrxh`~ ijscuouvsh~, hJ touvtou tou` basilevw~ pleonexiva aujxavnetai.
e) w\ta
z) nu`n ejkei`non to;n mu`qon ejpevxeimi, pagcavlepon o[nta.
196

Melevthma 53
a) perifevromai
b) ajei; fluarei` kai; pro;~ ejme; diabola;~ bavllei.
g) ajntwmosiva~, pevri
d) manqavnwn periergavzetai.
e) kreivttone~, h{ttone~
z) to;n Swkravth diabavllei, oJ de; ajpologei`sqai ejpai?ei.

Melevthma 54
a) qespivzein
b) ejnqavde w[/kei a[cri tou` ajmhvtou crovnou.
g) ejnqevou~, ejxenhvnoca
d) oiJ qeoi; tou`ton to;n poihth;n to;n tou` cavou~ crovnon kleivein ejkevleusan.
e) qespevsia
z) au{th hJ guvnh polla;~ parainevsei~ ejn bivblw/ tini; ejntelei` e[grayen.

Melevthma 55
a) prosekovmisan
b) th`/ eJauth`~ aJmavxh/ wjchvsato i{na to; tw`n polemivwn sti`fo~ i[doi.
g) mhro;n, e[paisa
d) tou;~ polemivou~ ijdovnte~, oiJ hJmevteroi stratiw`tai ejxevklinan.
e) metadiwvxante~, wjruvxamen
z) camai; kaqhvmenoi, pro;~ aujth;n ejpi; th`~ aJmavxh~ eJsthkui`an ejblevpomen.

Melevthma 56
a) w\ptai
b) mikrou` devw aujtou;~ pavnta~ nika`n, ajlla; soiv ge oujk e[nestiv me nika`n.
g) suggnwvmh~, sumfevrei
d) pavnta ta; proeirhmevna ajlhqh` ejstin.
e) a[kwn, ajpeiriva~
z) kaivper ijdiwvth~ w[n, pavnta poiei`n duvnamai plh;n touvtou.

Melevthma 57
a) ejlavttwn
b) hJ qavlatta th;n nh`son ajpo; th`~ hjpeivrou dieivrgei.
g) e[qnh, katestrevyanto
 197

d) ei[rhmai o{ti au{th hJ povli~ uJpodeestevra ejsti; ejkeivnh~.

e) oJlkavda~, ajrkhvsei
z) nomivzw dei`n se tou`ton to;n povlemon ajnairei`n.

Melevthma 58
a) proshvkonta
b) dei` me sucna;~ leitourgiva~ pravttein, pleivona~ h[ se.
g) ajpodhmei`
d) oiJ ejpithvdeioi aujtou` megavlhn oujsivan e[cousin.
e) ajnacwrhvsew~, ijavsato
z) ejdevhsen aujto;n ajei; kavmnonta tou` ejrgavzesqai ajfivstasqai.

Melevthma 59
a) h|ttan, periora`n
b) ajei; crhmavtwn ajmfisbhtou`sin.
g) ejpimevleian, h|tton
d) thlikau`ta dustuchvmata hJlivka su; oujk ejpavqomen.
e) levlhqe, ai[scion
z) oJ Xevrxh~ pavnta~ tou;~ polivta~ katedouvlwsen.

Melevthma 60
a) mantei`a, eujevlegkta
b) ajei; peri; pleivstou poiou`mai ta; ejnuvpnia.
g) ta; dhmovsia
d) eij tosau`ta dustuchvmata ejpepovnqei, e[dei aujto;n peri; touvtou moi levgein.
e) prosevtaxan, diagivgnesqai
z) oujdei;~ tw`n proshkovntwn ajhdev~ ti ejpoivhsen.

Melevthma 61
a) sevba~, kravto~
b) caleph; krivsi~ ejstivn, w|/tini to; gevra~ divdomen.
g) proschvmato~
d) oJ kh`rux movnon pau`ra proekhvruxen.
e) tevrma, kleinh`/
z) aujto;n ejkevleusa tou;~ duvo stratou;~ ijsou`n.
198

Melevthma 62
a) ejpistatei`n
b) ou|to~ oJ ojyopoiov~ th;n tou` zwmou` ajrivsthn skeuasivan gignwvskei.
g) hJlikivan
d) ajei; krevw~ dravssw, ajrevskei gavr moi.
e) geivtone~, e{yousin
z) ajei; a{la ejpi; tou` o[you skedavnnumi.

