Acta Scientiarum

http://www.uem.br/acta
ISSN printed: 1806-2563
ISSN on-line: 1807-8664
Doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i3.13327

Growth and gastrointestinal indices in Nile tilapia fed with different

diets
Ricardo Lafaiete Moreira*, Lucas Pinheiro Silveira, Erivânia Gomes Teixeira, Antonio Glaydson
Lima Moreira, Plácido Soares de Moura and Wladimir Ronald Lobo Farias

Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, s/n, 60356-000,
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT. The adequate diet of Nile tilapia in their growth early stages is fundamental to the success
of culture subsequent stages. The goal of the present work was to evaluate the Nile tilapia growth fed with
different diets, and to morphometrically characterized the gastrointestinal tract of this species. The
treatments consisted of three diets: (D1) natural food, (D2), commercial feed and (D3) commercial feed +
natural food. In the qualitative phytoplankton analysis, there was greater representation of the genus
Chlorella, while zooplankton community analysis revealed greater number of Brachionus rotifer. Growth and
survival in D2 and D3 did not reveal differences (p > 0.05), while in D1, the results were significantly lower
(p < 0.05). The gastro-somatic and entero-somatic indices, and the intestinal quotient revealed higher
values when only natural food was available. Nile tilapia reached best zootechnical performance when
commercial feed was included in the diet. The intake of natural and/or artificial food is related to the
growth and development of the gastrointestinal indices, emphasizing that these indicators can be altered by
the type of feeding.
Keywords: Oreochromis, diets, natural food, plankton, digestive tract.

Crescimento e índices gastrintestinais de tilápia do Nilo alimentadas com diferentes dietas

RESUMO. A dieta adequada de tilápia do Nilo em suas fases iniciais de crescimento é fundamental para o
sucesso das etapas subsequentes do cultivo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento de
tilápias do Nilo alimentadas com diferentes dietas e caracterizar morfometricamente o aparelho
gastrintestinal da espécie. Os tratamentos constaram de três dietas: (D1) alimento natural, (D2) ração
comercial e (D3) ração comercial + alimento natural. Na análise qualitativa do fitoplâncton, observou-se
maior representação do gênero Chlorella enquanto a análise da comunidade zooplanctônica revelou maior
número de rotíferos do gênero Brachionus. O crescimento e a sobrevivência em D2 e D3 não apresentaram
diferenças (p > 0.05), enquanto em D1 os resultados foram significativamente inferiores (p < 0.05). Os
índices gastrossomáticos, enterossomáticos e o quociente intestinal apresentaram, de uma maneira geral,
valores superiores nos tratamentos que utilizaram alimento natural na dieta. Tilápia do Nilo alcançou
melhor desempenho zootécnico quando a ração comercial foi incluída na dieta. A ingestão do alimento
natural e/ou artificial está relacionada com o desenvolvimento dos índices gastrintestinais, reforçando que
estes indicadores podem sofrer mudanças ocasionadas pelo tipo de alimentação.
Palavras-chave: Oreochromis, dietas, alimento natural, plâncton, aparelho digestivo.

Introduction important role in ensuring the success of subsequent

The activity of aquiculture has increased through stages of farming. The use of artificial diets as the
a process of professionalization, where the producer only source of food may not bring good results for
is closer to the used management and inputs most fish species in their early stages of
(FILHO et al., 2010). According to the Food and development, and live food can bring more
Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2009), fish farming satisfactory effects (BOSCOLO et al., 2001).
business increases more than other animal The microalgae contain high concentrations of
production enterprise and Brazil now ranks sixth, soluble fiber and fatty acids of omega-3 series and
among the world’s leading producers of tilapia, can contribute positively for the aquatic organisms
accounting for 3.3% of total production. feeding (AZAZA et al., 2007). According to Faria
Hatchery is of fundamental importance for et al. (2001) certain species confer a greater survival
raising quality animals, and proper nutrition plays an for post-larvae of Nile tilapia and can be used as a
Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences Maringá, v. 34, n. 3, p. 223-229, July-Sept., 2012
224 Moreira et al.

