An Introduction to Progressions and Directions

It is rare to find an astrologer who only uses transits for purposes of

prediction. To accompany transits, different astrologers rely on different
predictive techniques, such as eclipses and solar returns. Those of us of a
more traditional bent may add yearly profections. This essay gives a quick
survey of important predictive devises that many astrologers use:
progressions and directions. I will then slide back in time and we will
examine the ancient origins of these techniques.

Secondary Progressions
The majority of today’s astrologers use secondary progressions. This
technique advances all planets so that each day of planetary movement
corresponds to each-year of life.
To many people that sounds a bit weird, since we tend to think of time as
one continuum. According to the modern astrological view of time, however,
all cycles have the same structure and one can illuminate another. The days
after ones birth can be magnified to subsume the years in one’s life.
At this moment, I am fifty-one years and five months old. To find my
secondary progressed positions, one would find the planets’ locations fifty-
one days and ten hours after their positions at my birth. (If, in secondary
progressions, 12 months of the year is 24 hours, then 1 month is 2 hours.)
Why are these progressions called “secondary”? This brings us back to
the two motions contained in the astrological chart. The secondary motion is
the motion counterclockwise, west to east, in the direction of the zodiac,
which captures the movements of the planets at their own rates of speed. By
secondary motion, the Moon travels through the zodiac in twenty-eight days,
Saturn in twenty-nine years, and Pluto in about 260 years. This is contrasted
with the “primary” movement, which is from east to west and is the diurnal
cycle.
 I use the chart of Winston Churchill, for whom the different predictive
techniques that we examine yield interesting information.
Here is his natal chart.

We begin with his terrible year 1915. He was the Minister of the
Admiralty and was blamed for a botched attempt by England to end the First
World War by a naval expedition through the Dardenelles. Eventually he had to
leave the government and he spent the rest of the war outside of a policy
position, to his heartbreak. . Below is his progressed chart for this time.
 Winston Churchill was forty years old during his terrible year; his secondary
progressions would move all his planets forty days. Since his birthday was at the
end of November the previous year, three hours to the middle of January 1915.
Comparing this chart with Churchill’s natal chart, you will notice that the
planets from Jupiter and out move hardly at all; if in forty days they move but a
little, they will move just so little by progression. The Sun has moved roughly
one degree a year, from 7 Sagittarius to 18 Capricorn. Mercury had moved
quickly, passing his Sun and now well ahead of it in the zodiac. Venus, having
turned retrograde and direct, is 11 degrees behind its position in the natal chart.
The Moon, moving roughly a degree a month, conforming to its daily movement
of about thirteen degrees a day, had gone around the zodiac once and was now
at the opposite sign from its natal position. .
 Of these progressed positions, what is most interesting to us? During this
year, progressed Moon was moving toward a square to Mars. After a sextile to
Venus, Moon becomes conjunct Saturn, then opposite Uranus. The progressed
Moon can give us the timing of occasions during the year.
More important is that the Moon is in opposition to the progressed
Midheaven, and also that the progressed Ascendant, conjunct Jupiter, opposes
Neptune. The former can show a division between Churchill and authority –
which is ironic because he was authority at that time – except that he lost his job
