4]

constraint on the separation constants. The meaning becomes clear as we proceed. Let F be
expressed as a product of two functions
(0.] 97)

where 11 is entirely a function of x and 12 is entirely a function of y. Substituting (0.197) in

(0.195)

(0.198)

Differentiating partially with respect to x, we obtain

j_
ax
[I_11 aax 2~ ] =0, (0.199)

1
---21
a2};
= constant. (0.200)
11 ax
Let this constant be denoted by - k;. Equation (0.200) may be written as

(0.201 )

Following the same argument, the second term in (0.198) can be equated to - k~ leading to the

ODE

(0.202)

From (0.198) we can see that the constants k; and k~ are subject to the constraint

e+k =e.
x 2y c (0.203)

The PDE (0.195) is converted to the two ordinary ODE's given by (0.200) and (0.201) subject to

the constraint given by (0.203). Each ODE has two independent solutions. If the constants k;
and k~ are negative, i.e.,

(0.204)

(0.205)

where K; and K~ are positive, the solutions are hyperbolic functions. Thus the admissible

functions are
 42

sin kxx
coskxx
e + jk,x
e - jkxx
II(x) = (0.206)
sinhKxx
cosh K,»
e+K,x
e -K xx

sin «,»
coskyY
e + jk,y
e -jk,y
I2(y) = (0.207)
sinh KyY
coshKyY
+K y
e '
e -KyY

The solution to a given problem may be constructed by choosing a linear combination of the
admissible functions. The choice is influenced by the boundary conditions. An illustration is
given in the next section.

0.6.2 TMmn modes in a rectangular waveguide.

Figure 0.20 shows the cross-section of a rectangular waveguide with conducting

boundaries (PEC) at x =0 or a and Y = 0 or h. TM modes have E, -:t 0 and Hz = O. The E,

- -
component satisfies (0.192) inside the guide and is however zero on the PEC boundaries. This
boundary condition translates into 'Dirichlet boundary condition' F(x, y) =0 on the boundaries

given by x = 0 or a, or when Y = 0 or h. The requirement of multiple zeros on the axes, including

a zero at x = 0 forces us to choose sin kxx function for the x-variation. Moreover

(0.208)

mIT
m = 1,2,·.. , 00 • (0.209)
a
 43

y
( PEe, E, =0, i.e., F =0

N··
n

e, 11- n
=0 \j2F
I
+eFC
~--------------------~--.X
a

Figure 0.20 Cross section of a rectangular waveguide. TM modes. Dirichlet Problem.

y
( PEe, an
aii
=
.
0, l.e.,
aG
an =0

n __
--:'
e, 11- n
»
:~
\j2G+k2G=0
I c ~ x
a

Figure 0.21 Cross section of a rectangular waveguide. TE modes. Neuman Problem.

A similar argument leads to the choice of sine function for the y variation and also

k
Y
= nrrb ' n = 1,2,·· .,00. (0.210)

Now we are able to write the expression for iiz of mn" TM mode:

E- z ( x,y,z ) = E 11111 sln-a-SlnTe

. mitx . nit» -yz
, (0.211 )

where Emil is the mode of the TMmn mode. From (0.196), (0.203), (0.209), and (0.210)
2 2

k ,2 = y2 +k 2 = ( :rr ) + ( :rr ) , (0.212)

Y = a = ~ k,2- k 2, if kc > k , (0.213)

Y = j~ = j~e - k,2, if kc < k. (0.214)

 44

Equation (0.214) has to be satisfied for the wave to be a propagating wave instead of an

evanescent wave. Recalling k2 = (2nf)2~ and defining

(0.215)

we can obtain

(0.216)

(0.217)

where

(0.218)

Thus emerges the concept of a mode cut off frequency t; of a waveguide. When the signal
frequency f is greater than the mode cutoff frequency fe, the mode will propagate. When f < t..
the mode will be evanescent. Since the lowest values of m and n are 1 and 1, respectively, the
lowest cutoff frequency of TM modes in a rectangular waveguide is

'J. )TM = 11
1
2..f1J£ ( a1)2 + (-bI )2 (0.219)