food alternative source. The tilapia shifts from larvae (pl’s) of Nile tilapia, was obtained at the above
visually feeding on zooplankton when juveniles to institution, with an average weight and length of
mostly filter feeding on phytoplankton when adults. 0.01 ± 0.01 g and 1.03 ± 0.01 cm, respectively.
When reared using an appropriate ration in intensive The experimental design was completely
aquaculture systems, also consume algal-based randomized, with three treatments and five
detritus (GILLES et al., 2008). Lu et al. (2004) used repetitions each. The treatments consisted of three
the microalgae S. platensis, Euglena gracilis and diets: (D1) natural food, (D2), commercial feed and
(D3) commercial feed + natural food. In the first
Chlorella vulgaris as food supplementation during the
40 days (first phase), the 20 fish were kept in
post-larval period of Nile tilapia. The authors
outdoor polyethylene tanks (12L: 12D photoperiod)
evaluated the rates of ingestion (IT) for each with a useful volume of 80 L and fed (treatments D2
microalgae and concluded that S. platensis was the and D3) with powder commercial ration (1.0 mm)
most efficient of the species tested, with ingestion containing 55% of crude protein. After this period,
rates of 80%. individuals were transferred to outdoor polyethylene
However, the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, reservoirs (12L: 12D photoperiod) containing
does not vitally depend on this combination 800 liters of water, where they were raised for a
(MEURER et al., 2002). The meal ration can be further 60 days (second phase) and fed (treatments
utilized without damage on performance, survival, D2 and D3) with an extruded commercial ration
or sexual reversal efficiency, during sex reversion (1.7 mm) with 45% of crude protein.
phase (BOMBARDELLI et al., 2004). Tachibana Initially, treatments D1 and D3 received “green
et al. (2004) observed that Nile tilapia fed with only water” (with phyto- and zooplankton) from a pre-
commercial diet during sex reversal phase showed established farming of Nile tilapia in 3,000 L
92.86% survival. The body composition of fish is (3 x 1 x 1 m) concrete reservoirs and, after 20 days of
influenced by diet and, if it does not meet the experiment, the natural food had blossomed
species requirements or result in low intake of naturally in the farming units, whereas the fish in
essential nutrients, can lead to visceral fat deposition treatment D2 were farmed in clear water with no
(REIDEL et al., 2010). natural food. To prevent proliferating plankton in
Knowledge on the species biology used in fish this treatment, the sunlight was blocked of the boxes
farming, is a requirement for the proper cultivation through polyethylene caps.
development, as an understanding of its anatomy and In treatments D2 and D3, the daily amount of
physiology (ROTTA, 2003). In fish, the commercial feed was adjusted to 10% of the stored
gastrointestinal system presents large and numerous biomass every 20 days. In all three treatments, the
adaptive variations, due to several feeding habits of water was renewed on a weekly basis - 50% in the
the different species (RODRIGUES; MENIN, first phase of the experiment and 10% in the second
2008). Among its components, the buccopharyngeal phase. In relation to culture water, the physical and
cavity has attracted great attention among researchers, chemical parameters, dissolved oxygen, pH and
as it is intrinsically related to the selection, capture, temperature were measured daily, while total
directing and preparation of the food to be swallowed ammonia, nitrite, carbon dioxide, general and
(LOURES; LIMA, 2001). There is a close carbonate hardness were evaluated weekly. Fish were
interdependence between nutrition, habitat, and the weighted every 20 days for performance analyses,
organization of the digestive tract, which is according to the following formulas: weight gain (%)
particularly apparent in the various adaptations and = (final weight - initial weight /initial weight) x 100;
modifications (MEURER et al., 2002). length gain (cm) = final length – initial length; and
survival rate (%) = (final number of animals /initial
The aim of this study was to determine the
number of animals) x 100, according to the method
growth of the Nile tilapia fed different diets, and to
of Candido et al. (2006).
morphometrically characterize the gastrointestinal
Quantification of natural food in the water of
tract of this species.
treatments D1 and D3 was performed using a linear
regression from the strong correlation observed
Material and methods
between the dry algal biomass (g L-1) and the
The experiment lasted 100 days and was carried optical density of the reservoir water at a
out at the Professor Raimundo Saraiva da Costa Fish wavelength of 680 nm (DO680nm). At the beginning
Farming Station of the Fishing Engineering of the experiment, green water was first filtered in
Department of the Agrarian Sciences Center, 100 μm mesh plankton net to separate the
Federal University of Ceará. Three-hundred post- macrozooplankton, and then in a 30 μm mesh net
Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences Maringá, v. 34, n. 3, p. 223-229, July-Sept., 2012
Feeding strategies for Oreochromis niloticus 225

