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EFFECT OF EXCENEL TM (CEFTIOFUR SODIUM) ON THE BODY WEIGHT GAIN,

AND IMMUNE ORGANS OF BROILER CHICKEN

Article · February 2013

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Sci.Int(Lahore),25(1),115-117,2013 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8  115

EFFECT OF EXCENELTM (CEFTIOFUR SODIUM) ON THE BODY

WEIGHT GAIN, AND IMMUNE ORGANS OF BROILER CHICKEN
H. R. Chaudhry*, Yasser Saleem Mustafa**, M. A. Muneer****, Hamad Bin Rashid****,
and Mamoona Chaudhry*****
*Department of Microbiology, Islamia University Bahawalpur- Pakistan.
** Provincial Diagnostic laboratory, 16-Cooper Road, Lahore-Pakistan.
*** Project Director, NPCPAI, NARC. Islamabad-Pakistan.
**** University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan.
ABSTRACT: This experiment was designed to study the effect of EXCENELTM, on the immune system of
broiler. Day old chicks 504 were divided into 6 groups and were given necessary vaccination, antibiotics
and immunosuppressant drugs (Cyclophosphamide) in accordance with experimental design. Weekly
observation on the live and dressed body weight of the birds were observed. The result showed that the new
antibiotic was safe to be used, helped in the study of the immunosuppressive effects of the antibiotic
EXCENELTM. This study indicated that treatment of birds with EXCENELTM did not adversely affect the
body weight gains of the birds. The weight gains of the ceftiofur sodium treated birds were in fact higher
than the non treated birds throughout the study period at different ages.
INTRODUCTION Since long, antibiotics have been used for the treatment of
The immune system evolved as the body’s protective bacterial diseases in man and animals. Antibiotics are also
mechanism against invasion by pathogens such as viruses, used in viral infections to avoid bacterial super infection.
bacteria, and fungi. It provides immunity through the Cephalosporins are a major group of antibiotics derived
interaction of cells and antibodies. The immunity provided from species of cephalosporium which was originally
to the host may be known as humoral immunity, cell cultivated from sewage water. These are with a broad
mediated and/or mucosal immunity. Humoral immunity is antibacterial range against both the gram-positive and gram-
the one which is mediated by soluble protein molecules negative bacteria. These antibiotics are not readily affected
called antibodies in body fluids, and the cellular immunity is by cephalosporinase or penicillinase enzymes produced by
carried by surface receptors on the circulating cells. certain bacteria [5].
The immune system is a complex, integrated process which ExcenelTm (Ceftiofur Sodium) has recently been marketed
can and does go haywire whenever there is complication. for use in poultry industry in Pakistan. The manufacturer
When the animals’s body cannot combat a pathogen or an recommends its use for prevention of early chick mortality
antigen then the disease process will commence. To control due to Collibacillosis, Salmonellosis, Streptococcosis,
and cure the disease, drugs are administered, and this is Staphylaococosis, Pasteurellosis and Citrobacter,
referred to as chemotherapy. Enterobacter, Bacillus and Proteus spp. Infections.
Immunemodulation is deviation from the normal immune Antibiotics such as chloramphenicol have been reported as
response. When immunoregulation processes are increased, immunomodulating agents [2]. The present study was
the activity of immune organs is also increased. This designed to investigate whether ExcenelTm (Ceftiofur
condition is known as immunostimulation. Sodium) has any immunomodulatory effects when used in
When the functioning of immunoregulatory organs such as broiler chicks at different dosage levels.
bursa of fabricius, thymus and spleen is decreases the The parameter in this study is as under:
condition is known as immunosuppression [1]&[2]. 1) Effect of EXCENELTM (Ceftiofur sodium) on total body
Immunosuppression may be permanent when the essential weight gain in 49 days.
elements of immunity such as bursa of fabricius or thymus 2) Effect of EXCENEL TM (Ceftiofur Sodium) on weights
are fully damaged. For example the infectious bursal of Thymus & Bursa of Fabricius
disease virus can destroy the bursa and cause
immunosuppression. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Both the bursa and thymus must be intact for optimal Chicks
immune responses i.e. cellular and humoral immunity. A Total of five hundred and four, day old, Hubbard x
Damage to primary and secondary lymphoid organs will Hubbard broiler chicks were procured from a local hatchery
result in impaired immune functioning. and were reared under standard conditions of management
Most of the viruses can however, cause temporary damage and husbandry at the experimental animal house, in College
to immune organs and impair the normal cellular interaction of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore (now called University of
and antibody production resulting into susceptibility to a Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore).
variety of microbes [3]&[2]. Drug
Immunostimulation potentiate the antibody synthesis at a EXCENELTM (Ceftiofur Sodium) is a new Beta-Lactam,
rapid rate, resulting in enhanced graft versus host reactions, cephalosporinase resistant antibiotic from the third
increased phagocytosis by macrophages and/or inhibition of generation of the cephalosporins, chemically ceftiofur is the
tumor growth [4]. sodium salt of (6R,7R)-7{[(2-amino-4thiozolyl)-Z-
Many chemicals, drugs, antibiotics, bacteria and viruses can (methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-{[(2-furanylcarbonyl)thio]-
act as immunomodulatory agents in animals and poultry 8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate and
[4]&[2]. is being marketed by Upjohn with the drugs name as
EXCENELTM.
116 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int(Lahore),25(1),115-117,2013 