Melevthma 63
a) h\/qon
b) e[kluon aujto;n to; e[gco~ lambavnonta.
g) uJmnou`men, a[mfhke~
d) oJ hJmevtero~ koinwno;~ eujqu;~ ejsseuvato-ejssuvqh.
e) ejpiplhvttonti, baiav
z) au[rion lhvxw.

Melevthma 64
a) rJivza, cavraka
b) ta; h[qh aujtou` ajnepivlhpta dh; h\n.
g) ejmmelhv~, parevphxen
d) ou|toi oiJ neanivai ajdiavblhtoi e[blaston.
e) uJpoqhvka~
z) oiJ novmimoi poli`tai a[ristoiv eijsin.

Melevthma 65
a) eu[roian, ajqeeiv
b) tw`/ blevmmati rJa/divw~ ejxh`n ijdei`n aujto;n daimonw`nta.
g) e[kplhxin
d) to; guvnaion kalo;n meidivama e[deixen.
e) ei[rwna, w{ran
z) ejpei; oJ rJhvtwr tou` lovgou ejpauvsato, oiJ ajkouvonte~ ajnebovhsan.

Melevthma 66
a) ejnqevnde
b) ouj pavnte~ ejboulhvqhsan ejkeivnhn th;n ajxiovcrewn suvmbasin uJpogravfesqai.
g) ejpavxei
 199

d) oi\dav se ejn tauvth/ th`/ ejpiceirhvsei sfalouvmenon.

e) sumforavn, uJpolipei`n
z) ejpei; oiJ Lakedaimovnioi th;n oJmologivan ejdevxanto, ejxh`n toi`~ ∆Aqhnaivoi~ hJsucavzein.

Melevthma 67
a) iJkevteuse, ajstrateivan
b) oiJ qesmoqevtai aujtou;~ hjntibovlhsan tou;~ aijcmalwvtou~ mh; ajpoktei`nai.
g) ejyhfivsanto
d) oJ pai`~, ejpivklhro~ genovmeno~, peri; ta; poihteva ejnequvmei.
e) proqumivan
z) tou;~ maqhta;~ parekeleusavmhn th;n dokimasivan poiei`n.

Melevthma 68
a) kainotomou`nte~, ajfetevoi
b) ou|to~ oJ a[nqrwpo~ to;n ejautou` patevra diwkavqein bouvletai.
g) ajgnoivan, ajpedeilivwn
d) to;n iJereva aijscuvnomai, oujde;n ga;r peri; ta; o{sia oi\da.
e) aujtoscediavzein
z) ou|toi oiJ qh`te~ parakinduneuvsousi mh; uJpo; tw`n polemivwn ajpoqavnwsin.

Melevthma 69
a) eujnomiva~, ejxhvlasan
b) ta; proeirgasmevna aujto;n ejkwvluse strathgo;n genevsqai.
g) sunevsthsan, a[ntikru~
d) pavnte~ oiJ uJphvkooi tw`/ tw`n stratiwtw`n proistamevnw/ ejpivqonto.
e) proetivmhsan, ajnepithdeivou~
z) mh; pisteuvete touvtw/ tw`/ ajndriv, a{te uJpouvvlw/ o[nti.

Melevthma 70
a) kuavmoi~
b) hJ dikaivwsi~ meqekteva pa`sivn ejstin.
g) proskevptesqai, rJhqhvsetai
d) tou`to ejk tou` fanerou` e[praxen.
e) to; sunesthkov~, metasth`sai
z) pollou;~ ajnqrwvpou~ ejmisqofovrhsa i{na th;n zhvthsin sumpravttoien.
200

