Civil Engineering Department

Master's degree in Civil Engineering

Natural Risk Protection
Structures

Graduation thesis:

“CLT BUILDING DESIGN AND ANALYSIS WITH RFEM”

University Tutor: Prof. Gianmarco De Felice

Corporate Tutor: Prof. Vlatka Rajčić

Student: Elisa Moretti

448457

Academic Year 2018/2019

1
Sommario
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 4

2. Il CLT ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6
2.1 Strutture standard del CLT .............................................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Xlam panels are available in the following types of supply: ............................................................................ 8
2.3 Special Xlam panels on demand ....................................................................................................................... 9
2.4 Xlam without formaldehyde .............................................................................................................................. 9
2.5 Advantages and disadvantages of using CLT ................................................................................................... 9
2.5.1 Advantages .................................................................................................................................................. 9
2.5.2 Disadvantages............................................................................................................................................. 10
2.6 CLT or Xlam: the structural system for bio-building ..................................................................................... 11
2.7 Xlam supply on building site ........................................................................................................................... 12
2.8 Xlam mounting ................................................................................................................................................ 12
2.9 Xlam seismic contruction system .................................................................................................................... 12
2.10 REI fire resistance certified ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.11 Xlam economic convenience ........................................................................................................................... 14
2.12 End of life recovery ......................................................................................................................................... 14

3 Project description .................................................................................................................................................. 15

3.1 Territorial framing .......................................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 Surface category and topographical conditions ............................................................................................. 15
3.3 Structural configuration.................................................................................................................................. 16
3.4 Model description ........................................................................................................................................... 16

4 Loads an external actions analysis ........................................................................................................................ 18

4.1 Dead loads ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
4.2 Live loads ........................................................................................................................................................ 21

5 Seismic action .......................................................................................................................................................... 26

5.1 Identifying the site's hazard (FASE 1) ............................................................................................................ 26
5.2 Choosing of strategy design (FASE2) ............................................................................................................. 27
5.3 Project action design (FASE 3) ...................................................................................................................... 29
5.3.1 Subsurface category ................................................................................................................................... 29
5.3.2 Behaviour factor ......................................................................................................................................... 30
5.3.3 Plan Regularity ........................................................................................................................................... 31
5.3.4 Height regularity ........................................................................................................................................ 31
5.4 Response spectrum ......................................................................................................................................... 31
5.4.1 Spectrum parameters for damage limit state: ....................................................................................... 32
5.4.2 Spectrum parameters for the life safety limit state:................................................................................... 33

6 Actions combinations ............................................................................................................................................. 34

7 Analyses types to do ................................................................................................................................................ 39

7.1 Equivalent linear static analysis ..................................................................................................................... 39
7.1.1 Horizontal load combination (Linear static analysis) ...................................................................................... 40
7.2 Linear dynamic analysis ................................................................................................................................. 42

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8 CLT walls check...................................................................................................................................................... 44
8.1 Instability checks ............................................................................................................................................. 44
8.2 CLT calculation model .................................................................................................................................... 45
8.3 Fiber- perpendicular compression checks ...................................................................................................... 45
8.4 Shear checks.................................................................................................................................................... 46
8.4.1 Checking the break mechanism for shearing ............................................................................................. 46
8.4.2 Checking the torsion break mechanism ..................................................................................................... 46

9 CLT floor check ...................................................................................................................................................... 73

9.1 CLT model ....................................................................................................................................................... 73
9.2 Bending strength ............................................................................................................................................. 73
9.3 Shear resistance checks .................................................................................................................................. 74
9.3.1 Pannel layer shear resistance checks to the calculation direction .............................................................. 74
9.4 Deformation floor checks (SLE) ..................................................................................................................... 75

10 Timber beam check ................................................................................................................................................ 91

10.1 Bending resistance checks .............................................................................................................................. 91
10.2 Shear resistance checks .................................................................................................................................. 92
10.3 Beam deformation checks (SLE) ..................................................................................................................... 92

11 Timber pillars checks ............................................................................................................................................. 93

11.1 Instability checks ............................................................................................................................................. 93

12 The connections....................................................................................................................................................... 94
12.1 The connections role in seismic behavior and modeling criteria ................................................................... 94
12.2 Resistance and flexibility of connections: general notes ................................................................................ 95
12.2.1 Types available ...................................................................................................................................... 97
- Nails ................................................................................................................................................................ 97
- Plugs ................................................................................................................................................................ 97
- Self-drilling pins ............................................................................................................................................. 98
- Plates ............................................................................................................................................................... 98
- Wall-foundation joints .................................................................................................................................... 98
- Wall-to-floor-wall joint ................................................................................................................................. 100
- Corner joints .................................................................................................................................................. 101
12.3 Connection behaviour patterns in CLT or Xlam structures .......................................................................... 102
12.4 Connections design ....................................................................................................................................... 108
12.4.1 Approach by connections stiffness design ......................................................................................... 109
12.4.2 Approach accurate calculation of connections through Calculatis..................................................... 111
- Design and verify screws between orthogonal and adjacent walls ............................................................... 113
- Project screws between slab and wall below ................................................................................................ 122
- Small brackets design and check .................................................................................................................. 128
- Hold-down design and check ........................................................................................................................ 133

13 Maximum building displacement check: Damage limit .................................................................................... 140

14 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................................... 142

14.1 CLT building examples in Italy ..................................................................................................................... 142
14.2 CLT (Xlam) constructions examples around the world ................................................................................ 144

14. Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 147

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 1. Introduction

The purpose of this report is to illustrate the thesis work carried out during the internship held in the
Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Zagreb in kačićeva ulica 26, 10000 Zagreb.

During this period the design and structural analysis of a 10-storey building realized in CLT (or
XLAM) was carried out which will be built in Foligno, Perugia’s province.

The modeling was done through Dlubal's RFEM software that leverages the finite elements method
to analyze the behavior of the structure.

Fig 1.1: Model view on RFEM

The aim of this project was to learn new eco-friendly and environmentally friendly construction
techniques in order to apply them in future Italian projects and to spread the culture of wood also in
our country.

The public and private construction sector needs energy-efficient sustainable methods. In this context
wood is the most important raw material and offers many advantages over other materials that don’t
come from renewable sources. The wood regenerates, is recyclable and at the end of its useful cycle
can be used to produce bioenergy. In addition, by containing carbon in a linked form, wood products
offer an effective means of combating climate change in the long run.

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Fig. 1.2 Recycling and reuse of wood

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 2. Il CLT

The CLT, an acronym for Cross Laminated Timber or X-LAM, is a solid wood product consisting of
a minimum of three overlapping single-layer panels and glued on top of each other so that the fiber
of each layer is rotated 90 degrees relative to the layers adjacent.
Currently the maximum size produced by Stora Enso company is 2.95x16.00 m.
The CLT panels are then composed of several layers, are available in various thicknesses and are
glued with early formaldehyde eco-friendly glues.

The CLT offers virtually unlimited possibilities from the design, stylistic, architectural point of point
and lends itself to the construction of external walls such as interior walls, floors and roofs.

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The use of wood in buildings reduces CO2 emissions

Fig. 2.1 : CO2 compared

Aluminium, iron, steel and plastics are materials that require enormous energies for their production
from the strong harmful emissions into the atmosphere that add up to the environmental damage
caused by mineral extraction and paint cycles made with synthetic solvents and more disparate toxic
and dangerous components. All this is highlighted daily in the media.

The emission of CO2 in large quantities worldwide is one of the most pressing environmental
problems. Raising the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is one of the key
factors that strengthens the greenhouse effect. In the long term, this leads to a general warming of the
earth and climate change, unfortunately already taking place.
The solid wood has the characteristic of absorbing moisture from the air and releasing it in the
presence of increased drought. For this reason, solid wood dwellings have a particularly healthy
environment.

Due to their high static strength and elasticity, CLT massive wood panel buildings are also suitable
for areas at seismic risk. As the solid wood is lighter than concrete, the shocks are transmitted to the
structure of the building to a much lesser extent.

Due to their enormous static load capacity, CLT panels, thanks to the presence of layers of slats glued
at crossroads allow to distribute the load along two axes. Even objects and structures to support points
are perfectly achievable with the CLT.

Solid wood is more fire resistant than commonly thought. CLT has a moisture content of about 12%.
Before the wood burns, it is necessary for the water contained in it to evaporate. In addition, the
charred surface protects the innermost layers of the CLT, preventing the solid wood construction from
collapsing.

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 2.1 Strutture standard del CLT

Fig. 2.2: Available CLT panels

2.2 Xlam panels are available in the following types of supply:

• Standard non-platoon quality: used when panels are intended to be coated; there may be knots,
cracks, resin bags, plate tracks. Non-visible quality is recommended only for non-visible
construction elements, coated on both sides.

• Quality not exposed Top: for floors and roofs, with the area piled. The "non-top" quality is at
an intermediate level between standard "non-standard" quality and "industrial-view" quality.

• Industrial-eyed:normally industrial quality is performed on one side; on request it can be

performed on two sides. The industrial quality on sight is smoothanded and suitable for
industrial surfaces, but not for exposed area in residential settings. Suitable for offices,
industries and commercial buildings

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 • Residential view: For residential eye quality, AB-quality slats are used, combed and glued to
the width. Residential eye quality is normally performed on the front side of the panel, it is
smoothed. The new residential quality plus is also available for use of floor space and roofs.
On demand you can have exposed surfaces on both sides.

2.3 Special Xlam panels on demand

• Xlam panel antiqued in three-layer spruce. Steam-treated outer layers to achieve a warm and
even color tone that prevents color from changing over time.

• Three-layer spruce Xlam panel with thermal treatment for stability of size, reduced
withdrawal and bulge, no additional slit formation when used outside. The application of color
is more durable. High resistance to fungi and insects. En 252- Class 2 Durability.

• Xlam composite panel 5 layers: 3-layer spruce plus outer layers in 3mm MDF. Advantages:
undeformable, low weight, high flow rate, light color outer layer.

• Xlam panel brushed on one or both faces

• Xlam panel impregnated transparent or colored with ecological protection

• Xlam panel treated with fire-resistant fire-fighting in class 1 of fire reaction as required by
UNI 9796 and compliant with D.M.06/09/92. Wooden artifacts are normally classified in class
4 or 5 of fire reaction. The fire-retardant impregnators allow the treated Xlam panels to be
retrained in class 1 of fire response, greatly slowing the spread of flames in the event of a fire.
Fire protection depends on the type of building. Italian law provides for rules that indicate
what services it should provide in order to limit the risk of fire within acceptable limits. In the
case of large buildings, the fire requirements are different from those provided for small
buildings.

• Xlam panel with longitudinal or transverse grooves relative to the direction of the slats.

2.4 Xlam without formaldehyde

In Xlam panels, the layers of slats are made to adhere using solvent-free and formaldehyde-free PUR
glue, which is tested according to DIM 68141 and the strict criteria set by the Stuttgart MPS for the
production of building-bearing elements. both indoors and outdoors, according to DIN 1052 and EN
301 standards.

The glue is distributed throughout the surface through an automated process that ensures an optimal
amount of glue, while the high pressure exerted ensures a very high quality hold.

2.5 Advantages and disadvantages of using CLT

2.5.1 Advantages

 Short commissioning times, easy assembly and advanced prefabrication level

 10% gain in terms of housing area by referring to a 100m2 dwelling.
 Lighter than concrete and bricks

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 Ecological and sustainable construction technique
 Positive CO2 balance
 Housing comfort and healthy environment climate
 Excellent firefighting behaviour
 High insulation and insulation capabilities
 Great static features
 Dry realization
 Seismic construction
 Ecological and sustainable building material with positive ecological balance
 Healthy and comfortable environment
 The durability of the wooden buildings is absolutely identical to what is expected of masonry
buildings, with minimal maintenance over the years. After 40-50 years, some extraordinary
maintenance work may be necessary, but also unavoidable in lateral-concrete constructions.
 Certain costs without the possibility of error
 Value stability thanks to controllable elements in terms of construction science
 Maximum freedom of architectural achievement
 Simplicity of planning of individual works and constructions
 Optimal exploitation of the surface of the property through the use of slim build elements
 Statically important elements, large-format and therefore easy to assemble
 Quality of controlled production both internally and externally
 High CNC-cut dimensional precision
 Proven quality products for absolute safety
 Comprehensive solutions thanks to the integration between different construction systems,
compatible with steel, glass and other materials.
 Site advice and assistance
 Multi-year experience working with designers and businesses
 Performance Optimization
 Meeting all the specific requirements of wooden buildings (fire protection, design, energy
efficiency, resistance, sound insulation, static)
 Recommended for bio-building
 More flexibility without entire-axis constraints
 Excellent static qualities
 Technically approved and CE-certified construction product
 Quality-controlled production
 Direct supply on site
 No improvisation and no errors due to inexperience or imperfection

2.5.2 Disadvantages

The disadvantages and possible defects of wooden houses depend above all:

 From the construction measures of the individual manufacturer, which will have to be aimed
at avoiding any infiltration of moisture, through proper disposal of the meteoric waters and
adequate waterproofing of the walls, in particular in the area of the ground attack
 From the wood quality used. If the structures are built with substandard materials, too cheap,
without static-constructive attention and without thermal insulation and waterproofing they
present a rapid degradation.
 The incidence of fixed costs makes the construction of very small buildings unseemly, which
prove to be overly expensive compared to masonry.

