CE 2071 – REPAIR AND REHABILITATION OF

STRUCTURES

REGULATION : 2008

YEAR / SEM: IV / VIII

ANNA UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Content

Two Topic
Number of question papers referred: Unit mark
Primary Secondary
questions
1. May / June 2009 1 8 5 1
2. April / May 2011 2 13 3 2
3. May / June 2012 3 12 3 3
4. November / December 2012 4 10 4 1
5. May /June 2013 5 14 3 2
6. November / December 2013 18 9
7. April 2014 Total 57
27

Prepared by:

S. Karpagamoorthy
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Sudharsan Engineering College
 CE 2071 – Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures

Two marks questions

Unit 1

1. Define (i) Defect (ii) crazing. (May-09, May-13)

When a structure or a member is subjected permanently to some unforeseen stresses exceeding
its load bearing capacity, the structure may be said to be having a defect. This may be due to
various reasons such as excess loading, change in pattern of loading, use of bad materials in
construction and effect of the environment.
Cracks are formed on the surface which may be visible or invisible. The development of fine hair
cracks is known as crazing.

2. Write short notes on the importance of maintenance. (May-09, May-12, Nov-13, Apr-14)
 Improves the life of structure
 Improved life period gives better return on investment
 Better appearance
 Better serviceability of elements and compounds
 Ensure safety to occupants

3. Distinguish between repair and rehabilitation. (May-12)

Repair:
 Repair is the process of restoring something that is damaged or deteriorated or broken, to
good condition.
 The repair of concrete structures may vary between a cosmetic treatment and total
replacement by a proper investigation
 Tools and materials can be reinstated economically
Rehabilitation:
 Rehabilitation is the process of returning a building or an area to its previous good
conditions.
 Support the structural members properly as required
 Remove all cracked and loose concrete

4. What is preventive maintenance? (Nov-12)

The maintenance carried out predetermined intervals or corresponding to prescribed criteria and
intended to reduce the probability of failure or the performance degradation of an item.

5. Name the reasons for deterioration of concrete. (Nov-12, Nov-13, Apr-11)

 Deterioration due to corrosion
 Environmental effects
 Poor quality material used
 Quality of supervision
 Design and construction flaws

6. Write short notes on weekly and monthly maintenance. (May-13)

Weekly maintenance: Monthly maintenance:
 Electrical accessories  Cleaning doors, windows etc.,
 Cob webs cleaning  Checking septic tank and sewer
 Flushing sewer line  Cleaning of overhead tanks
 Leakage of water line  Peeling of plaster, dampness, floor cracks

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 CE 2071 – Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures

7. What is economic appraisal of structure? (Apr-14)

Economic appraisal and economic evaluation are general names for a set of techniques that weigh
up the costs of an action against the benefits that it provides.
The distinction between appraisal and evaluation is that appraisal is undertaken before the action
is taken to decide what is to be done and evaluation is undertaken after the action to monitor its
effects.

8. Define the term maintenance. (Apr-11)

Maintenance is the act of keeping something in good condition by checking or repairing it
regularly.

Unit 2

1. What do you mean by structural cracks? Give examples. (May-09)

The structural cracks may be active and dormant. A crack where a movement is observed to
continue is termed a s active, whereas the cracks where no movement occurs is termed as
dormant or static.
Ex. Chemical action, corrosion, unrealistic detailing and poor workmanship.

2. Tabulate the cover to be provided for various exposure conditions to concrete as per IS.
(May-09)
For normal exposure - at least 50 mm thickness
For moderate exposure - at least 40 mm thickness
For mild exposure - at least 30 mm thickness

3. Explain the importance of coefficient of thermal expansion with respect to strength of

concrete (May-12)
Tensile stress in the repair materials caused by the changes in the temperature of the
surrounding environment is proportional to the difference in the coefficient of thermal
expansions and the changes in the temperature. The repair materials selected should have a
similar coefficient of thermal expansion as the substrate as possible.

4. Discuss briefly the effects due to climate. (May-12)

It is defined as changes in colour, texture, strength, chemical compositions or other properties
of natural or artificial materials due to the action of the weather. The environmental factors
can cause cracking including freezing and thawing, wetting and drying, cooling and heating
etc.,

5. What is the effect of fire on concrete? (Nov-12, May-09)

Fire may affect concrete as a result of:-
The removal of evaporable water
The removal of combined water
Alteration of cement past
Alteration of aggregate
Change of the bond between aggregate and paste

6. What is the result of poor construction practices? (Nov-12)

Failure to follow specified procedures may lead to a number of conditions that may be
grouped as construction errors. Most of these do not lead directly to failure. Instead, they
enhance the adverse impacts of other mechanism.