When once E, is determined, we can obtain all the other field components of TM wave in terms

of E, by applying the Maxwell's equations:

- - j~k mn ntt
E
x
= k;
x E
mn
cos-x
a b
A
sin- y e?"
'
(0.220)

- - j~k mn nt: 'n

E
y
= k2
YE
mn
sin-xcos-ye-Jf'Z
a b '
(0.221)
e

j(J)Ek y . mti tit: A

H, = 2 Emn SITI-xcos-y e-Jf'Z (0.222)
ke a b

- - juxk nm. n1t A

H - x E cos-X SITI- y e-Jf'Z (0.223)
y - k2 mn a b
e

We have chosen E, appropriately to satisfy the boundary condition Etan = 0 on the conducting

walls of the guide. However, for a TM wave, there are other tangential components that also
 45

must reduce to zero on the walls. For instance (Figure 0.20), Ex =0 on the walls y = 0 or b. We

note, from (0.220), that this boundary condition is satisfied automatically. We also note, from

(0.221), that the boundary condition E)' =0 on x = 0 or a is automatically satisfied. Thus for the

TM waveguiding problem, E, is a potential. The solution is obtained by finding i; that

satisfies the Max well's equation and the boundary condition of E, =0 on the conductor

(Dirichlet boundary condition). The other field components are obtained from E, and the

boundary conditions on the other field components are automatically satisfied.

Just as we have defined a wave impedance for the TEM wave, we can define a wave
impedance for a TM wave:

(0.224)

When the signal frequency is less than the cutoff frequency, Zw is purely imaginary, showing

that the electric fields and the associated magnetic fields in the transverse plane are in time
quadrature, the Poynting vector component in the z-direction is imaginary and the power flow is
purely reactive. The wave is evanescent.
The wavelength A of the signal in the medium without the boundaries is given by

A = 2n = 2n = 1 (0.225)
k ~ f.fili·
We can define a guide wavelength Ag

(0.226)

Above cutoff, the wavelength A g is greater than the unbounded wavelength A. It is some times

more convenient to define a cut off wavelength Ac for a waveguide:

A =2n. (0.227)
c k
c

The waveguide mode propagates if A < i;

 46

0.6.3 TEmn modes in a rectangular waveguide

. TE modes have i, = 0 , but il z oF o. The il z component satisfies

(0.228)

Let

(0.229)
The function G satisfies

(0.230)

where k~ is again given by (0.196).

The boundary condition on Hz at the PEe walls, from (0.68), is given by

ail z =0 (0.231)
aii '
where Ii is a normal unit vector as shown in Figure 0.21. This boundary condition translates
into the boundary condition on G given by (0.232):

ae =0 x=O or a, (0.232)
ax '
ae =0 y =0 or b.
ay , (0.233)

Like in the TM case, it can be shown that all other boundary conditions at PEe are automatically
satisfied when (0.232)-(0.233) are satisfied.

- )_ H mttx nit» -yz

Hz(x,y,z - mncos-a-cosbe , (0.234)

where Hmn is the mode constant of the TEmn mode. The lowest allowed value for m or n is zero.

The potential for TE modes is Hz and the type of boundary value problem where the normal

derivative of the potential is zero on the boundary is called Neuman boundary value problem.
The cutoff frequency Ie for the TE modes is given by (0.218). If a > b, we obtain the lowest
cutoff TE modes by choosing m = 1 and n = O. The choice of m = n = 0 leads to a trivial solution
that all the fields are zero in the waveguide.
 47

0.6.4 Dominant mode in a rectangular waveguide: TEw mode

Moreover the lowest cutoff frequency of all modes of a rectangular cavity is given by
(0.235) and such a mode is referred to as the dominant mode. Figure 0.22 shows a sketch of the
normalized cut off frequencies of a rectangular waveguide with bla = 112. Normally, a guide is
designed so that its cutoff frequency of the dominant mode is about 30% below the operating
frequency. Note from Figure 0.22, the operating frequency is below the next order modes TEo I
and TE20 and therefore only the dominant mode can propagate. In practice higher order modes
may be excited at the point of excitation of the guide, but they die away in a short distance from
the source since the waves of these higher order modes are evanescent. In view of the
importance of TEJO mode let us study this mode in more detail. The fields of this mode are given
by
- rr.x
Hz =H 10
cos-e-Y z (0.235)
a