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 • There is a whole range of small attentions that may involve unwelcome adaptations, such as
the need to "detach" the building from the ground to prevent
• Employing skilled personnel

2.6 CLT or Xlam: the structural system for bio-building

In those years there has been the most important revolution in the construction sector. The need to
combine the well-being needs of users, eco-sustainability, with the speed of construction, and above
all to optimize costs are leading to the adoption of the Xlam construction system. The possibility of
having the building ready in a very few months is in fact attracting more and more users and operators
in the sector. Key elements of this revolution are the Xlam panels that offer many advantages and are
flanked by the wall constructions framed (Platform frame), very widespread wooden construction
technology.

The appearance of the Xlam panels has allowed the introduction of large, flat and massive structural
elements into the wooden buildings. The possibility of building with a supporting panel structure with
plate and slab functions was added.

The supporting structure of a building in Xlam combines elements with slab behavior and elements
connected to each other in order to form three-dimensional structures.

The CLT floors allow more lights than other types of wooden constructions, being particularly
suitable for multi-storey residential buildings and for office or commercial use. The Xlam system
allows you to make elements with bending carrier capacity in both directions of the plane. It can be
interesting to take advantage of this feature for corner element with overhangs in both directions.

The vertical Xlam wall can be seen as a pillar of continuous length. Xlam panels make it easy to build
cantilevered structures supported by the walls. This reduces the structural elements size and increases
design flexibility. The vertical and horizontal brace are also almost automatically integrated into the
structure.

For multi-storey buildings (more than two floors), the best structural system is the one in Xlam.

Xlam panels have total dimensional stability. This allows you to use large panels and makes it
possible to work precision in prefabrication without having to consider important tolerances for
variations in material size.

Xlam wood panels are used as reinforcement elements but also as non-supporting elements for
various types of construction:

 Xlam single-family and multi-family homes

 Multi-storey residential buildings in Xlam
 Public buildings in Xlam
 Hotels and restaurants in Xlam
 Retirement homes in Xlam
 Schools and kindergartens in Xlam
 Administrative buildings and office buildings in Xlam
 Pavilions, ticket offices, info-points for demonstrations in Xlam
 Industrial and commercial construction in Xlam
 Xlam elevations and expansions
 Xlam Bridges

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  Exhibition and structural mussal structures

2.7 Xlam supply on building site

The Xlam supply takes place directly on building site.

When you receive the order confirmation, the Xlam panels are produced and cut for the project in
question. Once the cuts are made, the panels are loaded on TIR and delivered to the site.

The cutting and molding are specially tailored at the plant, with the latest CNC technology, based on
approved production projects and cutting plans.

2.8 Xlam mounting

The well-tailored Xlam elements are delivered to the site and mounted quickly by cranes or lifts by
skilled woodconstruction workers.

Xlam panels can be sawn, milled, planed and boarded with all the usual woodworking machines, both
stationary and manual.
Assembly time for a 4-story residential building in Xlam:

Total sqm Xla, wall panels 2400 mq

Total smq Xlam slab panels 1520 mq
Time for building assembly 15 giorni

Tempi di montaggio per una casa unifamiliare di 2 piani in Xlam:

Total sqm wall panels Xlam 314 mq

Total smq Xlam slab panels 233 mq
Time for building assembly 2giorni e 1/2

2.9 Xlam seismic contruction system

Xlam is an earthquake-resistant construction system that resists the shock waves of a 100%
earthquake: ideal for construction in seismic zone. A house in Xlam holds up better than a concrete
one.

In this moment, it is universally recognized buildings in Xlam provide maximum levels of safety and
earthquake resistance. The structural system consisting of massive panels of wood glued in cross
layers is suitable for the construction of earthquake-resistant buildings and represents the application
of state-of-the-art and technical in safe constructions in multi-storey buildings.

Xlam Walls and floors form a box structure of considerable rigidity and structural robustness,
allowing to give up the use of pillars and thus avoiding the concentration of agent forces on the
structure and foundations. The result is a more robust and less sensitive structure in the case of seismic
stresses.

Structural ductility ensures the possibility of energy dissipation of cyclical actions due to the seismic
event. The energy of the earthquake is absorbed by the connecting metal elements (plates, joints,
special screws, etc.) are released and plasticized without their rupture thanks to their ductile behavior.
Buildings with this feature can benefit from a smoothing and plasticization phase without collapse.

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Timber is a cost-effective material for seismic construction due to the reduced mass compared to the
carrying capacity (the mass-strength ratio is similar to steel structures rather than concrete structures).
This means that in the event of an earthquake the stresses on a wooden construction are lower because
they are proportional to the mass of the building itself

The timber structures are more flexible than similar structures, made of reinforced concrete or
masonry and this is an additional advantage, as a flexible structure better resists the dynamic stresses
resulting from an earthquake.

The timber building is never a monolithic body, but is formed by several elements (beams, walls,
floors), joined together through metal connections. If these connections are well designed and
executed, can make an extremely favourable contribution to the overall behaviour of the building,
thanks to the plastic deformations of the metal elements and the friction between the contact surfaces,
allowing dissipate significant amounts of energy developed during the earthquake.

Proper design of the supporting structures is essential, taking care of the sizing of all wooden
components and the sizing of metal carpentry (hold down, plates, screws, etc.)

A Xlam seismic capacity example is the prototype Sofie made by the CNR as a 100% earthquake-
proof house: 7 floors and 21 meters high, entirely in Xlam as an earthquake-proof house; it was
developed by Ivalsa-Cnr together with the Province of Trento. The prototype was subjected to the
simulation of an earthquake considered among the most dangerous and destructive for civil works:
the Kobe earthquake (magnitude 7.2 on the Richter scale), which in 1995 caused the death of more
than 6,000 people. The Sofie palace withstood the incredible force of shock without causing damage,
coming out unhurt in the mechanical parts and the supporting structure even from a fire resistance
test that saw it engulfed in flames for over an hour. The seismic test is the final result of five-year
studies and research, which have identified the combination of Xlam and the building's mechanical
connections as the best construction technique against earthquakes.

2.10 REI fire resistance certified

In the fire simulation with the ONORM EN 1365-2 test, the Xlam panel slab 5 layers of 140mm
resists at least one and a half hours (REI Xlam 90), while the 100mm 5-layer panel lasts an hour
(REI60), retaining its mechanical properties and leaving the supporting structure, with performance
completely permissible to those of buildings in supporting masonry, and behaves even better than
those in reinforced concrete.

Wood is a combustible material, but this doesn’tt mean wooden structures don’t withstand fire or that
they suffer more damage than a steel or reinforced concrete structure. It rarely happens that wooden
structures act as fuel to fires, but suffer the consequences, manifesting better behavior than other
materials. In fact, if you look at the behaviour of a fire-prone structural element, you can see thatWood
is a combustible material, but this does not mean that wooden structures do not withstand fire or that
they suffer more damage than a steel or reinforced concrete structure. It rarely happens that wooden
structures act as fuel to fires, but suffer the consequences, manifesting better behavior than other
materials. In fact, if you look at the behaviour of a fire-prone structural element, you can see that:

• The wood burns slowly and the charring process proceeds from the outside to the inside;
• The wood that has not yet burned preserves structural efficiency despite the increase in
temperature;

13
 • The rupture is achieved slowly, only when the useful section has been so small that it cannot
withstand the load applied.
Thus the loss of efficiency of the fire-prone wooden structure occurs by reduction of the useful section
and not by physical-mechanical degradation.

Comparing the behaviour of fire-prone wood with those of other building materials, it is observed
that wood offers several advantages:

• Structural steel elements do not burn but the increase in temperature leads to a dangerous
increase in ductility and therefore deformations;
• In reinforced concrete constructions, fire resistance depends almost exclusively on the
thickness of the cover.

2.11 Xlam economic convenience

The Xlam using cost-effectiveness is the reduction in construction time.

One of the prejudices that precludes the adoption of wood – especially among professional operators
in the sector such as designers, companies, real estate developers – is also the supposed higher cost
of the Xlam system compared to traditional construction techniques. Anyway, from the experiences
developed at European level and confirmed also in our country, it is clear that building in Xlam has
a very competitive average cost of construction.

If we consider the time required to build a building with Xlam panels compared to those of a similar
structure in c.a. and brick we can see the time of Xlam construction is reduced by 40-50% with
significant cost savings of labour, financial burdens, the business issue, with the advantage of having
the building –for sale, renting or to live there – much earlier than the traditional system allows.

For many and indisputable advantages offered, the Xlam construction techniques are increasingly
adopted in design studios of great prestige, leading to very interesting realizations from the point of
view of architectural quality.

2.12 End of life recovery

Thanks to the use of formaldehyde-free glues, Xlam wood panels can be reused after renovation or
dismantling.

An energy enhancement at controlled incinerators for energy production is process or possibly even
electricity (thermoelectric generators) is considered particularly advantageous thanks to the high
calorific power of the wood.

Xlam wood elements can be reused after a dismantling operation. If this is not possible, these
elements are to be used for energy enhancement.
The waste disposal code in accordance with the ONORM S2100 waste catalogue rule: 17218 (wood
waste, organic treatment).

Landfill is not allowed.

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3 Project description
3.1 Territorial framing

Foligno is the third largest city in Umbria, located in the province of Perugia and has about 60,000
inhabitants. The city is the most important commercial and industrial center in the area. The
municipality is mainly mountainous, while the town is located at 234m above sea level and extends
over a flat area in the middle of the Umbrian valley,surrounded by the Apennine ridge on the
Tyrrhenian side and thecolfiorito highlands on the Adriatic side. From a hydrographic point of view
the area is included within the Tiber basin and is located at the confluence of the rivers Topino, which
crosses the city, and Menotre.

The precise geographic coordinates of the area of interest are:

42.955 N, 12.704 E

Fig. 3.1: Territorial framing

The entire municipality is in an area of high seismic risk. According to the classification parameters
provided by P.C.M. No.3274 of 20/03/2003, the area under consideration falls into Zone 1, the so-
called "catastrophic risk".

3.2 Surface category and topographical conditions

For the purposes of defining the seismic project action, it is necessary to assess the effect of the local
seismic response by means of specific analyses, as stated in Regulation [7.11.3 NTC18]. In the
absence of such analyses, a simplified approach can be used for the definition of seismic action, which
is based on the identification of reference categories [tab 3.2.II NTC18].
The category of subsoil in this case falls into category B.

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 3.3 Structural configuration

The following criteria were taken into account when designing the building:
• Structural simplicity
• Consistency and symmetry
• Distribution of uniform strength and stiffness in the two main directions
• Torsional resistance and stiffness

3.4 Model description

This building has 10 floors and the total high is 30m. The ground floor is designed in concrete while
the remaining floors are in CLT. Each floor also has a concrete slab of about 5-7cm depending on the
span and the floor referred to; this slab has been inserted in order to increase the rigidity of the
structure.

Vengono riportate di seguito le differenti planimetrie dell’edificio:

Fig. 3.2 Concrete ground floor plan

16
Fig. 3.3 CLT 1-8 Floor Plan

Fig. 3.4 CLT Top floor plan

17
 •
Fig 3.5 Prospect

The plan foundation is located at a depth of 2m and this allows you to overcome any layering of
debris and reports of soils of poor characteristics, to overcome the layer of soil subject to the actions
of frost and thaw and to get to safety surface water.

