ISSN 10283358, Doklady Physics, 2009, Vol. 54, No. 11, pp. 488–490. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2009.

Original Russian Text © V.V. Sokolov, V.V. Tolmachev, P.A. Éminov, 2009, published in Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2009, Vol. 429, No. 3, pp. 325–327.

PHYSICS

Hamiltonian Formalism of Equations of Ferrohydrodynamics

V. V. Sokolov, V. V. Tolmachev, and P. A. Éminov*
Presented by Academician S.S. Grigoryan May 21, 2009

Received June 11, 2009

PACS numbers: 47.35.Tv, 47.65.Cb

DOI: 10.1134/S1028335809110032

Relatively recently, a new branch of hydrodynam density of energy in the case of the absence of hyster
ics—ferrohydrodynamics—was formed [1]. The sub esis can be represented in the form [7]:
jects of its investigation are magnetic fluids. A mag 2
dω = dε + d ⎛ – M ⋅ H – ⎞ ,
H
netic fluid, or ferrofluid [3], is an artificially synthe (1)
⎝ 8π⎠
sized medium, which is a colloid solution of
nanoparticles of a solid magnetic material with sizes of where ε = ε(ρ, s, m) is the density of the internal
about 10 nm in a carrying fluid. In contrast to mag energy, M = ρm is the magnetization of the fluid, and
netic hydrodynamics [2, 3], which investigates the H is the magnetic field strength.
interaction of magnetic fields with an electrically con Therefore, the functional of the total energy of the
ducting fluid, the overwhelming part of magnetic flu magnetized nonconducting fluid is represented in the
form
ids is synthesized based on liquid dielectrics and does
not conduct an electric current. The properties of fer w ( ρ, s, m )
rofluid were previously described using semiphenom 2 2 (2)
= dx ρ v + ρψ ( ρ, s, m ) – ρ ( m ⋅ H ) – 
H
enological sets of equations [1, 4] or based on the gen
eralized principle of virtual displacements [5].
∫ 2 8π
 .

To formulate the complete Hamiltonian set of the

The purpose of this work is to obtain the Hamilto equations of ferrohydrodynamics, along with Eq. (2),
nian equations of ferrohydrodynamics. the continuity equation, and the adiabaticity condi
tions, the equation of evolution of specific magnetiza
It is initially necessary, using the first law of ther tion is necessary. In substantiation of this equation in
modynamics, to concretize the potential part of the the case of ideal ferrohydrodynamics, we will start
Lagrangian of the system (see also [6]). In the from the conservatism condition of the system; i.e., to
absence of an external magnetic field, each physi the first approximation, dissipative processes are
cally infinitesimally small element of the volume of assumed to be absent [3, 8]. Let us also note that, in
the magnetic fluid is in a magnetic field, which is the equilibrium state, the distribution of the specific
determined by the distribution of magnetization in magnetic moment is found from the equation [9]
the suspension itself [2]. However, the complete set δW
of equations of hydrodynamics of an ideal noncon  = 0, (3)
δm
ducting fluid should contain a continuity equation, where δ/δm is the symbol of the variational derivative.
which expresses the law of conservation of the sample
Thus, energy functional (2), the equation of conti
mass. In connection with this, as the physical vari nuity, the condition of adiabaticity, and the Maxwell
ables describing the displacements of the fluid, we equations for a nonconducting medium, in which we
should select density ρ = ρ(x, t), entropy s = s(x, t), will neglect the bias current, are common for all mod
the vector of specific magnetization m = m(x, t), and els of ideal ferrohydrodynamics. In this case, for the
the velocity v = v(x, t). For the medium under con medium with an arbitrary bond between induction B
sideration, the starting equation for varying the bulk and strength H of the magnetic field, the Maxwell
equations can be written in the form
B = H + 4πM, H = – gradϕ, (4)
Moscow State University of Instrument Engineering and Δϕ = 4πdivM, (5)
Automation, ul. Stromynka 20, Moscow, 107996 Russia where we introduce the scalar potential ϕ of the mag
*email: [email protected] netic field. The difference between possible models is