- - jwJ.!
E )' - 2
aif l _
-
- jwJ.! H . rr.x -Y z
10 sm e (0.236)
kc ax n! a a

if = _'Y_ H sin rr.x e -Y z (0.237)

X nla 10 a

TMII
TEll

o 2 3

Figure 0.22. Normalized cutoff frequencies of a rectangular waveguide with bla = 112

All other components are zero. The wave impedance in this case is given by

(0.238)

where

(0.239)

'+1
 48

For this case the cutoff frequency for the TEIO mode is given by

(0.240)

For I > Ie' "I = jP, where P is real, the mode propagates, and the wave impedance given by

(0.238), is real. For f < Ie' "I = a , where a is real, the mode does not propagate, and the wave

impedance is imaginary. The electric and the magnetic fields are in time quadrature, and there is
no real power flow down the guide. The mode is evanescent and the fields decay signifying
localization of stored energy.

0.6.5 Power flow in a waveguide: TElO mode

It is easy enough to study the power flow of the TEIO mode. From (0.237) and (0.238)

(SZR) = .!_Re[ExH·]. i, (0.241 )

2

(0.242)

where 'l' is as given by (0.239). The power flow PIO is given by

(0.243)

0.6.6 Attenuation of TElO mode due to imperfect conductors and dielectric medium

We have seen that the wave attenuates if the signal frequency is less than the cutoff

frequency. The wave becomes evanescent. Even if I > t.. the wave can attenuate due to

imperfect materials. The exponential factor of the fields of the wave will have the form

(0.244)

In the above ae is the attenuation of the fields due to the conversion of the wave energy into

heat by imperfect conductors of the guide. ad is the attenuation due to the conversion of the

wave energy into heat by an imperfect dielectric. These are given by

(0.245)
 49

(0.246)

In the above Rs is the surface resistance of the conductor and c/ (J)£ is the loss tangent of the
dielectric. The derivation of the attenuation constant formulas is given as problems at the end of
the chapter.

0.6.7 Cylindrical waveguide: TM modes

Let

E\(p,<I>,z) = F(p,<I»e-Y', (0.247)

and
(0.248)

The separation of variable technique applied to the PDE

\l2F+k2F=0
t c (0.249)

results in two ordinary differential equations with separation constants kc and n:

(0.250)

(0.251)

Figure 0.23. Circular waveguide with PEC boundary.

 248 Microwave Tubes Chap. -s
beam and arranging fOTits power dissipation. The solution is to feed tbe microwave
output to a relatively large diameter circular waveguide which is connected to the
collector section. At a frequency of 28 GHz a typical power gain is of the order of
10,000 with a peak power output of 50 kW.
~,
c-

':i ~
The Gyro-TWT, Gyro-BWO, and Gyro-twystron are still in the experimental
stage and little is known about their capabilities at the present time.

5-10 MICROWAVE OVENS

This type of oven is a consumer application of one microwave tube, namely the
magnetron, which commonly generates a frequency of 2.45 GHz (wavelength A =
3012.45 = 12.24em), although some ovens are operated at 915 MHz.. As illustrated
in Figure 5-43, a high-voltage transformer generates a secondary output of 2800 V
rms, which is rectifiedby diode D1• The diode current charges the high-voltagecapaci-
tor C1• with the result that a maximum negative voltage of approximately 8 kV is
applied to the cathode of the magnetron whose anode is grounded. A subsidiary
winding provides an output of 3.2 V rms, 60 Hz for the cathode's beater circuit.
f'.. :-.
~
,
~----'
4 ,
-- - - ---+------='--=
E probe· J ,
----------~- ----

0,

110 V rms
60 Hz
L----------'("'\.r------ __ ---J

Fagure5-43 High-voltagepower supply for a microwave OYC:l1.