This plan has been considered in reinforced concrete and for the design is referred to specific courses.
The concrete used for the ground floor and for the slab thrown to each floor is a C30/37 which has
the following characteristics:

4 Loads an external actions analysis

4.1 Dead loads

The dead loads calculation was carried out considering a slab band of 1m.
The dead loads inserted into the model on RFEM are:

• CLT interstore floor dead load = 1,25 kN/m2

• CLT balcony dead load = 1,5 kN/m2
• Concrete interstore floor dead load =1 kN/m2

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Fig.4.1 CLT interstore floor dead load Fig 4.2 CLT balcony dead load

Fig 4.3 Concrete interstore floor dead load

In addition to the loads distributed at m2, linear loads have been placed on the ladder of linear loads
in both the CLT floor and the concrete ground floor.

In CLT plans, the linear load on the scale compartment is 2.61 kN/m obtained as follows:

1.3095 m·(1.25 kN/m2 +(0.2 m·380 kg·9.81m/s2)/1000) =2.61kN/m

where 1.3095m is half the length of the stairwell

0.2m is the actual thickness of the scale
(380 kg·9.81m/s2)/1000 =3.73 kN/ m2 is the specific weightof The CLT

19
 Fig. 4.4 Linear load on the CLT staircase

In the concrete plane, the linear load on the stairwell is 7.86 kN/m obtained as follows:

1.3095 m·(1 kN/m2 +0.2 m·25 kN/m3 ) =7.68kN/m

where 1.3095m is half the length of the staircase

0.2m is the actual thickness of the staircase
25 kN/m3 is the specific weight of the concrete

Fig. 4.5 Concrete staircase linear load Fig. 4.6 Staircase position

The two newly seen loads were also applied to the wooden beam of the stairwell as "members loads":

20
 Fig. 4.6 Concreate staircase linear load Fig. 4.7 CLT staircase linear load

4.2 Live loads

In step 3.1.4 of the legislation, variable loads related to the use of the premises of the structure are
dealt with:

Live loads values (NTC 2018)

Residential loads

• Interstore floor residential load = 2 kN/m2

• Balcony residential load = 4 kN/m2
• Staircase floor residential load = 3 kN/m2

21
 Fig. 4.8 Interstore floor residential load Fig. 4.9 Balcony residential load

Fig. 4.10 Staircase floor residential load

In addition to the destructiond loads at m2, linear loads were placed on the scale seal in both the CLT
floor and the concrete ground floor in both cases calculated as follows:

1.3095m ·3kN/m2=3.93 kN/m

where 1.3095m is half the length of the staircase

3 kN/m2 is the live load applied

22
 Fig. 4.11 Concreate staircase linear load

The two newly seen loads were also applied to the wooden beam of the stairwell as "members loads":

Fig. 4.12 CLT staircase linear load

Snow load

Snow load = 0.854 kN/m2

This live load acts on the balcony and roof ingese and is calculated in thesame way for both following
the constraints dictated by the Regulations.

23
24
 as 234
Qsk [kN/m2] 1.067
µi 0.8
CE 1
Ct 1
qs [kN/m2] 0.854

Fig. 4.13 Snow load

Roof load

With regard to the loads applied on the roof slab we have the permanent load, the snow load and the
reduced residential load of 0.6 as it is expected that in case of snow there is no total crowd load.

25
 Fig. 4.14 Roof load

Wind load

During the design it was decided to neglect the wind load because, since the seismic action is far
greater than that of the wind, it allows to overlook the effect of the latter.

5 Seismic action
5.1 Identifying the site's hazard (FASE 1)

The seismic project actions on the buildings are defined from the basic seismic hazard of the site,
which is the primary knowledge element for the determination of the seismic actions themselves.
In this first phase it is therefore necessary to locate the coordinates of the site on which the structure
is to be built in the national territory.
The longitude and the reference latitude for this project are those of the municipality of Foligno in
the province of Perugia, Umbria:

Longitude 12th 70
Latitude 42-94

The values of the seismic actions obtained are the result of interpolation of the values measured in
the nearest national mesh nodes as a site as can be seen at the bottom left of the table below. It has
included the coordinates for the region, province and municipality and with this phase 1 has ended
successfully.

26
 Fig 5.1: Fase 1: Identifying the site's hazard

5.2 Choosing of strategy design (FASE2)

• Nominal life and reference period
The seismic project actions, on the basis of which to assess the respect of the different limit states
considered, are defined from the basic seismic hazard of the construction site. It is the primary
knowledge element for the determination of seismic actions. Seismic hazard is defined in terms of
the maximum horizontal acceleration expected atg in free field conditions on a rigid reference site
with horizontal topographic surface, as well as ordered elastic response spectrum in acceleration to it
corresponding Sand(T), referring to fixed probability of surplus PVR (Table 9.2), inthe reference period
VR, whichis obtained, for each type of construction, multiplying the nominal life V N by the usage
coefficient CU:

VR=VNCU

The value of the Use CoefficientC U is defined as the class of use changes as shown in Table 9.1

Use coefficient values CU

If VR35 years still stands VR =35 years

Because the structure falls into the ordinary structure class:
VN= 50 years
As a result, the reference period applies:
VR=VN*CU=50*1= 50 anni

27
 • Limit states and their probability of overcoming

Known the reference period, the seismic actions of the project, on the basis of which to assess the
respect of the limit status considered, are defined from the basic hazard of the construction site. It is
defined in terms of orders of the elastic response spectrum in acceleration If, with reference to certain
probability of surplus PVR, in the reference period VR.
The NTC has four limit states, two operating states and two last states. For class of use II, compliance
with all the last limit states is considered to be achieved if the checks relating to the SLV (State Limit
of Life Protection) are carried out. The probability of exceeding in the P VR reference period
(probability of surplus), to be referred to to detect the agent seismic action in each of the limit states
considered are shown:

Therefore, the probability of exceeding in the reporting period, for an SLV check is:

PVR= 10%

The return period of the TR seismic action is therefore:

𝑉𝑅 50
𝑇𝑅 = − = − = 475 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖
ln (1 − 𝑃𝑉𝑅 ) 𝑙𝑛(1 − 0.10)

28
STEP 2 summary table

Figura5.2 Fase 2: Choosing of strategy design

ag,F0, TC* values for reference TR return periods

Fig. 5.3 Parameters for reference return periods

5.3 Project action design (FASE 3)

5.3.1 Subsurface category

In the absence of specific analyses of the local seismic response, a simplified approach based on the
identification of reference subsurface categories can be referred to for the definition of it.

29
 Figura 5.4 Subsurface category

We can take a category b for the project under the project. The rules identify four topographical
categories depending on the configuration of the surface on which the building stands. This building
is located on a flat surface; in fact the category is the T1.
T1 : "flat surface, slopes and isolated reliefs with average inclination i<15"

5.3.2 Behaviour factor

For the project purposes and tests at the SLU, the dissipative capacities of the structures can be taken
into account through a reduction in elastic forces, which takes into account in a simplified way the
inelastic dissipative capacity of the structure, its over-existence, the increase in the period precisely
as a result of plasticization.
The project spectrum is therefore the elastic spectrum corresponding to the probability of
overcoming in the period of reference considered, with the orders reduced by the term q, called the
structure factor.

The value of the q structure factor depends on the structural type, its degree of hyperstaticity, the
design criteria adopted and takes into account the nonlinearities of material. It is defined as:

q = q0 * KR

where:

- q0 is the maximum value of the behaviour factor that depends on the level of expected
ductility, structural type and ratio (relationship between seismic action such as to make the
structure labile and seismic action for which the first element plasticizes);
- KR it's a factor addicted to the regularity in height of the building.

In this case:
q0=2
KR=1
q=2*1=2

30
5.3.3 Plan Regularity
The structure must comply with the four conditions of the 7.2.2 NTC18rule to be adjusted inplan:
Compact and symmetrical configuration with respect to two orthogonal directions, in relation to mass
distribution and stiffness;
- The ratio of the sides of the rectangle in which the construction is inscribed is less than 4;
- No size of any indents or overhangs exceeds 25% of the total size of the construction in the
corresponding direction;
- Horizontals can be considered infinitely rigid in their plane compared to vertical elements and
sufficiently resistant.

In this case:
The first precet is not verified, the structure is not symmetric either on the plane of the x-axis, nor on
the plane of the y-axis.
The other three requirements are met.

5.3.4 Height regularity

Alternatively, accelerograms are permitted, as long as they are properly commensurate with the
seismic hazard of the site.
For the buildings design in seismic zones, the Italian legislation, expanding what is expected in
Eurocode 8, conventionally chooses four tests on resistance parameters called tests to the limit states:

• Ultimate limit states: verification is carried out on parameters that describe the carrying
capacity of the structure or other forms of failure that compromise the safety of human life.

• State of life-safety: as a result of the seismic event the construction suffers collapses and
ruptures of non-structural and plant components and significant damage of structural
components combined with a significant loss of rigidity in the comparisons of horizontal
actions; The structure retains residual strength and stiffness for vertical actions and a safety
margin for horizontal seismic actions.

• State of the prevention of collapse: after the earthquake the construction suffers serious
damage and collapses to non-structural components and serious damage to structural ones;

5.4 Response spectrum

The elastic response spectra of the earthquake horizontal components were derived by the National
Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV)
For definition of spectra, the software provided by the Superior Council of Public Works was used.
The process has 3 steps:
1. Identifying the danger of the site by entering the geographical coordinates of the site of
interest;
2. Choosing the Design strategy that defines seismic action by locating the Cu and VN
parameters previously defined;
3. Determining the project action for the different boundary states examined on the basis of the
subsurface and topographical-categories.

In this we refer to a soil type B tender rocks and deposits of soils with very thickened grain or very
fine-grained soils with thicknesses greater than 30, characterized by a gradual improvement of
mechanical properties with depth and values of Vs.30 between 360m/s and 800m/s.

31
The local seismic response can also be influenced by the topographical configuration of the area
where the construction is located: in our study we consider a category T1 (flat surface).

5.4.1 Spectrum parameters for damage limit state:

SLD
0,000 0,092 1,887 0,031
TB 0,091 0,216 TD 1,968 0,030
TC 0,273 0,216 2,065 0,027
0,354 0,167 2,161 0,025
0,435 0,136 2,258 0,023
0,515 0,115 2,355 0,021
0,596 0,099 2,452 0,019
0,677 0,087 2,548 0,018
0,757 0,078 2,645 0,017
0,838 0,070 2,742 0,015
0,919 0,064 2,839 0,014
0,999 0,059 2,935 0,013
1,080 0,055 3,032 0,013
1,161 0,051 3,129 0,012
1,242 0,048 3,226 0,011
1,322 0,045 3,323 0,011
1,403 0,042 3,419 0,010
1,484 0,040 3,516 0,009
1,564 0,038 3,613 0,009
1,645 0,036 3,710 0,008
1,726 0,034 3,806 0,008
1,806 0,033 3,903 0,008
4,000 0,007

0.250 SPETTRO SLD

0.200

0.150

0.100

0.050

0.000
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600 1.800 2.000

Damage limit status (SLD): As a result of the earthquake, the construction as a whole, including
structural, non-structural elements and equipment relevant to its function, suffers damage such that it
does not put users at risk and does not compromise the ability to resist and stiffen vertical and
horizontal actions, while maintaining itself immediately usable even in the interruption of use of part
of the apparitions.

The objective of the SLD is to verify that damage to non-structural components is contained, to avoid
the unfit of the structure following a seismic event with a probability of exceeding 63%.

32
The verification is carried out by checking that the movements of the floor comply with certain limits.
For this check, refer to paragraph 12.5 .

5.4.2 Spectrum parameters for the life safety limit state:

0.300 SPETTRO SLV

0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 4.500

Life safety limit state (SLV): As a result of the earthquake, the structure suffered ruptures and
collapses of non-structural and plant components and significant damage to structural components,
coupled with a significant loss of rigidity in the comparisons of horizontal actions; the construction,
on the other hand, retains some of the resistance and rigidity for vertical actions and a margin of
safety against the collapse by horizontal seismic actions.

The SLV is used to design the elastic boundary resistance of the structure

33
6 Actions combinations

The following actions combinations are defined for the purposes of the limit statechecks:

• Fundamental combination, generally used for ultimate limit states (SLUs):

γG1 + γG2 + γP P + γQ1Qk1 + γQ2Ψ02Qk2 + γQ3Ψ03Qk3...