488
 HAMILTONIAN FORMALISM OF EQUATIONS OF FERROHYDRODYNAMICS 489

in the equations of evolution of specific magnetization If we then introduce generalized pulses coupled to
and the Euler equations. generalized coordinates φi = {ρ, s, mn} and construct
Let us consider two models of a nonconducting the extended Hamiltonian of the system as the Leg
magnetic fluid. In the first model, we consider that endre transformation, then we obtain that (i) the
condition (3) is fulfilled, while the specific magnetiza Lagrange multipliers in the extended Hamiltonian
tion satisfies the condition formalism play the role of generalized pulses pi and (ii)
∂m k ∂m the extended Hamiltonian H does not contain non
 + v j k = 0. (6)
∂t ∂x j physical variables, or Lagrangian multipliers, and
coincides with the complete energy of system (2). As a
This case is called the Rosensweig–Neuringer quasi result, taking into account (10), set (9) is equivalent to
steadystate ferrohydrodynamics (see, e.g., [1, 4]). As the extended Hamiltonian system
the second example, we consider the model of a non
∂φ i ∂p
conducting magnetic fluid with frozen magnetization,  = δH
 , i = – δH
 . (11)
when the evolution of specific magnetization is deter ∂t ∂p i ∂t δφ i
mined by the equation [5]: Note that the Euler equation in physical variables
∂m k ∂m ∂v {ρ, s, m, v}, on which the density of the energy of the
 + v j k = m j k . (7) nonconducting magnetic fluid depends, can be
∂t ∂x j ∂x j
obtained immediately from sets (9) and (11), if we
Initially, let us find the extended Lagrangian and exclude all additional fields.
extended Hamiltonian sets of the equations of motion, Let us show the way in which the Hamiltonian set
and then, based on the method of Poisson brackets [3, of equations for physical variables is obtained in the
8, 10–13], let us obtain the Hamiltonian equations of context of the method of Poisson brackets. The results
motion immediately in physical variables. presented below are obtained using formula (2) for the
In the case of frozen magnetization, the functional Hamiltonian of ferrohydrodynamics, formula (10) for
of action with the Lagrangian with bonds is deter the hydrodynamic pulse, the conservatism condition
mined by the formula of the system, and a known property of the Poisson
bracket (see, e.g., [3, 11]):
⎧ 2
Ldt = dt dx ⎨ ρ v – ρψ ( ρ, s, m ) { H ( F 1, F 2, …, F n ), F k }
S=
∫ ∫ ⎩ 2 h
δH
( gradϕ )
2
∂s ∂s
– ρ ( m ⋅ gradϕ ) +  + α  + v k 
= ∑ ∫ dx' δF
 { F ( x' ), F }.
( x' )
i
i k (12)
8π ∂t ∂x k i=1
Calculating the reciprocal Poisson brackets for physi
cal fields φi{ρ, s, m} taking into account (10) and
∂ ( ρv ) λ m + v ∂m ∂v ⎫
+ β ∂ρ
 +  + n n n – m k n ⎬, (8)
k  requiring the resultant density of hydrodynamic forces
∂t ∂x k ∂x k ∂x n ⎭
k
to be independent of velocity, we obtain (see also [3, 8,
10–13]):
where the functions α, β, and λn (n = 1, 2, 3) are the
Lagrangian multipliers, and by the twice repeating { ρ, ρ' } = 0, { ρ, s' } = 0, { m n, m 'k } = 0, (13)
index, summation from 1 to 3 is performed. ∂ ∂s
{ ρ, π 'k } = ρ'  ( δ ( x' – x ) ), { s, π 'k } = – δ ( x' – x ),
Let us further calculate variational derivatives by all ∂x k ' ∂x 'k (14)
fields including the Lagrangian multipliers and fluid
velocity. We obtain the extended Lagrangian set of { π i, π 'k } = ∂ 'i ( π 'k δ ) – ∂ k ( π i δ ),
equations [14] and represent it in the form ∂m ∂
{ m i, π 'k } = – i δ ( x' – x ) – δ ik  [ m 'j δ ( x' – x ) ]. (15)
δS ∂x k ∂x 'j
 = 0, (9)
δa i Therefore, the Hamiltonian equations of motion are
where the notations are obtained formulated taking into account (12) and the set of
a i = { φ 1, v i, p i }, φ i = { ρ, s, m n }, p i = { β, α, λ n }. commutation relations presented above. They have the
following final form:
We do not give the explicit form of (9) here. For further
∂ρ = { H, ρ } = – 
 ∂ ( ρv ), (16)
calculations, it is necessary to know the Clebsch rep
∂t ∂x k
k
resentation for the hydrodynamic pulse
δS ∂β ∂s ∂s ∂s
 = 0 → π k = ρv k = ρ  – α   = { H, s } = – ⎛ ⎞ v k , (17)
δv k ∂x k ∂x k ∂t ⎝ ∂x k⎠
∂m ∂ ∂m ∂m ∂v n
– λ n n –  ( λ k m n ). (10) n = { H, m n } = – v k n + m j , (18)
∂x k ∂x n ∂t ∂x k ∂x j

DOKLADY PHYSICS Vol. 54 No. 11 2009

490 SOKOLOV et al.

∂π ∂ρ netic fluid, in which the evolution of magnetization

i = { H, π i } = –  – ∂ k ( π i v k ) proceeds according to the Landau–Lifshits equation.
∂t ∂x i
We can apparently affirm that the experimental
∂ ∂ψ ∂ψ
+ M j  ⎛ ⎞ + ⎛  – H i⎞ divM.
verification of the suggested Hamiltonian theory will
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ (19) allow one to create the complete theory of ferrohydro
∂x j ∂m i ∂m i
dynamics.
The model of the quasisteadystate hydrodynam
ics is considered similarly. In this case, the Clebsch
representation for the hydrodynamic pulse is specified REFERENCES
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tonian equations of motion of a nonconductive mag Translated by N. Korovin

DOKLADY PHYSICS Vol. 54 No. 11 2009