,
 Sec, 5-10 Microwave Ovens 249

When the magnetron oscillates, the energy is extracted from the resonant cavities
by an H loop, At the other end of this loop is an E probe which protudes into a
rectangular waveguide whose dimensions are a = 6.83 ern and b = 3.81 cm. The
wide dimension therefore fulfills the requirement that a be greater than All = 12.24/
2 = 6,12 ern. This end of the waveguide is closed, so that the probe is positioned
at a distance of Ag /4 from the sealed end (Figure 5-44). The other end of the waveguide
is entirely open and the microwave energy is literally poured into a recess in which
there is a metal stirring fan. A plastic ceiling shield then allows the microwave energy
to pass through the main container in which the food is placed.
Microwave energy is reflected from metal surfaces so that the interior walls
of the cooking oven are made from stainless steel or epoxy-coated metal. The reflections
from the stationary walls and the moving stirring fan enable the microwave energy
to be well distributed so that the food is evenly cooked. The typical input power to
the oven is normally about 1.5 kW, which in turn produces a maximum microwave
power of 700 W.
. - - ; Some materials, such as glass, plastic, paper, and wood, are transparent to
frequencies of the order of a few gigahertz and therefore do not absorb or reflect
the microwave energy. Consequently, these substances are ideal for manufacturing
the cooking containers. However, when the microwave energy comes into contact
with the moisture contained in the food, the molecules associated with the moisture
are set in vibration and the resulting friction produces the heat necessary for the
cooking process. Although the waves can penetrate the' food only to a depth of 2
or 3 ern, large items such as joints of meat are cooked by the conduction of heat
to the center of the food.
With microwave the cooking process is fast and even, so that the food retains
more of its natural flavor and nutritional value. However, the oven must be designed

Stirring
fan

Sealed
end
Plastic ceiling
Magnetron

Food container

Figure 5-44 Principle of the microwave oven.

"
\ 1- r:
''1""7
 '.

rrusprim and correct it. Give one or two reasons as to why you think there IS ;)

misprint. This misprint perhaps has not affected your answers to pans (a) and (b).

1:'0.11 A diston ionlcss line satisfies the condition

R' C'
-=-
L' C'

Find ex, p and 20 for such a line.

PO.12 A conducting impedance

377Q/souare is placed a quarter-wave length

in air from a plane conductor (PEC) to 377Q/square

eliminate wave reflection at 9 GHz. Assume Free space PEC
negligible displacement CUITel1lS in the film.

Plot a curve showing the fraction of incident d=A/4

power reflected versus frequency for

frequencies 6 to 18 GHz_

PO.13 Calculate the reflection coefficient and percent of incident energy reflected when a

uniform plane wave is normally incident on a Plexiglas radome (dielectric window) of

r
thickness 3/8". relative perrnitivity E, = 2.8. with free space on both sides. 1...0 = 20cm.
Repeat for All = IOem _ Repeat for Ao = 30n _ Comment on the results obtained.

PO.14 A green Ion laser beam. operating at

1...0 = O.545/J117. is generated in vacuum. and then

passes through a glass window of refractive index

1.5 into water with 11 = 1.34. Design a window to

11~= 1.34
give zero reflection at the two surfaces for a wave

polarized with E in the plane of incidence. i. e.,

find e e
82 .::__ 81 in the figure.

PO.15 The transmitting antenna of a ground to-air communication system is placed at a height

of 10m above the water. as shown in Figure PO. IS. For a separation of 10 km between

the transmitter and the receiver, which is placed on an airborne platform. find the height

h2 above water of the receiving system so that the wave reflected by the water does not

-
,
'.

possess a parallel polarized component. Assume that the water surface is flat and
lossle:«.
~Ff
/

_g~Q .~.~
wde ... ( 7f1__-:.-.0)
~ [c 'f~ - ~

Figure PO. IS

PO.16 A source \le' = 60LO with internal impedance 200 ohms is connected to a resistive load

2/1 = 200 ohms by a two wire loss less transmission line in air (velocity of propagation

c = 3 x 10' III / v ) of length 11 = 10CIn and characteristic impedance 201 = SO ohms. This

load is connected to another load Z L2 by .the two wire transmission I ine of length