Characteristic (rare) combination, generally used for irreversible operating limit states (SLEs), to be
used in the checks of eligible voltages referred to in the 2.7 :

G1 + G2 + P + Qk1 + Ψ0.2Qk2 + Ψ0.3Qk..

• Frequent combination, usually used for reversible operating limit (SLE) states:

G1 + G2 + P + Ψ11Qk1 + Ψ22Qk2 + Ψ33Qk3...

• Near-permanent combination (SLE), generally used for long-term effects:

G1 + G2 + P + Ψ21Qk1 + Ψ22Qk2 + Ψ23Qk3...

• Combinazione sismica, impiegata per gli stati limite ultimi e di esercizio connessi all’azione
sismica E:

E +G1 +G2 +P +Ψ21Qk1 +Ψ22Qk2 +Ψ23Qk3...

• Exceptional combination, used for the last limit states related to the exceptional actions of
Project Ad:

G1 +G2 +P +Ad +Ψ21Qk1 +Ψ22Qk2 +..

• In SLE combinations, Qkj loads that make a favourable contribution to testing and, where
appropriate, G2 loads areomitted.

• The partial safety coefficients valus γGi and γQj are given by the following table from NTC18
2.5.1 "Combination coefficient values":

34
Combinations made on RFEM are reported:

35
36
37
38
7 Analyses types to do

In the legislation, 4 methods of analysis characterized by increasing complexity and precision are
allowed, the choice depends on the characteristics of the structure, such as regularity and its own
period, and its importance related to the intended use. First, the analysis of structures subject to
seismic action can be linear or non-linear. Linear analysis is used to calculate the effects of the
earthquake both in the case of dissipative systems and in the case of non-dissipative systems, while
non-linear systems for dissipative systems take into account geometric and material nonlinearities. In
addition to the fact that the analysis is linear or non-linear, the methods of analysis consider the fact
that the balance is treated statically, that is, through the application of certain forces, or dynamically
through the use of spectra of Calculation. So the 4 methods mentioned above are as follows:

• Linear static analysis;

• Not linear static analysis;
• Linear dynamic analysis;
• Not linear dynamic analysis.

7.1 Equivalent linear static analysis

Equivalent linear static analysis consists of the application of static forces equivalent to the induced
inertia forces of seismic action and can be carried out for constructions that meet specific
requirements such as:
• Structural height regularity;
• The foundamental period in T1 direction doesn’t exceed 2,5TC orTD.

39
For civil or industrial constructions that do not exceed 40m in height and whose mass is evenly
distributed along the height, T1 can be estimated in the absence of more detailed calculations using
the following formula:
3
𝑇1 = 𝐶1 ∙ 𝐻 4
With:

𝐻: height of the building in meters from the foundation floor, or from thetop of a rigid plinth, equal
to 30-3 to 27 m;
𝐶1 = 0,05 for constructions with a wall structure glued

𝑇1 = 0,59𝑠

Alternatively, the estimate of T1 (in seconds) can be made using the following expression:
𝑇1 = 2√𝑑
Where:
d is the elastic lateral displacement of the highest point of the building expressed in meters, due to
the weights of its own applied in the horizontal direction

In case you consider a horizontal action equal to 100% in the direction of x and 30% in the y-direction
we have that d-93.7mm
Then
𝑇1 = 2√0.0937 = 0,6𝑠

In case you consider a horizontal action equal to 100% in the y-direction and 30% in the x-direction
we have that d-123.4mm
𝑇1 = 2√0.1234 = 0,7𝑠

As both conditions were met, the analysis was carried out. The equivalent linear static analysis
consists of an envelope between the vertical load combinations and the load combinations resulting
from the application of the horizontal static forces on the various planes representing the earthquake
in static form.

EQUIVALENT STATIC ENVELOPE - ENVELOPE (ENVELOPE STATIC, EARTHQUAKE

ENVELOPE X, EARTHQUAKE ENVELOPE Y.

7.1.1 Horizontal load combination (Linear static analysis)

The forces system to be applied on the structure and precisely on the special joint was determined by
the order of the project spectrum corresponding to the T1 period and their distribution on the structure
follows the form of the main vibrating mode in the direction under review. The distribution of them
is given by the
following formula:

𝐹ℎ ∙ 𝑧𝑖 ∙ 𝑊𝑖
𝐹𝑖 =
∑𝑗 𝑧𝑗 ∙ 𝑊𝑗

40
 • Figura 7.1: Forces breakdown graphical representation on eac hplane

Where:
𝜆
𝐹ℎ = 𝑆𝑑 (𝑇1 ) ∙ 𝑊 ∙ is the force referring to the equivalent linear oscillator corresponding to
𝑔
the structure;
• 𝑆𝑑 (𝑇1 ) is the ordered project response spectrum corresponding to the T1 period;
• 𝑊 is the overall weight of the construction;
• 𝜆 is a coefficient of 0.85 if the construction has at least three horizontal.

The division of forces on each plane is schematized in the following table:

Where 𝑊𝑖 represents the weight of the i-th floor.

Tab: Breakdown of forces on each plane (Linear Static Analysis).

The best choice is the seismic combination:

𝐸 + 𝐺1 + 𝐺2 + 𝜑2𝑗 𝑄𝑘𝑗

Where."𝐸" corresponds to the equivalent static forces.

32 Es have been identified for each plan. This value is due to the combinations that are created from
the moment when the legislation requires that " to take into account the spatial variability of seismic
motion, as well as any uncertainties in the localization of the masses, an accidental eccentricity must
be attributed to the center of mass, compared to the position derived from the calculation. For
buildings the accidental eccentricity to be considered should not be less than 0.05 times the size of
the building measured perpendicular to the direction of application of seismic action” [7.2.6 – NTC].
This eccentricity is assumed constant by entity and direction, on all horizontals.

41
The center of mass has therefore been moved to four different points:

y length (m) 13,786

x length (m) 2
x eccentricity (m) +-1,104
y eccentricity (m) +-0,689

In addition, to take into account that the earthquake could come from both directions at the same time
combine the maximum values obtained for the action applied in one direction with 30% of the
maximums obtained for the action applied in the other direction. This causes the above 32
combinationsto becreated. These combinations are automatically obtained from the software by
entering 0.3 as the multiplicative coefficient.

7.2 Linear dynamic analysis

Linear dynamic analysis consists of:
• To determine the ways of vibrating the construction (modal analysis);
• To calculate the effects of seismic action represented by the project response spectrum for
each of the vibrating modes identified;
• In the combination of these effects.
The legislation requires that all modes be considered with a participating mass of more than 5% and
that the sum does not exceed 85%.

In the case of forces considered 100% in the x-direction 30% in the y direction we have a shift in the
maximum sum of 93.7mm

42
 Fig. 7.1 Dynamic analysis 100%X-30%Y results

In the case of forces considered 100% in the y-direction and 30% in the x-direction we have a
maximum displacement of 123.4mm

Fig. 7.2 Dynamic analysis 100%Y-30%X results

43
The graph resulting from that analysis is reported:
• Vibration way

• Partecipant mass

8 CLT walls check

8.1 Instability checks

The CLT wall instability checks were carried out with reference to paragraph 6.3.2 of UNI EN 1995-
1-1.

It is recommended that in all cases the tensions that will be increased as a result of the inflection
arrow satisfy the following expression:

44
8.2 CLT calculation model
The calculation model adopted is that of a composite structure with a deformable connection. The
layers oriented in the calculation direction of the CLT panel are yieldingly connected by the
orthogonal layers.
The panel is calculated as a composite structure with deformable connection in accordance with
Appendix B of the EN 1995-1-1 Standard by factors  dependent on the thickness of the orthogonal
layers, from the cutting module to the "rolling shear" and by the spans length calculated using
Möhler’s theory –panels with up to three layers oriented in the direction of calculation – and Shelling
– panels with more than three layers oriented in the calculation direction – .

Effective flexion stiffness is :

𝐸𝐽𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝐸𝑖 𝐽𝑖 + 𝑖 𝐸𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑎𝑖2 )

−1
2 𝐸𝑖 𝐴 𝑖
𝑖 = [1 + 𝑏 2
]
𝐺𝑅 𝑑𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑓
where

Ji represents the moment of inertia of the generic layer

Ai represents the moment of inertia of the generic layer
ai is the distance between the center of gravity of the i-th layer and the center of the center of
gravity of the section
lref is the reference span length
GR is the rolling shear cutting module

8.3 Fiber- perpendicular compression checks

Near the support of the walls presents the situation of risk of orthogonal crushing to the fiber. In order
for the verification to be met, it must be ensured that the stress voltage is lower than the resistance of
the material according to the following expression:

𝜎𝑐,90,𝑑 ≤ 𝑘𝑐,90,𝑑 ∙ 𝑓𝑐,90,𝑑

With:
𝐹𝑐,90,𝑑
𝜎𝑐,90,𝑑 =
𝐴𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙
where

𝜎𝑐,90,𝑑 is the compression project tension in the effective contact area, perpendicular to the
fiber
𝐹𝑐,90,𝑑 is the compression project load perpendicular to the fiber
𝑓𝑐,90,𝑑 is the compression project resistance, perpendicular to the fiber
𝐴𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 is the contact area on which the perpendicular compression to the fiber acts
𝑘𝑐,90,𝑑 it is a coefficient that takes into account the load configuration, the possibility of
splitting breakage, as well as the degradation of compression strain

45
8.4 Shear checks

The shearing stress on the CLT leads to a shearing stress on the slats and a twisting stress on the
glued cross-sides that can lead to the CLT breaking in two different modes.

8.4.1 Checking the break mechanism for shearing

Shearing stresses on slats can be determined by the following expressions:

𝑣2
𝑦 =
∑ 𝑡𝑖,𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝑣2
𝑧 =
∑ 𝑡𝑖,𝑒𝑥𝑡

Where:
𝑦 is the agent shearing tension on layers that are oriented parallel to the inner layers
𝑧 is the agent shearing tension on layers that are oriented parallel to the outer layers
𝑣2 is the linear meter agent shear on the element in CLT
𝑡𝑖,𝑖𝑛𝑡 is the thickness of the i-th layer with parallel orientation to the inner layers
𝑡𝑖,𝑒𝑥𝑡 is the thickness of the i-th layer with parallel orientation to the outer layers

The tension to be used in the verification is the maximum between 𝑦 and 𝑧

𝑑 = max(𝑧 ; 𝑦 )

The verification results in the following inequality

𝑑 ≤ 𝑓𝑣,𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎,𝑘
with

𝑓𝑣,𝑑 the project slab shear resistance calculated by using the

𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∙ 𝑓𝑣,𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎,𝑘
𝑓𝑣,𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎,𝑑 =
𝛾𝑀

8.4.2 Checking the torsion break mechanism

The tension due to the torsion can be derived from the relationship between the torsion moment agent
and the polar resistant moment

𝑀𝑇
𝑑 =
𝑊

The W value is determined using the following expression

2
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑊=
𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖−1

46
The verification is:
 𝑇,𝑑 ≤ 𝑓𝑇,𝑑
with

𝑓𝑇,𝑑 the torsion resistance project value at intersections

𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∙ 𝑓𝑇,𝑘
𝑓𝑇,𝑑 =
𝛾𝑀

The CLT wall check was carried out through the program “CALCULATIS by Stora Enso”
Following some examples for demonstration:
To obtain the verification you draw the wall on calculatis, enter the values of the agent loads and
perform the above checks.

Walls

• 28

Fig. 8.1 Wall 28 position

47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
• 72

Fig. 8.2 Wall 72 position

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
• 43

Fig. 8.3 Wall 43 position

64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
Initially, walls were used to be 140 mm thick; as a result of the dynamic analysis, changes were made
and 160mm walls were permanently used for the first 3 floors, 140mm for the 4-6 floors and 120mm
for the last 3 floors 7-9.

72
 9 CLT floor check

9.1 CLT model

The calculation model adopted is a composite structure with a deformable connection. The layers
oriented in the calculation direction of the CLT panel are yieldingly connected by the orthogonal
layers. The panel is calculated as a composite structure with deformable connected according to
Appendix B of the EN 1995-1-1 by factors  depending on the thickness of the orthogonal layers, the
rolling shear cutting module and the length of the spans, calculated using Möhler’s theory (panels
with up to three layers oriented in the direction of calculation) and Shelling (panels with more than
three layers oriented in the calculation direction).