to obtain concentrated phytoplankton sample. Results and discussion

From the concentrated sample, four serial dilutions
The average physical and chemical parameters of
were placed in a spectrophotometer for the
the water in the treatments remained within the
DO680nm reading. Each sample was then centrifuged
levels considered suitable for tilapia farming
at 3,000 x g for 5 minutes, washed twice with
(VINATEA, 2004) and showed no significant
deionized water and centrifuged again.
Subsequently, the samples were filtered through difference (p > 0.05) (Table 1).
filter paper, previously weighed on a centesimal
Table 1. Culture water physical and chemical parameters (mean
scale (0.01 g), oven dried at 105°C for 16 hours, ± standard error) of Nile tilapia fed different diets.
and weighed again on a centesimal scale (TAKAGI
Treatments
et al., 2006). Finally, the linear correlation between Physical and chemical
*D1 **D2 ***D3
DO680nm of each sample and its respective dry parameters
Dissolved oxygen (mg L-1) 8.92 ± 0.30 7.50 ± 0.10 8.84 ± 0.12
biomass (g L-1) was established to determine the pH 8.33 ± 0.35 7.32 ± 0.50 7.96 ± 0.33
linear regression equation (XU et al., 2006). Temperature (oC) 29.17 ± 0.10 28.67 ± 0.2 28.40 ± 0.20
Qualitative analysis of live food was performed Total ammonia (ppm) 0.50 ± 0.12 0.45 ± 0.21 0.50 ± 0.13
Nitrite (ppm) < 0.3 ± 0.10 < 0.45 ± 0.14 < 0.25 ± 0.10
through three monthly samplings of water from Carbon dioxide (mg L )-1
0.60 ± 0.71 0.53 ± 0.30 0.57 ± 0.32
the pre-established farming of tilapia, all performed General hardness 2.5 ± 0.30 2.5 ± 0.25 2.80 ± 0.21
Carbonate hardness 5.80 ± 0.10 4.00 ± 0.12 6.00 ± 0.20
at 10 o’clock in the morning. The water (50 L) of *D1 = Natural food; **D2 = Commercial feed and ***D3 = Commercial feed +
each sample was filtered through a 60 μm mesh natural food.