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 CE 2071 – Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures

7. List any four durability parameters. (May-13)

Durability means that the structure will retains its original form, quality and serviceability for
a long time when exposed to adverse environment.
 Having enough strength
 Resistance to undesirable chemical reaction
 Resistance to corrosion
 Resistance to absorption and permeability
 Resistance to weathering

8. Discuss the effect of temperature on concrete. (May-13)

In mortar and concrete, the aggregates undergo a progressive expansion on heating while the
hydrated products shrinks, these two opposing actions progressively weaken and crack the
concrete.

9. What is the role/effect of cover in RC structures? (Nov-13, Apr-14)

There is a substantial experience which relates durability and the amount of water. The thicker
the cover over the steel is, the longer it will take the chloride ions to reach the steel and reduce
the pH and passivity provided by the cement. However, excessive cover can lead to the
development of a few wide cracks under overstress, whereas a thinner cover results in many
small cracks.

10. Define durable concrete. (Nov-13)

It has been defined as its resistance to weathering action, chemical attack, abrasion and other
degradation processes.

11. List out the causes of cracks. (Apr-14)

 Use of unsound material
 Poor workmanship
 Use of high water cement ratio
 Freezing and thawing
 Thermal effects
 Shrinkage stresses

12. Write the needs of quality assurance? (Apr-11)

 Quality is necessary to give good performance and appearance throughout its intended
life.
 The client requires it in promoting his next engineering scheme.
 The designer depends on it for his reputation and professional satisfaction
 The material producers is influenced by the quality of work in his future sales

13. Define corrosion. (Apr-11)

The gradual deterioration of concrete by chemically aggressive agent is called corrosion.

Unit 3

1. What are the advantages of SIFCON? (May-09)

Slurry infiltrated fibre reinforced concrete is a relatively recent development id the field of
FRC. In this steel fibres are pre placed in the form or in the mould to its full capacity rather
being mixed and then cast or sprayed along with concrete. The main advantage is that very
high steel fibre contents can be obtained.

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 CE 2071 – Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures

2. What are the applications of expansive cement? (May-12)

Airport pavement, parking structures, office building, cold storage ware house and industrial
ware house

3. Classify cracks based on its thickness. (May-12)

Plastic shrinkage cracks, expansion cracks, cracks caused by heaving, cracks caused b settling,
cracks caused by overloading and cracks caused by premature drying.

4. What are the basic needs for selection of repair materials? (Nov-12)
Selection of repair material is one of the most important tasks for ensuring durable and
trustworthy repair. Also the selection of the repair material has a chemical angle and the
manufacturer’s literature normally highlights the composition of the material rather than
performance characteristics. It is essential that the repair material should be of non shrink type
and compatible with parent materials.

5. List the types of polymer concrete composites. (Nov-12)

 Polymer impregnated concrete (PIC)
 Polymer cement concrete (PCC)
 Polymer concrete (PC)
 Partially impregnated and surface coat.

6. What are admixtures? Give examples. (May-13)

Admixture is defined as a material, other than cement, water and aggregates, that is used as an
ingredient of concrete and is added to the batch immediately before or during mixing.
Chemical admixtures: Mineral admixtures:
 Super plasticizers  Fly ash
 Accelerators  Ground granulated blast furnace slag
 Retarders  Silica flume
 Fibre reinforced concrete

7. What do you mean by aspect ratio? (May-13)

Aspect ratio is the ratio of the length to the diameter of the fibres. It has been reported that the
normal aspect ratio is 75; increase in the aspect ratio increases the ultimate strength of the
concrete.

8. Write short notes on ferro-cement. (Nov-13)

Ferro cement is a relatively new material consisting of wire meshes and cement mortar. It
consists of closely spaced wire meshes which are impregnated with rich cement mortar mix.
The wire mesh is usually of 0.5 to 1.0 mm dia wire at 5 to 10 mm spacing and cement mortar
is of 1:2 or 1:3 with water-cement ratio of 0.4 to 0.45.