Effective stiffness is:

𝐸𝐽𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝐸𝑖 𝐽𝑖 + 𝑖 𝐸𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑎𝑖2 )

−1
 𝐸𝑖 𝐴𝑖
2
𝑖 = [1 + ]
𝑏 2
𝐺𝑅 𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑑
Where

Ji represents the moment of inertia of the generic layer

Ai represents the moment of inertia of the generic layer
ai is the distance between the center of gravity of the i-th layer and the center of the center of
gravity of the section
lref is the reference span length
GR is the rolling shear cutting module

Generally the spans reference length lref is assumed, according to the static pattern, as shown in the
following table, in which the actual length of the span is indicated by l.

Static system Reference length

Simpre support beam lref =l

Continuos beam span lref = 0.8 l
Continuous beam interla support lref = 0.8 lmin
Cantiliever beam lref = 2l

9.2 Bending strength

The bending tests are carried out on a floor band parallel to the calculation direction with reference
to paragraph 6.1.6 of the UNI EN 1995-1-1 standard. The following expression must be met:
𝑚,𝑑
≤1
𝑓𝑚,𝑑

73
where:

𝑚,𝑑 is the project tension in bending

fm,d is the material bending project resistance

9.3 Shear resistance checks

9.3.1 Pannel layer shear resistance checks to the calculation direction

Shearing checks are carried out with reference to paragraph 6.1.7 of the UNI En 1995-1-

Deve essere soddisfatta la seguente espressione:

𝑣,𝑑
≤1
𝑓𝑣,𝑑
dove:

𝑣,𝑑 is the shear project tension

fv,d is the shear project resistance

The value of the maximum project shear effort in the longitudinal layers is evaluated with the
following formula:

𝑉𝑑 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑣,𝑑 =
𝐽𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑏
where:

𝑉𝑑 is the agent shear in the section check

Smax is the static moment associated with maximum shearing tension
𝐽𝑒𝑓𝑓 is the CLT cross section panel effective inertial moment
B is the CLT cross section panel base ( Kcr=1)

• 9.3.2 Rolling shear checks

Cross-shearing checks are carried out with reference to paragraph 6.1.7 of the UNI EN 1995-1-1
standard. The following expression must be met:
𝑅,𝑑
≤1
𝑓𝑣,𝑅,𝑑
where:

𝑅,𝑑 is the cross-shearing project tension

fv,R,d is cross-shearing project resistance

The maximum project shear effort value in the longitudinal layers is evaluated with the following
fomula:
𝑉𝑑 𝑆𝑅,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑅,𝑑 =
𝐽𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑏
where:

𝑉𝑑 is the agent shear in the specific section

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SR,max is the static moment associated with maximum shearing tension
𝐽𝑒𝑓𝑓 is the CLT cross section panel effective inertial moment
B is the CLT cross section panel base ( Kcr=1)

9.4 Deformation floor checks (SLE)

It occurs that the deformation of the structure resulting from the effects of actions and humidity
remains within the appropriate limits. The deformation checks are carried out with reference to
paragraph 2.2.3 of UNI EN 1995-1-1.

The net arrow wnet,fin is:

wnet,fin = winst + wcreep – wc = wfin-wc

where:

wnet,fin is the net end arrow

winst is the instant arrow
wcreep it's the viscoelastic arrow
wc is the beam length
wfin is the end arrow

The arrow limit values are assumed as shown in the following table.

Condition wist wnet,fin

Two supports l/300 l/250
beam
Cantiliever beam l/500 l/125

- Instant deformation

The instant deformation winst is calculated for the rare combination of actions

- End deformation

The end deformation wnet,fin is calculated whereas the almost permanent components of the actions
cause over time a viscoelastic deformation w creep that can be calculated using the average values of
the elastic modules appropriately reduced by the factor (1kdef)

For consistent structures of elements, components and connections having the same viscoelastic
behavior and under the assumption of a linear correlation between the actions and the deformations
corresponding to the final deformation wfin, can be considered as:
75
 𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝐺 + 𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑄1 + ∑ 𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑄𝑖

where:

𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝐺 =𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,,𝐺 ∙ (1 + 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) for a dead load G

𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑄1 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1 ∙ (1 + 𝜓2,1 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) for a primary live load Q1
𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑄𝑖 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄𝑖 ∙ (1 + 𝜓2,1 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) for secondary live load, Qi (i >1)

The CLT floor check was carried out through the "CALCULATIS by Stora Enso" program, of which
all the results are reported.
For the CLT floor in addition to the panel it was chosen to insert a concrete slab on each floor in order
to ensure a greater rigidity of the structure

Floors1-8

Here are all the checks on the floors described above:

• 50-59

Fig. 9.1 50-59 Floor panels position

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77
78
79
80
81
82
• 62

Fig. 9.2 62 floor panel position

83
84
85
86
87
88
89
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10 Timber beam check

10.1 Bending resistance checks

Bending resistance checks are conducted with reference to paragraph 6.3.3 of the UNI EN 1995-1-1
standard. The following expression must be met:
𝑚,𝑑
≤1
𝑘𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 ∙ 𝑓𝑚,𝑑

Where:
𝑚,𝑑 is the project tension in bending
𝑓𝑚,𝑑 is the project resistance in bending
𝑘𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 is a coefficient that takes into account the low-flexing resistance due to lateral dislike

Il kcrit coefficient is assumed to be 1 for beams in which the lateral displacement of the compressed
edge is prevented on the entire length and the torsional rotation is prevented from the supports.
Otherwise, the coefficient is determined according to the following expression:

Where relative slenderness, rel,m is:

𝑓𝑚,𝑘
𝑟𝑒𝑙,𝑚 = √
𝑚,𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡
𝑚,𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 is the critical tension bending calculated according to the classical theory of assumed
stability of:

𝑀𝑦,𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 √𝐸0,05 𝐼𝑧 𝐺0,05 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑚,𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = =
𝑊𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑊𝑦
where
𝐸0,05 is the elasticity module fifth percentile value parallel to the fiber;
𝐺0,05 is the shearing module fifth percentile value parallel to the fiber;
𝐼𝑧 it's time for inertia around the weak axis z
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑟 it's the torsional inertia moment
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 is the beam effective length depending on the support conditions and the load
configuration
𝑊𝑦 is the module of the section around the strong y axis

91
10.2 Shear resistance checks

Shearing ckecks are carried out with reference to paragraph 6.1.7 of the UNI EN 1995-1-1 standard.
The following expression must be met:
𝑑
≤1
𝑓𝑣,𝑑
where:
𝑑 is the shear project tension
𝑓𝑣,𝑑 is the resistance project tension

For the resistance shear checking of the flexed elements, the influence of the cracks is taken into
account using an effective width of the element given by:

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑘𝑐𝑟 ∙ 𝑏
where:
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 is the beam section width

The following values of the coefficient kcr are used:

𝑘𝑐𝑟 = 0,67 for solid wood and laminated wood glued

The maximum stress effort value in a rectangular section is evaluated with the following formula:
3 𝑉𝑑
𝑑 = ∙
2 𝑘𝑐𝑟 ∙ 𝐴
where:
A is the cross section beam area

10.3 Beam deformation checks (SLE)

It occurs that the deformation of the structure resulting from the effects of actions and humidity
remains within the appropriate limits. The deformation checks are carried out with reference to
paragraph 2.2.3 of UNI EN 1995-1-1.

The net arrow wnet,fin is:

wnet,fin = winst + wcreep – wc = wfin-wc

where:

wnet,fin is the net end arrow

winst is the instant arrow
wcreep it's the viscoelastic arrow
wc is the beam length
wfin is the end arrow

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The arrow limit values are assumed as shown in the following table.

Condition wist wnet,fin

Two supports l/300 l/250
beam
Cantiliever beam l/500 l/125

- Instant deformation

The instant deformationnea winst is calculated for the rare combination of actions

- End deformation

The end deformation wnet,fin is calculated whereas the almost permanent components of the actions
cause over time a viscoelastic deformation w creep that can be calculated using the average values of
the elastic modules appropriately reduced by the factor (1kdef)

For consistent structures of elements, components and connections having the same viscoelastic
behavior and under the assumption of a linear correlation between the actions and the deformations
corresponding to the final deformation wfin, can be considered as:

𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝐺 + 𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑄1 + ∑ 𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑄𝑖

where:

𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝐺 =𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,,𝐺 ∙ (1 + 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) for a dead load G

𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑄1 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1 ∙ (1 + 𝜓2,1 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) for a primary live load Q1
𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑄𝑖 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄𝑖 ∙ (1 + 𝜓2,1 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) for secondary live load, Qi (i >1)

11 Timber pillars checks

11.1 Instability checks

The pillars’ instability checks were carried out with reference to paragraph 6.3.2 of the UNI EN 1995-
1-1 rule.
The rules recommend that relative leanness ratios be assumed as:

𝑦 𝑓𝑐,0,𝑘
𝑟𝑒𝑙,𝑦 = √
 𝐸0,05
and
𝑧 𝑓𝑐,0,𝑘
𝑟𝑒𝑙,𝑧 = √
 𝐸0,05
where :

93
𝑦 and 𝑟𝑒𝑙,𝑦 are the slenderness ratios corresponding to the flexing around the y-axis (arrow in the
z-direction)
𝑧 and 𝑟𝑒,𝑧 sono i rapporti di snellezza corrispondenti alla flessione intorno all’asse z (freccia in
direzione y)

It is recommended that the tensions that will be increased as a result of the inflection arrow meet the
following expressions:

Where:

where:
𝑐 is a coefficient for elements within the straightness limits defined in section 10 of the UNI EN
1995-1-1 standard and assumes the following values:

This check was carried out with Calculatis of Stora Enso

12 The connections
12.1 The connections role in seismic behavior and modeling criteria

The X-lam wood multi-storey buildings represent a type of construction that is spreading rapidly in
the territory thanks to its excellent earthquake resistance skills also of considerable intensity (Dujic
et al., 2010; Ceccotti et al., 2008). In fact, the combination of structural lightness (about 1/5-1/4 of
the weight of a c.a. structure) and consequently the reduced seismic actions related to this mass,
sustainability and rapid execution make these structures very competitive compared to traditional
ones. On the other hand, however, the low ductility possessed by structural wood, and the presence
of many areas of connection between the prefabricated elements could lead to losses of stability if
not perfectly connected to each other.

The overall ductility of the structure is now a fundamental resource for overcoming seismic events
with a high return period. In the specific case of wooden constructions it can be obtained thanks to

94
the plastic behaviour that is concentrated in the areas of mechanical connection between the limbs,
which represent the only source of plastic dissipation.
In traditional X-lam massive panel buildings, global ductile behaviour is achieved through the
plasticization of connection zones. Hold-downs, designed for the absorption of traction induced by
tipping actions, dissipate energy with cyclical traction plasticization, while the anglers, which absorb
the floor cut, can dissipate by cutting. The compression, induced by both vertical loads and horizontal
actions is absorbed by the contact wood-wood or foundation wood (when on the ground floor are not
interposed wooden sleepers between panel and foundation), which because of the tipping actions
causes wood to crush (irreversible) in an orthogonal direction to the fibers.

Fig.12.1 Connection zone plastic behavior

The high stiffness and strength of the panel in its plane with respect to the connections leads to the
hypothesis of infinitely rigid panel and that therefore all the elastic and inelastic field behavior in
terms of both resistance and ductility is governed by connection systems.

12.2 Resistance and flexibility of connections: general notes

The wooden constructions being made with a basic material –structural wood – with distinctly fragile
behavior for stresses parallel to the fibercould not in itselfmanifest a dissipative behavior under
seismic actions, but the presence of mechanical connections makes these structures capable of
exhibiting a plastic response not negligible. As is well known, the links of the wooden structures are
divided into two major categories: traditional carpentry unions and mechanical unions.

• Traditional unions, which are found mostly in ancient wooden structures, do not involve the
use of metal devices and are obtained by carvings practiced in wooden limbs that allow to
create "interlocking" unions between the Elements. These processes, which used to be made
by axe, are now carried out with numerically controlled machines.

The traditional union allows to transfer, by contact, mainly compression stresses (e.g. simple tooth
joins, double etc. – Fig. 12.2 a), but also cutting (half-wood or swallowtail unions – Fig. 12.2 d and
Fig. 12.3 e) or traction (Jupiter dart, right tooth joins - Fig. 12.2b and Fig. 12.2 c). These types of
connections, which at most make a monolateral constraint, do not offer any kind of energy dissipation
(unless scrolling between the parts) and therefore cannot be used for buildings in seismic zone.