Groupings RESULTS
These chicks were divided into six groups from Group A The study indicated that the administration of EXCENELTM
through Group F as follows. to chicks during early life significantly affected the body
Groups A, B, C, D, E, and F each containing 84 chicks each. weight at various age intervals.
Observations Body Weight Gains
The birds were observed for 49 days. Birds were weighed The differences in the weight were significant at 5%
and bled weekly and sera analyzed through probability level (P<0.05). The body weight of birds in
Haemeagglutination Inhibition test and Agar Gel group B was higher than the birds in all other groups. The
precipitation tests. All survivors were killed on day 49 and mean body weight of birds in groups A and B were
their live and dressed body weight and weights of spleen, significantly higher than the birds in group E1 (P<0.05)
thymus, bursa and liver were recorded. which was the cyclophosphamide treated group.
Group A On day 49, the mean body weight of the chicks in the
Feed and Water were given Ad Libitum from day 1 to 49. various groups A, B, C, D, E1, E2 and F were 1989.70 ±
The birds received New Castle Disease Virus vaccination on 16.16; 2063.40 ± 14.40; 1916.00 ± 8.81; 1982.30 ± 11.56;
days 5 and 21 and received infectious bursal disease virus 1977.50 ± 11.31; 1853.70 ± 11.85; and 1973.90 ± 10.18
vaccination on days 10 and 26. grams, respectively. (Table 1)
Group B The differences in the weight were significant at 2%
Feed and Water were given Ad Libitum from day 1 to 49. probability level (P<0.02). The mean body weight of birds in
The birds received New Castle Disease Virus vaccination on group B was significantly higher than the birds in all the
days 5 and 21 and received infectious bursal disease virus groups (P<0.05). The mean body weight of the birds in
vaccination on days 10 and 26. Each bird received 0.20 mg Group E2 was significantly lower (P<0.05) than the mean
of EXCENELTM (Ceftiofur Sodium) at day 1 (one) of age. body weight of birds in other groups.
Group C EFFECTS ON LYMPHOID ORGANS
Feed and Water were given Ad Libitum from day 1 to 49. Bursa of Fabricius
The birds received New Castle Disease Virus vaccination on The effects of EXCENEL ™ ( Ceftiofur sodium ) on the
days 5 and 21 and received infectious bursal disease virus development of bursa of fabricius of chicks were recorded
vaccination on days 10 and 26. Each bird received 0.40 mg from day 28 onwards. For this purpose Cyclophosphamide
of EXCENELTM (Ceftiofur Sodium) at day 1 (one) and 2 treated, Sodium Ceftiofur treated, and untreated and
(two) of age. unvaccinated and untreated birds were used for the
Group D comparison of their bursae.
Feed and Water were given Ad Libitum from day 1 to 49. The differences in the mean bursa weight of chicks in groups
The birds received New Castle Disease Virus vaccination on A and B was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of the
days 5 and 21 and received infectious bursal disease virus other groups. However the mean bursa weight of chicks in
vaccination on days 10 and 26. Each bird received 1.00 mg group B was non significantly (p > 0.05) higher from group
of EXCENELTM (Ceftiofur Sodium) at day 1 (one) and 1.20 A.
mg of EXCENELTM (Ceftiofur Sodium) on day 14 On day 28, the difference in the mean bursa weight of chicks
(fourteen) of age. in. groups was significant at 5% probability level (p < 0.05).
Group E On day 35 the mean bursa weight ratios of chicks in group B
Feed and Water were given Ad Libitum from day 1 to 49. was non significantly (p> 0.05) higher from group A, C, D,
All the birds received New Castle Disease Virus vaccination and F. The lowest Bursal of fabricius was recorded in
on days 5 and 21 and received infectious bursal disease virus cyclophosphamite treated birds.
vaccination on days 10 and 26. Half of the birds received 0.3 The difference in the mean bursa weight of chicks in groups
mg of cyclophosphamide at day 1, 2 and 3. The other 50% Band E1 was significant (p < 0.05). However the mean bursa
of the birds received 0.20 mg of EXCENELTM (Ceftiofur weight of chicks in group B was non significantly (p> 0.05)
Sodium) at day 1 (one). This group was further divided into higher from group A, C, D, and F.
E1 and E2. Thymus
Group F The mean body weights of thymus in birds in various
Feed and Water were given Ad Libitum from day 1 to 49. treatment groups were determined on days 28,35 and 49. For
All the birds in this group were not vaccinated against New this purpose five birds were selected from each group and
Castle Disease Virus and Infectious bursal disease virus. No were sacrificed and the thymus lobes from each of the
medication of any sort was carried out. Post challenge thymus lobes from each of the experimental birds were
mortality, sero-conversion and in addition their live and removed, cleared off the excessive fats and tissue and
dressed body weight and weights of spleen, thymus, bursa weighed.
and liver were also recorded. Post challenge signs and The differences in the mean thyme weights were significant
lesions were also recorded. ( p < 0.000 ) and the mean thyme weights of the group A and
Statistical Analysis B were significantly higher than the mean thyme weight of
The data obtained in this study was analysed statistically birds in group C,D, E1, E2, and F. (p < 0.005).
with analysis of variance technique. Statistically significant The differences in the mean thyme weights of the group A,
differences among the various treatments means were B and C were significantly higher than the mean thymus
determined by using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test weight of birds in group D, E1, and E2. ( p> 0.005).
at 5% level of probability.
 Sci.Int(Lahore),25(1),115-117,2013 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8  117

