Vagupu

Trig Cheat Sheet Formulas and Identities

Tangent and Cotangent Identities Half Angle Formulas
sin q cos q 1
Definition of the Trig Functions tan q = cot q = sin 2 q = (1 - cos ( 2q ) )
Right triangle definition cos q sin q 2
For this definition we assume that Reciprocal Identities 1
Unit circle definition
1 1 cos 2 q = (1 + cos ( 2q ) )
p For this definition q is any angle. csc q = sin q = 2
0 < q < or 0° < q < 90° .
2 y sin q csc q 1 - cos ( 2q )
1 1 tan q =
2

sec q = cos q = 1 + cos ( 2q )

( x, y ) cos q sec q
Sum and Difference Formulas
1 1 1
hypotenuse y q cot q = tan q = sin (a ± b ) = sin a cos b ± cos a sin b
opposite tan q cot q
x
x
Pythagorean Identities cos (a ± b ) = cos a cos b m sin a sin b
q sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1 tan a ± tan b
tan (a ± b ) =
adjacent tan q + 1 = sec q
2 2 1 m tan a tan b
Product to Sum Formulas
opposite hypotenuse y 1 1 + cot 2 q = csc 2 q
sin q = csc q = sin q = =y csc q = 1
hypotenuse opposite 1 y Even/Odd Formulas sin a sin b = ÈÎ cos (a - b ) - cos (a + b ) ˘˚
2
adjacent hypotenuse x 1 sin ( -q ) = - sin q csc ( -q ) = - csc q 1
cos q = secq = cos q = = x sec q = cos a cos b = ÈÎ cos (a - b ) + cos (a + b ) ˘˚
hypotenuse adjacent 1 x cos ( -q ) = cos q sec ( -q ) = sec q 2
opposite adjacent y x 1
tan q = cot q = tan q = cot q = tan ( -q ) = - tan q cot ( -q ) = - cot q sin a cos b = ÈÎsin (a + b ) + sin (a - b ) ˘˚
adjacent opposite x y 2
Periodic Formulas 1
Facts and Properties If n is an integer. cos a sin b = ÈÎsin (a + b ) - sin (a - b ) ˘˚
2
Domain sin (q + 2p n ) = sin q csc (q + 2p n ) = csc q Sum to Product Formulas
The domain is all the values of q that Period
cos (q + 2p n ) = cos q sec (q + 2p n ) = sec q Êa + b ˆ Êa - b ˆ
can be plugged into the function. The period of a function is the number, sin a + sin b = 2 sin Á ˜ cos Á ˜
T, such that f (q + T ) = f (q ) . So, if w tan (q + p n ) = tan q cot (q + p n ) = cot q Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 ¯
sin q , q can be any angle
is a fixed number and q is any angle we Double Angle Formulas Êa + b ˆ Êa - b ˆ
sin a - sin b = 2 cos Á ˜ sin Á ˜
cos q , q can be any angle have the following periods. Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 ¯
Ê 1ˆ sin ( 2q ) = 2sin q cos q
tan q , q π Á n + ˜ p , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,… Êa + b ˆ Êa - b ˆ
2p cos ( 2q ) = cos 2 q - sin 2 q cos a + cos b = 2 cos Á ˜ cos Á ˜
Ë 2¯
sin ( wq ) Æ T = Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 ¯
csc q , q π n p , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,… w = 2 cos 2 q - 1 Êa + b ˆ Êa - b ˆ
Ê 1ˆ 2p cos a - cos b = -2 sin Á ˜ sin Á ˜
sec q , q π Á n + ˜ p , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,… cos (wq ) Æ T = = 1 - 2sin 2 q Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 ¯
Ë 2¯ w
2 tan q Cofunction Formulas
cot q , q π n p , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,… tan (wq ) Æ T =
p tan ( 2q ) =
1 - tan 2 q Êp ˆ Êp ˆ
w sin Á - q ˜ = cos q cos Á - q ˜ = sin q
Range 2p Degrees to Radians Formulas Ë2 ¯ Ë2 ¯
csc (wq ) Æ T =
The range is all possible values to get w If x is an angle in degrees and t is an Êp ˆ Êp ˆ
csc Á - q ˜ = sec q sec Á - q ˜ = csc q
out of the function. 2p angle in radians then Ë2 ¯ Ë2 ¯
-1 £ sin q £ 1 csc q ≥ 1 and csc q £ -1 sec (wq ) Æ T = p t px 180t
w = fi t= and x = Êp ˆ Êp ˆ
tan Á - q ˜ = cot q cot Á - q ˜ = tan q
-1 £ cos q £ 1 sec q ≥ 1 and sec q £ -1 p 180 x 180 p Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 ¯
-• < tan q < • -• < cot q < • cot (wq ) Æ T =
w

