AMAI
THE APEX BODY OF ALKALI MANUFACTURERS' IN INDIA
CHLORINATION
OF
DRINKING WATER
DON'T BE MISLED, USE CHLORINE SAFELY
Issued by AMAI in public interest
ALKALI MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION OF INDIA
rd
3 FLOOR, PANKAJ CHAMBERS, PREET VIHAR COMMERCIAL COMPLEX, VIKAS MARG, DELHI-110092
(O) : 011-22432003, 22410150, 24567403, 65253401 (F) : 011-22468249
Designed by: Sun Graphics 22519524
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected]www.ama-india.org/.co.in/.in
ALKALI MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION OF INDIA
Printed & Published by: Dr. Y. R. Singh, Executive Director for Alkali Manufacturers’ Association of India
Chlorination of Drinking Water in the Interest of Public Health
Drop of Life
FOREWORD
Delivering Safe Water
to the World
We are happy to release in public interest the pamphlet on “Chlorination of
Drinking Water” on behalf of Alkali Manufacturers' Association of India (AMAI)
“The adoption of drinking water chlorination has been one of the
most significant advances in public health protection.”
World Health Organization
Water is the elixier of life. Now-a-days it is hard to get water in it's natural and
pure form and therefore the drinking water is required to be
treated & disinfected properly to protect human health from water borne USE CHLORINE FOR DISINFECTION OF DRINKING WATER
TO PROTECT FROM WATER BORNE DISEASES*
diseases.
Typhoid (Salmonella typhi) Giardiasis (Giardia lambilia)
Chlorine is one of the cheapest and most potent and effective water Cholera (Vibrio cholerae) Diarrhoea (E. coli)
disinfectants. It can be used safely and effectively for water disinfection. Public Dysentery (Shigella) Gastroenteritis (Viruses)
Health Departments, Municipal Corporations & other organizations Diarrhoea (Cryptosporidium)
supplying drinking water may take clues from this pamphlet & disinfect the And
drinking water supplies with chlorine. Eliminate Growth of Slime, Bacteria, Molds & Algae in the water supply reservoirs & pipelines
CHLORINE CHEMISTRY FOR WATER TREATMENT
Chlorine is produced in India by about 36 Chlor Alkali industries who
Each Chlorine Disinfectant Provides “Free Chlorine” in Water
are our members. All our member units will be glad to extend their
Chlorine Gas Sodium Hypochlorite
help to train chlorine users for safe handling of Chlorine. Nearest chlorine Cl2 + H2O = HOCl + HCl NaOCl + H2O = HOCl + NaOH
manufacturers of your area (list given at the back of this pamphlet) may Calcium Hypochlorite
be contacted for any assistance. Ca(OCl)2 + H2O 2HOCl + Ca(OH)2
Chlorination Forms Hypochlorous Acid (HOCl) The “Pathogen Killer”
Disrupts Cell Wall Biocide
HOCl
New Delhi (Dr. Y. R. Singh) HOCL Release Vital cellular material Cell wall
End Cell Function
Date: 01/06/2009 Executive Director
Structural proteins
Enzymes
Nucleic acid
Cytoplasmic
membrane
Inactivation Inhibition
(cidal effect)
01 02
Chlorination Virtually Eliminated - waterborne diseases Why Chlorine?
such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery and hepatitis A in Developed Countries It is a potent disinfectant and most effective as compared to other disinfectants.
It leaves residual chlorine after treatment and provides residual protection till it is delivered in the
Rates per 100,000 Population Death Rate for Typhoid Fever United States, 1900-1960 house hold. No other water disinfectant can provide this protection after treatment.
It is most effective for taste and odor control.
Chlorination Begun
24 It is SAFE to use. No adverse affect.
It is practical, proven and easy to use.
16
Produces low disinfection by-products.
8
It is Economical and affordable.
The cost of disinfection with chlorine is lowest as compared to other disinfectants.
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960
It is not required to be imported.
Source: US Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Summary of Notifiable Diseases, 1997
It is available in plenty in the country. There are 36 chlorine manufacturers in India manufacturing
more than 20 Lakh MT of Chlorine per annum. It is easily available at the door step.
Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds for Water Disinfection
Expert assistance for use of chlorine is readily available from the near by chlorine manufacturers.
Elemental Chlorine (liquid chlorine in gas form)
For Large Water Works of Municipality Corporation, Liquid Chlorine packed in Tonners & Cylinders are
most suitable.
Sodium hypochlorite
Calcium hypochlorite/ Bleaching powder What the antagonists (of chlorine disinfection) say?
Powder or tablets DBPS (Disinfection by -products) are harmful for human health.
What are the other Water Disinfectants?