Katavlogo~ suggrafevwn

1/ Lucian 25/ Xenophon 49/ Demosthenes

2/ Plato 26/ Thucydides 50/ Thucydides
3/ Lysias 27/ Apollodorus 51/ Isocrates
4/ Plato 28/ Plato 52/ Dio Chrysostom
5/ Demosthenes 29/ Demosthenes 53/ Plato
6/ Gorgias 30/ Thucydides 54/ Lucian
7/ Plato 31/ Xenophon 55/ Xenophon
8/ Thucydides 32/ Diodorus of Sicily 56/ Demosthenes
9/ Antiphon 33/ Apollodorus 57/ Thucydides
10/ Lysias 34/ Thucydides 58/ Dio Chrysostom
11/ Apollodorus 35/ Isocrates 59/ Isocrates
12/ Antiphon 36/ Plato 60/ Plato
13/ Thucydides 37/ Andocides 61/ Sophocles
14/ Lysias 38/ Dio Chrysostom 62/ Plato
15/ Lucian 39/ Thucydides 63/ Sophocles
16/ Demosthenes 40/ Apollodorus 64/ Plutarch
17/ Appian 41/ Appian 65/ Philostratus
18/ Andocides 42/ Xenophon 66/ Thucydides
19/ Isocrates 43/ Diodorus of Sicily 67/ Lysias
20/ Dio Chrysostom 44/ Thucydides 68/ Plato
21/ Xenophon 45/ Demosthenes 69/ Thucydides
22/ Apollodorus 46/ Plato 70/ Thucydides
23/ Lucian 47/ Xenophon
24/ Dio Chrysostom 48/ Diodorus of Sicily
 201

Lexikovn

ajganaktevw 22 ajmfhvkh~ 63 ajntwmosiva 53

ajgnoiva 68 ajmfisbhtevw 59 ajnupevrblhto~ 22
ajgriovw 11 ajnaboavw 65 ajxiovcrew~ 66
a[deia 18 ajnavgomai 43 ajxiovw 12, 23
ajdelfidov~ 14 ajnadivdwmi 11 ajpallavttw 25, 33
ajdiavblhto~ 64 ajnaduvomai 5, 27 ajpantavw 30
a[doxo~ 35 ajnairevw 57 ajpauqadivzomai 7
ajhdhv~ 60 ajnakalevw 32 ajpeiriva 56
ajqeeiv 65 ajnalivskw 47 a[peiro~ 44
a[qlio~ 10 ajnaneuvw 28 ajpobavllw 9
aJqroivzw 42 ajnapeiravomai 34 ajpodeivknumi 48
ajivdio~ 13 ajnapterovw 38 ajpodeiliavw 68
ai[qw 63 ajnaptuvssw 25 ajpodhmevw 58
aiJrevw 9, 37 a[naudo~ 1 ajpoqlivbw 23
aijsqavnomai 26 ajnacwrevw 40 ajpovklh/si~ 26
aijscivwn 59 ajnacwvrhsi~ 58 ajpolambavnw 26, 34
aijscuvnomai 68 ajnepivlhpto~ 64 ajpovllumai 33
ajkatagwvnisto~ 22 ajnepithvdeio~ 69 ajpologevomai 44
ajkmavzw 30 ajnevyio~ 3 ajpoluvw 9
ajkontivzw 22 ajnevcw 47 ajpomaraivnomai 2
a[krito~ 10 ajnhvkesto~ 41 ajpovpeira 13
a[kwn 56 ajnivhmi 34 ajporevw 15, 21
aJlivskomai 39 ajnoivgnumi 4 ajpostevllw 43
ajllovfulo~ 39 ajnovsio~ 46 a[proiko~ 14
a{l~ 62 ajntibolevw 67 a{ptw 22
a{lwsi~ 48 a[ntikru~ 69 ajraiw`~ 20
ajmaqiva 28 ajntilambavnomai 36 ajristavw 16
ajmelevw 24 ajntilevgw 18, 49 ajristivndhn 37
a[mhto~ 54 ajntivpalo~ 29 ajrkevw 57
ajmuvhto~ 18 ajntitolmavw 13 aJrmavmaxa 55
202