The differences in the mean thyme weights of birds in group F. ( p> 0.005).
A, B, were significant from those in group C, D, E1, E2 and
Table 1: Effect of EXCENELTM (Ceftiofur Sodium) on the weight gain of broiler chicks.
Groups Day 1 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28 Day 35 Day 42 Day 49
Group A 43.80 104.53 224.87 476.27 784.40 1150.90± 1627.60± 1989.70
±1.74 ±3.36 ±6.11 ±6.90 ±8.76 8.94 13.50 ±16.16
Group B 42.27 111.20± 227.80 534.27 856.07 1187.80 1632.70 2063.40
±1.38 3.52 ±5.77 ±6.84 ±8.14 ±9.17 ±11.34 ±14.40
Group C 43.00 105.13 223.00 506.07 755.87 1134.20 1562.00 1916.00
±1.45 ±2.90 ±4.82 ±5.62 ±8.95 ±8.94 ±8.52 ±8.81
Group D 43.53 108.93 210.20 457.93 725.67 1082.00 1570.00 1982.30
±1.29 ±2.87 ±4.60 ±5.08 ±7.50 ±10.95 ±9.25 ±11.56
Group E1 43.67 102.50 216.25 457.88±6. 718.75 1026.20 1492.50 1977.50
±1.38 ±2.63 ±2.70 38 ±6.76 ±11.95 ±11.50 ±11.31
Group E2 42.67 101.87 215.50±2. 468.25±3. 717.37 1109.70 1567.50 1853.70
±1.48 ±3.41 50 75 ±6.96 ±8.64 ±9.63 ±11.85
Group F 42.67 107.13 220.87 480.93 793.47 1099.70 1608.10 1973.90
±1.48 ±2.19 ±4.60 ±5.87 ±9.00 ±10.46 ±9.55 ±10.18
Table 2: Effect of ceftiofur sodium on the weight of the bursa of fabricius of the broiler chickens.
Groups 28 DAYS 35 DAYS 49 DAYS
Groups A 4.10 ± 0.74 3.95 ± 0.85 2.25 ± 0.25
Groups B 4.38 ± 0.63 4.56 ± 0.61 1.30 ± 0.10
Groups C 3.58 ± 0.53 4.04 ± 0.35 2.25 ± 0.25
Groups D 3.58 ± 0.53 2.80 ± 0.82 1.75 ± 0.25
Groups E1 2.85 ± 0.70 2.00 ± 0.70 1.50 ± 0.00
Groups E2 2.70 ± 0.65 1.65 ± 0.46 0.75 ± 0.01
Groups F 2.69 ± 0.56 3.54 ± 1.20 2.25 ± 0.25
Table 3: Effect of ceftiofur sodium on the weight of the thymus of in the broiler chicks.
GROUPS 28 DAYS 35 DAYS 49 DAYS
A 5.05 ± 0.7 7.8 ± 0.97 9.00 ± 0.83
B 5.20 ± 0.70 8.03 ± 0.62 7.50 ± 0.83
C 4.27 ± 0.37 5.52 ± 0.87 4.00 ± 0.83
D 4.20 ± 0.57 5.52 ± 0.33 2.00 ± 0.83
E1 3.83 ± 0.87 3.50 ± 0.15 4.10 ± 0.00
E2 3.75 ± 0.59 5.25 ± 0.25 2.85 ± 0.00
F 4.00 ± 0.63 4.88 ± 0.76 4.00 ± 0.83

LITERATURE CITED [4] Spallhoz et al, 1973, Personal communications.

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