CONTROL STRUCTURES IN R
Pavan Kumar A
CONTROL STRUCTURES
These allow you to control the flow of execution of a script typically inside of a
function. Common ones include:
if, else equal: ==
for not equal: !=
While greater/less than: > <
greater/less than or equal: >= <=
break
and: &
Next or: |
not: !
CONTROL STRUCTURES
Decision making is an important part of programming.
This can be achieved in R programming using the
conditional if...else statement.
If statement if(test_expression) {
statement
Syntax of if statement }
If the test_expression is TRUE, the statement gets executed. But if
it's FALSE, nothing happens.
IF STATEMENT - EXAMPLES
Example of if statement
Here, X is the numeric vector
whose maximum value is
100.
The same we are checking in
if loop.
When wrong condition is
given , nothing is getting
printed on the screen
IF-ELSE STATEMENT
If-else statement: If the condition is true, if part is executed, or else part is
executed
The else part is optional and it is evaluated only if test_expression is FALSE
It is important to note that else must be in the same line as the closing braces
of the if statements
Syntax
if(test_expression) {
statement1
} else {
statement2
}
IF-ELSE STATEMENT
Examples
Using if-else statement
Another form of using if-else
statement
if(x > 0) print("Non-negative number") else print("Negative number")
##This feature of R allows us to write construct as shown below
> x <- -5
> y <- if(x > 0) 5 else 6
> y [1] 6
IF-ELSE STATEMENT
Another example of if-else statement
NESTED IF-ELSE STATEMENT
We can nest as many if...else statement as we want as follows
Syntax of nested if...else statement
if (test_expression1) { x <- 0
statement1 if (x < 0) {
} else if (test_expression2) { print("Negative number")
statement2 }
} else if (test_expression3) { else if (x > 0) {
statement3 print("Positive number")
} else } else
statement4 print("Zero")
Only one statement will get executed depending upon the test expressions.
FOR LOOP
A for loop is used to iterate over a vector, in R
programming.
Syntax
for (val in sequence) {
statement
}
Here, sequence is a vector and val takes on
each of its value during the loop. In each
iteration, statement is evaluated
FOR LOOP EXAMPLE
Example 1
foo = seq(1, 100, by=2)
foo.squared = NULL
for (i in 1:50) {
foo.squared[i] = foo[i]^2
print(“foo.squared[i]”)
}
FOR LOOP
Example of for loop
Below is an example to count the number of even numbers in a vector.
x <- c(2,5,3,9,8,11,6)
count <- 0
for (i in x) {
if(i %% 2 == 0) count = count+1
}
print(count)
In the above example, the loop iterates 7 times as the vector x has 7 elements.
In each iteration, val takes on the value of corresponding element of x.
We have used a counter to count the number of even numbers in x. We can see
that x contains 3 even numbers.
WHILE LOOP
In R programming, while loops are used to loop until
a specific condition is met.
Syntax
while (test_expression) {
statement }
Here, test_expression is evaluated and the body of
the loop is entered if the result is TRUE.
The statements inside the loop are executed and the
flow returns to evaluate the test_expression again.
This is repeated each time
until test_expression evaluates to FALSE, in
which case, the loop exits.
WHILE LOOP
Example : While loop
Here, i is initialized to 1 and
the test_expression is i < 6 which evaluates to
TRUE since 1 is less than 6.
So, the body of the loop is entered and i is printed
and incremented. Incrementing i is important as
this will eventually meet the exit condition. Failing
to do so will result into an infinite loop.
In the next iteration, the value of i is 2 and the loop
continues. This will continue until i takes the value
6.
The condition 6 < 6 will give FALSE and the loop
finally exits.
BREAK STATEMENT
A break statement is used inside a loop to stop the iterations and flow the
control outside of the loop.
BREAK STATEMENT
Example: break statement
In this example, we iterate over the vector x,
which has consecutive numbers from 1 to 5.
Inside the for loop we have used a condition
to break if the current value is equal to 3.
As we can see from the output, the loop
terminates when it encounters
the break statement.
NEXT STATEMENT
A next statement is useful when we want to
skip the current iteration of a loop without
terminating it.
On encountering next, the R parser skips
further evaluation and starts next iteration
of the loop.
NEXT STATEMENT
Example: next statement
In the above example, we use
the next statement inside a condition to
check if the value is equal to 3.
If the value is equal to 3, the current
evaluation stops (value is not printed) but
the loop continues with the next iteration.
The output reflects this situation.
THANK YOU !!!