95
 Fig.12.2 Traditional carpentry unions: (a) double -toothed, b) Jupiter's dart, c)a right tooth, d) half
wood, e) swallow-tailed

Mechanical connections are made with metal connectors –cylindrical stem, clots, staples, toothed
plates etc. –generally positioned in order to absorb cutting stresses, able to connect two or more pieces
of wood (wood-wood unions) or wooden elements with metal plates (union-steel wood).

These connections can exhibit significant ductile behavior that develops thanks to the interaction
between metal element unnerving and wood displacement. However the ductile mechanisms can be
activated only in the extent the connection is designed in order to ward off dangerous fragile breaks
(splitting, group effects, etc.), obtained respecting the distance of the connectors with respect to the
edges of the connection and the spacing between them.

The ductile behavior and resistance of the connection, in the case of joining with cylindrical stem
elements depends on multiple factors including:
- connectors slenderness;
- connector type;
- connector angle within the link.

Figure 12.2 shows a comparison of the force-moving cyclical bond of a lean connector union (case
"a") and a stocky connector (case "b"), where slenderness refers to the ratio of the diameter of the
connector to the thickness element.
• In the first case the crisis occurs with the unnerving of the connector accompanied by the
displacement of the wood: the bond F- is characterized by a hysterical cycle quite "wide",
but with slight pinching due to the gap that must be recovered in the hole in the unloading
phase.

• Instead in the second case the cycle has less hysterical dissipation and a much more
pronounced pinching zone, the result of a crisis for wood-only, with a much wider gap due to
the connector sliding. Ultimately, connections with leamy connectors have better dissipative
capabilities than those with large diameter connectors.

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12.2.1 Types available

Metal connections within the XLAM structural system play a key role as they are tasked with
transmitting efforts between panel and panel and between panel and elements such as foundations.
These connections must transmit the stresses, behave sufficiently plastic, but they must also be easy
to find and assemble, not affecting the costs of the overall structure.
These connections are made through the use of cylindrical stem connectors such as screws, nails,
threaded bars that are designed to transmit cutting or tipping efforts. They are highly flexible and
optimal for solving the problems of a multi-storey wooden building.

- Screws
The screws are cylindrical metal elements threaded with flat or hexagonal head. The thread can be a
simple, full-threaded thread –the entire length is threaded – or double-threaded (threaded the
beginning and the end). The diameter varies from 4 to 12mm, while the length from 25 to 600mm.
They have self-drilling tips and can be mounted using screwdrivers.

Fig.12.3 Screws types

- Nails

The nails have a diameter of 2.75 to 8mm and a length between 40 and 200mm. They can be smooth
stem or marked stem and be laid with the help of pneumatic or electric nails. They are used for
elements that are subject only to cutting.

Fig.12.4 Nail

- Plugs

The plugs are cylindrical elements that can be threaded or smooth-surfaced and must be inserted into
previously made punctures. They are mainly used for laminated wood elements.

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 Fig.12.5 Plugs types

- Self-drilling pins

Self-drilling pins are cylindrical elements with a special tip that allows you to pierce both wood and
metal plates and are typically one centimeter thick. These are used as they ensure an effective
connection between plates and panels and reduce assembly time by not having to pre-drill the
elements.

- Plates

Steel plates are L-like or rectangular elements, galvanized with heat to avoid oxidation. Through
cylindrical connectors, which are arranged in special holes in the plate, they transmit stresses between
adjacent panels or between panels and other elements. Having to connect two elements, the plates
have a double puncture, one for each element. The angles are used both to counter cutting forces and
to lock panels on the concrete plinth.
Elongated angular plates are called "hold-downs".

- Wall-foundation joints

The panels are solidified with the concrete foundation elements in order to counteract the effect of
horizontal actions on the building, typically the wind and the earthquake and to transmit the vertical
loads.
These connections are divided into two large groups: the cut ones, which are mainly tasked with
preventing a horizontal translating of the panel, when it is subjected to a horizontal force, and those
with traction, which have the function of preventing a horizontal translating of the panel. rotation of
the panel around one of its edges.
The panels can be placed on a screed or on a wooden threshold, usually in larch, with interposition
of insulating material to protect the wood from moisture coming from the foundation.

98
 Fig. 12.5 Wall-foundation joints

- Panel-to-panel joints

Panel-panel joints cover both vertical partitions and floors and can be of different types: at an angle,
a T, joint, swinged. These are very simple joints that take place through threaded screws and
insulation strips to ensure the air of the building. In some types of joint the panels must be grooved
in the head to be accommodated in interlocking with other panels or for the interlocking of joint
boards.
Some images from the CLT technical folder of Stora Enso are found:

Fig.12.6 Joint for attic (joint table) Fig.12.7 Application

Fig.12.8 Coming for floor swing

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 Fig.12.9 Applications

The panels side sizes can be limited by production reasons, so it is necessary to connect vertically or
horizontally multiple panels of cross boards to make a wall of a certain length or simply a slab.
Some details of the possibilities of connecting wall-wall or slab elements are illustrated in the
following figures. These connections must be sized to transmit the cutting forces that you have
between one panel and another.

Fig.12.10 floor-floor and wall-wall possible details

- Wall-to-floor-wall joint

CLT buildings are prefabricated systems, where the elements are mounted in operation and then
connected to each other by junctions. The construction process is repeated floor by floor: the vertical
panels that form the walls are mounted, the floor is closed with horizontal panels and these panels act
as a platform for the placement of the vertical panels of the next floor. CLT systems are therefore
platform systems, where intermediate horizontaling intersects vertical elements. In the wall-slab-wall
node, structural continuity must then be restored through junction systems similar to those seen for
connection with the foundation works. Therefore, two different types of connections must be used in
these nodes, one for the transmission of cutting efforts and one for lifting the panel. The slab panel
and the wall panel below can be reached by self-threading screws inserted into the head surface of
the attic. While the panels of the upper floor are fixed with metal corners. These junctions allow both
horizontal loads to be transferred to the floors and traction forces to the floors. Insulation sheaths
must be placed at each intersection to ensure hermeticity. For the same reason along the inner or outer
junctions can be applied sealing stickers.

100
 Fig.12.11 Wall-to-slab-wall connection

- Corner joints

The corner connection between orthogonal walls is essential to ensure greater robustness to the entire
construction. In addition, this constraint can be a garrison for the out-of-floor forces of the walls, due,
for example, to the forces of lateral stabilization or the effect of the wind on the walls.

If you use self-threading screws you have to be careful how they are inserted into a layer of the panel
where the fibers are parallel to the axis of the screw, the junction can be considered ineffective or
otherwise with reduced resistance. Because it is not always easy to pinpoint the exact spot where to
insert the screw, it is recommended to insert it slightly inclined to the axis of the panel in order to
intersect multiple layers.

Corner joints: correct screws insertion Corner joints: inserting screws

NOT correct

Corner joints: correct connection via brackets

Corner joints:
link NOT correct
Fig.12.12 Corner joints

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12.3 Connection behaviour patterns in CLT or Xlam structures

In Fig. 12.13, a comparison of the force-moving cyclical bond of a lean connector union (case "a")
and a stocky connector (case "b") is reported, where leanness refers to the ratio of the diameter of the
connector to the thickness of the wooden elemento.
• In the first case the crisis occurs with the unnerving of the connector accompanied by the
displacement of the wood: the bond F- it is characterized by a hysterical cycle quite "wide",
but with slight pinching due to the gap that must be recovered in the hole in the unloading
phase.

• Instead in the second case the cycle has less hysterical dissipation and a much more
pronounced pinching zone, the result of a crisis for wood-only, with a much wider gap due to
the connector sliding. Ultimately, connections with leamy connectors have better dissipative
capabilities than those with large diameter connectors.

The connectors interaction with wood penalizes the cyclical behavior of the connection, in fact if the
crisis were governed only by the cyclical unnerving of the connector the cycle would correspond to
that of steel.
The flexibility of the connection is also influenced by the number of connectors used, in fact the use
of a large number of means of union is a factor in the infragilit of the connection.
Finally, the type of connector used also changes the behavior of the connection, in fact for the same
conditions connectors such as nails and screws allow for a more accentuated ductile behavior than
pins, bolts or plugs.

Fig.12.13 Connection cyclical behavior

More recently, shear connections have also been introduced that provide for the arrangement of
cylindrical stem connectors arranged in a sloping manner with respect to the fiber of the wood. This
arrangement, compared to the classic one that sees the connectors arranged perpendicular to the
fibers, allows to achieve higher levels of resistance, but with a consequent reduction in ductility.

It is interesting to note that at present, analytical formulations are available for the calculation of
mechanical connections, which can also be found in national and international regulatory codes,
which allow us to determine the strength of the connection (Johansen, 1949); on the contrary, there
are no formulations that lead to the definition of the level of ductility achieved by a given connection
and it is necessary to refer to experimental tests.

The connection flexibility is a fundamental requirement for the wooden structures seismic response
as they represent the only place of formation of plastic "hinges". In fact wooden elements are
characterized by an elasto-fragile behavior and do not allow any kind of plasticization (Fig. 12.14).

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 Fig.12.14 Connection Behavior

The seismic behaviour of X-lam-panel buildings is significantly influenced by the mechanical

connections between the panels, so a proper understanding, first, and modelling, then, of mechanical
connections is a step inescapable in the overall schematization of the walls.
In the literature, results of experimental tests have been found which investigated the cyclical
behaviour of hold-down and angular connections, on the basis of which it was possible to calibrate
theoretical cyclical models useful for the purpose of carrying out analysis on individual panels or on
whole walls.
For example, an experimental campaign carried out by Gavric et al. (2011a) analysed the behaviour
of hold-downs and angles stressed by traction and cyclical cutting respectively, highlighting their
excellent behavioural performance.
In more detail, in Fig. 12.15 and 12.16, force-shift diagrams for hold-downs and angles are
represented. The hysterical cycle of these connections is characterized by significant dissipation of
energy, pinching, degradation of resistance and stiffness and a softening branch after peak resistance.
Hold-downs, unlike anglers, have non-symmetric behavior because local instability renders their
contribution for compression stresses null.

Fig.12.15 A hold down connection c ycling behavior

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 Fig.12.16 A bracket connection cycling behavior

The results of the experimental tests then allowed to develop theoretical cyclical models for both
hold-downs and angles that can be adopted as plastic "hinges" for conducting non-linear analyses of
multi-story X-lam walls. In Fig. 12.17 and 12.18, the theoretical bonds obtained by Rinaldin et al
are represented. (2013) derived as a back-bone curve of experimental bonding, which take into
account pinching, degradation ofreturnand stiffness and post-peak softening. In particular, this
envelope curve was obtained with reference to the third load cycle in order to take into account, in a
conservative way, the effects of the cumulative damage during cyclical behaviour and therefore the
degradation of resistance between the first and third cycles. These links can be usedtodefine the
cyclical behavior of non-linear springs that simulate the behavior of connections in the panel-panel
and panel-foundation contact section.

Fig.12.17 Hysterical hold down law Fig.12.18 Bracket hysterical law

This mechanical pattern of connection behaviour is, among those proposed in the literature, that
describes more accurately the real cyclical response of hold-downs and angulars and which is well
suited to describe the behavior of wooden panels.
Other authors also use force-shifting bonds characterized by an envelope curve similar to that
propagated by Gavric et al. For example, Dujic et al. (2010) propose a legmane of the type represented
in Figure 12.19 for angular hold-downs respectively. The authors themselves point out, however, that
the complexity of the bond leads, very often, to problems of numerical instability of the solver used
for analysis and therefore adopt a simplification of this link, as represented in Figure 12.20.

104
Fig.12.19 Hold down’s costitutive bond Fig.12.20 Brakets' costitutive bond

Fig.12.21 Costitutive bond

Fig.12.22 Simplify costitutive bond

A further simplification of these models that simulate hold-down and angular behaviour is suggested
in Embury & Karacabey (2013) which assume an elastic-perfectly plastic bond (Fig.12.23). This link,
even if it is characterized by a higher level of approximation, still provides satisfactory results both
numerically when implemented in computing software.