plankton net, and the retained material was stored

There is little information available about the
in a 400 mL glass container and fixed with 4%
importance of phytoplankton in the tilapia hatchery
formaldehyde neutralized with sodium tetraborate
(30 g L-1). After this procedure, aliquots of (LU et al., 2004). However, these fish are
sediments in the glass container were examined important primary consumers (BWANIKA et al.,
under a binocular microscope with phase contrast, 2006; SEMYALO et al., 2011). According to Loures
and the organisms were identified to genus level et al. (2001), tilapia has preference for artificial
with the aid of identification keys feed, followed by phytoplankton, which is
(BOLTOVSKOY, 1981; BICUDO; MENEZES, constantly consumed. Fish performance (weight
2006). and length gain) in the treatments that included
At the end of the farming process, five commercial feed showed no significant difference
individuals from each repetition were sacrificed by (p > 0.05), while in the treatment with only
lethal anesthesia using menthol (500 mg L-1) and natural food, performance was significantly lower
necropsied. Stomachs and intestines were carefully (p < 0.05) (Table 2, Figures 1 and 2). Survival rate
dissected using surgical instruments, weighed on a in treatments D2 and D3 did not differ significantly,
centesimal scale and measured with a caliper to and were similar (90% on average) to the values of
obtain the following parameters: gastro-somatic around 97.5% found by Meurer et al. (2003).
index (iGas) = (stomach weight/total weight of the Turker et al. (2003b) cultured tilapia in algal-rich
individual)*100; entero-somatic index (iEns) = water dominated by green algae (i.e., Scenedesmus
(intestine weight/total weight of the individual)*100 and Ankistrodesmus) and cyanobacteria (i.e.,
and intestinal quotient (Qi) = intestine length/total Microcystis and Merismopedia) to determine filtration
length of the individual, according to the method of rates. The cell counts of phytoplankton in water
Pereira and Mercante (2005). filtered by tilapias indicated significant reduction in
Data were submitted to single-factor analysis of green algae and cyanobacteria. Lu et al. (2006)
variance at 5% of statistical significance. examined the effect of Spirulina on larval tilapia at
When statistically significant difference was found, the different growing stages during the development.
averages were compared in pairs, by Tukey’s test. Tilapias could efficiently assimilate and utilize the
In cases where the assumptions for the parametric tests ingested marine microalgae from the onset of
were not reached, the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn exogenous feeding. The use of moist marine
nonparametric tests were used to replace the microalgae offered directly or encapsulated in
parametric ones. All analyses were performed using the copepods results in better growth of tilapia
software BioEstat 4.0. An angular transformer (arcsine (MOREIRA et al., 2010). Moreira et al. (2011a),
square root) was used to homogenize the variances of examining the final of sex reversal phase, found
percentage values, but the figures were presented in total average growth of 1.64 ± 0.10 g, when fed to
their original form. tilapia S. platensis. The sex reversal phase of tilapia,
Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences Maringá, v. 34, n. 3, p. 223-229, July-Sept., 2012
226 Moreira et al.

supplemented with S. platensis can also be Probably this was due to water changes and isolation
successfully carried out in water with high levels of of the system from sunlight, hindering the
salinity (MOREIRA et al., 2011b). development of phytoplankton. Qualitative analysis
of phytoplankton showed the higher contribution of
Table 2. Growth, survival rate and gastrointestinal indices (mean the genus Chlorella, followed by Scenedesmus, and in
± standard error) of Nile tilapia fed different diets.
smaller amounts, Staurastrum (Figure 3). Turker
Treatments et al. (2003a) demonstrated that water from Nile
Growth and gastrointestinal
indices
*D1 **D2 ***D3 tilapia farming was dominated by phytoplankton,
Initial weight (g) 0.01±0.01 0.01±0.01 0.01±0.01
mainly Scenedesmus sp. Analysis of the zooplankton
Weight gain (g) 15.23 ± 0.62a 60.08 ± 0.92b 72.52 ± 0.64b community (Figure 4) revealed a higher number of
Initial length (cm) 1.03 ± 0.01 1.03 ± 0.01 1.03 ± 0.01
Length gain (cm) 14.05 ± 0.32a 20.81 ± 0.16b 24.65 ± 0.12b
rotifer of the genus Brachionus, followed by the
Survival rate (%) 25 ± 3.12a 89 ± 6.74b 91 ± 5.67b Calanoida, Calanus sp. In Nile tilapia reservoir
1
(iGas) Gastro-somatic indice 3.09 ± 0.20a 1.39 ± 0.21b 2.45 ± 0.11a
(%)
water, the high amount of rotifers is due to the great
(iEns) Entero-somatic indice 9.43 ± 0.42a 4.75 ± 0.34b 6.95 ± 0.48c diversity of phytoplankton (SUN et al., 2009).
(%)
(Qi) Intestinal quotient (%) 7.22 ± 0.10a 4.80 ± 0.01b 6.32 ± 0.41c
Corgosinho and Pinto-Coelho (2006) reported that
*D1 = Natural food; **D2 = Commercial feed; ***D3 = Commercial feed + natural food. Cladocera and Cyclopoida were the most abundant
Identical letters in the rows indicate no significant difference (p < 0.05). 1Gastro-somatic indice
(iGas) found for the three treatments did not show normal distribution or homoscedasticity,
zooplanktonic groups in eutrophic stations of their
then the values were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. study, while Calanoida were prevalent in more
oligotrophic sites, in freshwater reservoirs. Uddin
et al. (2009) investigated the growth of tilapia and
Average growth in weight (g)