© 2005 Paul Dawkins © 2005 Paul Dawkins

 Vagupu
Unit Circle
Inverse Trig Functions
Definition Inverse Properties
y
( 0,1) y = sin - 1 x is equivalent to x = sin y cos ( cos -1 ( x ) ) = x cos -1 ( cos (q ) ) = q
p y = cos - 1 x is equivalent to x = cos y sin ( sin -1 ( x ) ) = x sin -1 ( sin (q ) ) = q
Ê1 3ˆ
Ê 1 3ˆ ÁÁ , ˜˜
Á- , ˜ 2 Ë2 2 ¯
y = tan x is equivalent to x = tan y
-1
Ë 2 2 ¯ p Ê 2 2ˆ tan ( tan - 1 ( x ) ) = x tan -1 ( tan (q ) ) = q
2p 90° ÁÁ , ˜˜
Ê 2 2ˆ 3 Ë 2 2 ¯
Á- , ˜ 3 Domain and Range
Ë 2 2 ¯ 120° 60°
p Alternate Notation
3p Ê 3 1ˆ Function Domain Range
4 ÁÁ 2 , 2 ˜˜ sin -1 x = arcsin x
4 Ë ¯ p p
Ê 3 1ˆ
Á- , ˜ 135° 45° p y = sin -1 x -1 £ x £ 1 - £ y£
Ë 2 2¯ 5p 2 2 cos - 1 x = arccos x
6 y = cos x -1
-1 £ x £ 1 0£ y £p
6 30° tan - 1 x = arctan x
150° p p
y = tan -1 x -• < x < • - < y<
2 2
( -1,0 ) p 180° 0° 0 (1,0 )
x Law of Sines, Cosines and Tangents
360° 2p

c b a
210°
7p 330°
11p
6 225°
Ê 3 1ˆ 6 Ê 3 1ˆ a g
Á - ,- ˜ 5p 315° Á ,- ˜
Ë 2 2¯ Ë 2 2¯
4 240° 300° 7p
Ê 2 2ˆ 4p 270°
4
b
Á- ,- ˜ 5p Ê 2 2ˆ
Ë 2 2 ¯ 3 3p Á ,- ˜
3 Ë 2 2 ¯
2 Law of Sines Law of Tangents
Ê 1 3ˆ
Á - ,- ˜
Ê1
Á ,-
3ˆ
˜ sin a sin b sin g
= = a - b tan 12 (a - b )
Ë 2 2 ¯ Ë2 2 ¯ =
( 0,-1) a b c a + b tan 12 (a + b )
Law of Cosines b - c tan 12 ( b - g )
=
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos a b + c tan 12 ( b + g )
For any ordered pair on the unit circle ( x, y ) : cos q = x and sin q = y b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac cos b a - c tan 12 (a - g )
=
c = a + b - 2ab cos g a + c tan 12 (a + g )
2 2 2

Example
Mollweide’s Formula
Ê 5p ˆ 1 Ê 5p ˆ 3
cos Á ˜= sin Á ˜=- a + b cos 12 (a - b )
Ë 3 ¯ 2 Ë 3 ¯ 2 =
c sin 12 g

© 2005 Paul Dawkins © 2005 Paul Dawkins