being the authority. The latter configuration pictures one whose grandiosity
(Jupiter) is based on illusion and wrong thinking (Neptune).
How do we calculate the progressed angles? I will hold off on that for now.
Next we look at Churchill’s progressions for May 1940, when he became Prime
Minister of England and began to conduct his country’s war against Hitler.
 There are many changes in Churchill’s life and by progression during the
twenty-five years between 1915 and 1940. In 1915, he was at the beginning of
a Sun-Moon cycle -- as Sun was in Capricorn and Moon moving away from
the Sun in Aquarius. 1940, as you can see, is at toward the end this Sun-
Moon cycle. (Churchill will have a progressed new Moon in mid-war.)
In 1940, by progression, his Sun is involved with Saturn and Uranus, by
conjunction and opposition. In 1915 it was his Moon. The Sun is the more
active and intentional planet; displaying that Churchill was more in control of
his own fate although facing enormous difficulties. Progressed Mercury,
applying to Neptune by sextile, gives us some sense of the voice he was able
to give to the war effort.
 Solar Arc Directions
Let us now set up a contrast with Churchill’s solar arc directions for this
time in 1940. One will note that the Sun is in the same position as in his
secondary progressions for this time, but everything else is different.
A direction is not just about cycles: we advance all planets and angles the
same distance as the Sun has moved by progression. When I turned fifty, the
Sun by progression had moved about the same number of degrees. By solar
arc, everything, from Ascendant to Saturn to Pluto, moves at the same speed.
For secondary progressions one examines progressed positions and how
these positions aspect other progressed planets and angles. (Some astrologers,
however, do look at progressed positions and their relationship to natal
positions similar to transits.) For solar arcs directions, the directed planets
and angles are always in the same positions relative to one another. Here we
only use aspects that directed positions make to natal positions. In the chart
below, everything moves 66.5 degrees. You see that it is properly presented
as a biwheel with the natal chart.
 What is interesting here? One sees here a major factor: the directed
Ascendant has moved to a conjunction with Sun, and the directed Midheaven
forms a square to the Sun. The Ascendant and Midheaven are the two most
important personal points in the chart, summarizing the presence of the
native and his or her activity. Both positions contact his Sun, the planet of
leadership. Noting that Sun is also conjunct the fixed star Antares, this is a
perfect configuration for one to become leader during warlike. Here we see a
major event in his life triggered by the arcing Ascendant and Midheaven.
 Modern astrologers tend to use secondary progressions and solar arc
directions differently. Secondary progressions are often used to highlight
turning points or climate changes in a person’s life: if a person’s Sun moves
by progression from Aries to Taurus, gradually one will see this persons’ Sun
taking on some Taurus qualities. These kinds of changes also occur when a
planet changes sign or is at a direct or retrograde station, or when an aspect
(particularly between Sun and Moon) becomes exact. Solar arc directions are
more often used to predict discrete events, intentional or accidental. When
one is unsure of a person’s birth time, solar arc directions are often used to
“rectify” the chart by looking at the timing of singular events in a person’s
life. When we look at the legacy ancient astrology we directions also used in
both ways.
With solar arc directions, the movements of the Ascendant and
Midheaven are the same as everything else. We find things more complex
when we return to secondary progressions. This serves as a way to approach
the ancient tradition.