a[rnumai 18 gnwvmh 8 diatrivbw 47

ajrcairevsia 17 gohteuvw 38 diafevromai 17
ajsqenevw 51 guvnaion 65 diaforav 37
ajsqenhv~ 26 daimonavw 65 diavfragma 50
ajspavzomai 2 daneivzw 45 dieivrgw 57
ajstikovn 17 dapavnh 5 dievrcomai 19
ajstrateiva 67 devdia 27 dikaivwsi~ 70
ajsfalhv~ 29 deivdw 25, 36, 39 diomologevw 28
ajtucevw 35 deipnopoievomai 47 dioceteuvw 1
aujthvkoo~ 50 devomai 7, 37 div~ 45
aujtoscediavzw 68 devw 56 diwkavqw 68
aujtou` 34 dhmhgorevw 28 dokimasiva 67
ajfairevw 52 dhmiourgov~ 38 dravssw 62
ajfetevo~ 68 dhmovsio~ 60 dravw 6, 46
ajfivhmi 12 diabavllw 53 dru`~ 22
ajfivstamai 42, 58 diabolhv 53 duspeistov~ 38
a[cri 54 diagivgnomai 60 duspovreuto~ 31
baiov~ 63 diavgw 15, 16 dustucevw 6
bavsi~ 22, 33 diairevw 17 duscwriva 32
bdelurov~ 45 diakomivzw 11, 37 e[ar 13
biavzw 6 diakonevw 15 ejgeivrw 4
blastavnw 64 diakrivnomai 17 ejgkalevw 44
blevmma 65 dialanqavnw 19 e[gklhma 44
bohqevw 46 diamartavnw 24 ejgceirivzw 27
bovtru~ 23 diavnoia 26 e[gco~ 63
boukovlion 11 diaporqmeuvw 11 e[qno~ 57
bouleutevon 44 diapravttw 29 e[qw 16
brevfo~ 33 diaptoevw 36 eijdh`te 21
geivtwn 62 diarpavzw 36 eijdwv~ 21, 50
gevmw 43 diateivcisma 26 eijkov~ 1
gevra~ 61 diativqhmi 41 eijkovtw~ 3
ghvlofo~ 31 diatelevw 16 ei[rhmai 57
 203

eijrhmevno~ 20 ejnteivnw 37 ejpitavttw 11

ei[rwn 65 ejntelhv~ 54 ejpithvdeio~ 26, 30, 58
eijsbolhv 30 ejnuvpnion 60 ejpitivqemai 9
ei[seimi 49 e[xarno~ 18 ejpitugcavnw 46
eijskomivzw 8 ejxelauvnw 69 ejpifaivnomai 48
eJkastacovqen 13 ejxergavzomai 41 ejpifanhv~ 41
ejkklivnw 55 ejxetavzw 19 ejpifevromai 14
ejkpivptw 42, 45 ejxhvghsi~ 44 ejpiceirevw 6, 13, 35
e[kplhxi~ 65 e{xi~ 20 ejpiceivrhma 6
e[kplou~ 34 ejxormevw 18 ejpiceivrhsi~ 66
ejktrevfw 10 ejpaggevllomai 27 ejpiwvn 17
ejkfevrw 54 ejpavgomai 66 ejpw/dhv 15
ejkcevw 32, 47 ejpaivrw 34 ejruqriavw 28
eJkwvn 5 ejpai?w 53 eujdaimonivzw 21
ejlavttwn 14, 57 ejpeivgw 4 eujevlegkto~ 60
ejlevgcw 10 ejpexevrcomai 24, 52 eujergevth~ 7
ejleevw 6 ejpepovnqein 60 eujexiva 52
e{lkw 28 ejpibouleuvw 34 eujhqivzw 36
ejmmelhv~ 64 ejpiboulhv 9 eu[noia 50
ejnavlio~ 1 ejpigignwvskw 40 eujnomiva 69
ejnavrgeia 38 ejpidivdwmi 20 eujrivskw 49
ejndehv~ 39 ejpivdoxo~ 9 eu[roia 65
e[ndeia 43 ejpivqesi~ 48 eujtaxiva 31
ejndeivknumi 45 ejpiqumiva 2 eujwvnumo~ 25
ejnedreuvw 40 ejpivklhro~ 67 ejfexh`~ 19
ejnesqivw 23 ejpileivpw 23, 24, 43 ejfivstamai 1
e[nesti 56 ejpimevleia 59 ejforavw 24, 52
ejnqevnde 66 ejpivnoia 48 e[cqra 3
e[nqeo~ 54 ejpipivptw 35 ejcqrov~ 5
ejnqumevomai 67 ejpiplhvttw 63 e[cw 28, 51
e[noco~ 12 ejpirrevw 32 e{yw 62
ejnstratopedeuvw 30 ejpistatevw 62 zeu`go~ 7
204