Fig.12.23 Elasto-plastic costitutive bond

Individual connection behavior analysis is the basis for investigating the behavior of X-lam panels
with links to the base. Cyclical tests results on panels and buildings in full scale (Dujic et al., 2010)
demonstrate good performance of behavior even under earthquakes characterized by high
accelerations (even up to 0.8g).
Experimental tests carried out by Gavric et al. (2011, 2015b) point out that the cyclical behavior
typical of an X-lam panel with mechanical connections at the base is characterized by large hysterical
cycles with significant energy dissipation, pinching, resistance degradations and stiffness. At the end
of the test the panel shows no signs of damage and all the energy dissipation has been concentrated

105
in the connections to the base. In addition, the flexion and shearing deformations of the panel can be
considered to be completely negligible compared to the total deformation and that therefore the latter
is almost all produced by the elastic and inelastic deformation of the links. Figure 12.24 represents a
cyclical behavior of an X-lam panel.

Fig.12.24 Xlam panel cyclical behavior

The panels’ cyclical behavior is influenced by multiple factors such as the size of the vertical load,
the geometry of the panel, and the type of connection. Some experimental tests on full-scale panels
carried out by Gavric et al. (2013) demonstrate that the amount of vertical load slightly changes the
shape of the hysterical cycle: the increase in assial load produces an increase in initial strength and
stiffness without significantly affecting the ductility (Fig 12.24).

Fig.12.25 Vertical load influence on cyclical behavior

A different cyclical response is also observed depending on the type of predominant behavior that the
X-lam panel can exhibit: rocking, rocking-sliding, sliding. In the case of rocking, which is activated
for panels and with high axle loads, the crisis typically occurs by progressive unnerving of traction
hold-downs(Figure 12. 25) and later also angular, accompanied bythe crushing of the wood in the
compressed area; instead, thereare no deformations of the connectors in a horizontal direction, this is
a testament to the absence of sliding of the panel.

106
In the case of rocking and sliding the connection crisis occurs due to an interaction between traction
and cutting, while in the last case it occurs for translating only.
The prevailing rocking behavior is the one that guarantees better seismic behavior of the panels, as it
is characterized by a re-centering capacity due to the vertical load and resistance of the connection;
this means that in the event of a seismic event the panel is able to return to the unformed condition
without significant residual displacements. The residual damage, however, will be all concentrated
in the connection which will have undergone a process of cyclical plasticization, this was also
demonstrated by Ceccotti (2008).

Fig.12.26 Pulling hold down crisis Fig.12.27 Pulling and sliding

Bracket’s crisis

This behaviour suggests that the design of the panels and more generally of the walls should be
conducted by ensuring that plasticization focuses on the elements deputies to resist traction, while the
angles, designed with appropriate over-resistance, they should always remain in the elastic field in
order to avoid residual swiping in the presence of seismic actions.

107
Fig.12.28 Xlam panels’ cyclical behavior: a) rocking, b) rocking -sliding, c)sliding

Experimental tests carried out by Fragiacomo et al. (2011b) demonstrate that the ductile behavior of
the connection is also influenced by the type of means of union used, in particular their infixion length
within the panel. In fact, with reference to Fig. 3.17 it can be noted that, in the case of both hold-
downs and angles, the use of nails with a lower infixation length (40mm) leads to lower resistance
values and fragile behavior than those of length (60mm), which leads to higher strength and ductility
values.

Fig.12.29 Brackets Behavior(left) and hold downs (right) as nail infixance length changes

All the results of experimental tests carried out on full-scale panels show that the crisis of the whole
system is always attributable to the plasticization of mechanical unions and in particular the tense
hold-downs, while the wooden panel - which undergoes negligible deformations of its own - assumes
a rigid blocking behavior with respect to the connections. The location of damage in connection zones
is generally a positive aspect of the seismic behaviour of these buildings because, as a result of the
seismic event, it is possible to repair the damaged area.
How connections are crisisd also depends on how it was designed. In most experimental tests
analysed, the break almost always occurs with an interaction between wood displacement and
connector unyielding, while hold-downs and angles show some over-strength compared to
connectors. In these cases, the union was designed by entrusting the wood-connector interaction-
resistant mechanism, which therefore allows to develop even a non-binding
negligible ductile behavior. However, the local ductility can be concentrated in the metal saucers
(hold-down and angular) while the interaction connector-wood is designed to remain in the elastic
field, but always careful to avoid breakage (Latour et al., 2013).

12.4 Connections design

In the case in question were used screws between slab and panel below and small brackets to join
slab and panel of the wall above and hold downs in the corners.

Two approaches were used for the connection design:

108
12.4.1 Approach by connections stiffness design

The multilayer XLAM structural elements were considered as a homogeneous orthotropic material.

The following connections stiffness based on scientific studies were used in the first analysis.
The values are as follows:

We define the following sizes:

n= number of brackets per meter
Stiffness relative to the nails pull out= 12000kN/m
Stiffness related to nail shearing= 5238,32kN/m

Floor 1:
n=1,333 per metre for connections between wall and slab
n=5 per metre for connections between wall and ceiling in XLAM
n=8 per metre for wall-to-wall connections

• Shear connections between wall and slab:

n*Kser= 1,333*8000=10666,4 kN/m2

• Connections for lift between wall and slab:

n*Kser= 1,333*5000=6666,5 kN/m2

• Connecting wall and ceiling

n*Kser= 5*2292=11460kN/m2

• Connection between wall and wall

n*Kser=8*2292=18336 kN/m2

• Connection for lifting nails between ceiling-and-wall and wall-and-wall

n*Kser =5*12000=60000 kN/m2

• Torsion connections
Lifting in z-axis: uz=11250*10= 112500 kN/m2
Shear in x and y axis: ux=uy= 5238,32*10=52383,2 kN/m2

Piani 2 e 3 :
n=1,333 per metre for connections between wall and slab
n=5 per metre for connections between wall and ceiling in XLAM
n=8 per metre for wall-to-wall connections

• Shear connections between wall and slab:

n*Kser= 1,333*7500=9999,75 kN/m2

• Connections for lift between wall and slab:

109
 n*Kser= 1,333*5000=6666,5 kN/m2

• Connecting wall and ceiling

n*Kser= 5*2292=11460 kN/m2

• Connection between wall and wall

n*Kser=8*2292=18336 kN/m2

• Connection for lifting nails between ceiling-and-wall and wall-and-wall

n*Kser =5*12000=60000 kN/m2

• Connessioni per torsione

Sollevamento lungo z: uz=5250*10= 52500 kN/m2
Shear in x and y axis: ux=uy= 5238,32*10=52383,2 kN/m2

Piani 4,5 e 6 :

n=1 per metre for connections between wall and slab

n=4 per metre for connections between wall and ceiling in XLAM
n=8 per metre for wall-to-wall connections

• Shear connections between wall and slab:

n*Kser= 1*7200=7200kN/m2

• Connections for lift between wall and slab:

n*Kser= 1*5000=5000 kN/m2

• Connecting wall and ceiling

n*Kser= 4*2292=9168 kN/m2

• Connection between wall and wall

n*Kser=8*2292=18336 kN/m2

• Connection for lifting nails between ceiling-and-wall and wall-and-wall

n*Kser =4*12000=48000 kN/m2

• Torsion connections
Lifting in z-axis: uz=5250*10= 52500 kN/m2
Shear in x and y axis: ux=uy= 5238,32*10=52383,2 kN/m2

Piani 7,8 e 9:

n=1 per metre for connections between wall and slab

n=3 per metre for connections between wall and ceiling in XLAM
n=8 per metre for wall-to-wall connections

• Shear connections between wall and slab:

n*Kser= 1*4500=4500kN/m2

110
 • Connections for lift between wall and slab:
n*Kser= 1*3500=3500 kN/m2

• Connecting wall and ceiling

n*Kser= 3*2292=6876 kN/m2

• Connection between wall and wall

n*Kser=8*2292=18336 kN/m2

• Connection for lifting nails between ceiling-and-wall and wall-and-wall

n*Kser =3*12000=36000 kN/m2

• Torsion connections
Lifting in z-axis: uz=3500*10= 35000 kN/m2
Shear in x and y axis: ux=uy= 4500*10=45000 kN/m2

This was the first approach used but then we used an exact procedure for a result’s comparison.

Procedimento esatto

12.4.2 Approach accurate calculation of connections through Calculatis

In this case connections were calculated exactly through Calculatis.

To make such a calculation, the first 3 plans were considered as connected plans in the same way, the
same applies to plans 4.5 and 6 and finally 7.8 and 9. Let us remember that the ground floor is the
reinforced concrete foundation plan whose design is deferred to other courses.

RothOBLAAS VGS 9x240 screws were used for connections between adjacent walls and orthogonal
walls between them, including a graphical representation:

Fig.12.30 ROTHOBLAAS VGS 9x240 screws

For the design of such connections we start from the model on RFEM in the most unfavourable
seismic case, in this case is the one in which we consider an action equal to 30% long X and an action
equal to 100% long Y.

111
You run the model and read the results related to the Vy effort (Long Y cut effort) as shown in the
figure

Fig.12.31 Vy values on RFEM model

At this point, once you read Vy's value, you report that value back to Calculatis.
On Calculatis you enter the value of Vy in the Fx pane, you place Fyo and Kmod .0.9; after that you
insert the thickness of the panels considered and finally you reveal the screws to be used and you start
the verification.
Below is a demonstration of the verification obtained with Calculatis for both connections between
adjacent and otogol walls and a summary table of the results of all the walls.

112
- Design and verify screws between orthogonal and adjacent walls
• Orthogonal walls

113
114
• Adjacent walls

115
The summary tables are as follows:

116
117
118
119
The analytical part of the tests carried out thanks to Calculatis is reported
• Shear checking merge elements
The project shear resistance of each individual panel that makes up a given wall is calculated
according to the model proposed by the UNI EN 1995-1-1 standard in step 9.2.4.2 "Simplified
analysis of diaphragm walls – Method A".
For a wall made of several panels, it is recommended that the design value of the capacity is calculated
by:
where:

𝐹𝑖,𝑣,𝑅,𝑑 represents the carrying capacity of the panel's design slab in accordance with the 9.2.4.2(4)
and 9.2.4.2(5) points of the UNI EN 1995-1-1 standard.

Panels containing a door or window opening are not considered to contribute to the carrying capacity
of the slab in accordance with paragraph 9.2.4.2 (6) of the UNI EN 1995-1-1 standard.

The following rules apply to panels with sheets on both sides:

- if the sheets and means of union are all of the same type and size, then the carrying capacity of total
plate of the wall is assumed as the sum of the plate-carrying capacity of the individual sides
- If different types of sheets are used and similar means of merge are used (scrolling modules that do
not vary more than 20% each other), then 75% of the plate-bearing capacity of the weaker side is
taken into account.
- in other cases, 50% of the plate-carrying capacity of the weaker side is taken into account

• Connector Resistance
Resistance values are evaluated according to Johansen's theory in paragraph 8.2.2 of the UNI EN
1995-1-1 standard for the case of panel-wood connections to a cutting plane.
The characteristic supporting capacity for a single cutting plane and for a single means of union is
assumed as the minimum value determined by the following expressions:

In the expressions shown, the first term represents the backbone according to the
𝐹𝑎𝑥,𝑅𝑘
Johansen theory, instead the second term is the contribution due to therope effect.
4

120
 • Connector extraction resistance

Characteristic nail extraction capacity, Fax,Rk, is assumed as the lowest value among those obtained by
the following expressions:
• For smooth stem nails

• For nails with improved grip

where:
fax,k,punta is the characteristic resistance to extraction on the side of the tip
fax,k,testa is the characteristic resistance to extraction on the side of the head
fhead,k is the characteristic resistance of the crossing of the element by the head, on the side of
the head of the nail
d is the nail’s diameter
dh is the nail’s head diameter
tpen,telaio is the minimum value between the penetration length from the side of the tip and the length
of the threaded part inserted into the element that receives the tip
t is the thickness of the element of the side of the head
Fax,Rk is the characteristic value of the connector extraction resistance
Fv,Rk is the characteristic value of the carrying capacity of the means of union assessed
considering both the Johansen contribution and the contribution due to the rope effect

Rope effect limit: represents the percentage limit of the contribution to lateral carrier capacity due to
the rope effect

• Shear check on coating sheets

The project shear resistance of each individual panel that makes up a given wall is calculated
according to the model proposed by the UNI EN 1995-1-1 standard in step 9.2.4.2 "Simplified
analysis of diaphragm walls – Method A".
For a wall made of several panels, it is recommended that the project value of the carrier capacity be
calculated using the expression:

Where:
Fi,v,Rd represents the project cut resistance of the shear resistance panel of each panel, Fi,v,Rd is:

Where :
Fi,j,v,Rd is the cutting resistance of the single sheet, in him the first subscript indicates the panel
of belonging and the second the side (external or internal)

121
fi,v,d is the shearing resistance of the single coating sheet
bi is the panel width
ti,j is the thickness of the coating sheet

• Swallowing checks for shearing coating sheets

In accordance with paragraph 9.2.4.1 of the Eurocode EN1995-1-1, the swallowing of the coating
sheets can be overlooked as all the walls used in the project verify the criterion

where:

bnet is the distance between the struts

t is the thickness of the coating sheet

- Project screws between slab and wall below

For the screws between the slab and the wall design below it was proceeded by taking the values of
Vx (long cut effort x) on the RFEM model and placing them inside Fx; again Fy is zero while Kmod
is 0.9.