1-:. = Scm. Let the load 2 L~ be replaced by a short-circuit. Determine the current Ie' for

two values of frequency (j):

(a) I = 60 Hz. This IS the
ZO:2=SOQ
frequency of the house current.
Hint: For very small values of
ZI.l=200Q
~/. tan may be

approximated by zero.
(b)(= I.S GHz._ B D F

PO.17 A dielectric slab of dielectric constant c. is shown in the figure. A wave is incident on it
-.
-frorn one of its ends at an oblique angle 0° < ei < 90·. Show that for e. ~ 2. the wave is

contained in the slab for all angles of ei.

11
 mHE J..)tJRk. 0 N

TG /'1~L:J G~.

~ t f'-o
/'~----~~---7~L
_.........-,........- ----/
_./ ~

( a.) G;I"ek- a -:: b ·8.1 c ...~ 6 =- 3·~ I ell- de I-~,-I-: ~

T C:,
i«: cJ-1f.- {r~~k"'·<J
r
1 re.,/~ a~~ T~/;
T r;; 2-D

J
T~/
/
Tbl2.. l4-.....4r. ;4/00 ~~~W!_ -h-.c_ bCt~e(_v'c/k_
~

I~ I=-: cL:/leye~ WW.e", ~ lo~"- CL/?/f

1r~"'''1 a"-'{ ~ ~I- lol.rVl- c~ fv-~'1 .

f"'.../
. v
t;"~ -:: -J~k d~
I< (;2- d)
Ik.~c.. """,' L -It.... e»: I --e .r3, •"" -fv
T £"ID V-tJ~.
/£ - y- 6 I

~-=--D 12 -
J J /
11 --:. 0 , 2
/./ /

kJ-- k....-=-h_:_6

I -

f 3.1y. GH-i:.
3)". I o

..2 b

~ _ 6 . .[.3 Ci..__ .b:::5 . 6 J; / CL

/

. -(( {(sU 2-) / f

/6to 2-1C}t. I 2 -c s:
JIJy. I
T btJ/
TI;
fr-,;
20

J.7ct-Lf G I-I;t-
-t» -
--=---------
..

(-b)

f
J ;><'/0

/-tj 2-

A_j --
-------
/J_.2_S-

a"tfy_]y
-
..._ 27·c'3

1v/2_~ 'A~ j
~ -----
~
- 17-[_J,

'f
-
- ('9/C~
'-

---
~
rv

_)(
-
- ,-j
,

ylf-
L...JjA.

k
2.-
__
)- (-/ t:-
-

(J J

hI
 .. '
I
.

1:.; Y:

rv .
r;/ - _jwh
.2_ -

-k C
1- --

k 2-- t>X
c.

rv
I~ -= X- - _) ;3
~ 2-
c

~.-, T &/0
-<:»:
~~

~~0i{O Co(
TlX
y~) /
(
/'
-
_j<._;4
)
~ ..(:_
ex; Rc'J-
dj rv
O· 1--i '-:J -- 0
~ /
r-: ( 0 - 2 3.i )
V,.. £j --
--h r--;»:

t •
.,--..
-
(0- 2.37
 :II S-. I

-# ~'3

IJ 5"1
1) /D (~)
..{.. (~) (C_)
T/ }./

:It S·'2..
402 Ill: Chapter 5 / Cvlindrical 1-\-{lI'egllidcs and Cavity Resonators

Rectangular
TM: El =
Circular

The cutoff frequency h. for rectangular waveguides is given by

whereas that for circular waveguides is

and

where tnt and SnJ are the roots of JnO and J~(.), respectively. Note once again
that the cutoff frequencies Ic determine all the other quantities, such as f3, A,
and ve» for the different modes.
• Cavity resonators. Complete enclosed metallic boxes of circular or rectangular
shape allow extremely efficient storage of electromagnetic energy, with quality
factors of up to few tens of thousands. The Q of a cavity due to conduction losses
in the walls is given by

where Vcavity and Sc:avity are respectively the volume and the surface area of the
cavity, and D = (7T!JLmO"m)-In is the skin depth of the metallic walls. The Q
due to losses in the dielectric material within the cavity is given by Qd = (0'/(,".
The total Q of the system is then given by
I 1 I
= -+-
Q o,
Qc

