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4.3 Integration Techniques

This document discusses trigonometric substitution, a technique for evaluating integrals that cannot be solved using basic integration rules. It presents the trigonometric substitutions for common expressions, including letting x=asinθ for a2-x2 and x=atanθ for a2+x2. Examples are given applying these substitutions to evaluate definite integrals of various functions.

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82 views14 pages

4.3 Integration Techniques

This document discusses trigonometric substitution, a technique for evaluating integrals that cannot be solved using basic integration rules. It presents the trigonometric substitutions for common expressions, including letting x=asinθ for a2-x2 and x=atanθ for a2+x2. Examples are given applying these substitutions to evaluate definite integrals of various functions.

Uploaded by

Frenzes Padaboc
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATH 54:

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

PREPARED BY: DPSM MATH FACULTY


TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Consider 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , where a > 0. The antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥) would be
‫𝑎 ׬‬2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.

If it is ‫𝑎 𝑥 ׬‬2 − 𝑥 2 , we can use the substitution rule, where we let 𝑢 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 .

Since, that is not the case, we need another integration technique called
the Trigonometric Substitution.

PREPARED BY: DPSM MATH FACULTY


TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
If we let 𝑥 = asin 𝜃, then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃

න 𝑎2 − (𝑎 sin 𝜃)2 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = න 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = න 𝑎2 1 − sin2 𝜃 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

න 𝑎2 cos 2 𝜃 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = න 𝑎| cos 𝜃 |𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = න 𝑎2 cos 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

PREPARED BY: DPSM MATH FACULTY


TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
If we have ‫𝑎 ׬‬2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

PREPARED BY: DPSM MATH FACULTY


TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
If we let 𝑥 = asin 𝜃, then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃

න 𝑎2 − (𝑎 sin 𝜃)2 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = න 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = න 𝑎2 1 − sin2 𝜃 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

න 𝑎2 cos 2 𝜃 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = න 𝑎| cos 𝜃 |𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = න 𝑎2 cos 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

PREPARED BY: DPSM MATH FACULTY


TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Table of Trigonometric Substitutions

Expression Substitution Identity

𝜋 𝜋
𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 = asin 𝜃, −2 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2
1 − sin2 𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃

𝜋 𝜋
𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 = atan 𝜃, −2 < 𝜃 < 2
1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃

𝑥 = asec 𝜃,
𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝜋 3𝜋 sec 2 𝜃 − 1 = tan2 𝜃
0 ≤ 𝜃 < or π ≤ 𝜃 <
2 2
PREPARED BY: DPSM MATH FACULTY
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Examples:
9−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1. ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 4. ‫׬‬ , where a > 0
𝑥2 𝑥 2 −𝑎2

1 3 3/2 𝑥3
2. ‫ ׬‬2 𝑑𝑥 5. ‫׬‬0 4𝑥 2 +9 3/2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 2 +4

𝑥 𝑥
3. ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 6. ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +4 3−2𝑥−𝑥 2

PREPARED BY: DPSM MATH FACULTY


TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
9 − 𝑥2
1. න 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥

PREPARED BY: DPSM MATH FACULTY


TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
1
2. න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2 + 4

PREPARED BY: DPSM MATH FACULTY


TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
𝑥
3. න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 4

PREPARED BY: DPSM MATH FACULTY


TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
𝑑𝑥
4. න , where a > 0
𝑥 2 − 𝑎2

PREPARED BY: DPSM MATH FACULTY


TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
3 3/2
𝑥3
5. න 𝑑𝑥
0 4𝑥 2 + 9 3/2

PREPARED BY: DPSM MATH FACULTY


TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
3 3/2
𝑥3
5. න 𝑑𝑥
0 4𝑥 2 + 9 3/2

PREPARED BY: DPSM MATH FACULTY


TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
𝑥
6. න 𝑑𝑥
3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2

PREPARED BY: DPSM MATH FACULTY

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