9. What are the applications of special concrete? (Nov-13)

Fibre reinforced concrete is useful in hydraulic structures, airfield pavements, highways,
bridges, heavy duty floors and tunnel lining.
Low density cellular concrete is used for precast floor and roofing units.

10. State the application of ferro-cement. (Apr-14)

 Casting domestic over head  Prefabricated roof units
water tank  Pressure pipes manufacturing
 Boat building  Casting curved benches
 Manhole fabrication  Making tree guards
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 CE 2071 – Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures

11. What are the applications of polymer cement concrete? (Apr-11)

During curing Portland cement form mineral voids. Water can be entrapped in these
voids which are freezing can readily attack the concrete. Also alkaline Portland
cement is easily attached by chemically aggressive materials which results in rapid
deformation, there as using polymers can counter chemical attack.

12. Define the terms shoring and underpinning. (Apr-11, May-09, Nov-12, Apr-14)
Shoring is employed to prevent a damaged structure due to foundation settlement or other
reasons from collapse. It is also used to provide temporary supports to a structure which is
being remodeled or where alterations of adjacent foundations are being carried out.
The term underpinning is applied to the construction of a new foundation underneath and
existing one for strengthening purpose, without endangering the stability of the existing
structure.

Unit 4

1. What are the corrosion inhibitors? (May-09)

They resist corrosion of reinforcement in adverse environment sodium benzoate, calcium
lingo sulphonate and sodium nitrate have good results to inhibit corrosion.

2. What is the need of accelerated strength? (May-09)

In repairs of certain structures, particularly roadways and bridges, it may be desired that early
strength gain should be as rapid as possible. The chief chemical admixture for this purpose is
super plasticizers.

3. What do you mean by critical length of fibre? (May-12)

The critical length of fibre pull-out define as the maximum embedded fibre length for a fibre
to be pull out from a matrix without rupture its closely associated with fracture behavior of
short fibre reinforced brittle matrix composites.

4. What is a dry pack? (May-12, May-13)

Dry packing is the hand placement of a low w/c ratio mortar which is subsequently rammed
into place to produce a dense mortar plug having tight contact to the existing concrete,
because of low w/c ratio, there is little shrinkage and the patch remains tight, with good
durability, strength and water tightness.

5. What are the advantages of shotcrete? (Nov-12)

 It is highly durable compared to poured concrete.
 The shrinkage is very low and creep similar compared to high quality concrete.
 Shotcrete gives excellent bond with old concrete.
 It is frequently adopted in tunneling operations.

6. Explain the mechanism of cathodic protection. (May-13)

It is a technique to control the corrosion of a metal surface by
making it works as a cathode of an electrochemical cell. This
is achieved by placing in contact with the metal to be
protected another more easily corroded metal to act as the
anode of the electrochemical cell.

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 CE 2071 – Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures

7. How do repair the cracks by dry pack? (Nov-13)

Dry packing approach uses a dry mortar that has enough moisture to form a cohesive ball
when squeezed in hand but not enough moisture to make it plastic. A mallet and drew stick
are used to pack the material into the place to form uniform compacted mass. A back form
and a bottom form are used to provide confinement on ribs. After the material is placed and
compacted the exposed surface is finished to match the existing concrete and adequate curing.

8. Give the methods of corrosion protection techniques. (Nov-13)

 Corrosion inhibitors  Epoxy coated reinforcing steel
 Cathodic protection  Curing condition
 Coatings and linings

9. What is the role of inhibitors in resisting corrosion in reinforcement? (Apr-14)

A corrosion inhibitor is an admixture that is used in concrete to prevent the metal embedded
in concrete from corroding. It alter the environment adjacent to metal to passive and protect
metal.

10. Write a short note on epoxy injection. (Apr-11)

These are organic compound which when activated with suitable hardening agents form strong
chemically resistant structures having excellent adhesive properties. They are used as binders or
adhesives to bond new concrete patches to existing surfaces or hand together cracked portions.
Once hardened, this compound will not melt, flow or bleed. Care should be taken to place the
epoxy within the pot life period after mixing.