5.5 PROBLEMS
J 5-1. Frequency range of the dominant mode. An air-filled hollow WR·IO rectangular
waveguide has dimensions a = 0.254 em and b = 0.127 ern. (a) What is the cutoff
frequency of (he dominant (TEIO) mode? (b) What is the cutoff frequency of the next
higher-order modets)? (c) What is the frequency band over which only the dominant
mode can propagate?
5-2. AM waves through a tunnel? Consider the propagation of electromagnetic waves at
I MHz through a tunnel of rectangular cross section. {Note that AM radio frequencies
range from 535 to 1605 kl-lz.) Find (he minimum tunnel dimensions needed for the
 ).) Problems c;a 403

I MHz AM signal to propagate and, based on your results, comment on the feasibility

J 5-3.
of AM transmission through tunnels that exist in practice.
Propagation experiment in a road tunnel. Tunnels are often found in metropolitan
cities and mountainous areas or under the sea. With the increasing demands of wireless
communication applications, research and investigation of radio-wave propagation in
tunnels has intensified in recent years. In one study,49experiments were performed in
various tunnels to investigate electromagnetic wave propagation at frequencies between
) MHz and) GHz. One of the junnels investigated was a road tunnel located "inBrussels,
Belgium, with rectangular cross section 17 m wide, 4.9 m high, and abou(1)OOm long,
with walls made from concrete. A vertical antenna was used to excite the TEIO mode,
and a horizontal antenna was used to excite the TEot mode. Assuming the waveguide
to be ideal with perfectly conducting walls, (a) find the cutoff frequencies of both the
TEIOand TEo, modes, and (b) find the lowest-order modes that do not propagate at the
FM radio frequency of 100 MHz.
.f:' ..
5-4. Radio-wave propagation in railway tunnels. A recent study has been carried out-con-
ceming radio-wave propagation in railway tunnels.P? In this study, two railway tunnels
of rectangular cross section are considered. Tunnel 1has transverse dimensions of width
a = 8 m and height b = 4 m, and tunnel 2 has the same height but a narrower width,
a = 6 m. Assuming the tunnels to be empty with perfectly conducting walls, find the
total number of propagation modes possible in each tunnel at 100 MHz. Which tunnel
allows more modes to propagate?
5-5. Rectangular waveguide modes. Consider a WR-137 rectangular air waveguide with
inside dimensions 3.484 cm X 1.58 em, recommended for use in the dominant mode for
a frequency range of 5.85-8.20 GHz. Find ~a) the cutoff frequencies of the four lowest-
order modes, and (b) the phase velocity lip and the-guide wavelength A for the dominant
mode at the two ends of the specified frequency range.
5-6. Dominant mode in a rectangular waveguide. For the waveguide described in Problem
5-5, determine the propagation constant y and the wave impedance I.Zj-, or ZTM) for the
dominant mode at (a) 3.5 GHz. (b) 7 GHz.
5-7. Waveguide wavelength. (a) Plot the relationship between waveguide wavelength and
frequency for a TEIO mode propagating in a rectangular air waveguide with an aspect
ratio of 2: 1 and a wide dimension of 7.214 -C1I\.{b) Repeat partial if the waveguide is
filled with water (assume €, = & I). (c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) for TEw mode.
~
5-8. Rectangular waveguide modes. Consider a WR-42 rectangular air waveguide with
inside dimensions 1.067 em X 0.432 em operating at 40 GHz. -(a) Calculate the prop-
agation constant y and wave impedance ZTE for the TEIO,TEo.!, TEll, TE2o, and TEm
modes. (b) Calculate the phase velocity lip and the guide wavelength X for all the prop-
agating modes.
J 5-9. Dielectric-filled waveguide. A standard WR-l2 rectangular waveguide..(O:569 em X
0.284 em) of I em length is filled with a lossless dielectric material. If the dominant
propagating mode signal experiences a phase shift of approximately 354.6° at 13.2GHz,