freshwater prawn in a polyculture system, and

identified 29 genera of algae and 9 genera of
zooplankton from the pond water.

35

30
Frequency (%)

25

20

Culture days 15

Figure 1. Average growth in weight (g) of Nile tilapia fed 10

different diets. 5

0
Chlorella sp. Scenedesmus sp. Golenkinia sp. Staurastrum sp. outros
Average growth in lenght (cm)

Phytoplankton

Figure 3. Frequency of occurrence (%) of the main

phytoplankton organisms in the water from the farming of Nile
tilapia fed different diets.

50
45
40
Frequency (%)

35
30
25
20
Culture days
15
10
Figure 2. Average growth in length (cm) of Nile tilapia fed
5
different diets. 0
Brachionus sp. Calanus sp. Karatella sp. Vorticella sp. outros
Zooplankton
Water absorbance and natural food dry weight
values showed a strong positive linear correlation Figure 4. Frequency of occurrence (%) of the main zooplankton
organisms in the water from the farming of Nile tilapia fed
(r = 0.891). Thus, monitoring the absorbance of different diets.
water revealed a greater amount of natural food in
treatment D3, which may be due to the introduction Gastro-somatic (iGas) and entero-somatic (iEns)
of commercial feed, providing to this environment indices, and intestinal quotient (Qi) were higher in
the essential nutrients for the development of the treatments using natural food, compared with
natural food. In treatment D2, the absorbance values treatments using only commercial feed (Table 2).
were almost zero throughout the experiment. This fact is directly related to the use of natural
Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences Maringá, v. 34, n. 3, p. 223-229, July-Sept., 2012
Feeding strategies for Oreochromis niloticus 227

food, which results in an increased contact surface of higher survival rate. Intake of natural food and/or
the stomach and intestine, enabling greater commercial ration is directly related to the
absorption of nutrients. The gastro-somatic index development of gastrointestinal indices, highlighting
(iGas), being quantitative in nature, provides more that these indicators may undergo changes caused by
accurate information about the feeding habit the type of food.
(HAHN; DELARIVA, 2003).
The iGas obtained from fish fed only natural Acknowledgements
food did not differ significantly from that found in
The Brazilian Office for Higher Education
animals fed with natural food and commercial feed.
Improvement (CAPES), the Brazilian Research
However, comparisons between D1 and D2
Council (CNPq) and the Foundation for Scientific
(commercial feed only) and D2 and D3 evidenced
Support and Development of Ceará (FUNCAP),
statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).
Single-factor analysis of variance pointed for the financial assistance provided over the
statistically significant differences in the entero- research. Ind. e Com. de Alimentos Desidratados
somatic indices (iEns) of the fish submitted to the Alcon Ltda. (Camboriú – SC) and Guabi Nutrição
three treatments (p < 0.05) and the Tukey’s test Animal by providing inputs from the partnership
showed that the iEns of fish fed only with natural with our research institution.
food (D1) was higher than that of the animals of
treatment D3 (natural food and commercial ration), References
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Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences Maringá, v. 34, n. 3, p. 223-229, July-Sept., 2012