Progressed Angles and Ascensions

When I was first studying secondary progressions, a point of bewilderment

arose: if the entire chart moves around during an entire day, why does the
Midheaven progress about a degree a year and the Ascendant progresses an
average of a degree a year? I thought that the angles would be constantly
moving, reflecting the moving angles going full circle in a day.
It turns out that the progressed angles move not according to the secondary
motion through the zodiac but according to the primary -- diurnal -- motion.
(The exception to this is Quotidian Secondary Progressions, which move the
angles all the way around during a year and whose angles can be used to time
specific events during the year.)
 How do we progress the angles according to the diurnal motion? The simple
answer is by noting how many degrees cross the Midheaven during the time it
takes an area of the zodiac to rise -- to cross the line of the Ascendant.
It takes about four minutes for a degree to cross the Midheaven, and a degree
equals one year of person’s life. But now the question becomes: a degree of what?
The degrees over the Midheaven vary slightly – the Naibod method averages
out this variation so that the rate of change of the Midheaven is constant
throughout a day and, by progression, through a person’s years. Some
astrologers use the average in zodiacal longitude; I use the more popular
alternative, which averages the equatorial degrees: Right Ascension.
The moving degrees of the Midheaven conform to how the time of day moves
according to the rotation of the earth, which we measure by the terrestrial
version of Right Ascension – our familiar longitude. A planet in square by RA to
the Midheaven will take six hours to culminate: this is because one hour of time
is equivalent to fifteen degrees of Right Ascension, and fifteen times six gives a
ninety degree distance from the Midheaven. Our conventional time zones are
apart by about fifteen degrees of longitude, to make up a 360-degree circle in
twenty-four hours. If you want to calculate when the Sun will rise in Boston and
in Los Angeles, subtract the longitudes of the two cities – their distance from
each other from the reference of the Midheaven -- and multiply that by four
minutes for each degree of difference.
Compared to the steady movement of degrees over the Midheaven, the
degrees of the Ascendant vary widely, based upon the location in the zodiac.
“Ascensional times” are how many degrees cross the Midheaven during the
rising of a sign of the zodiac. They are called ascensional times because one
degree over the Midheaven equals four minutes of time, and fifteen degrees
equals one hour.
In the northern hemisphere, an Ascendant in Pisces and Aries rise in the
shortest times, and are called signs of “shortest ascension”. Virgo and Libra rise
in the longest time and signs of “longest ascension”. The pairings of
Aries/Pisces, Taurus/Aquarius, Gemini/Capricorn, Cancer/Sagittarius,
Leo/Scorpio, and finally Virgo and Libra all rise in equal amounts of time, going
from the fewest to the most degrees over the Midheaven as they rise. The
ancients called these “equally ascending zoidia,” and modern astrologer deem
these symmetries from the 0 Aries – 0 Libra axis “contra-antiscia.”
Ascensional times also depend on the latitude of the place of birth. The closer
one is to the equator, the closer are the ascensional times to one another; the
further north or south, the further they will be apart.
Churchill’s chart is a good illustration of higher latitudes, since he was born in
the 52nd parallel of latitude. If you look back at his solar arc directions for 1940,
we advance all positions, including the Ascendant and Midheaven, by that of the
progressed Sun: 66.5 degrees. By secondary progression, however, Churchill’s
Ascendant has moved only 47 degrees! With an Ascendant at 00 Libra, the
degrees of the zodiac following his Ascendant will rise most slowly, equaled
only by those on the other side of 00 Libra, the last half of Virgo. If, however,
Churchill was born with an Ascendant at 0 Aries, the Ascendant progression
would move all the way into Gemini by the time he was twenty!
Continuing our topic of the progressed ascendant, I now introduce another
possibility for directions: instead of directing by the progressed Sun, one could
direct by the progressed Ascendant. This option is available in the Solar Fire
computer program. It is not popular but has an interesting rationale: the
primacy of the Ascendant itself in the natal chart. What is the symbolism of the
Ascendant?
You should consider that the Ascendant itself is the place of
connectedness between the rhythms of the sky and reality of our being on this
earth. One could say, in the spirit of the twentieth-century astrologer Dane
Rudhyar, that the Ascendant is the place of incarnation on this planet. The
Ascendant serves well to be the reference for the beginning of our lives and, by
direction, for the end of our lives. For this to occur we need to compare the
Ascendant of birth with the necessary rhythms of the day cycle. This is what
using ascensional times are doing.
Churchill’s Ascendant-directed chart directs all positions 47 degrees, in
conformity with the movement of his Ascendant at his latitude. Importantly, this
Ascendant and also the Midheaven are configured with Mercury. During the
previous year, his Moon directed to degree of his natal Mars, denoting the
beginning of a warlike time for him. At the time Churchill became Prime
Minister, within a day, Venus directed to conjunct his Saturn: his personal life
would be in cold storage for many years afterwards.
The directed Ascendant , 47 degrees after the natal Ascendant, is one
degree past Mercury’s position, and in January, 1939, sixteen months before
becoming Prime Minister, the Ascendant was exactly conjunct his natal Mercury.
Midheaven was in exact square to his Mercury eight months earlier. About a
year before becoming Prime Minister, Ascendant-directed Moon moved to a
conjunction with his natal Mars. Close to the day he became Prime Minister,
Ascendant-directed Venus was conjunct Saturn. Unlike with Churchill’s solar
arc directions, one does not get discrete events from aspects becoming exact but
the beginning of different phases in his life. This is a factor that would strongly
interest ancient astrologers, although they used a form of directing akin but
significantly different from Ascendant-arc directions.

How did the ancients handle all this?