'9L_ Deryck. Natural propagation or electromagnetic waves in tunnels. IEEE Trans. Vehicular Tcchnol-
ogy. 27(J). 145-150. August 1978.
pp.
SOy. P. Zh:lIlg and Y. HWitllg. Theory of the radio-wave. propagnrion in railway tunnels. IEEE Trans.
Vehicular Technology. 47(3). PI'. 1027-1036, August 1998.
404 EBi5 Chapter S / Cylindrical H1Jl'l'gllidcs and Cavity Resonators

(a) find the relative dielectric constant of the dielectric filling, {b) find all the propagat-
ing modes at 13.2GHz. if any, (c) find all the propagating modes (if any) at 13.2 GHz
if the dielectric filling is replaced with air.
~-lO. Rectangular waveguide modes. A WR-ISOO recta~ular air waveguide has inner
dimensions 38.1 cm X 19.05 em. Find the following: (a) the cutoff wavelength for the
dominant mode; '(b) the phase velocity. guide wavelength, and wave impedance for
the dominant mode at a wavelength of 0.8 times the cutoff wavelength; '(c) themodes
in
that will propagate the waveguide at a wavelength of 40 ern; (d) the modes that will
propagate in the waveguide at a wavelength of 30 em.
5-11. Polyethylene-filled waveguide. Repeat Problem 5-10 for the case in which the wave-
guide is filled with polyethylene (assume it is lossless, with €r = 225).
A-l2. Unknown rectangular waveguide mode. The y component of the phasor electric field
of a particular mode in a 4 em X 2 cm (the longer transverse dimension being in the z
direction) air-filled rectangular waveguide oriented along the y direction is gi~~ by
E, = C, sin{2S1Tz)sin(501Tx)e-j4hry
(a) Find this mode, Is it a propagating or an evanescent mode? (b) Find the operating
frequency. (c) Find which modes can propagate at this frequency.
5-13. A large waveguide for deep hyperthermia. To apply deep regional hyperthermia, a
part of a patient's body is to be exposed to TEJOmode waves in a rectangular wave-
guide through holes in the broad walls made to fit the body cross section, as shown in
Figure 5.24 ..51 A frequency of operation between 25 and 100 MHz is used for heating,
depending on the size of the patient's body. The waveguide dimensions are a = 6 m
and b = 30 ern. (a) Assuming the waveguide to be filled with air, calculate the cutoff
frequencies of the five lowest-order modes. (b) Repeat part (a) if the waveguide is filled
with water (assume it is lossless with e ; = 81). (c) Repeat part (b) if the waveguide
dimensions are changed to a = 70 ern and b = 30 ern. Comment on the differences.
5-14. Square waveguide modes. A 3 em x 3 em square waveguide is operated at frequen-
cies below 8 GHz, Find all the modes (both rs
and TM) that can propagate through
this waveguide if (a) it is filled with air, and (b) it is filled with polystyrene (assume it
is lossless, with €r == 2.56).
5-15. SAR calibration using a rectangular waveguide. The radiation safety tests for hand-
held mobile phones require a precise calibration of small electric probes used to mea-
sure the specific absorption rate {SAR) in phantom human tissu~. In a recent study,52
a calibration system based on a rectangular waveguide was developed for SAR cali-
brations at 900 MHz. The central component of the system is a nonstandard rectangu-
lar air-filled waveguide with dimensions of a = 19 em and b = 14 ern respectively,
(a) Determine the modes excited at 900 MHz. (b) Determine the frequency range over
which only the dominant mode is excited. (c) Repeat part {b) if the TEO!mode is a very
weak excitation and can be neglected.
j 5-16. Millimeter-wave rectangular waveguide. Commercial applications in the millimeter-
wave frequencies (such as automotive radar. passive imaging, and remote sensing)

