LINKED HYBRID BY STEVEN HOLL
LINKED HYBRID CASE STUDY
OVERVIEW
• Linked Hybrid Project is a mixed use development in
Beijing, China, that consists of eight 60m tall residential
towers and a 35m tall hotel structure interconnected by
elevated public bridges.
• The interconnecting bridges contain a swimming pool,
café, fitness room, art galleries, and other services. The
development also has a film archive (cinematheque), a
kindergarten, parks, and other attractions.
• Built in 2003-2009
• Architect- Steven Holl Architects & Capital Group
• Engineer- Guy Nordenson and Associates & CABR
• Client- Modern Group
• Location- Beijing, Republic of China
Introduction Design Concept Building Components Foundation Analysis
LINKED HYBRID CASE STUDY
BUILDING INFO
• 9 (8 Apartment towers + 1 Hotel tower) Concrete
braced frame towers with cantilevered floors at
higher levels, contracted using steel framing
• Concrete floor slabs are equipped with radiant
heating & cooling systems
• Apartments towers -14 to 21 stories and are
connected by 1 and 2 story bridges
• 8 Connecting Steel bridges (Sky Loop) serve as
circulation while allowing space for cafes, retail,
galleries etc.
• 2 level underground parking garage
• Green Roof open to the public
• Grass covered pavillion along the building perimeter
houses a montessori school and kindergarten
• 2.4 million sq. foot (220,000 sq. Meters) development
• Located 15 minutes from a subway station
Introduction Design Concept Building Components Foundation Analysis
LINKED HYBRID CASE STUDY
ARCHITECT INFO – Steven Holl Architects
• Steven Holl is an American Architect Born –
December 9th, 1947
Education
• Graduated from University of Washington and
enrolled for architecture studies in Rome (1970).
• In 1976, He attented graduate school at the
Archutectural Association School of Architecture,
London
Major Projects
• Kiasma Contemporary Art Museum. Helsinki,
Finland
• Simmons Hall. MIT, Massachussets
• Addition to Nelson Atkins Museum of Art. Kansas
city, Missouri
• Linked Hybrid Mixed-Use Complex. Beijing, China
Introduction Design Concept Building Components Foundation Analysis
DESIGN CONCEPT
• Pedestrian-oriented Linked
Hybrid complex
• Public space (vary from
commercial, residential, and
educational to recreational. )
• Private urban development in
China
• Porous urban space
• Because of the many passages
through the project, this project
called "open city within a city“
Introduction Design Concept Building Components Foundation Analysis
BUILDING LAYOUT
• Open passages on the ground
level surrounded by shops
• There are some roof gardens on
the intermediate
• At the top of the residential
towers, these roof gardens are
connected to the penthouses
• There are a number of sky-
bridges from 12 th to 18th floor
• The largest green residential
projects in the world
Introduction Design Concept Building Components Foundation Analysis
BUILDING COMPONENTS-TOWERS
• Towers have a central core of
cast-in-place concrete shear
walls
• Four separate shear walls radiate
off the core (a cross pattern),
separating it into four sections
while forming “party” shear walls
for each unit
• Floors are cast-in-place beamless
slabs with one large column per
unit
• 900 mm deep perimeter moment-
resisting frame consisting of
beams and columns of cast-in-
place concrete including concrete
encased diagonals
Introduction Design Concept Building Components Foundation Analysis
BUILDING COMPONENTS-SKY-BRIDGES
• Glazed bridges span 20m to 60m and are
composed of steel units of parallel trusses –a
hybrid of Vierendeel and Pratt trusses
• Top and bottom chords are composed of wide
flange steel shapes with staggered vertical
built-up steel members and diagonal members.
• The trusses were also designed with a
Vierendeel backbone that moment connected
the vertical and horizontal members to one
another while providing redundancy
• Wide flange steel beams support the metal
deck and concrete floor system
• The diagonal tension rod members have solid,
cylindrical shapes, but required large
connections between gusset plates and nodes
of the columns or beams.
Introduction Design Concept Building Components Foundation Analysis
BUILDING COMPONENTS-SEISMIC
• Rollers and friction pendulum bearings
on each side of the bridges allow them to
move independently of the towers
• This separation protects the bridges from
the sway in the towers and the towers
from movement within the bridges
• The friction pendulum isolators are
designed to a particular period by simply
altering the radius of the isolator,
independent of the mass and the
stiffness of the bridge.
• http://www.earthquakeprotection.com/vid
eo/TripleFrictionPendulumBearingHighSp
eedTest.wmv
• http://www.earthquakeprotection.com/pop
up_bearing_works291007.html
Introduction Design Concept Building Components Foundation Analysis
FOUNDATION AND SOILS
• Foundation System consisting of
• Cast in place concrete retaining
walls and piles
• Two Phase China Earthquake Design
• 1st Phase
• To design the structure so
there is no to slight damage to
the structural members during
a minor quake.
• 2nd Phase
• To design the structure so that
the structure would be
repairable if subjected to
greater concentrated
earthquakes.
Introduction Design Concept Building Components Foundation Analysis
FOUNDATION AND SOILS
• 600 Geothermal Wells
• Each at 100 meters below the base of the
foundation
• Provides 70 percent of cooling in the summer
and Heating in the Winter
• One of the largest in the world
• Underground Parking Garage
• Features a regularly space column grid
system
• Occupies entire footprint of site
• Supports the cinematheque and a large
reflecting pond that is located in the center
courtyard
Introduction Design Concept Building Components Foundation Analysis
LATERAL LOADING
Moment and Shear Forces:
- Smallest at Top
- Increase at Base
Introduction Design Concept Building Components Foundation Analysis
LATERAL LOADING
Deflection Diagram:
Introduction Design Concept Building Components Foundation Analysis
GRAVITY LOADING
Bending Moment
Shear
Introduction Design Concept Building Components Foundation Analysis
GRAVITY LOADING
Deflections
Introduction Design Concept Building Components Foundation Analysis
REFERENCES:
• Architectural Record-Jan. 2010 ed., Connected Living, by Cifford A. Pearson
• Civil Engineering-March 2011 ed., Chinese Modern, by Guy Nordenson and Erik Anders
Nelson
• http://www.earthquakeprotection.com/product.html
• http://www.structuresworkshop.com/07000linkedhybrid.html
• http://www.nbmcw.com/articles/architects-a-project-watch/17999-linked-hybrid-an-open-city-
within-a-city.html
• http://moreaedesign.wordpress.com/2010/09/14/more-about-linked-hybrid/
• http://www.archdaily.com/34302/linked-hybrid-steven-holl-architects/