Well, they handled it differently. They were less concerned with the
ascensions of a continuous part of the zodiac but of the twelve individual signs
or zoidia. Ascensional Times measure how many degrees of ecliptical longitude
– not Right Ascension -- cross the Midheaven when a sign or zoidion rises. This
is the origin of our modern directions and profections.
 Supplied by the Delphic Oracle computer program, here are the ascensional
times for the twelve signs or zoidia for Winston Churchill’s chart:
Aries and Pisces: 12.91 years
Taurus and Aquarius: 17.01 years
Gemini and Capricorn: 26.52 years
Cancer and Sagittarius: 37.85 years
Leo and Scorpio: 42.81 years
Virgo and Libra: 42.90 years
Churchill was born in England at almost 52 degrees latitude, and so there is
great variation in the ascensional times for the different zoidia. With current
British Prime Minister Tony Blair, born in Scotland, it’s more extreme:
Aries/Pisces is small 10.43 and Virgo/Libra an enormous 45.39. Muhammad
Ali, born in Kentucky, has ascensional times for Aries/Pisces at 18.70 and
Virgo/Libra at 37.12 – the differences are narrower for him, as he was born
farther to the south than our two English Prime Ministers.
What would one do with this information?
Vettius Valens, an important Second Century astrologer, added the
ascensional time for zoidia and numbers for planets. (The numbers of the
planets are Saturn 30, Jupiter 12, Mars 15, Sun 19, Venus 8, Mercury 20, and
Moon 25). Putting these different numbers may indicate when a natal position
might give its greatest results. Valens took more abstract numbers for the
zoidion’s ascensions; instead, we might round up. For example, the ascension of
Sagittarius is Churchill’s 38th year. Churchill has Sun and Venus in Sagittarius:
this adds 19 and 8 years for these two planets. This places the maturation of Sun
and Venus and Sagittarius when he was 67, in the middle of the Second World
War.
This is a technique completely alien to any modern astrologer. For that reason
we should give it a closer look.
 The more common use of ascensional times is for the purposes of directing
important positions in a chart, even if these positions are far off the Ascendant. This
would include the Midheaven itself. This is commonly known as
“circumambulation, “ the Greek is peripatos, a walking around.
The important positions directed were the Ascendant, Midheaven, Sun, Moon,
and Part of Fortune. In the case of determining the length of one’s life, one
would also move the planets that are responsible for the number of years. (One
would also look at various numbers attached to the planet.)
The technique is simple. Pretending that you were also born in Boston
with an Ascendant at 00 Capricorn but with Saturn at 15 Aquarius, one would
take the Ascensional time of the entirety of Capricorn (28.45) and half of
Aquarius (21.03 / 2 = 10.51). Add 28.45 and 10.51 together and you have
determined that fewer than 40 degrees would have passed over the Midheaven
in the time it would take Saturn to rise from its position in this birth chart. This
might determine a life expectancy of just less than 40 years. Looking for contacts
between directed and natal positions is very much like our modern use of solar
arc directions.
Using this method, there is a great variety in the lengths of time to
circumambulate different parts of the zodiac – this is especially so at high
northern or southern latitudes. Once again, we are directing positions as if it was
the Ascendant.
The next use of circumambulation is more difficult for the modern astrologer:
aspects of these moving positions to the planets in the chart will yield these
planets as time lords or chronocrators, until the circumambulation takes the
following aspect. It s important to note that these aspects will not be within the
degrees of the zodiac – that 60 degrees apart in longitude make a sextile – but
that a sextile is 60 ascensional times apart. Sixty degrees of ascension would be
four hours of time (24 hours divided by 6 is 4 hours), if this position were
continuously on the Ascendant. (I am beginning to anticipate Ptolemy’s different
formulation.)
Because we’re calculating from the Midheaven using degrees of the zodiac
and not Right Ascension, calculations between ascendant-arc directions and
ascensional times yield different results. According to ascensional times,
Churchill’s Ascendant crossed Mercury at the end of 1942. Because his
Midheaven of Cancer has fewer ascensional times, the Midheaven was in square
to Mercury five years earlier, in 1937. Two years later, in 1939, the directed Sun
was in square to Mercury. In other words, the planetary lords for AS, MC, and
Sun were all Mercury during the Second World War. This is befitting a person
whose wartime speeches are considered historical and literary achievements.
Depending on the frequency of aspects, a position can quickly change
planetary lords or have the same planetary lord for a very long time. Perhaps for
that reason circumambulations also took these positions through the bounds of
the signs or zoidion they were moving through. (The bounds consist of five
segments within each sign or zoidion that is governed by one of the five visible
starry planets.) This provides a supplementary planetary lord, and perhaps one
that would be considered the more important of the two.

Circumambulations that are based upon ascensional times were prevalent

throughout the Hellenistic tradition of astrology. Some astrologers, Ptolemy in
particular, felt that the different positions in the natal chart had different risings
due to where they were in the chart: a position at the Midheaven should move at
the rate of the one degree per year, not based on ascensional time.
Here is the difficulty: when a position is not on the Ascendant, could you use
something closer to its true diurnal motion for direction? Take a moment and
return to Churchill’s natal chart: his Moon is 29 degrees of Leo, fifty degrees from
his Midheaven at 01 Cancer. How long would it take his Moon to rise, to reach
the Midheaven? This comes close to four hours. Using ascensional times for
Cancer and Leo, how long would it take? Cancer’s ascensional times for
Churchill’s latitude is 37.85, for Leo it is 42.81. The total ascensions between the
Moon and Midheaven are about 80 times. If one ascension is four minutes of
time, it should take 320 minutes for the Moon to culminate, which is 5 hours and
20 minutes, 80 minutes more that the true time it would take for the Moon to
culminate.
This quandary is the origin of Ptolemy’s reform of circumambulations and the
systems of primary directions that developed in the centuries after him. Most
importantly to us, this is the basis of some of our most popular quadrant systems of
house division.
A fuller explication of Ptolemy’s reform will have to wait for another time.
It is very likely that our present system of secondary progressions was a
simplification of a technique that had grown increasingly complex over the
centuries after Ptolemy. Indeed, the calculations of the progressed angles bear
the mark of their origins in ancient astrology.