Fig.12.32 Vx values on RFEM model

In this case the screws must be necessarily tilted to avoid the phenomenon of lifting the slab.

122
123
The summary tables are also reported in this case:

124
125
126
127
 - Small brackets design and check
(connections between slab and top wall)

For the small brackets between the slab and the wall above design, it was proceeded by taking the Vx
values (long cut effort x) on the RFEM model and placing them inside F23 while F1 is placed zero;
Kmod is 0.9 as in the previous case.

An explanatory example of what has been done for each wall is:

128
The small brackets chosen are the TITAN F- TCF200, Hv>90 mm/Screw 5x50, an image for
clarity:

Fig.12.33 Small brackets

The summary tables of the results obtained on Calculatis are as follows:

129
130
131
132
In this case, you should verify that the resistance of small brackets is greater than the agent action. In
the event that only one angular (bracket) is not sufficient, more than one is proceeded alongside each
other.

The analytical part of the tests carried out thanks to Calculatis is reported.

• Agent load

The agent shearing stresses on the individual angle are assessed by dividing the V 2 cut by the number
of angles in the wall (taking into account the presence of angular on both sides of the structural
element).

𝑉2 is the agent project shearing stress on the wall considered

𝑛anc is the number of shear anchors in the wall

The agent cutting force on the most loaded anchor is calculated taking into account the additional
moment due to the non-alignment between external forces agents on the vertical flange of the angular
and the anchor itself by a coefficient, indicated with kt.

• Angular resistance

The design value of the angular shearing carrying capacity can be evaluated from the characteristic
value using the following expression

where
Ra,k,dens is the characteristic resistance of the correct nailing, for a density of the material used
𝑘 2
less than 350 kg/m3 according to the formula 𝑅𝑎,𝑘,𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠 = 𝑅𝑐,𝑘  (350)
The verification is carried out by comparing the agent strength with the break resistance.

- Hold-down design and check

For the hold-downs placed only at the corners of the walls design, it was proceeded by taking the
values of nx (normal effort) on the RFEM model and placing them within F1; F23 is zero while Kmod
is 0.9.

The hold downs chosen are the WHT740-WHTBS130/ Screw 5 x 50, an image for clarity:

133
 Fig.12.34 Hold down

The interface on Calculatis is the same as the small brackets:

134
The summary tables of the results obtained on Calculatis are as follows:

135
136
137
138
Again, you need to verify that the hold down resistance is greater than the agent action. In the event
that a single hold down is not sufficient, more than one.

Hold down Project resistance Rd degli is associated with the following break modes:
• breaking the nail
• steel-side break of the hold-down
• bolt break

• Agent load

The agent load project value on hold-downs was evaluated as shown in the
"Description of the model" section.
The agent traction force on the bolt is calculated taking into account the
additional moment due to the non-alignment between the external force agent
on the vertical flange of the hold-down and the bolt itself by a coefficient of
eccentricity, indicated with kt.

• Nail resistance
Nailing supporting capacity project value is given by the following expression

𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∙ 𝑅𝑐,𝑘,𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠
𝑅𝑑 =
𝑀

Where:
Rc,k,dens is the characteristic resistance of the correct nailing, for a density of the material used
𝑘 2
less than 350 kg/m3 according to the formula𝑅𝑐,𝑘,𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠 = 𝑅𝑐,𝑘  (350)
kmod is the correction coefficient that takes into account the effects of load life and humidity
𝑀 is the partial security coefficient for connections

• Hold down steel resistance

Angular design traction resistance can be evaluated according to the formula

where:
Rs,k is the characteristic value of angular resistance
𝑀2 is the partial safety coefficient of the resistance of the tense sections

• Bolt traction resistance

The traction resistance was assessed as shown in Table 3.4 of the UNI EN 1993-1-8 standard using
the following formula

139
Where:
fub is the last traction resistance of the anchor
As is the resistant area of the threaded part of the stem of the anchor
𝑀2 is the safety coefficient

where:
Ta,d is the project value of the agent stress on the hold-down
Tb,d is the project value of the agent stress on the bolt
Rc,k is the characteristic resistance of the wooden side connection
Rs,k is the characteristic value of angular resistance
Rb,k is the characteristic drag resistance to the connecting bolt
Kmod is the correction coefficient that takes into account the effects of load life and humidity
γM partial safety coefficient for the material, depending on the type of verification
Ra,d hold-down resistance project value, assumed to be lowest among project resistance
values of all rupture mechanisms associated with it
Rb,d project value of bolt strength

13 Maximum building displacement check: Damage limit

The "damage limitation requirement" is considered satisfied if, as a result of a seismic action
characterized by a greater probability of occurrence than the project seismic action corresponding to
the "non-collapse requirement" in accordance with points 2.1(1)P and 3.2.1(3), relative movements
between planes are limited in accordance withpoint 4.4.3.2. (eurocode 8)

Additional damage limitation may be required in cases of buildings that are important for civil
protection or contain sensitive equipment.

• Restricting relative movement between floors

The following restrictions must be met unless otherwise specified

a) for buildings that have non-structural elements, consisting of fragile material, in solidarity with
the structure:

dr   0,005 h

b) for buildings that have ductile non-structural elements:

dr   0,0075 h

c) buildings that have non-structural elements fixed so as not to interfere

with deformations of the structure or without non-structural elements:

140
 dr   0,010 h

where:
 is the reduction coefficient that takes into account the lowest return period
associated with the damage limitationrequirement.

Because we are in an importance II class =0,5

H it's the height

dr is the project value of the relative movement between the planes

The value of ds does not need to be greater than the elastic spectrum value.

In this case we use the expression for buildings that have non-structural elements, consisting of fragile
material, in solidarity with the structure:
dr   0,005 h

• Case with displacement generated considering 100% of the agent forces in the x-direction and
30% in the y-direction

• Case with displacement generated considering 100% of the agent forces in the y-direction
and 30% in the direction of x

141
14 Conclusions

In Italy, awareness of the high seismic risk, post-seismic emergency situations and the need to reduce
energy consumption have accelerated a process of change, already in place for some years,
concerning a new way of conceiving Buildings. The wooden buildings with their lightness, speed of
construction and good thermal behavior are the structural type that best meets all these requirements
at the same time

14.1 CLT building examples in Italy

Below are some examples of constructions in CLT (Xlam) in Italy

• Varese building

Fig.13.1 Varese building

The house is located on the slopes of the Flower Field, in a magnificent position that embraces the
lake of Lake Varese and from which you can push your gaze beyond the western shore of Lake
Maggiore, towards the Alps- no, from Monte Rosa to Monviso. The building is arranged in the
property in search of the sun and the best view.

Work tab:

• Location: Comerio (VA)

• Architectural project: Studio Ecoarcharchitetti Contavalli e Rivolta
• Concrete structure design: ing Andrea Meschini, Varese
• CLT structure design Calcolo strutture in legno: ing Roberto Belfiore, Varese
• Wood structures: Bianchi_Ferraro, Brebbia (VA)

142
 • Work duration: 9 months (from excavations to key delivery)
• Covered surfaces: 172mq
• Total useful area: 120mq
• Type of building: single-family home
• Energy Classification: A+
• Construction System: X-LAM
• Transmittances:
wall 0.17 W/(m2 K);
coverage 0.21 W/(m2 K);
floor on hornet's nest 0.17 W/(m2 K);
windowed components from 0.87 to 1.16 W/(m2 K)
Plants: Air/Water Heat Pump - 14 FV panels (4.5 Kwp)

• 9-storey building in Milan

(from which this project was inspired)

Fig.13.2 Milano Via Cenni

143
Work tab:

• Actuator subject:Polaris Investment Italia sgr spa

• Final design: Tekne s.p.a.
Rossiprodi Associati S.R.L.: prof. arch. Fabrizio Rossi Prodi
Borlini & Zanini SA: prof. ing. Andrea Bernasconi
• Timber structures design: Borlini & Zanini SA: prof. ing. Andrea Bernasconi
• Executive design: ETS Spa
• Directorate of Works and Safety: Tekne s.p.a.
• Artistic direction: Rossiprodi Associati S.R.L.: prof. arch. Fabrizio Rossi Prodi
• Contractors: Carron Cav. Angelo SpA-Service Legno s.r.l
• XLAM Panel Supplies (CLT): Production:StoraEnso

14.2 CLT (Xlam) constructions examples around the world

Below are some examples of constructions in CLT (Xlam) abroad

• Residential Tower Fortè living, Melbourne, Australia

Work card:

• Place: Melbourne, Australia

• Design and construction: Lend Lease (Millers Point, AU)
• Timber structures (technical consulting, production plan, logistics): KLH UK Ltd. (London,
GB)
• XLAM Manufacturer:KLH Massivholz Gmbh (Katsch / Mur, AT)
• Projectdata:
10-storeyresidentialtower
23apartments
Height:32.17meters
Massive wood construction with XLAM panels
• Work duration: beginning February 2012
• Timber buildings: May 2012 to August 2012
• End of work: December 2012
• Sustainability: Savings of 1,400 tons of CO2 compared to a steel or concrete construction
• Useful links: Zero Net Emissions strategy
• Completion December 2012

144
 Fig.13.3 Fortè livingMelbourne, Australia

• Bridport House, Londra, Regno Unito

Work card:
• Building type: multi-storey residential building with 41 residential units
• Location: Bridport Place, Hackney, London
• Client: London Borough of Hackney
• Architecture: Karakusevic Carson Architects (Londra, UK)
• Enterprise: Willmott Dixon Ltd (Letchworth Garden City, Regno Unito)
• Structures: Peter Brett Associates
• Wood structures: EURBAN Ltd (Londra, UK)
• Amount of XLAM(CLT) used: 1.100 pannelli XLAM(CLT), circa 1.576 m³, 30 consegne
• Supplier XLAM(CLT):Stora Enso Wood Products (Bad St. Leonhard, AT)
• Duration of work: 12 weeks, from October to November 2010-end of work 2011
• Technical data: 41 apartments, an 8-story complex and a five-story, 25.5-metre-high building,
solid wood construction with large cross-layered laminated wood elements (XLAM),
including stairwells and elevators
• Sustainability: 2,113 tonnes of CO2 are stored in 1,576 m3 of wood

145
Fig.13.4 Bridport House, Londra, United Kingdom

146
14. Bibliography

www.storaenso.com

www.legnolandia.com

http://www.promolegno.com

https://www.xlam-italia.com/x-lam/costruire-in-x-lam

Eurocodice 5- 2009 Progettazione delle strutture in legno: UNI EN 1995-1-1 e UNI EN 1995-2

NTC 2018

https://wienerberger.it/approfondimenti/progettare-in-zona-sismica-regolarità-in-pianta-e-in-altezza
Piazza M., Tomasi R., Modena R. (2009), Strutture in legno, Hoepli Editore. Volz, Atlante del
legno, Utet.

Uzielli, Il manuale del legno strutturale, Mancosu Editore.

De Angelis, Progettazione e calcolo delle strutture in legno lamellare, Dei. Signorato, Strutture in
legno, Ribis.

Lavisci, La progettazione delle strutture in legno. Eurocodice 5 e Norme Tecniche per le

Costruzioni.

CNR - DT 206/2007: Istruzioni per la Progettazione, l’Esecuzione e il Controllo delle Strutture in

Legno

Eurocodice 8: Progettazione delle strutture per la resistenza sismica

147