zhmiva 6 iJdrwv~ 28 katasiwpavw 19

zhvthsi~ 70 iJkanov~ 9 kataskeuhv 19
zwmov~ 62 iJketeuvw 67 katavskopo~ 8
hJgevomai 14 iJkevth~ 50 katastrevfw 57
h[/dein 49 ijsqmiav~ 40 katatoxeuvw 23
h{domai 20 ijsovw 61 katergavzomai 13
h\qo~ 64 ijscurov~ 5 katoikevw 19
h{kista 3 ijscuv~ 52 katoikivzw 51
h{kw 4, 37 ijscuvw 52 kevkthmai 21
hJlikiva 62 kaqareuvw 41 khdesthv~ 3, 14
hJlivko~ 59 kaqarov~ 12, 46 kleinov~ 61
hJnivka 33 kaqivhmi 22 kleivw 54
h[peiro~ 57 kaqivsthmi 39 klhrovomai 17
hjpeirwvth~ 13 kaqoplivzw 27 klophv 46
hjrovmhn 49 kainotomevw 68 kluvw 63
hJsqevnte~ 1 kakologevw 6 koinwnov~ 63
hJsucavzw 66 kaluvbh 50 kovrhqron 15
h|tta 59 kavmnw 58 kravto~ 61
h|tton 59 kavndu~ 31 kreva~ 62
h{ttwn 53 katabibrwvskw 33 kreivttwn 21, 37, 53
qamivzw 2 katagignwvskw 34 Krhv~ 11
qavptw 10 katavgw 42 krivsi~ 61
qarruvnw 21 katagwvgion 15 krouvw 4
qavteron 51 katadoulovw 59 kruvfa 27
qerapeuvw 29 katavzeusi~ 27 kuvamo~ 70
qesmoqevth~ 67 kataquvw 11 kw`lon 33
qespevsio~ 54 katakaivw 47 lehlatevw 32
qespivzw 54 katalambavnw 32 leitourgiva 58
qhv~ 68 kataluvw 29 levlhqa 59
ijavomai 58 kataneuvw 28 lhvgw 63
ijdiva/ 14 kataplhvttomai 48 logivzomai 5
ijdiwvth~ 56 katapolemevw 41 lusitelevw 5
 205

lwpoduvth~ 46 o{moro~ 47 paraphvgnumi 64

mantei`on 60 oJmou` 25 paraplhvsio~ 1, 7
meqektevo~ 70 o[rqro~ 4 paratavttw 32
meqivstamai 18 oJrkovw 17 parelqwvn 4
meqivsthmi 70 oJrmavw 30, 36 pavresti 14
meidivama 65 ojruvttw 55 parithtevon 44
mei`on 25 ojrfanivzw 6 paroinevw 16
meiravkion 18 o{sio~ 68 pau`ro~ 61
metadiwvkw 55 o{son 23 peivsomai 49
metevcw 51 ou[pw 30 pevlago~ 23
mevcri(~) 38 ou\~ 52 peraivnw 10
mhkuvnw 39 oujsiva 58 pevri 53
mhnuvw 9 ojcevw 33, 55 periveimi 51
mhrov~ 55 o[yomai 29 periergavzomai 53
mivmhma 38 o[yon 62 perioravw 30, 59
misevw 3 o[yi~ 22, 38 peripevmpw 8
misqoforevw 70 pagcavlepo~ 52 peripovlion 8
movgi~ 28 paivw 55 periptuvssw 25
moclov~ 15 pandhmeiv 47 perifevromai 53
naukratevw 26 pantacou` 19 phghv 1
neovth~ 30 pavppo~ 10 phlov~ 31
neu`ma 50 paragivgnomai 11 pievzw 43
newterivzw 39 paradovxw~ 48 plavsma 20
newteropoiiva 39 paraivnesi~ 54 plei`sto~ 60
nhpoiniv 46 parakalevw 35 pleonexiva 52
novmimo~ 64 parakei`mai 24 plh`qo~ 3
nuvktwr 46 parakeleuvomai 67 plhvn 56
oijkevth~, -ou 15 parakevleusi~ 7 plhrovw 13
oi[omai 45 parakinduneuvw 68 poievomai 25
oi[comai 18 paravklhsi~ 35 politeuvomai 19
oJlkav~ 57 parakolouqevw 49 pollaplavsioi 21
oJmologiva 66 paralogivzomai 38 pollacovqen 8
206