Unit 5

1. What do you mean by engineered demolition? (May-09)

Demolition is carried by means of mechanical means.
Methods:
 Wrecking ball method  Pressure jetting
 Pusher arm techniques  Concrete sawing method
 Non-explosive demolition

2. What are the characteristics of good coatings? (May-12)

 Chemical purity  No pores and voids
 Chemical homogeneity  No surface contamination
 No oxide of other impurities  Mechanical stability
inclusion
3. What do you mean by weathering corrosion? (May-12, Apr-11)
It is the agent, which transport the abrasive material and assists the physical weathering. Its
action is aggravated during rains and when it is moving with high speed. It may contain some
acidic gases like CO2 fumes which may act over the material and penetrate quite deeply in the
materials and structures.

4. List the methods to overcome low member strength in concrete structures. (Nov-12)
 Improved quality of material by means of a mortar injection
 The use of epoxy based materials
 Restriction of lateral expansion by enclosure.

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 CE 2071 – Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures

5. What is the preventive measure to be adopted to make the structure stable against
marine exposure? (Nov-12)
 The water used for construction purpose should be free from salinity.
 Cathodic production system should be used for protecting steel reinforcement
 Cement should be of good quality. It does not contain any salty substances.
 Proper cover thickness should be maintained

6. What are the disadvantages of FRP? (May-13)

FRP stands for Fibre Reinforced Polymer plates
 High cost
 Low shear strength
 Low durability
 Susceptibility to stress

7. How do you determine the temperature attained by concrete during fire? (May-13)
Fire on concrete building damages the concrete as well as steel reinforcement causing
disintegration of the concrete and bulking of steel. The temperature gradient is extreme 30 to
40OC in the outer face and above 800OC on the interface (near the source of fire)

8. What are chemical disruptions involved in concrete structures? (Nov-13)

 Alkali aggregate reaction
 Sulphate attack
 Chloride attacks
 Carbonation

9. How do arrest the leakage in RC structures? (Nov-13)

 Epoxy coating
 Cement grouping
 Swelling type water stops

10. State the preventive measure taken during demolition. (Apr-14)

 All water, gases and electricity lines must be shut off before the demolition work.
 All the windows and door openings must be board up.
 Adequate artificial lightening and ventilation should be done.
 Stair cases should be free from debris.
 Balconies and cantilever projections should be cut down.
 Safety devices like helmets, safety belts, gloves etc., should be provided.

11. What is meant by jacketing? (Apr-14)

Jacketing consists of restoring or increasing the section of an existing member by encasing
it in a new concrete. This method is useful for protection of section against further
deterioration by providing additional to in member.

12. List out the repairing methods of excessive deflection of beams. (Apr-14)
Commonly used methods for repair flexural members include
 Provide additional concrete on the compression face.
 Addition of tensile reinforcement by welding new rebars to the existing rebars.
 Bolting steel plates or straps on the surface of the member.

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 CE 2071 – Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures

13. Write short notes on leakage in structures. (Apr-11)

Leakage in the concrete structures causes inevitable damage to the reinforcement.
Construction joints, shrinkage and restraint cracks may form leak paths. The amount of water
involved vary from damp patches which tend to evaporate as they are formed, to running
leaks which may also be formed when water passes through the voids along reinforcing bars.

14. What do you mean by dilapilated structures? (Apr-11)

A dilapilated structure means the structure has lost its functional value and most of the major
components of the structure have lost their strength and they will collapse at any time. People
should be alerted not to use any part of the building. There are many reasons for a structure to
get dilapilated: prolonged poor maintenance, over loading of structural members, poor design,
faulty construction and poor quality of the materials used.
Topic wise Star rating

Unit 1

Sl. No. Topic Rating

1 Assessment procedure for evaluating a damaged structure 5 star
2 Facets of maintenance and importance 5 star
3 Causes of deterioration 4 star
4 Service life behavior of a concrete 3 star
5 Defects in concrete, masonry and steel 3 star
6 Various aspects of inspection 2 star

Unit 2

Sl. No. Topic Rating

1 Design and constructional errors 5 star
2 Quality assurance for concrete construction 4 star
3 Corrosion mechanism and factors influencing 4 star
4 Thermal properties and their effects 3 star
5 Effect of cover thickness 2 star
Unit 3

Sl. No. Topic Rating

1 Fibre reinforced concrete 5 star
2 Polymer concrete 5 star
3 Expansive cement 4 star
4 Special elements for accelerated strength 3 star
5 Concrete chemicals 3 star
6 Ferro and sulphur infiltrated concrete 2 star

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 CE 2071 – Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures

Unit 4
Sl. No. Topic Rating
1 Methods of corrosion protections 5 star
2 Epoxy injection and coating 5 star
3 Demolition techniques 4 star
4 Foamed and vacuum concrete 4 star
5 Polymer coatings 3 star

Unit 5
Sl. No. Topic Rating
1 Improve load carrying capacity of beams and columns 5 star
2 Repair and rehabilitation of fire distressed structure 5 star
3 Strengthening of various structural elements 4 star
4 Prevention and repair of marine exposure structure 3 star
5 Jacketing and plate bonding techniques 3 star

16 mark questions:
Unit 1

Sl.
Topic Questions
No.
Assessment
1. With a flow chart explain the assessment procedure for evaluating a
procedure for
1 damaged structure. (May-09, Apr-11, Nov-12, May-13, Nov-13,
evaluating a
Apr-14)
damaged structure
1. Explain the various facets of maintenance. (Nov-12, Nov-13)
Facets of
2. Briefly explain the importance of maintenance of structures. (Nov-
2 maintenance and
12, May-13, Nov-13)
importance
3. Differentiate between repair and maintenance of building. (Apr-14)
Causes of 1. Discuss briefly the various causes of deterioration. (Apr-11, Nov-
3
deterioration 12)
Service life 1. With a graph explain the service life behavior of a concrete
4 behavior of a structure. Also explain in detail about time based maintenance.
concrete (May-12, May-13)
1. Explain in detail about the various defects in concrete, masonry and
Defects in
steel. Also give their causes. (May-09)
5 concrete, masonry
2. Explain the causes and effects of any four defects in concrete
and steel
structures. (May-12)
1. Explain various inspection procedures. (Nov-13)
Various aspects of
6 2. Describe about the inspection to be carried out during and after the
inspection
construction of structures. (Apr-14)
1. Under what circumstance premature deterioration of concrete takes
7 Other
place? Briefly explain. (Apr-14)

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 CE 2071 – Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures

Unit 2
Sl.
Topic Questions
No.
Design and 1. What are design and construction errors? (Apr-11, Nov-12)
1 constructional 2. With sketches explain the possible design and constructional errors.
errors (May-12, Nov-13, Apr-14)
1. What are the quality checks you will make during the day of
concreting? Explain them in detail. (May-09, May-13)
2. Write short note on: (i) quality assurance for concrete construction.
(Apr-11)
Quality
3. How quality assurance plays an important role in construction
assurance for
2 industry. Explain the parameters affecting the quality of concrete
concrete
construction. (Nov-12)
construction
4. Relate serviceability and durability of concrete structures under the
heading of quality assurance in concrete. (Nov-13)
5. Why quality assurance for structure is needed? Explain the
components of quality assurance for building. (Apr-14)
Corrosion 1. With chemical equations explain in detail about the mechanism of
3 mechanism & corrosion. Also discuss the factors influencing the corrosion. (May-
factors influencing 09, May-12, Nov-12)
Thermal
1.Explain in detail about the thermal properties of concrete. (May-13)
4 properties and
2.Explain how concrete structure is affected by thermal condition. (Apr-14)
their effects
Effect of cover
5 1. Explain the effect of cover thickness in a concrete structure. (Apr-11)
thickness
Unit 3
Sl.
Topic Questions
No.
1. What is fibre reinforced concrete? How is it produced? (Apr-11, Apr-14)
2. What are applications of fibre reinforced concrete? (Apr-11, Apr-14)
3. Explain the behavior of steel fibre reinforced concrete as a repair
material. (Nov-12)
Fibre 4. With respect to fibre reinforced concrete explain aspect ratio and
1 reinforced volume fraction. Also explain their effects on fresh and hardened
concrete concrete properties. Explain with its stress-strain curve. (May-12)
5. Tabulate the different types of fibres used in concrete. What are its
advantages? (May-13)
6. With a stress strain curve explain the behavior of fibre reinforced
concrete under axial compression. (May-09)
1. Write short notes on: (i) expansive cement, (ii) polymer modifier
Polymer concrete and (iii) underpinning. (May-09)
2
concrete 2. Explain the types and application of polymer concrete. (Apr-11, May-
12, Nov-12)
1. Write short notes on: (i) expansive cement, (ii) polymer modifier
concrete and (iii) underpinning. (May-09)
Expansive 2. Briefly explain about the manufacturing process and application of
3
cement expansive cement. (May-13)
3. Write short notes on (i) sulphur infiltrated concrete, (ii) concrete
chemical and (iii) expansive cement. (Apr-14)
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 CE 2071 – Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures

Sl.
Topic Questions
No.
Special 1. Explain in detail about the special materials manufacturing procedure.
elements for (May-12)
4
accelerated 2. State the method adopted for accelerated strength gaining of concrete.
strength Explain. (Apr-14)
1. Discuss the use of concrete chemicals used to enhance the performance
of concrete. (Nov-12)
Concrete
5 2. Write short notes on (i) sulphur infiltrated concrete, (ii) concrete
chemicals
chemical and (iii) expansive cement. (Apr-14)
3. Explain in detail construction chemicals for water proofing. (Apr-11)
1. How ferro cement can be used as a material for repair. (Nov-12)
Ferro and
2. Write short notes on (i) sulphur infiltrated concrete, (ii) concrete
sulphur
6 chemical and (iii) expansive cement. (Apr-14)
infiltrated
3. Write short note on: (i) ferro cement and (ii) sulphur infiltrated
concrete
concrete. (Apr-11)

Unit 4

Sl.
Topic Questions
No.
1. Explain the different methods of corrosion protection. (May-09, May-
Methods of
12, May-13, Apr-14)
1 corrosion
2. Write short note on: (i) epoxy injection, (ii) corrosion inhibitors, (iii)
protections
cathodic protection and (iv) vacuum concrete. (Nov-13)
1. Explain the procedure of fusion bonded epoxy coating of rebars with a
simple sketch. Also give the advantages and disadvantages. (May-09)
2. Explain the procedure of epoxy coating of rebars. (Nov-12)
3. Give the procedure of epoxy injection to structural crack repair in RC
Epoxy
structural elements. (Nov-12, May-13)
2 injection and
4. Explain routing and sealing. (May-13)
coating
5. Write short note on: (i) epoxy injection, (ii) corrosion inhibitors, (iii)
cathodic protection and (iv) vacuum concrete. (Nov-13)
6. Explain how cracks may be sealed by using epoxy injection resin.
(Apr-14)
1. How do you demolish a distressed overhead water tank? Explain in
Demolition detail. (May-09)
3
techniques 2. What are the techniques involved in demolition? Explain in detail with
case studies. (Apr-11, Nov-12, Nov-13)
1. Explain the manufacturing process of foamed concrete and its
application. (Apr-11)
Foamed and 2. Explain in detail (i) foamed concrete and (ii) vacuum concrete. (May-
4 vacuum 12)
concrete 3. Write short note on: (i) epoxy injection, (ii) corrosion inhibitors, (iii)
cathodic protection and (iv) vacuum concrete. (Nov-13)
4. What is vacuum concrete? Explain the application. (Apr-14)
Polymer 1. Explain the various methods of polymer coating applied on the surface
5
coatings of rebar? (Apr-14)

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 CE 2071 – Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures

Unit 5

Sl.
Topic Questions
No.
Improve load
1. With simple sketches explain the methods to improve the load
carrying capacity
1 carrying capacity of columns and beams. (May-09, Apr-11, May-
of beams and
12, May-13)
columns
1. Explain how the building is affected by (i) high temperature and (ii)
Repair and marine exposure. (Apr-14)
rehabilitation of 2. How do you repair and rehabilitate a structure distressed due to fire?
2
fire distressed (May-12)
structure 3. Explain the methods used for fire protection in RC buildings. (Nov-
12)
1. How do you strengthen a heavily corroded RCC beam in a structure?
(Apr-14)
Strengthening of 2. State and explain the various options for strengthening a concrete
various with low member strength. (Apr-14)
3
structural 3. How do you strengthen the various structural elements? Explain in
elements detail with sketches. (Nov-12, May-13)
4. How do you repair various types of cracks? Explain with neat
sketches. (Nov-13)
Prevention and 1. Explain how the building is affected by (i) high temperature and (ii)
4 repair of marine marine exposure. (Apr-14)
exposure structure 2. Discuss the sea water attack on concrete. (Nov-12)
Jacketing and
1. Explain about the jacketing and plate bonding techniques in
5 plate bonding
rehabilitation to overcome the low member strength. (Nov-13)
techniques

**** ALL THE BEST ****

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