)I S. i'\"lizushina. Y. X iang. and T. Sugiura. A large waveguide applicator for deep regional hyperthermia.
IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques. J4(5). pro 644-418. May 1986.
\2K. Jokela. P. Hyysalo and L. Puranen, Calibration of specific absorption rate (SAR) probes in wave-
guide at 900 ,,,1HI.. IEE£ Trans. OIl/II.HrUI1ICflWlioll and Measurement, 47(2). pp. 4.32-438. April 1998.
 5.5 Problems mI 405

Incident
wave

FIGURE 5.24. A large waveguide for

deep hyperthermia, Problem 5-13. {Taken
-from S. Mizushina, Y Xiang, and T Sugiura,
A large waveguide applicator for deep regional
Incident hyperthermia. I£EE Trans. Microwave Theory and
t wave Techniques. 34(5). pp. 644-648. May 1986.)

are rapidly expanding. and exploration of the submillirneter-wave range is currently

underway because of the larger bandwidths available. The rectangular waveguide is
commonly used in the millimeter and submillirneter-wave ranges because of its low
loss. although it is more difficult and expensive to manufacture waveguides of such
small sizes. Recently. a W-band rectangular waveguide of 17 mm length. with cross-
sectional dimensions of 254 mm by 700 u.m (r-half hei-ght).has been machined using
~:., a new technique.P! Calculate the cutoff frequencies of the three lowest-order modes of
:,::'
v-, this waveguide, (b) What is the frequency range of the dominant mode?
5-17. TEu) mode in a rectangular waveguide. One of the-components of the magnetic field
of a TEJO mode propagating in an air-filled rectangular waveguide with a = 2b used
for a microwave plasma experiment is given by e
H, = 26 cos (29y)e-i4Z.3x A-m-:-I

(a) Calculate the dimensions of the waveguide and the operation frequency. (b) Calcu-
late the time-average power carried by this mode.
S-IS. Dominant mode in rectangular waveguide design. (a) Design a r-ectangular air
waveguide to transmit only the dominant mode in the frequency range rS-22 'GHz
such that the lower end of the frequency band is at least 25% higher than the cutoff
frequency of the dominant mode. the cutoff frequency of the next-higher mode is at
least 25% highcr than the center frequency of this frequency band. and the power

He. E. Collins. ,;1. al., Technique for micro-machining millimeter-wave rectangular waveguide. Elcc-
ironies l.cucrs. 34(10). pp. 996-997. May 1998.
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At high frequencies the current is practically confined to the skin of the conductor and the
phenomenon is hence described as skin effect.

0.5.4 Boundary conditions at the interface of a perfect electric conductor (PEG) with a
dielectric.

We also note that 0 = 0 for (J = 00. That is the reason for the statement in problem PO.6
that 'the time-harmonic fields in a perfect conductor are zero. If medium I is a perfect conductor
and medium 2 is a dielectric, the boundary conditions are, from (0.]4)-(0.17)

~2' D2 = P., (0.61)

~2 ·B2 =0, (0.62)

~2xE2 =0, (0.§3)

~2xH2 =K. {0.64) i

Thus at the interface the electric field is entirely normal to the interface and is equal to P J I£:.

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current density K
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E, =0 (0.65)
..,
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an '
where i is a tangential unit vector and ii is a normal unit vector. Also the PEC boundary
condition
H n =0 (0.67)

implies

aH, =0. (0.68)

an
0.5.5 AC Resistance

Figure 0.4 shows an infinitely deep good conductor of conductivity 0- defined by the

half-space 0 < .r < 00.

 8.'! Basic Equallons and Wave Types for Uniform Systems 397

in the dielectric system, assumed here to be Jinear, homogeneous, and isotropic:

VxE -jwlLH VxH = jwcE
aEz aHz
+ yEy -jwllHx (3) + yHy = jwcE, (6)
ay iJy
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ax
= jwcEy (7)

iJEy et; aHy iJHx

= -jw~z (5) = jwcEz (8)
iJx iJy iJx ay
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so on, are functions of x and y only, by our agreement to take care of the z and time
functions in the assumed e(jwt - )").
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Ey (aEz
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I (. ee, iJHz)
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Hy = - I (jwc- ee, + y-iJHz) (12)

y2 + kl ax ay
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