pragmateiva 5 provschma 61 suggignwvskw 41

pranhv~ 31 protevra 34 suggnwvmh 56
prasiav 1 proterevw 32 sugkatabaivnw 32
proaisqavnomai 42 protimavw 69 sugcevw 12
probouvleuma 29 provfasi~ 42, 50 sullambavnw 20
progravfw 16 prwv/hn 4 sullevgw 42
prodhlovw 48 puknov~ 2 suvllhyi~ 10, 50
proeirhmevno~ 56 punqavnomai 2 sulloghv 42
proergavzomai 69 rJhqhvsomai 70 sumbaivnw 16, 40, 29
proqumiva 67 rJivza 64 sumbavllw 38
proi`x 14 safhv~ 51 suvmbasi~ 66
proivstamai 69 sevba~ 61 sumbouleuvw 21, 35
prokalevw 49 seuvomai 63 suvmmetro~ 52
prooi`da 5 shmaivnw 44 sumphvgnumi 23
propavscw 9 sitevw 7 sumpivptei 35
provplou~ 8 sivthsi~ 7 sumfevrei 56
prov~ 45 skeptevon 44 sumforav 66
prosavgw 25 skevptomai 45 sumfuhv~ 40
prosbavllw 47 skeuasiva 62 sunaqroivzw 40
prosdevomai 39 skeu`o~ 26 sunanapeivqw 13
proshvkei 3 skhnevomai 50 suvneimi 2
proshvkwn 58, 60 skhnovw 16 sunekbibavzw 31
proskevptomai 70 spavni~ 12, 43 sunepispeuvdw 31
proskhruvttw 61 speivrw 27 sunergevw 27
proskomivzw 55 spoudhv 1 suvnesi~ 43
provskrouma 16 stasiavzw 45 sunetov~ 48
proslambavnw 21, 24 stenocwriva 31 sunquvth~ 40
prosmevnw 8 sterevw 10, 24 sunivstamai 69, 70
prospoievomai 17 sti`fo~ 55 sunoriv~ 7
prostavttw 60 stovma 32 suntovmw~ 48
prostivqhmi 41 strathgiv~ 18 suntugcavnw 25
prosfevrw 8 suggenhv~ 51 sustrevfw 36
 207

sucnov~ 58 uJpagoreuvw 20 fqonevw 49

sfavllomai 66 uJpavgw 41 filovth~ 37
sfevtero~ 37 uJpavrcw 3, 33, 24, 45 fluarevw 53
sfrovdra 2, 4 u{pato~ 17 fluariva 36
scedovn 19 uJperarevskw 41 foitavw 2
scolaivw~ 31 uJperbavllw 40 foliv~ 22
scolikov~ 20 u{peron 15 fonikov~ 12
talaipwriva 51 uJperfuhv~ 49 forthgov~ 43
tapeinov~ 35 uJpevrcomai 29 fronevw 35
televw 40, 43 uJphvkoo~ 69 frourav 8, 16
teleutavw 29 uJphretevw 15 frouvrarco~ 42
tevmnw 30 uJpobavllw 20 frourevw 26
tevrma 61 uJpodehv~ 57 fu`lon 12
thlikou`to~ 59 uJpoqhvkh 64 fuvw 12
thnikavde 4 uJpokataklivnomai 36 fwvr 46
thnikau`ta 33 uJpolambavnw 42 camaiv 55
timwrevw 3 uJpoleivpw 66 cavo~ 54
tracuv~ 2 uJpovloipo~ 10 cavrax 64
trevpomai 34 uJpomevnw 51 cravw 24
trofeuv~ 12 uJpovmnhsi~ 44 crhstov~ 14
trofhv 7 u{poulo~ 69 crivzw 27
tugcavnw 6 uJpoyiva 9, 39 yevgw 47
turov~ 23 faivnomai 11 yhfivzomai 67
tw/ 5 fanerov~ 70 w\ptai 56
uJmnevw 63 fqevggomai 36 w{ra 65