Chloramines (chlorine ammonia compounds)
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)
Ozone (O3)
The truth about DBPS:
All Disinfectants form DBPS (Disinfection by products)
Chlorination by products are better characterized (such as Trihalomithanes (THMS) Halo acetic acids )
DBPS Risks are small & highly uncertain.
Chlorine is the Water Disinfectant Other 2% Little risk at typical drinking water concentrations.
of Choice in The United States Disinfection is critical for safe water
Microbial risks are far greater.
Chlorine
Based
98% Chlorine in Emergencies
Kills Pathogens
Control Mold
Emergency Water Disinfection (when boiling water is not possible 10 drops chlorine bleach for
Disinfection and Safe Water each quart or litre of water)
“The filtration of drinking water plus the use of Chlorine is probably the most significant public Source: USEPA
health advance of the millennium”
{Source of Quote- Life Magazine, Fall 1997 Special Issue, Top 100 discoveries/events of the millennium, No. 46}
03 04
EXISTING CHLORINE MANUFACTURERS IN INDIA
EAST ZONE Email Address
ADITYA BIRLA CHEMICALS (INDIA) LTD. [email protected]
WHO Strongly Cautions: DURGAPUR CHEMICALS LTD. [email protected]
“The health risks from these byproducts at the levels at which they occur in drinking water are HINDUSTAN HEAVY CHEMICALS [email protected]
extremely small in comparison with the risks associated with inadequate disinfection. Thus, it is HINDUSTAN PAPER CORP. (CACHAR) [email protected]
important that disinfection not to be compromised in attempting to control such by-products”
HINDUSTAN PAPER CORP. (NAGAON) [email protected] ; [email protected]
HJI-DIVISION OF ORIENT PAPER MILLS [email protected] ; [email protected]
JAYSHREE CHEMICALS LTD. [email protected]
KANORIA CHEMICALS & INDS. LTD. [email protected]
WEST ZONE
WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (2004) ADITYA BIRLA NUVO LTD. [email protected]
Guidelines values for chlorine and trihalomethanes
Levels Considered Acceptable For Lifetime Human Exposure ATUL LTD. [email protected]; [email protected]
CENTURY RAYON [email protected]
Chlorine below 5 milligrams per liter (mg/L)* DSCL (SHRIRAM ALKALI), JHAGADIA [email protected]
Trihalomethanes (THMs) GRASIM INDUSTRIES LTD. [email protected]
Bromodichloromethane below 0.06 mg/L
GUJARAT ALKALIES & CHEM. LTD. (VADODARA) [email protected]; [email protected]
Bromoform below 0.10 mg/L
Chloroform below 0.20 mg/L GUJARAT ALKALIES & CHEM. LTD. (DAHEJ) [email protected]
Dibromochloromethane below 0.10 mg/L GUJARAT FLOURO CHEMICALS LTD. [email protected]
HINDUSTAN ORGANIC CHEMICALS LTD [email protected]
*For effective disinfection, there should be a residual concentration of free chlorine of 0.5 mg/l after MEGHMANI FINECHEM LIMITED [email protected]
at least 30 min contact time at pH<8.0
NRC LTD. [email protected] ; [email protected]
RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. [email protected]: [email protected]
SAURASHTRA CHEMICALS LTD. [email protected]
TATA CHEMICALS LTD. [email protected]
As Per Indian Standards IS 10500:1991- Specification for drinking water, the requirement of residual
UNITED PHOSPHORUS LTD. [email protected];[email protected]
free chlorine is 0.2 mg/l (Min). To be applicable only when water is chlorinated, tested at consumer
NORTH ZONE
end. When protection against viral infection is required it should be Min 0.5 mg/l.
DSCL (SHRIRAM VINYL & CHEM.), KOTA [email protected]
LORDS CHLORO ALKALI LTD. [email protected]
PUNJAB ALKALIES & CHEMICALS. LTD. [email protected]
SIEL CHEMICAL COMPLEX [email protected]
SOUTH ZONE
U. S. Drinking Water Standards:
CHEMFAB ALKALIS LTD. [email protected]
Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels
CHEMPLAST SANMAR LTD, KARAIKAL [email protected]
Chlorine 4 mg/L
CHEMPLAST SANMAR LTD, METTURDAM [email protected]
Chloramines 4 mg/L
DCW LTD. [email protected] ; [email protected]
Maximum Contaminant Levels
SOLARIS CHEMTECH INDUSTRIES LTD. [email protected]
THMs (4) 0.08 mg/L
SREE RAYALASEEMA ALKALIES [email protected]; [email protected]
Haloacetic Acids (5) 0.06 mg/L
TAMILNADU PETROPRODUCTS [email protected]
THE ANDHRA SUGARS LTD. [email protected]
THE TRAVANCORE COCHIN CHEMICALS LTD. [email protected]
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